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service developments. Customers support technologies with cost effectiveness and easy to handle at the end of service provider are the major issues developing any system. Consequently similar effects can be seen in recent developments in cellular networks. Initially started with simply analog voice service (known as 1G), the cellular service today are expected to provide high quality smooth video interaction (known as 4G).Besides this ,
F.M.Radio, satellite communications, etc. But here the idea is new to renovate the old wireless technology in the form of small service areas (Zones) known as cells, thus the system is called cellular system. The concept of cellular was implemented initially voice Then services only to in provide analog simple domain.
development of digital technology. Hence the older systems were analog while nowadays they are digital cellular systems. The technology evolved in steps of 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G and now 4G. As the user density and demands data, for services ,video, like high various speed
the high speed data transfer is also a major requirement for the same. And all these must be fulfilled anywhere, anytime whenever the user wants to access. Thus, as the demands increase, the technologies have to find a commercial way to implement the user demands with an adequate quality of service. Such develop requirements the put a Challenge to
audio
seamless connectivity,
service at any time, anywhere increases, it becomes much complex to implement in real time systems which can be treated as key problems to 4G cellular technology. People often say that it will be realized successfully but it is not so simple. We hope the reader will realize the opportunities and threats for making 4G systems operational worldwide soon
requirements of 4G cellular networks. This paper concentrates on the requirements of 4G cellular networks and what are the opportunities and threats if such networks are implemented.
after reading this paper. Brief History of Past & Present Cellular Technologies: 1G (First Generation) Cellular Systems: Initially the cellular services were started with simple analog voice based services. The
development of cellular technologies were
Introduction
The concept of cellular communication is not new in the sense that wireless technology was already in operation for TV broadcast, terrestrial microwave link,
started around 1970 and implemented in around 1984. All these systems use two separate frequency bands for (from base station to mobile) and reverse (from mobile to base station) links. Such a system is referred to as Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) scheme. The typical allocated overall bandwidth in each direction is 25MHz. The widely used spectrum for these systems is 800-
analog. The development of 2G was started in 1980 and implemented in around 1991. Like 1G, the 2G networks still use FDD cheme. The widely used spectrum for these systems is 800900MHz bands. Global System for Mobile (GSM), IS-95, Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) and IS-54 are the major standards in this category. The
Table
1 indicates of 2G
the
important
properties
cellular
900MHz bands. The system uses analog frequency modulation scheme. There are
different standards adopted in different countries are simply due to lack of vision for a common universal service and opinion
difference of various bodies responsible for deciding the standards for their own countries ,which led the major issues in realization and implementation of 4G networks today. Basic features of 1G cellular system are Voice Oriented Analog Cellular Service, Limited Local and Regional Coverage, Circuits
enhancement
switching networks and high data rates, etc. 2G Cellular System offered international roaming facility. Core network was PSTN.
2G+/3G System
(Third
Generation)
Cellular
2G+ Cellular System: Present Cellular Technologies are some where around 2.5G also known as 2G+. The
additional features of mixed services, increased capacity, flexible billing and personalization
Systems:
The drawbacks in 1G and growing demands for seamless connectivity led the cellular industry to design the second generation cellular systems. Further the quality of service also improved by using digital cellular technology instead of
is now worldwide instead of limited regions. Still there are different standard in different countries as discussed above, which led to restrict the user General and access Packet Enhanced Data to become Radio For
cellular data services. At the same time, 3G is expected to have improved quality of voice, capacity of the network and data rates. Inter network communication either voice or data should be possible. The technology is now data oriented rather than voice as enormous data applications are in demand from the users. 3G also provides multimedia services to the users everywhere WCDMA, CDMA2000 are the technologies as options to use. Though yet not completely implemented
expected to have features in India, like digital 3G is
worldwide.
Systems(GPRS)
Global Evolution(EDGE) are the enhance the services provided and also to Basic access technologies are (TDMA & FDMA), CDMA in these types of systems. GSM Standards apply combined TDMA + FDMA technology to increase the capacity of the system while IS-95 system uses WCDMA technology for the same purpose.
voice,
Basic features of 2G+ cellular system are digital voice and data applications, packet & Circuit switched network, EDGE-GPRS in GSM and 1xRTT in CDMA technologies to provide data rates upto 384kbps, increased capacity and higher data rates compared to 2G systems. Core networks of PSTN and packet network User oriented services are introduced in 2G+
networks, roaming.
global
coverage
and
global
Why 4G is required?
At the first, we might have a question that why we even require 4G if 3G systems are working well. It is because of basically two reasons that one is substantial growth in overall number of subscribers and other is massive demand of new data services which can be either data , audio, image or video (interactive or
like flexible billing and personalization. 3G Cellular System: Development of 3G was started in 1990 and implemented in some countries in
2002. The purpose to of migration networks was develop around to 3G
non-interactive). These two factors are enough to cause a substantial bottle neck in cellular communication services. Though the projected data rate is around 2Mbps in 3G, the actual data rates are slower, especially in crowded areas or when network is congested. Further the data rates also depends on the users activity (moving
an international
standard that combines and gradually replaces 2G, 2G+ digital cellular networks, PCS and
of
large volume of information, data, pictures, video and so on are the key of 4G
multimedia are going to play modest role and will dominate the cellular traffic instead of
infrastructure.
voice in future. In such scenario the present 1G & 2G systems will saturate and will have no room to survive. Also the demand for increasing data rates leads to higher band width
requirement. These factors cause the cellular industry to develop a common standard for a system that can work to overcome almost all the
keeping in mind the all existing networks can be merged or interconnected i.e all in one. What is 4G? The figure1 (4G Cellular Network) shows the concept of 4G cellular
network. The future 4G infrastructure will consist of a set of various networks using internet protocol. As a common protocol so that the users are in control as they will be able to choose every application and environment. Accessing information anywhere, anytime
Legends: DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting LAN: Local Area Network PAN: Personal Area Network WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network DVB: Digital Video Broadcasting MAN: Metropolitan Area N/w WAN: Wide Area Network UMTS: Universal Cellular Telecommunications Systems One of the terms popularly used to describe 4G is MAGIC stands for M : Mobile Multimedia A: Anytime anywhere G : Global mobility support I: Integrated wireless solutions C: Customized personal service
from one to another. This can be satisfied as the core network is IP based. While Maintaining the connectivity, the emphasis is also on quality of service, security and providing services at the cheapest rate. Although most service providers are still expanding and
improving their existing 2G+ network, research towards 4G systems is making significant progress. This research has been launched worldwide in major companies such as
applications,
pedestrian applications and 100Mbps for indoor applications. Such high data rates obviously require much high bandwidth in terms of several hundred MHz. Concentrating on access
Motorola, Qualcomm, AT&T, Nokia, Ericsson, Sun, HP, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph DoCoMo and other infrastructure vendors as
being spectral efficient are the two major options that can help to realize the expected features of 4G cellular networks. OFDM\COFDM allows many users to transmit in an allocate band, by subdividing the available bandwidth into many narrow
an indoor experiment of 100Mbps data rate, though the exact. Specifications of the experiment are not yet announced Within a
matter of years, the demand for cellular data services will outgrow the 3Gs advances Its commonly accepted that 4G will be a superenhanced version of 3G. Other 4G points are that 4G systems will be deployed with software defined radios, allowing the equipment
bandwidth carriers. Each user is allocated several carriers to transmit their data. The transmission is generated in such a way that the carriers used are orthogonal to each other, thus allowing them to be packed together much closer than standard Frequency this Division leads to in
upgrades for new protocols and services via software upgrades. In addition, 4G holds the promise of worldwide roaming using a single
handheld device. 4G outlook is embodied in five key elements of fully converged services,
Hence
efficiency
requires
autonomous networks and software dependency. The aim of 3G was to provide multimedia, multi rate, cellular communications any time and anywhere. It is uneconomical to meet this requirement with only cellular radio. 4G systems will extend the scenario to an IP Network that integrates broadcasts, cellular, cordless,
desired change or upgradation in the existing network. If we examine the present status in India, GSM is dominating presently and CDMA is now competing with GSM in cellular market. EDGE and GPRS are just introduced and will take sometime to work fine according to the expectation. While complete 3G services are yet not introduced. It may happen that the cellular network waiting for 3G and upgrading themselves with 2G+ may switch over directly to 4G by completely bypassing 3G as it seems
WLAN/PAN and fixed wire.4G is the network of networks with which users are in control. They will be able to decide the right system
and even the right terminal for each
applications and for each environment (mobility, coverage) providing personalized service
a better option regarding cost effectiveness in the network upgradation and replacement.
Since the expected technology for 4G is ultra WCDMA and /or OFDM, the present GSM networks must upgrade or replace the whole network to CDMA or OFDM networks, which is a big critical issue for the present GSM
irrespective of the underlying network. As a result, this makes the most efficient use of the available spectrum by directing users to the most appropriate
connectivity, cost effective services, the core network for 4G must be an IP (Internet Protocol) based network. The vision to merge all networks in one core network requires to have an intermediate layer that provides the interface between the existing network protocols and required protocols. Hence the opportunities are open if all the networks are going to update their present network architecture and allow the
The path to the final 4G may be plotted in 4 steps: Internet working of 2G+, 3G and internet (Circuit Switched Voice /Data) Integration of all networks (Circuit Switched Voice & Packet Data) IP based harmonization (Packet based
Voice/Data) and
Full convergence of the networks (All IP based Voice /Data /Multimedia /End to End quality of service /Better Security /Seamless Connectivity /Entertainment and so on) Figure 2 (4G an integration of major growing fields) illustrates the advantages of 4G cellular if the integration of all networks is possible according to the projected path. It indicates the integration of media,
implementing of 4G
the
4G
deployment
wireless
heterogeneous networks such as ccess, A Handoff, Location coordination, Resource coordination to add new users, Support for multicasting, Support for quality of service, Wireless security and authentication, Network failure and backup, and Pricing and billing.
Network architectures will play a key role in implementing the features required
information technology and communication fields which are the majoe growing fields in the
user applications. Merging all the services in one hand-set like Voice, non Voice, Internet,
e-Commerce, Multimedia, entertainment like News, Sports, Video on demand, Audio and so on are the attractive features for the future customer of 4G cellular industry if implemented with reliable end to end quality of service and
to address these issues. One of the most challenging problems facing deployment of 4G technology is how
to access several different mobile and wireless networks. Figure3 shows three possible architectures: using a multimode
(a) A multimode device lets the user, Device or network initiate handoff between networks
terrestrial networks
Multimode devices
One configuration uses a single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access services on different wireless networks. Early examples of this architecture include the
existing
Advanced
cell
Mobile
Iridiums
Phone
dual
phone,
multimode device architecture may improve call completion and expand effective coverage area. It should also provide reliable wireless coverage in case of network, link, or switch failure. The user, device, or network can initiate handoff between networks. The device
UAP to another
itself incorporates most of the additional complexity without requiring wireless network modification or employing interworking
anywhere,
anytime
with
seamless
devices. Each network can deploy a database that keeps track of use location, device capabilities, network conditions, and user
volume of information, data, pictures, video and so on can be achieved in no time with a single handheld Device. But 4G also faces
some following threats as mentioned below. Connecting all networks in one common platformSeamless connectivity and smart Hand Offs Acquiring the required Data rates
service (QoS) issues remains an open research question. Overlay network In an this architecture, network a user accesses of
and Bandwidth Reference [1.] Kaveh Pahalvan & Prashant Krishnamurthy: Principles of Wireless
overlay
consisting
translation,
overlay network, rather than the user or device, performs handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to another. A UAP stores user, network, and device information, capabilities, and preferences. Because UAPs track of the various resources can a keep caller