Chapter 3

Multiple Access Technologies & Standards Multiple Access Technologies & Standards

Wireless Systems: Wireless Systems:

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RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

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Multiple Access Technologies

I FDMA (example: AMPS)
Frequency Division Multiple Access each user has a private frequency (at least in their own neighborhood)

FDMA
Power
Tim

I TDMA (examples: IS-54/136, GSM)

Fr

eq

n ue

cy

Time Division Multiple Access TDMA each user has a private time on a private Power frequency (at least in their own neighborhood)

I CDMA (examples: IS-95, J-Std. 008)

Code Division Multiple Access users co-mingle in time and frequency but each user has a private code (at least in their own neighborhood)
July, 1998 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

Tim

Fre

e qu

nc

CDMA
Power
Tim

Fr

e qu

nc

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Conventional Technologies: Recovering the Signal / Avoiding Interference

I In ordinary radio technologies, the desired signal must be stronger than all interference by at least a certain margin called C/I (carrier-to-interference ratio) the type of signal modulation determines the amount of interference which can be tolerated, and thus the required C/I I In conventional systems, the C/I is controlled mainly by the distance between co-channel cells frequency usage is planned so that co-channel users dont have interference worse than C/I any undesired interference we face is coming from the nearest co-channel cells, far away if the signal is delicate, then we need a big C/I and the co-channel cells must be very far away if the signal is more rugged, we can tolerate more interference (smaller C/I) allowing the cochannel cells a bit closer without bad effects

AMPS-TDMA-GSM
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1

(carrier/interference ratio)

Figure of Merit: C/I

AMPS: +17 dB TDMA: +14 to 17 dB GSM: +7 to 9 dB.

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RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

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Handoffs and C/I

I One purpose of handoff is to keep the call from dropping as the mobile moves out of range of individual cells I Another purpose of handoff is to ensure the mobile is using the cell with the best signal strength and best C/I at all times I Notice in the signal graphs at lower right how the mobiles C/I is maintained at a usable level as it goes from cell to cell
Sites
Technology AMPS NAMPS TDMA GSM CDMA Modulation Type Analog FM Analog FM DPQSK GMSK QPSK/OQPSK Channel Bandwidth 30 kHz. 10 kHz. 30 kHz. 200 kHz. 1,250 kHz. Quality Indicator C/I 17 dB C/I 17 dB C/I 17 dB C/I 7-9 dB Eb/No 6dB -50

B A C

RSSI, dBm
-120

C/I

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RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

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CDMA: Using A New Dimension

I All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time! Frequency and time are not used as discriminators I CDMA operates by using a new dimension, CODING, to discriminate between users In CDMA, we do not try to immediately recover the pulses of energy from each user. Instead, we watch long groups of the totals of everybodys pulses, and detect little patterns which are the signature of the user we wish to decode I In CDMA, the interference originates mainly from nearby users in the same general area I Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd -- but with a uniquely recoverable code
July, 1998 RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

CDMA

Although the CDMA C/I is negative, the decoding process recovers the users energy while discarding others energy. The final net result is Eb/No, typically about +6 db. Well study this in detail later.
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Figure of Merit: C/I AMPS: +17 dB TDMA: +14 to +17 dB GSM: +7 to 9 dB. CDMA: -10 to -17 dB.

MAJOR TECHNOLOGIES DEPLOYED IN NORTH AMERICA

Technology
Advanced Mobile Phone Service

Wireless Technologies: A Summary

Standards Documents
EIA/TIA 553 IS-19 mobile IS-20 base sta. IS-88 IS-54B IS-136 ETSI/TIA/ITU multiple documents IS-95A, Joint Std. 008, + features stds First
Used

Modulation
Analog FM 17 dB C/I Analog FM 17 dB C/I Digital DQPSK 14 dB C/I (fragile) Digital GMSK 6 dB C/I (robust) Digital QPSK

Service Types
Voice

Bandwidth 30 kHz 10 kHz

Users/ Carrier 1

AMPS

1983

NAMPS
Narrowband AMPS Digital AMPS North American TDMA European 2nd-Generation TDMA Code Division Multiple Access
July, 1998

1990 1993 1995

Voice SMS Voice Data

+CAVE +DCCH +SMS

D-AMPS

30 kHz

3 (6 in future?) 8 (16 in future?) 22 8kb 17 13kb

3-6

GSM

1992

Voice SMS Cell Bcst frq hopg Voice SMS Data +more

200 kHz 1250 kHz

CDMA

1995

Spread Spectrum

RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

Summary of Major Global Analog Wireless Technologies

AMPS IS-553 Frequency Band Channel Spacing Speech Modulation Freq. Deviation Signaling Modulation Signaling Bit Rate Overlay Signaling? Paging/Access In-Call Supervision In-Call Control Call Control Handoff Logic 800 30 kHz. FM 12 kHz.
Dir.FSK

NAMPS IS-91 800 10 kHz. FM 5 kHz.

Dir.FSK

TACS 900 25 FM 9.5

Dir.FSK

NMT450 NMT900 450 25 FM 5.0 900 12.5 FM 5.0

C-450 450 20 FM 4.0

Dir.FSK

Aud.FFSK Aud.FFSK

10 kb/s no CCH (f) SAT ST ST

10 kb/s no CCH (f) DSAT DSAT DSAT

8 kb/s no CCH (f) SAT ST ST

1200 b/s 1200 b/s 5280 b/s no CCH (f) ? ? ? no CCH (f) ? ? ? yes CCH (f) overlay overlay overlay

BTSLCR BTSLCR BTSLCR BTSLCR BTSLCR BTSLCR

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Summary of Major Global Digital Wireless Technologies

GSM, DCS1800 PCS1900 D-AMPS IS-54 IS-136 TDMA 800 1900* 30, 50* DQPSK 30 DQPSK ~44 CCH(f) ~44 x 50 TCH, SACCH MAHO+ CDMA IS-95 JStd008 CDMA 800 1900 x QPSK 1250+ QPSK 1229ss CCH(c) 9.6 9.6,14.4 50 TCH MDHO

Japan PDC
TDMA 8/900 1400 50/25i DQPSK 50 DQPSK 42 CCH(f) x 11.2 50 ACCH SACCH ?

CT-2
TDMA 865 100 GFSK 100 GFSK 72 BCH 32 32 packets hybrid ?

DECT
TDMA 1880 1728 GFSK 1800 GFSK 1152 BCH 32 32 100 hybrid MDHO 3-8

Access Method Frequency Band(s) Channel Spacing Modulation type Signal Bandwidth Signaling Modulation Transmission, kb/s Paging/Access ch. Signaling kb/s Info kb/s Info frames/s In-Call signaling Handoff Logic
July, 1998

TDMA 900 1800 1900 200 GMSK 200+ GMSK ~240 CCH (t) ~30 14.4 ~200 TCH, SDCCH MAHO

RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

Wireless System Capacity

Each wireless technology (AMPS, NAMPS, D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA) uses a specific modulation type with its own unique signal characteristics AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS
1 3 1 Users 2 3 7 1 6 4 5

I Signal Bandwidth determines how many RF signals will fit in the operators licensed spectrum
I Robustness of RF signal determines tolerable level of interference and necessary physical separation of cochannel cells

30

30

Vulnerability: C/I 17 dB 10 kHz Bandwidth Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

Users

Vulnerability: C/I 6.5-9 dB

1 4

2 3

200 kHz

I Number of users per RF signal directly affects capacity I In the following page, we will develop the number of users and traffic in erlangs per site for each of the popular wireless technologies
July, 1998

Typical Frequency Reuse N=4 Vulnerability: EbNo 6 dB

CDMA 22 Users
1250 kHz

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

RF100 (c) 1998 Scott Baxter

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Comparison of Wireless System Capacities

800 Cellular (A,B) Fwd/Rev Spectrum kHz. 12,500 12,500 12,500 Technology AMPS TDMA CDMA Req'd C/I or Eb/No, db 17 17 6 Freq Reuse Factor, N 7 7 1 RF Signal BW, kHz 30 30 1250 Total # RF Carriers 416 416 9 RF Sigs. per cell @N 59 59 9 # Sectors per cell 3 3 3 #CCH per sector 1 1 0 RF Signals per sector 18 18 9 Voicepaths/RF signal 1 3 22 SH average links used 1.66 Unique Voicepaths/carrier 13.253 Voicepaths/Sector 18 54 198 Unique Voicepaths/Sector 18 54 119 P.02 Erlangs per sector 11.5 44 105.5 P.02 Erlangs per site 34.5 132 316.5 Capacity vs. AMPS800 1 3.8 9.2 1900 PCS (A, B, C) 1900 PCS (D, 15,000 15,000 15,000 5,000 5,000 TDMA GSM CDMA TDMA GSM 17 12 6 17 12 7 4 1 7 4 30 200 1250 30 200 500 75 11 166 25 71 18 11 23 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 22 6 11 6 2 3 8 22 3 8 1.66 13.253 66 48 242 18 16 66 48 145 18 16 55.3 38.4 130.9 11.5 9.83 165.9 115.2 392.7 34.5 29.49 4.8 3.3 11.4 1.0 0.9 E, F) 5,000 CDMA 6 1 1250 3 3 3 0 3 22 1.66 13.253 66 39 30.1 90.3 2.6

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Capacity of Multicarrier CDMA Systems

CDMA Carrier Frequencies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011

f
Fwd/Rev Spectrum kHz. 12,500 1,800 3,050 4,300 5,550 6,800 8,050 9,300 10,550 Technology AMPS CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA Req'd C/I or Eb/No, db 17 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Freq Reuse Factor, N 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RF Signal BW, kHz 30 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 Total # RF Carriers 416 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RF Sigs. per cell @N 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 # Sectors per cell 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 #CCH per sector 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RF Signals per sector 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Voicepaths/RF signal 1 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 SH average links used 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 Unique Voicepaths/carrier 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 Voicepaths/Sector 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 Unique Voicepaths/Sector 18 13 26 39 53 66 79 92 106 P.02 Erlangs per sector 11.5 7.4 18.4 30.1 43.1 55.3 67.7 80.2 93.8 P.02 Erlangs per site 34.5 22.2 55.2 90.3 129.3 165.9 203.1 240.6 281.4 Capacity vs. AMPS800 1 0.64 1.60 2.6 3.7 4.8 5.9 7.0 8.2 11,800 CDMA 6 1 1250 9 9 3 0 9 22 1.66 13.3 198 119 105.5 316.5 9.2 13,050 CDMA 6 1 1250 10 10 3 0 10 22 1.66 13.3 220 132 119.1 357.3 10.4 14,300 CDMA 6 1 1250 11 11 3 0 11 22 1.66 13.3 242 145 130.9 392.7 11.4

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End of Section

July, 1998

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