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HYDRODYNAMICS

2.1. Introductions to Hydrodynamics The mathematical model associated to a liquid in motions is much more complicated than the model associated with a liquid in rest. This is because every liquid particle has its own motions, quite different from the motions of the particles of a rigid body. The hydrodynamic analysis requires several introductory notions: - Flow line (linie de curent). It is an imaginary line which has the property that in any of its points the speed vector V is tangent to it.

- Flow stream (firul de current). It is a material line containing the liquid particles in the flow line.

- Flow tube (tub de current). It is a whole number of flow lines that have a closed line has their directions. It is not necessarily material.

- Liquid flow (curent de lichid). It is the whole number of flow lines contained in flow tube. - Yield flow (flux sau debit lichid). It is the volume of liquid that passes through a unit surface in the unit of time. - Live area A (area vie). I is the cross sectional area of the liquid flow.

- Wetted perimeter P (perimetru udat). This is the length of the contact line of the liquid with the tube.
A P - Hydraulic gradient I (panta hidraulica). In the case of free surface streams, or unrestricted flow, I is the natural gradient of the ideal liquid surface.

- Hydraulic radius R =

I=

h l

In case of pressure flow

I=

h l

- Roughness (rugozitate). It is the degree of finishing of the surface of the hydraulics transportation means. - Classification of liquid flows (clasificarea curentilor de lichid): According to flow location: o one-dimensional flows M(z) o two-dimensional flows M (y, z) o three-dimensional flows M(x, y, z) According to the nature of the wetted perimeter: o free flow (curgere libera sau gravitationala) o pressure flow (curgere sub presiune) o liquid jet According to the flow regime:

o laminar flow (curgere laminara)

o transitory flow (curgere turbulenta)

o turbulent flow

The flow regime is one of the most important elements of Hydrodynamics. In each of the above cases, a different mathematical mode is used. A real situation is judged on one of the above cases; the Reynolds criterion is used:
Re = vD

or

Re =

vR

Where:

Re Reynolds number v liquid speed (velocity) D tube diameter R hydraulic radius the viscosity cinematic coefficient

According to time variations of motion parameters: o Permanent motions (miscare permanenta). It has constant flow (debit). In its turn, the permanent motions may be: Uniform (constant velocity). It is the case of artificial canals and pipes (conducte). Uniformly variable motion. Area of the cross section varies gradually. Suddenly variable motions o Non-stationary motions. Variable flow (debit varabil). It is the case of hydro-power plant (centrale hidroelectrice).

2.2. Fundamental laws of hydrodynamics We remember that in DYNAMICS the dynamic equilibrium may be expressed in several ways. For instance using DAlemberts principle we have for a particle i:
Fm + Fl = Fi

Where:

Fm applied force, namely massic force Fl link force (reaction) Fi inertia (DAlembert) force

Let us suppose a liquid flow, from which we consider an elementary volume. We choose a reference system, but the usual Oxy plane and Oz (upward!) is a new reference plane because the free surface is no longer constant and horizontal.

p dx p dy dz x 2

p dx p+ dy dz x 2

vx = u
Scalar components of velocity

vy = v vz = w

p dx p dx du (ox) p dx dy dz dx dy dz dy dz p + dy dz + f x dx dy dz = x 2 x 2 dt (oy) (oz) 1 p du + fx = x dt 1 p dv + fy = y dt 1 p dw + fz = z dt

These are Eulers equations. They expressed the dynamic equilibrium of the moving liquids in terms of tensions (eforturi unitare).

1 p u u u u + fx = +u +v +w x t x y z 1 p v v v v + fy = +u +v + w y z t x y 1 p w w w w + fz = +u +v +w z t x y z

The components of the velocity depend on time and particle positions through its coordinates. Equations are valid for any fluid (liquid or gaseous) 2.2.1. Bernoullis equation

vs the speed

Hypothesis:

Ideal (no viscosity) and incompressible liquid (=const) u v w Stationary flow = = =0 t t t Gravitational field Conservative massic force

Therefore, we have:

fx + f y + fz fs

1 p vs = vs s s

v2 s 2

and assuming conservative massic forces i.e. there is a potential function U (see before), we have:

p v2 U + + = 0 s 2 U Note: f s = because Oz is upward! s p v2 therefore: U + + = const 2 where (gravitational field): U=gz p v2 and: g z + + = const = H ' g 2
z+ p

v2 = const = H 2g

We note the similarity of the above equation with that of Hydrostatics in what concerns the first two terms. The third is brought by the motion. It is Bernoullis equation for an ideal flow stream (fir de current ideal) As the H is constant for any Z, we may write:
2 v12 p 2 v2 Z1 + + = Z2 + + =H 2g 2g

p1

where 1 and 2 are two different points of the flow stream. In the case of a liquid flow made up of n flow stream, we have:
2 v12 v2 v 2 1 v 2 + + n = 2g 2g 2g n 2g

is determined experimentally

when v is the average speed flow and is the coefficient of Coriolis. For an ideal liquid flow Bernoullis equation reads: v 2 p + +Z = H 2g Average speed: - laminar flow
v vmax

2 V = Vmax 1 2 0
- turbulent flow
v vmax
1

V = Vmax 1 0 n = f (Re )

The Corriolis coefficient takes the values =1 for uniform motion =2 for laminar motion inside circular tubes =1,03-1,05 for turbulent motion inside circular =3-7 for very non-uniform motions (the case of water exit from pumps) We note that the dimensions of each term of the Bernoullis equations is m (meters) and represents the height of the water spout (coloana de apa). With this we may present a geometrical interpretation of Bernoullis equation for an ideal liquid (as we did in the case of a liquid at rest).

v 2
2g
kinetic component

+ z = H pressure (meters of water spout)

static component

We note the horizontality of the energy level as the interpretation of the fact H=const. A real liquid as opposed to the ideal liquid is characterized as having friction between its particles, between particles and tubes. Therefore between particle 1 and particle 2 there is a head loss (pierdere presiune sau pierdere de sarcina), and we can write:

v12

2 v2 p2 + + z1 = + + z2 + hr12 = H 2g 2g

p1

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