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Mole Concept

MOLE CONCEPT
Definitions of Mole:
1. In terms of mass: The mass of one mole of any substance is equal to its relative atomic or molecular mass taken in grams, e.g., 1 mole of Fe = 56 g (Atomic mass, Ar) 1 mole of H2O = 18 g (Molecular mass, Mr) 2. In terms of number: One mole of any substance contains particles equal to 6.02 x 1023. For example, 1 mole of Fe = 56 g = 6.02 x 1023 particles 1 mole of H2O = 18 g = 6.02 x 1023 particles 3. In terms of volume (applicable only to gases): One mole of any gas occupies volume equal to 24 dm3 at r.t.p. For example. 1 mole of H2 = 2g = 24dm3 = 6.02 x 1023 particles 1 mole of NH3 = 17g = 24 dm3 = 6.02 x 1023 particles Note: The volumes of gas are considered also while defining one mole (def. 3) because the mass of a gas cannot be that easily determined practically in laboratory. Worked Examples: 1. Find out the amount of Na2O formed when 50g of Na is made to react completely with oxygen to form Na2O? Solution: 4Na(s) + O2(g) Na 92g 50g 2Na2O(s) Na2O 124g

= (124 x 50) / 92 = 67.39 g of Na2O 2. Find out the amount of CO2 formed when 40g of Carbon reacts completely with O2 to form CO2. C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

Prepared by Mr. Saad Hameed (M.Sc. Chemistry, teacher at Beaconhouse School Lahore, Pakistan)

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Mole Concept

C 12g 40g

CO2 24dm3 dm3

= (24 x 40) / 12 = 80dm3 of CO2 If amount of a gas is to be calculated in a question without the specification of mass or volume, it is understood that the amount of a gas is to be determined in volume (dm3), in general.

3. Find out the amount of O2 required when it is completely reacted with Carbon Monoxide to form 65dm3 of CO2. 2CO(g) + O2(g) O2 24 dm3 2CO2(g) CO2 48dm3 65

= (24 x 65) / 48 = 32.5dm3 of O2 4. Same as in previous one but with the difference that now CO is to be calculated in place of O2. 2CO(g) + O2(g) CO 2 x 24 dm3 2CO2(g) CO2 2 x 24 dm3 65

Second Method (To be preferred):

= (24 x 65) / 24 = 65dm3 of O2 2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

Since, in case of gases, mole ratio = volume ratio, Hence, O2 = 65/2 = 32.5 dm3 (because mole ratio CO2 : O2 = 2 : 1)

Prepared by Mr. Saad Hameed (M.Sc. Chemistry, teacher at Beaconhouse School Lahore, Pakistan)

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Mole Concept

Yet another important rule: In gaseous case only, the mole ratio is equal to the volume ratio since one mole of every gas is equal to the same quantity and same volume i.e. 24dm3. Moles, if taken in terms of grams the mole ratio is different from the gram ratio because Ar or Mr of one species is more or less different from others. For example, Grams: 1 mole H2 : 1 mole CO2 1 x 2 : 1 x 44 2 : 44 1 x 24 : 1 x 24 1:1

Volume:

Excess & Limiting Reagents: The amount of product formed in any chemical reaction depends upon the limiting reagent.

1. Find out the limiting and excess reagents when 45g of Fe is made to react with 45g of Sulphur to form FeS. Fe(s) + S(s) Fe 56g 45g FeS(s) S 32g

Since Sulphur required (25.7g) is less than that present (45g), so, Sulphur is the excess reactant and 19.3g is extra. Hence, Fe is the limiting reagent. Also, Fe 56g S 32g 45g

= (45 x 32) / 56 = 25.7g of Sulphur

Since Fe required (78.75g) is greater than that present (45g), so, Fe is the limiting reactant and Sulphur is the excess reagent.

= (45 x 56) / 32 = 78.75g of Fe

Prepared by Mr. Saad Hameed (M.Sc. Chemistry, teacher at Beaconhouse School Lahore, Pakistan)

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Mole Concept

Note: If any substance present in an experiment is greater than that required, then it is said to be the excess reagent. On the other hand, if any substance present in an experiment is lesser than that required, then it is said to be limiting reagent.

2. Find the amount of FeS formed when 65g of Fe is made to react with 35g of S to form FeS. Fe 56g 65g S 32g

2nd Step: To find FeS formed.

= (65 x 32) / 56 = 37.1g of Sulphur (Limiting reactant) S 32g 35g FeS 88g

Note: Amount of product formed in any reaction always depends upon the limiting reactant and never on the amount of the excess reactant i.e. amount of product only be calculated from the amount of limiting reagent.

= 96.25g of FeS

3. Find the amount of FeS formed when 45g of Fe is made to react with 45g of S. Fe(s) + S(s)
45g 45g

FeS(s)

Note: If we start solving this question with any of the reactants, then the answer cannot be guaranteed to be correct as our reactant is not surely to be limiting. So, first calculate the limiting and the excess reactants.

1st step: Fe 56g 45g S 32g

= 25.71g of S (Excess, since we are given 45g)

Prepared by Mr. Saad Hameed (M.Sc. Chemistry, teacher at Beaconhouse School Lahore, Pakistan)

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Mole Concept

Hence, Fe is the limiting reagent. 2nd step: Fe 56g 45g FeS 88g

= 70.71g of FeS

Note: Even in Gas-Solid reaction, the product formed could be calculated by the same excess and limiting reagent method and the answer come to be correct, as shown below.

4. Find the amount of NaCl formed when 65g of Na is made to react with 40dm3 of Cl2. 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) Na 46g 65g 2NaCl Cl2 dm3 24dm3

Since, amount of Chlorine given (40dm3) is greater than that required (33.9dm3), so, Chlorine is the limiting reagent. Na 46g 65g NaCl 117g

= 33.9dm3 of Cl2

= 165.3g of NaCl formed.

Prepared by Mr. Saad Hameed (M.Sc. Chemistry, teacher at Beaconhouse School Lahore, Pakistan)