GK-GENERAL

Cities Situated on River Banks

CITY RIVER COUNTRY Egypt Netherlands Belgium Iraq Thailand Yugoslavia Germany Germany Hungary Egypt China Scotland Germany Pakistan Pakistan England Canada Russia U.S.A. France

Alexandria Nile Amsterdam Amsel Antwerp Baghded Bangkok Belgrade Berlin Bonn Budapest Cairo Canton Glasgow Hamburg Karachi Lahore London Montreal Moscow New York Paris Quebec Scheidt Tigris Menam Danube Spree Rhine Danube Nile Canton Clyde Elbe Indus Ravi Thames Ottawa Moskow Hudson Seine

St.Lawrence Canada

Rangoon Rome Tokyo Vienna Warswa Delhi

Irrawadi Tiber Sumida Danube Vistula Yamuna

Mayanmar Italy Japan Austria Poland India

Continents
Area in Square Kilometers 43 998 000 29 800 000 % of Earth's Area 29.5 20.0 16.3 11.8 6.5 5.2 9.6 Highest Point in meters[sea-level] Everest [8848] Kilimanjaro [5894] McKinely [6194] Aconcagua [6960] Elbrus [5663] Kosciusko [2228] Vinson Massif [5140] Lowest Point in meters[sea-level] Dead Sea [-396.8] Dead Sea [-156.1] Death Valley [-85.9] Valdes Penin [-39.9] Caspian Sea [-28.0] Lake Eyre [-15.8]

Name Asia Africa

North America 21 510 000 South America 17 598 000 Europe Australia Antarctica 9 699 550 7 699 000 13 600 000

Deserts
Name The Sahara Australian Desert Arabian Desert The Gobi Area in Sq. Km Territories 84,00,000 15,50,000 13,00,000 10,40,000 Algeria Chad, Libya, Mauritania, Sudan, Tunisia, Egypt, Motocca, etc. Australia, Great Victoria, Simpson, etc. Southern Arabia, Iraq, Yamen etc. Mongolia and China

Kalahari Desert Takla Makan Sonoran Desert Namib Desert Kara Kum Thar Desert Somall Desert Atacama Desert Kizil Kum Dasht-e-Lut Mojave Desert

5,20,000 3,20,000 3,10,000 3,10,000 2,70,000 2,60,000 2,60,000 1,80,000 1,80,000 52,000 35,000

Botswana Sinkiang, China Arizona and California, U.S.A., and Mexico Namibia Turkmanistan Northwestern India and Pakistan Somalia Northern Chile Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan Eastern Iran Southern Californis North-West 'Peru'

Desierto De Sechura 26,000

Islands
Island Greenland New Guinea Borneo Madagascar Baffin Sumatra Honshu Great Britain Ellesmere Victoria I Celebes South Islands Java Area in Sq.Km North Atlalntic South-West Pacific West mid-Pacific Indian Ocean North Atlantic Northeast Indian Ocean Sea of Jappan-Pacific Off Coast North-West Europe Artic Ocean Artic Ocean West Mid-Pacific South Pacific Indiand Ocean Location 2,175,600 777,000 725,545 587,042 476,065 473,600 228,000 218,041 196,236 212,197 189,035 150,460 126,295

North Island Cuba Newfoundland Luzon Iceland Mindanao Ireland Hokkaido Hispaniola Tasmania

South Pacific Carribbean Sea North Atlantic West mid-Pacific North Atlantic West mid-Pacific West of Great Britain Sea of Japan-Pacific Caribbean Sea South of Australia

114,687 114,522 112,300 104,688 102,999 94,226 82,460 77,900 76,192 67,900 65,600 63,610 60,166 54,030 42,018 41,805 40,868 40,663

Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Indian Ocean Sakhalin (Karafuto) North of Japan Banks Devon Kyushu Melville Axel Heriberg Southampton Artic Ocean Artic Ocean Sea of Japan-Pacific Artic Ocean Artic Ocean Hudson bay

Lakes
Name and Location Caspian Sea, Russia Superior, U.S.A. Canada Nyanza, Tansania-Uganda, Kenya Aral Russia Huron, U.S.A. Canada Michigan, U.S.A. Tanzania-Zaire, Zambia 4 Area in Sq.Km. 393,898 82,814 69,485 66,457 59,596 58,016 38,893

Baikal, Russia Great Bear, Canada

31,500 31,080

Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania 30,044 Great Salve, Canada 28,930

Chad, Chad-Niger-Nigeria, Cameroon 25,760 Erie, U.S.A.-Canada Winnipeg, Canada Ontario, U.S.A.-Canada Balkash, Russia Ladoga, Russia Onega Titicaca, Bolivia-Peru Nicaragua, Nicaragua Athabaska, Canada Rudolf, Kenya, Ethiopia Reindeer, Canada Eyre, SouthAustralia Issyk-Kul, Russia Urmia, Iran Torrens, South Australia Vanern, Sweden Winnipegosis, Canada Mobutu Sese Seko, Uganda Nettilling, Baffin Island, Canada Nipigon, Canada Manitoba, Canada Great Salt, U.S.A. Kiogo, Uganda Koko-Nor, China 25,719 23,533 19,477 18,428 18,130 9,891 8,135 8,001 7,920 6,405 6,330 6,216 6,200 6,001 5,698 5,545 5,403 5,299 5,051 4,843 4,706 4,662 4,403 4,222

MOUNTAINS, PEAKS OF THE WORLD

MOUNTAIN Mount Everest K-2 (Godwin Austin) Kanchenjunga Lhotse Makalu I Dhaulagiri I Manaslu Cho Uyo Nanga Parbat Annapurna I Gasherbrum I Broad Peak I Gasherbrum II HEIGHT IN METERS RANGE 8,848 8,611 8,597 8,511 8,481 8,167 8,156 8,153 8,124 8,078 8,068 8,047 8,034 CONQUERED ON

Himalayas May 29, 1953 Karakoram July 31, 1954 Himalayas May 25, 1955 Himalayas May 18, 1956 Himalayas May 15, 1955 Himalayas May 13, 1960 Himalayas May 9, 1956 Himalayas Oct 19, 1954 Himalayas July 3, 1953 Himalayas June 3, 1950 Karakoram July 5, 1958 Karakoram June 9, 1957 Karakoram July 7, 1956 Himalayas May 2, 1964 Karakoram Aug 11, 1975 Himalayas May 17, 1960 Karakoram Aug 6, 1958 Himalayas Apr 10, 1964 Himalayas May 26, 1974 Karakoram June 9, 1960 Himalayas May 24, 1960 Karakoram Aug 26, 1971 Himalayas Oct 1970 Karakoram July 5, 1960 Himalayas Aug 29, 1936 Himalayas Oct 30, 1954 Himalayas May 5, 1965

Shisha Pangma (Gasainthan) 8,013 Gasherbrum III Annapurna II Gasherbrum IV Cyachug Kang Kangbachen Disteghil Sar I Himal Chuli Khinyang Chchish Nuptse Gasherbrum East Nanda Devi Chomo Lonzo Ngojumba Ri I 7,952 7,937 7,923 7,921 7,902 7,884 7,864 7,852 7,841 7,821 7,816 7,815 7,805

Rakaposhi Batura Muztagh I Zemu Gap Peak Kanjut Sar Kamet

7,788 7,785 7,780 7,760 7,756

Karakoram June 25, 1988 Karakoram July 30, 1976 Himalayas Unclimbed Karakoram July 19, 1939 Himalayas June 21, 1931

Rivers
RIVER Nile Amazon OUTFLOW Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean LENGTH 6,690 6,296 6,020 5,797 5,567 4,667 4,506 4,498 4,438 4,371 4,352 4,268

Mississippi Missouri-Red Rock Gulf of Mexico Yangtze-Kiang Ob Yellow (Hwang Ho) Yenisey Parana Irtish Congo Amur Lena Mackenzie Niger Mekong Mississippi Missouri Volga Maderia Purus Sao Francisco China Sea Gulf of Ob Gulf of Chihli Arctic Ocean Rio de la plata Ob River Atlantic Ocean Tatar Strait Artic Ocean

Beaufort Sea (Artic Ocean) 4,241 Gulf of Guinea South China Sea Gulf of Mexico Mississippi River Caspian Sea Amazon River Amazon River Atlantic Ocean 4,184 4,023 3,779 3,726 3,687 3,238 3,207 3,198

St. Lawrence Yukon Rio Grande Brahmaputra Indus Danube Euphrates Darling Zambezi Tocantins Murrary Nelson Paraguay Ural Ganges Amu Darya (Oxus) Japura Salween Arkansas Colorado Dnieper Ohio Alledheny Irrawaddy Orange Orinoco Pilcomayo Xi Jiang (Si Kiang) Columbia Don Sungari

Gulf of St. Lawrence Bering Sea Gulf of Mexico Ganges River Arabian Sea Black Sea Shatt-al-Arab Murray River Mozambique Channel Para River Indian Ocean Hudson Bay Parana River Caspian Sea Bay of Bengal Aral Sea Amazon River Gulf of Martaban Mississippi River Gulf of California Black Sea Mississippi River Bay of Bengal Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Paraguay River China Sea Pacific Ocean Sea of Azov Amur River

3,058 3,058 3,034 2,897 2,897 2,842 2,799 2,739 2,736 2,699 2,589 2,574 2,549 2,533 2,506 2,414 2,414 2,414 2,333 2,333 2,284 2,102 2,092 2,092 2,062 1,999 1,989 1,983 1,968 1,955

Saskatchewan Peace Tigris

Lake Winnipeg Great Slave River Shatt-al-Arb

1,939 1,923 1,899

Volcanoes
Name Ojos dei Saldo Guallatiri Cotopaxi Lascar Tupungatito Popocatepetl Nevado del Ruiz Sangay Klyuchevskaya Sopka Purace Mauna Loa Tacana Cameroon Mt. Erebus Rindjiani Pico de Teide Semeru Nyirangongo Mt. Etna Mt. Unzen mt.Pinatubo Country Argentina-Chile Chile Ecuador Chile Chile Mexico Colombia Ecuador Russia Colombia USA Guatemala Cameroon Antarctica Date of Last Notified Eruption 1981- Steams 1960 1975 1968 1964 1920- Steams 1985 1976 1974 1977 1978 Rumbles 1959 1975

Indonesia (Lombok) 1966 Spain Indonesia (Java) Zaire Italy Japan Philippines 1909 1976 1977 Active 1991 (after 200 yrs) 1991 (after 600 yrs) Active

Barren Island (andaman) India

Tajumulco

Guatemala

Rumbles

Waterfalls
Name Angel Tugela Kukenaam Sutnerland Takkakaw Ribbon (Yoesmite) Upper Yosemite Gavarnie Vettifoss Widows' Tears (Yosemite) Stubbach Location Venezuela Height in Metres 807

Natal, South Africa 410 Venezuela South Island, N.Z British Columbia California California 610 589 503 491 436

South-West France 421 Norway California Switzerland 366 357 300 227 259 253 251 250 426 213 213 207 198 196 195 192 189

Middle Cascade (Yosemite) California King Edward VIII Gersoppa Kaieteur Skykje Kalambo Fairy (Mt.Rainier Park) Trummelbach Aniene (Teverpne) Cascata delle Marmore Maradalsfos Feather Maletsunyane Bridalveli (Yosemite) Guyana India Guyana Norway Trnzania-Zambia Washington Switzerland Italy Italy Norway California Lesotho California

Multnomah Voringsfos Nevada (Yosemite) Skjeggedal Marina

Oregon Norway California Norway Guyana

189 182 181 160 152

ECONOMY

5 Year Plans
It was based on Harrod-Domar Model. Community Development Program was launched in 1952. Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport. It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two years. Also called Mahalanobis Plan after its chief architect. Its objective was rapid industrialization. Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a decline of 13% during the First Plan. At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a takeoff stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a 'self-reliant' and 'selfgenerating' economy. Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of export and industry. Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66). Plan holiday for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans. During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving widespread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production. During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.

First Plan (1951 - 56)

Second Plan (1956 - 61)

Third Plan (1961 - 66)

Three Annual Plans (196669)

Fourth Plan (1969 - 74)

Main emphasis on agriculture's growth rate so that a chain reaction can start. Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon. Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak war.

The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve two main objectives viz, 'removal of poverty' (Garibi Hatao) and 'attainment of self reliance', through promotion of high rate of growth, Fifth better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the Plan(1974-79) domestic rate of savings. The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Govt.came to power. Rolling Plan (1978 - 80) Sixth Plan (1980 - 85) There were 2 Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in operation for 2 years only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it returned to power in 1980. Objectives: Increase in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning, etc. The Seventh plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at rapid growth in food-grains production, increased employment opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of planning. It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%. The eighth plan was postponed by two years because of political upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening Balance of Payment position and inflation during 1990-91. The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6% Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit. It was developed in the context of four important dimensions: Quality of life, generation of productive employment, regional balance and selfreliance. To achieve the growth rate of GDP @ 8%. Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012. Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labour force over the tenth plan period.

Seventh Plan (1985 - 90)

10

Eighth Plan (1992 - 97)

11

Ninth Plan (1997- 2002)

12

Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007)

Universal access to primary education by 2007. Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007. Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%. Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012. Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012. Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012. All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012. Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.

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Growth During 5 Year Plans

Plan First Plan (1951 - 56) Second Plan (1956 - 61) Third Plan (1961 - 66) Target Actual 2.9% 4.5% 5.6% 3.6% 4.3% 2.8% 3.3% 4.8% 6.0% 6.0% 6.8% 5.4% -

Fourth Plan (1969 - 1974) 5.7% Fifth Plan (1974 - 79) Sixth Plan (1980 - 85) Seventh Plan (1985 - 90) Eighth Plan (1992 - 97) 4.4% 5.2% 5.0% 5.6%

Ninth Plan (1997 - 2002) 6.5% Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007) 8.0%

Industries

Industries in India

Cotton Textile

Most important industry in terms of employment and production of export goods. In Maharashtra (Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Kolhapur, Satara, Wardha, Hajipur), Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot, Surat, Bhavnagar), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore Manchestor of South India). Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton textile mills in India India manufactures the largest quantity of jute goods in the world. Mainly located in West Bengal, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, UP, MP

Jute

Silk Textile

The location of silk industry is governed by two factors - prevalence of sericulture practices and availability of skilled labour. Karnataka is the leading producer, followed by West Bengal, Bihar, etc In Punjab (Dhariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozpur), Maharashtra (Mumbai), UP (Kanpur, Mirzapur, Agra, Tanakpur), etc Located near the sources of raw materials and fuel (coal). In Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Durgapur, Burnpur (W.B.), Bhadrwati (Karnataka), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa), Bhilai (Chhatisgarh), Salem (T.N.), Vishakhapatnam (A.P.)

Woollen Textiles

Iron and steel

Located mainly near the sources of raw materials, means of transport and Aluminium Smelting cheap electricity. In Hirakud, Koraput (Orissa), Renukoot (UP), Korba (MP), Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Mettur (TN), Alwaye In Khetri, Alwar, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Agnigundala (A.P.) In Ranchi, Vishakapattnam, Durgapur, Tiruchirapalli, Mumbai, Naini it forms the basis for the manufacturing of industrial, defence equipments, automobiles, railway engines and electrical machinery. In Bangalore, Pinjore (Haryana), Kalamassery (Kerala), Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Srinagar, Ajmer.

Copper Smelting

Heavy Machinery Machine Tools Industry

Heavy Electrical Equipments

Power generation equipments. In Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Jammu, Ramchandrapuram (Hyderabad), Hardwar, Bangalore, and Jagdishpur (UP). Locomotives: In Chittaranjan (WB), Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Bhopal. Coaches: Perambur(TN), Kapurthala (Punjab), also at Bangalore and Kolkata. Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Shipyard, Mumbai (Mazgaon Dock) and Kolkata (Garden Reach Workshop). For Indian Navy, only at Mazgaon In Mumbai, Asansol, Sonepat, Delhi, Chennai, Jalandhar and Ludhiana At Faridabad, Pinjore, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai The location of fertilizer industry is closely related to petro-chemicals. About 70% of the plants producing nitrogenous fertilizers use naphtha as raw material Naphtha is a by-product of oil refiners. Phosphate plants are dependent on mineral phosphate found in UP and MP. Now natural gas based fertilizer plants are also being set up. The Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCL) was setup up in 1961. National Fertilizer Limited (NFL) was set up in 1974. In Sindri (Bihar), Nangal, Trombay, Gorakhpur, Durgapur, Namrup, Cochin, Rourkela, Neyveli, Varanasi, Vadodara, Vishakhapattnam, Kota and Kanpur Antibiotics are prepared at Pimpri and Rishikesh. The Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited has 5 plants at Hyderabad, Rishikesh, Chennai, Gurgaon and Muzaffarpur. A number of other units are concentrated in Mumbai, Baroda, Delhi, Kolkata and Kanpur. Delhi and Alwaye UP, Maharashtra, AP, TN, Karnataka and Bihar Hindustan Aeronautics India Ltd. Was formed by merging two aircraft factories at Bangalore and Kanpur. Four other factories are at Nasik, Hyderabad, Koraput (Orissa), Lucknow Bareilly (UP), Baroda (Gujarat) - Synthetic Rubber Units, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Amritsar - Reclaimed Rubber Units

10 Railway Equipments

11 Ship Building

12 Cycles 13 Tractors

14 Fertilizers

15

Pharmaceuticals and Drugs

16 Pesticides 17 Sugar Industry

18 Aircraft

19 Rubber Industry

Nuclear Research Centers

Research Center Atomic Energy Commission Bhabha Atomic Research Center Electronics Corporation of India High Altitude Research Laboratory Place Bombay Trombay (Bombay) Hyderabad Gulmarg (Kashmir)

Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur (West Bengal) Central Mining Research Institution Indian Rare Earths, Ltd., Radio Astronomy Center Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Tata Memorial Center Uranium Corporation of India Dhanbad (Bihar) Alwaye Ootacamund Calcutta Bombay Bombay Jaduguda(Bihar)

Parks
Name Bandhavagarh National Park Bandipur National Park Bannarghata National Park Borivili National Park Corbett National Park Dudhewa National Park Place Shahdol Mysore Bangalore Mumbai Garhwal Lakhimpur State Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Karnataka Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Kerala Gujarat Tamil Nadu Bihar

Eravikulan Rajmallay National Park Idduki Gir National Park Guindy National Park Hazaribagh National Park Kanha National Park Junagarh Madras Hazaribagh

Mzandla & Balaghat Madhya Pradesh

Kaziranga National Park Kangchandsenda National Park Nagerhole Nawegaon National Park Pench Nationa Park Rohia Naional Park Shivpur Naional Park Tadoba Naional Park Valavadar Naional Park

Jorhat Gangtok Coorg Bhandara Nagpur Kullu Shivpuri Chandrapur Bhavnagar

Assam Sikkim Karnataka Maharashtra Maharastra Himchal Pradesh Madhyaradesh Maharashtra Gujarat

Splendoured Heritage
Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra Badrinath, Utter Pradesh Basilica of Bom Jesus, Velha, Goa (17th Century) Bahai House of Worship, Delhi Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri Chartminar, Hyderabad (1591) Dakshineshwar Temple, Calcutta (1855) Diwara Temples, Mount Abu Elehanta Caves, Maharastra (634) Gateway of India, Rock-cut caves set deep in the Sahyadri hills. It has a large relief depicting the death of the Buddha lying on the bed. Dedicated to Lord Vishnu. One of the four pilgrimage spots for Hindus. The church houses the mortal remains of St.Francis Xavier. The lotus-shaped marvel in marble is referred to as the Taj Mahal of the 21st century. Completed in '86. At 53.5 m., it is the highest gateway in India. Built by Akbar to commemorate his conquest of Khandesh in Gujarat. A majestic monument of four minarets, to commemorate the cessation of plague in the city, according to the chronicles. Built by a Widow-devotee, Rani Rashmoni. A Jain pilgrimage center. There are two shrine : Adinath Temple (1031) and Nominate Temple (1230) Situated on an island, Believed to be built by Pulakesini II of the Chalukya kingdom. Exquisite carvings depicting the myths of Shiva. A triumphal arch built to commemorate visit of King George V

Bombay Golden Temple, Amritsar (1577)

and Queen Mary in 1911. It is 26 feet tall. Holiest Sikh Shrine. Part of the exterior is gilded with gold leaf. The Hari mandir is in the midst of a pool. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikhs. is enshrined inside.

Its dome is the second largest in the world. The whispering Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur Gallery within is so called because even the gentlest whisper (17th Century) echoes across its great length. Hawa Mahal, (Palace The five storied facade of 953 windows was built for the women of Winds) Jaipur of the harem to look out without being seen themselves. (18th Century) Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1565) By the side of Mathura road, to the east of Hazarat Nizamu-ddin's shrine, this memorial was build by Humayun's senior widow (Haji Hamida Begum). A memorial to over 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in World War I. The names of 13,516 soldiers are inscribed on it. The arch rising to a height of 42 m. is surmounted by a stone bowl where since 1971 an eternal flame has been lit the Amar Jyothi - to honour the unknown soldier. 65m tall. Its conical pinnacle overlooks the landscape for miles around. The largest mosque in Delhi, built during Shah Jahan's reign. It is situated just opposite the Red Fort. Over 20,000 people can gather here at a time to pray. The oldest observatory of its type, constructed by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur in 1725. It is dominated by a huge sundia. A similar observatory exists in Jaipur (Rajasthan). Built in 1568. The earliest surviving synagogue in India. It has the Great Scrolls of the Old Testament. Largest rock-cut shrine in India, 84m*47m. Carved our from the top of a hillock. Built during the reign of King Krishna I who ascended the throne in 760 AD. 22 temples known for their graceful contours and erotic sculptures. 36.5m tall. There is a triple tier of mouldings with numerous prestigious and sculpted niches. Erected to mark the spot of the Buddha's enlightenment. The temple is a primodal tower 170ft. high, crowned by a bell-like stupa.

Indian Gate, Delhi

Jagannath Temple, Puri (12th Century) Jama Masjid, Delhi

Jantar Mantar, Delhi Jewish Synagogue, Cochin Kailash Temple, Ellora Khajuraho Temple (11th Century) Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneswar (11th Century) Mahabodh Temple, Bodhgaya (7th Century)

Meenakshi Sundareswar Temple, Madurai Nalanda, Bihar (7th Century)

The gateway are among the most elaborately carved in South India. Has about 30 million sculptures. Seat of learning in Cupta period, Hieun Tsang also studied here. Qutab Minar was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the slave king in the 13th century as a victory tower. The 72.5m, five-story Minar of red sandstone has ornamental figure of Koranic inscriptions. In the center of its courtyard is an Iron Pillar erected by king Chandra Verman which has remained rest-free for more than 1500 years The official residence of the President of India, set in 330 acres of land. Formerly Vceregal Palace. Over looks a beautiful Mughal garden. It has 340 rooms, 37 salons, 74 lobbies and loggias, 1km. of corridor, 18 staircases and 37 fountains. The citadel of the seventh Delhi, Shahjahanabad, it is over 2km. in circumference and has within its precincts several beautiful offices. But by Shah Jahan in 17th century. The seat of Mughal power in India until 1857.

Qutab Minar, Delhi

Rashtrapathi Bhawan, Delhi

Red Fort, Delhi

Salim Chisti's Tomb, Built after Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chisti's death. Tomb venerated Fatehpur Sikri (1572) by both Hindu and Muslims. Sanchi Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh Se Cathedral, Velha, Goa (1652) Shatrunjaya Hill Temples, Palitana, Gujarat Somnath Temple, Gujarat Sun Temple, Modhera, Gujarat (1026) Surya Temple, Konark (13th Century) The great hemisphere is 120 ft. in diameter, and covers the relic of Gautama Buddha. The largest church in Asia, it has a 80m long aisle and 14 altars. Of its five bells, one is the famous Golden bell, one of the best in the world. The hill is crowned about a thousand magnificent Jain temples, which are marble structures built over a period of 900 years. Legendary temple believed built by 'Moon God'. It treasures ransacked by Mahmud Ghazni seven times. It was also destroyed by Aladding Khilji and Aurangzeb, and every time it was rebuilt. Built by a King Bhimdev I of Solanki Dybasty.

The sun temple of 'Black Pagoda' conceived as a chariot of the sun god, Built by king Narasimha Dava I.

Taj Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1648)

One of the seven wonders of the world. Built of white marble by Emperor Shah Jahan to immortalize his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal.

The Bada Imambara, Asia's largest vaulted hall. Lucknow Vaishnodevi, Jammu Victoria Memorial, Calcutta A cave shrine in Trikuta mountains, an important pilgrimage center for Hindus. A marble monument commemorating the empress Victoria.

States
States Andra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Mizoram Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Capital Hyderabad Itanager Dispur Patna Raipur Panaji Gandhinagar Chandigarh Shimla Aizawl Telugu and Urdu Miji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin,Adi, Honpa, Bangini-Nishi. Assamese Hindi Hindi Marathi and Konkani Gujarati Hindi Hindi and Pahari Mizo and English Languages

Srinagar (Summer) Kashmiri,Dogri, Urdu, Ladakhi, Jammu (Winter) Pahari,Punjabi and Dadri Ranchi Bangalore Trivandrum Bhopal Bombay Imphal Hindi Kannda Malayalam Hindi Marathi Manipuri

Meghalaya Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal

Shillong Kohima Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Jaipur Gangtok Chennai Agartala Lucknow Dehra Dun Calcutta

Khasi, Jaintia and Garo Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema and Lotha Oriya Punjabi Rajasthani and Hindi Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu Tamil Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak Hindi Hindi Bengali

Stock Exchanges
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MADHYA PRADESH STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.

THE MAGADH STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.

PUNE STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.

SAURASHTRA KUTCH STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.,

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VADODARA STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.

101, Paradise Complex, Tilak Toad, Sayaji Gunj, Vadodara - 390 005. Chamber Tower, 8/732,Avvinashi Road, Coimbatore 641 018. Kingsway Building, 345, Bombay Bazar, Meerut Cantonment - 250 001. Maker Towers "F" Cuffe Parade, Bombay - 400 005. Mahindra Towers, A-Wing, RBC, Worli, Mumbai 18

COIMBATORE STOCK EXCHANGE

MEERUT STOCK EXCHANGE LTD.

OTC EXCHANGE OF INDIA.

THE NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA LTD. THE INTER-CONECTED STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA (ISE)

Survey Institutions
Institution Atomic Energy Commission Bhabha Atomic Research Center Botanical Survey of India Birbal Sahni Indtitute for Palaeobotanoy Bose Research Institute Indian Association for the Cultivation of science Indian National Science Academy Place Bombay Trombay (Bombay) Calcutta Lucknow Calcutta Calcutta

New Delhi

Indian National Science Congress Association National Atlas Organisation Raman Research Institute Survey of India Wadia Institute of Himalayan Zoology Zoological Survey of India

Calcutta Calcutta Bangalore Dehra Dun Delhi Calcutta

WildLife Sanctuaries
Name Chandraprabha Sanctuary Dachigam Sanctuary Ghana Bird Sanctuary Ghatprabha Bird Sanctuary Jaldapara Sanctuary Kutree Game Sanctuary Manas Tigar Sanctuary Melapattu Bird Sanctuary Mudumalai Sanctuary Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctury Palamau Tiger Sanctuary Periyar Sanctuary Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary Place Varanasi Srinagar Bharatpur Belgaum Jalpaiguri Bestar Barpeta Nellor Nilgiris Ahmedabad Daltonganj Idduki State Uttar Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Rajasthan Karnataka West Bengal Madhya Pradesh Assam Andra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Gujarat Bihar Kerala

Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan

Ranthambhor Tiger Sanctuary Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan Similipal Tiger Sanctuary Mayurbhanj Orissa Haryana

Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary Gurgaon

Sunderbans Tiger Sanctuary

24-Parganas

West Bengal

Famous Places
Place Ajanta Amarnath Cave Akbar's Tomb Amber Palace Anand Bhawan Bhakra Dam Bibi Da Maqbra Birla Planetorium Black Pagoda Bodhisatva Brihadeeswara Temple Brindaban Gardens Buland Darwaza Charminar Cheena Kesava Temple Chilka Lake Dal Lake Dilwara Temple Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Gateway of India Golden Temple Gol Gumbaz Hanging Gardens Hawa Mahal (Place of winds) Location Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Kashmir Sikanara, Agra Jaipur (Rajasthan) Allahabad Punjab Aurangabad Calcutta Konark (Orissa) Ajanta Caves Tanjavur, Tanjor Mysore Fatehpur Sikri Hyderabad Belur East Coast of India near Bhubaneshwar Srinagar Mt.Abu Bombay Aurangabad Bombay Amritsar Bijapur Bombay Jaipur

Howrah Gridge Island Palace Itmaad-ud-Daulah's Tomb Jagannath Temple Jahaz Mahal Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory) Jama Masjid Jantar Mantar Jog (Gersoppa) Falls Kailasa Temple Kanyakumari Temple Khajuraho Kirti Stambha (Tower of victory) Kornark Lakshmi Vilas Palace Lal Bagh Garden Lalgarh Palace Mahabaleshwar Temple Maheshmuri (Trimurty) Malabar Hill Man Mandir Palace Marble Rocks Marina Beach Minakshi Temple Mt. Girnar(Jain Temple) Nagin Lake Nishat Bagh Padmanabha Temple Palitana Panch Mahal

Calcutta Udaipur Agra Puri Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy) Chittorgarh Delhi New Delhi Karnataka Ellora Kanyakumari M.P. Chittorgarh Orissa Baroda Bangalore Bikaner Ujjain (M.P.) Elephanta Caves Bombay Gwalior Fort Jabalpur Madras Madurai Junagadh Srinagar Srinagar Trivandrum Junagadh Fatehpur Sikri

Pichola Lake Prince of Wales Muserm Qutab Minar Raj Ghat Rashtrapati Bhawan Red Fort Sanchi Stupa Sahar Sarnath Temple Sidi Sayyid Mosque Shalimar Bagh Shahi Chashma Shanti Vana Shore Temple Somnath Temple Statue of Gomateswars Statue of Ugra Narasimha Sunderbans Sun Temple Taj Mahal Tripati Temple Tower of Silence Victoria Memorial Victoria Garden Vijay Ghat

Udaipur Bombay Delhi New Delhi New Delhi Delhi Sanchi(Bhopal) Bombay Varanasi Ahmedabad Srinagar Srinagar New Delhi Mahabalipuram Gujarat Karnataka Hampi West Bengal Konark Agra Andhra Pradesh Bombay Calcutta Bombay New Delhi

GK-NOBLE PRIZES

Economics
Year Name Country

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen Paul A.Samuelson Simon Kuznets Kenneth J. Arrow John R. Hicks Wassily Leontief Gunnar Myrdal Friedrich A.von Hayek Tjalling Koopmans Leonid Kantorovich Milton Friedman Bertil Ohlin James E. Meade Herbert A. Simon Theodore W. Schultz Sir Arthur Lewis Lawrence R. Klein James Tobin George J. Stigler Gerard Debreu Richard Stone Franco Modigliani James M.Buchanan Robert M. Solow Maurice Allais Trygve Haavelmo Harry M. Markowitz William F. Sharpe, Merton H. Miller Ronald H.Coase Gary S.Becker Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North

Norwegian Dutch U.S. U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. Sweden Australia Dutch-U.S USSR U.S. Swedish Britain U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. U.S. U.S. France - U.S. Britain Italy - U.S. U.S. U.S. France Norway U.S. Britain - U.S U.S. U.S.

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C.Norht James A. Mirrlees William Vickrey Robert C. Merton, Myron S.Scholes Amarty Sen Robert Mundell James J. Heckman Daniel L. McFadden George A. Akerlof A. Michael Spence Joseph E. Stiglitz Daniel Kahneman Vernon L. Smith

U.S. U.S. Uk Canada U.S. India Canada USA USA USA USA USA USA USA

2001

2002

Literature
Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 Name Rene F.A. Sully Prudhomme Theodor Mommsen Bjornsterne Bjornson Frederic Mistral Jose Echegaray Henryk Sienkiewicz Giosue Carducci Rudyard Kipling Rudolf C. Eucken Selma Lagerlof Paul J.L.Heyse Maurice Maeterlinck Gerhart Hauptmann Rabindranath Tagore Country Franch Germany Norway Franch Spain Poland Italy Britain Germany Sweden Germany Belgium Germany India

1915 1916 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950

Romain Rolland Verner von Heidenstam Karl A. Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan Carl F.G. Spitteler Kunt Hamsun Anatolle France Jacinto Benavente William Butker Wladyslaw S. Reymont George Bernard Shaw Grazia Deledda Henri Bergson Sigrid Undset Thomas Mann Sinclair Lewis Erik A. Karlfeldt John Galsworthy Ivan A. Bunin Luigi Pirandello Eugene O'Neill Roger Martin de Gard Pearl S.Buck Frans E. Sillanpa Johannes V. Jensen Gabriels Mistral Hermann Hesse Andre Gide T.S.Eliot william Fauljner Bertrand Russell

France Sweden Danish Switzerland Norway France Spanish Iran Poland Iran-Britain Itally France Norway German U.S. Sweden Britain USSR Italy U.S. France U.S. Finnish Danish Chilean Switzwerland France Britain U.S. Britain

1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

RarF.Lagerkvist Francois Mauriac Sir Winston Churchill Ernest Hemingway Halldor K. Laxness Juan Ramon Jimenez Albert Camus Boris L.Pasternak Salvatore Quasimodo Saint-John Perse Ivo Andric John Steinbeck Giorgos Seferis Jean Paul Sartre Mikhail Sholokhov Samuel Joseph Agnon Nelly Sachs Muguel Angel Asturias Yasunari Kawabata Samuel Beckett Aleksandr I. Solzhenisyn Pablo Neruda Heinrich Boll Patrick White Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson Eugenio Montale Saul Bellow Vicente Aleixandre Isaac Bashevis Singer Odysseus Elytis

Sweden France Britain U.S. Icelandic Spain France USSR Italy France Yugoslavia U.S.

France USSR Isreal Sweden Guate Japan Iran USSR Chilean West Germany Austral Sweden Italy U.S. Spain U.S. Gk

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Czerslaw Milosz Elias Canetti Gabriel HGarcia Marquez William Golding Jaroslav Siefert Claude Simon Wole Soyinka Joseph Brodsky Naguib Mahfouz Camilo Jose Cela Octavio Paz Nadine Gordimer Derek Walcott Toni Morrison Kenzaburo Oe Seamus Heaney Wislawa zymorska Dario Fo Jose Saramago Gunter Grass Gao Xingjian V.S. Naipaul Imre Kertsz

Poland-U.S. Bulgium-Britain ColombianMexico Britain Czech France Nigerian USSR-U.S. England Spain Mexico South Africa West India U.S. Japan Iran Poland Italy Portugal Germany China

Medicine
Year 1901 1902 Emil A. Von Behring Sir Ronald Ross Name Country Germany Britain

1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1919 1920 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934

Niels R. Finsen Ivan P. Pavlov Robert Koch Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon Y Cajal Charles L.A. Laveran Paul Ehrlich Elie Metchnikoff Emil T. Kocher Albrecht Kossel Allvar Gullstrand Alexis Carrel Charles R. Richet Robert Barany Jules Border Schack A.S.Krogh Archibald V. Hill Otto F. Meyerhof Frederick G. Banting John J.R.Macleod willem Einthoven Johannes A.G Fibiger JUllius Wagner-Jauregg Charles J.H. Nicolle Christiaan Eijkman Sir Frederick G.Hopkings Karl Landsteiner Otto H. Warburg Edgar D. Adrian, Sir Charles S. Sherrington Thomas H.organ George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, G.H. Whipple

Danish Russia Germany Italy Spain France Germany France Switzerland Grmany Sweden France France Australia Belgium Dan Britain Germany Canada Scotland Dutch Dan Australia France Dutch Britain U.S Germany Britain U.S. U.S.

1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962

Hans Spemann Sir Henry H. Dale Otto Lowei Albert Szent-Gyorgyl Cornelle J.F. Heymans Gerhard Domagk Henrik C.P. Dam Edward A. Doisy Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S.Gasser Ernst B. Chain Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Howard W. Florey Hermann J.Muller Carl F.Cori, Gerty T. Cormboth Bernardo A. Houssay Paul H. Muller Walter R. Hess, Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall Tadeus reichstein Max Theiler Selman A. Waksman Hans A. Krebs Fritz A. Lipmann John F.Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller AlexH.T Theorell Andre F. Coumand,Dickinson W.Richards Jr. Wener Forssmann Daniel Bovet George W. Beadle, Edward L. Tatum, Joshua Lederberg Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa Sir F MacFarlane Bument Peter B. Medawar Georg von Bekesy Francis H.C.rick, Maurice H.F. Wilkins James D. Wastson

Germany Britain U.S. Honkong-U.S. Belgium Germany Dan U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. U.S. Aregentina Switzweland Switzerland U.S. Switzerland U.S U.S. Britain U.S. U.S Sweden U.S. Germany Italy U.S. U.S. Australia Britain U.S. Britain U.S.

1963 1964 1965 1966 1967

Sir John C.Eccles Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley Konard E.Bloch Feodor Letnen Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jsvquew Monod Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wals Robert W. Holly, Marshall W. Nirenberg H. Gobind Khorana Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria Julius Axelrod Sir Bernard Katz Ulfvon Euler Earl W. Sutherland Jr. Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R.Porter Karl Von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolass Tinbergen Albert Claude, Lux George Emil Palade Christian Rene De Duve Davidaltimore, Howard Temin Renato Dulbecco Baruch S.Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guilemin, Andrew V. Schaly Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O.Smith Werner Arber Alian M. Cormack Geoffrey N. Hounsfield Baruj Benacerraf, George Snell Jean Dausset Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wisel

Australia Britain U.S Germany France U.S. Sweden U.S. U.S. Indian U.S. citizen U.S. U.S. Britain Sweden U.S. U.S. Britain Geramny GermanyAustralia Britain U.S. Rom-U.S. Belgium U.S.Italy-U.S U.S. U.S. U.S. Switzerland U.S. Britain U.S France U.S.

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

1973

1974

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson John R.Vane Barbara McClintock Cesar Milstein, Georges J.F. Koehler Niels K. Jerne, Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein Rita Levi-Montalcini Stanley Cohen Susumu Tonegawa Gertrude B. Elion, GEorge H. Hitchings Sir James Black J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus Joseph E. Murray,E. Donnall Thomas Edwin Neher, Beryt Sakmann Edmond H. Fisher, Edwin G. Krebs Stanley Cohen Philip A.Sharp Richard J. Roberts Alfred Q. Gilman, Martin Rodbell Edward Lewis, Eric Wieschaus Christiane Nusslein Volhard Peter Doherty Rolf Zinkernagel Staneley Prusiner Robert F.Furchgott, Louis J.Ignarro, Ferid Murad Guenter Blobel Dr.Arvid Carlsson Dr.Paul Greengard Dr.Eric Kandel Leland H. Hartwell Tim Hunt Sir Paul Nurse Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz

Sweden Britan U.S. Britain-Argentina Germany Britain U.S. Italy-U.S. U.S. Japan U.S. Britain U.S. U.S. Germany U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. U.S. Germany Australia Switzerland U.S. U.S. USA Sweden U.S U.S USA UK UK UK USA

2001

2002

John E. Sulston

UK

Peace
Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1917 1919 1920 1921 1922 1925 1926 Jean H. Dunant Frederic Paassy Elie Ducommum, Chales A. Gobat Sir William R. Cremer Institute of International law Baroness Bertha von Suttner Theodore Roosevelt Ernesto T. Moneta Louis Renault Klas P.Arnoldson Fredr5ik Bajer Auguste M.F. Beernaert Paul H.B.B.d'Estournelles de Constant Permanent Internatiol Peace Bureau Tobias M.C. Asser Alfred H.Fried Elihu Root Henri La Fontaine International Red Cross Woodrow Wilson Leon V.A. Bourgeois Karl H. Branting Christian L.Lange Fridtjof Nansen Sir J. Austen Chamberlain Chstlrd G. Dawes Aristide Briand U.S. France Sweden Norway Norway U.S. France Dutch Australia U.S. Belgium Australia U.S. Italy France Sweden Danish Belgium France Name Country Switzerland France Switzerland Britain

Gustav Stresemann 1927 1929 1930 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1944 1945 1946 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 Ferdinand E. Buisson Ludwig Quidde Frank B. Kellogg Nathan Soderblom Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler Sir Norman Angell Arthur Henderson Carl von Ossietzky Carlos de Saavedra Lamas Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Nansen International Office for Refugees International Red Cross Cordell Hull Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott Friends Service Council American Friends Service Committee Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns Ralph J. Bunche Leon Jouhaux Albert Schweitzer George C. Marshall Office of the UN hign Commissioner of Refugees Lester B. Pearson Georges Pire Philip J. Noel-Baker Albert J.Luthuil Dag Hammarskjold Linus C. Pauling International Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies

Germany France Germany U.S. Sweden U.S. Britain Britain Germany Argentina Britain

U.S. U.S. Britain U.S. Britain U.S. France France U.S. Sw Canada Belgium Britain South African Sweden U.S.

1964 1965 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Martin Luther King U.N. Children's Fund(UNICEF) Rene Cassin Internationa Labour Organisation Norman E. Borlaug Willy Brandt Henry Kissinger Le Due Tho, N.Vietmamese Eisaku Sato Sean MacBride Andrei Sakharov Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams Amnesty International Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin Mother Teresa Adolfo Perez Esquivel Office of UN high Commissioner for Refugees Alva Myrdal Alfonso Garcia Robles Lech Walesa Bishop Desmond Tutu International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Elie Wiesel Oscar Arias Sanchez United NationsPeace keeping Forces Dalai Lama Mikhail S. Gorbachev Aung San Suu Kyi Rigoberta Menchu Frederik W.de Klerk, Nelson Mandela

Jordon-U.S.

Franch

U.S. West Germany U.S. Japan Iran USSR N. Iran

England Isreal Albanian - Indian Argentina

Swedish Mexico Poland South Africa U.S. Romanian-U.S. Costa Rican

Tibetan USSR Myanmarese Guatemalan South Arican

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000

2001

Yasir Arafat Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin Joseph Rotblat Roman Catholic Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Nelo International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and its coordinator Jody Williams David Trimble, Jonh Hume Kim Dae-Jung United Nations Kofi Annan Jimmy Carter

Palestine Isreal U.K. East Tomor

Netherland South Korea Ghana

2002

Physics
Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Wilhelm C.Roentgen Hendrik A.Lorentz & Pieter Zeeman Name Nations Germany Dutch

Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie France John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh Philipp E.A.Von Lenard Sir. Joseph J.Thomson Albert A.Michelson Gabriel Lippmann Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi Johannes D. Van der Waals Wilhelm Wien Nils G. Dalen Heike kamerlingh Onnes Max von Laue Sir William H. Bragg, Sir William H. Bragg Britain Germany Britain U.S Franch Germany Italy Dutch Germany Sweden Dutch Germany Britain

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1932 1933 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

Charles G. Barkla Max K.E.L. Planck Johnnes Stark Charles E.Guillaume Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Robert A. Millikan Karl M.G. Siegbahn James Franck, Gustav Hertz Jean B. Perrin Arthur H.Compton Charles T.R Wilson Owen W. Richardson Prince Louis-victor de Broglie Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman Werner Heisenberg Paul A.M. Dirac Erwin Schrodinger Sir James Chadwick Carl D. Anderson Victor F. Hess Cliton J. Davisson Sir Geroge P. Thomson Enrico Fermi Ernest O. Lawrence Otto Stern Isidor Issac Rabi Wolfgang Pauli Percy Williams Bridgman Sir Edward V. Appleton Patrick M.S.Blackett

Britain Germany Germany France Germany - U.S. Danish U.S Sweden Germany France U.S Britain Britain France India Germany Britain Australia Britain U.S Australia U.S. Britain Italy U.S U.S. U.S U.S. U.S U.S. Britain Britain

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

Hideki Yukawa Cecil f. Powell Sir John D. Cockroft Ernest T.S.Walton Felix Bloch Edward M. Purcell Frits Zernike Max Born Walter Bothe Polykarp Kusch, Willis E.Lamb John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William Shockley Tsung-dao-Lee Chenning Yang Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank, Igor Y. Tamm Owen Chamberlain Emilio G.Segre Donald A. Glaser Robert Hofstadter Rudolf L. Mossbauer Lev. D. Landau Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Eugene P. Wigner J. Hans D. Jensen Nikolai G. Basov, aleksander M. Prochorov Charles H. Townes Richard P. Feynman Julian S. Schwinger Shinichiro Tomonaga Alfred Kastler Hans A. Bethe Luis W. Alvarez

Japan Britain Britain Iran U.S Dutch Britain Germany U.S

1956

U.S

1957

U.S

1958

USSR

1959 1960 1961 1962 1963

U.S U.S U.S Germany USSR U.S Germany USSR U.S U.S Japan Franch U.S U.S

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

1969 1970 1971 1972

Murray Gell-Mann Louis Neel,br>Hammes Alfven Dennis Gabor John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John R. Schrieffer Ivar Giaever Leo Esaki Vrian D. Josephson Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish James Rainwater Ben Mottelson Aage Bohr Burton Richter Samuel C.C Ting John H.Van Vleck,Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow Abdus Salam James W. Cronin Val L. fitch Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur Schaalow Kai M.Siegbahn Kenneth G. Wilson Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William a. Fowler Carlo Rubbia Simonvan der Meer Klaus von Klitzing Ernest Ruska,br>Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer

U.S France Switzerland Britain U.S U.S Japan Britain Britain U.S U.S-Danish Danish U.S U.S Britain USSR U.S U.S Pakistan U.S U.S Sweden U.S Indian U.S Citizen U.S Italy Dutch West Germany Germany West Germany Swiss

1973 1974 1975

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

1984 1985 1986

1987 1988 1989

K.Alex Muller J. Georg Bednorz Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Jack Steinberger Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wo9lfgang Paul Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Griedman, Hendry W.Kendall Pierre - Giles de Gennes Georges Charpak Joseph H. Taylor, Russell A. Hulse Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull Martin L. Perl of Standfrod University and Frederick Reins of the University of California David M.Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C.Richardson Steven Chu, William D. Phillips Claude Cohen Tannoudji Prof. Robert B. Laughlin, Prof Horst L. Stormer, Prof. Daniel C. Tsui Gerardus T. Hooft, Martinus J.D. Veltman Mr.Zhores I.Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack Kilby Eric A. Cornell Wolfgang Ketterle Carl E. Wieman Raymond Davis Jr. Riccardo Giacconi Masatoshi Koshiba

Switzerland West Germany U.S U.S. Grmany-U.S. Germany Canada U.S France Poland - France U.S. Canada U.S Switzerland U.S. U.S U.S. France U.S Netherland Russia German

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2001

USA German USA USA USA Japan

2002

Chemistry

Year 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1918 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931

Name Jacobus H. Vant's Hoff Emil fischer Svante A. Arrhenius Sir William Ramsay Adolf von Beayer Henri Moissan Eduard Buchner Ernest Rutherford Wilhelm Ostwald Otto Wallach Marie Curie Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier Alfred Werner Theodore W. Richards Richard M. Willstatter Fritz Haber Walther H. Nernst Frederick Soddy Francis W. Aston Fritz Pregl Richard A. Zsigmondy theodor Svedberg Heinrich O. Wieland Adolf O. R. Windaus Sir Arthur Harden Han von Euler-Chelpin Hans Fischer Friedrich Berguis, Karl Bosch Dutch

Country

Germany Sweden Britain Germany France Germany Britain Germany Germany Poland Franch Franch Switzerland U.S Germany Germany Germany Britain Britain Australia Germany sweden Germany Germany Britain Sweden Germany Germany

1932 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962

Irving Langmuir Harold C. Urey Frederic Joliot-Curie, Irene Joliot Curie Peter J.W. Debyr Walter N. Haworth Paul Karrer Richard Kuhn Adolf F.J. Butenandt Leopold Ruzicka Georg de Hevesy Otto Hahn Artturi I, Virtanen James B. Summer, John H.Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley Sir Robert Robinson Arne W.K. Tiselius William F. Giauque Kurt Alder, Otto P.H. Diels Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synjge Hermann Staudinger Linus C. Pauling Vincent du Vigneaud Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood, Nikolai N. Semenov Sir Alexander R. Todd Frederick Sanger Jarpslav Heyr9vsky Willard F. Libby Melvini calvin John C. Kendrew, Max F. Perutz

U.S U.S Franch Dutch Britain Swistzerland Germany Britain switzerland Hungary Germany Finnish U.S Britain Sweden Switzerland Germany U.S U.S Germany U.S U.S Britain USSR Britain Britain Czech U.S U.S Britain

1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

Giulio Natta Kal Ziegler Dorothy C. Hodgkin Robert B. Woodward Robert S.Mulliken Manfred Eigen Ronald G. W.Norrish, George Porter Lars Onsager Derek H.R. Barton Odd Hassel Luis F. Leloir Gerhard Herzberg Chriistian B. Aninsen, Stanford Moore, William H.Stein Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson Paul J. Flory John Cornforth, Austral Vladimir Prelog, Yugo William N. Lipscomb Ilya Prigogine Peter Mitchell Herbert C. Brown Geroge Wittig Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger Kenichi Fukui Roald Hoffmann Aaron Klug Henry Tabue Bruce Merrifield Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle

Italy Germany Britain U.S. U.S Germany Britain U.S Britain Norway

Canada U.S West Germany Britain U.S Britain Switzerland U.S Belgium Britain Britain U.S. Germany U.S U.K Japan U.S. South Africa Canada U.S U.S

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

1986

Dudley Herchbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pepdersen Jean-Marie Lehn Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman Elias James Corey Richard R. Ernst RudolphA. Marcus Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith George A.Olah Paul Crutzeen Mario Molina, F. Sherwood Roland Robert Curl Jr., Richard Smallery Sir Harold Kroto Paul Boyer John Walker Dane Jensskou Dr.Walter Kohn Dr. John A. Pople Ahmed Zewail Alan Heeger Alan G. Macidiarmid Hideki Shirakawa William S. Knowles Ryoji Noyori K. Barry Sharpless John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wthrich

U.S. Canada Britain U.S. French West Germany Britain U.S U.S Switzerland Canada, U.S U.S. Britain-Canada U.S Netherland U.S U.S. britain U.S Britain Denmark Australia-U.S Britain-U.S USA USA USA Japan USA Japan USA USA Japan Switzerland

1987

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

1997

1998 1999

2000

2001

2002

General Knowledge Science Noise

Sounds are tiny vibrations that can travel through air and other materials. The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels (db). Typical sound levels in decibels: Note: 130 db causes damage to hearing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Breathing Wind in the trees Whisper Ticking Clock House in a quiet street Radio Music Loud Conversation Office Noise Children Playing Lawn mower Vacuum cleaner Traffic Noise Sports Car Heavy truck traffic Loud Radio Motor Cycle Pneumatic drill Thunder storm Rock Music Aircraft Noise Jet takeoff(at 100 meter distance) Jet Engine(at 25 meter distance) Space Vehicle launch (from a short distance) 10 db 20 db 20-30 db 30 db 35 db 50-60 db 60 db 60 db 60-80 db 60-80 db 80 db 60-90 db 80-95 db 90-100 db 100 db 105 db 110 db 110 db 120 db 90-120 db 120 db 140 db 140-170 db

Solar System
Diameter Moons Avg.Distance to Sun 3,040 Kilometer 1 5,865.5 million KM

Time to Orbit the 248 Years Sun Pluto 1. This Planet is the farthest, the smallest, the darkest, the coldest and arguably the strangest. 2. It follows the most elongated and tilted orbit in the solar system. 3. Its moon, Charon, is nearly half its size - appears like a bi-planet. 4. NASA used a new infra-red telescope, has learned that Pluto is shrouded in frozen nitrogen- not methane as once thought. Nitrogen makes 78% of the air.

Facts

Diameter Moons Avg.Distance to Sun Time to Orbit the Sun Neptune

49,000 Kilometer 8 4,497 million KM 165 Years 1. It is denser & little smaller than Uranus. 2. Its Atmosphere appear blue, with quickly changing white clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. 3. Atmosphere constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. 4. It Emits about 2.3 times more energy than it receives from the sun and the Aurora phenomenon was noticed by Voyager II.

Facts

Uranus

Diameter Moons

52,096 Kilometer 17

Avg.Distance to Sun Time to Orbit the Sun

2,852.8 million KM 84 Years 1. Waterly Uranus is the only planet that lies on its side. 2. One pole, than the other, faces the Sun as it orbits. 3. Voyager-I found nine dark, compact rings around the planet and a corkscrew-shaped magnetic field that stretches millions of kilometers.

Facts

Diameter Moons Avg.Distance to Sun Time to Orbit the Sun

6,755.2 Kilometer 2 225.6 million KM 687 Days 1. The Viking probes failed to Beneath its thin atmosphere. 2. Mars is barren, covered with pink soil and boulders. 3. Long ago it was active, the surface is marked with dormant volcanoes and deep chasms where water once freely flowed.

Mars

Facts

Diameter Moons Avg.Distance to Sun Venus Time to Orbit the Sun

12,032 Kilometer None 107.52 million KM 225 Days 1. Earth's twin in size and mass, sparingly hot Venus is perpetually veiled behind reflective sulfuric-acid clouds. 2. Probes and radar mapping have pierced the clouds and carbon-dioxide environment to reveal flat, rocky

Facts

plains & signs of volcanic activity.

Diameter Moons Avg.Distance to Sun Time to Orbit the Sun Mercury

4,849.6 Kilometer None 57.6 million KM 88 Days 1. Tiny Mercury, slightly larger than Earth's moon. 2. Races along its elliptical orbital 1,76,000 kilometer per hour. 3. A speed that keeps it from being drawn into the Sun's gravity field. 4. The crated planet has no atmosphere, days are scorching hot and nights, frigid.

Facts

Diameter Moons Avg.Distance to Sun Earth Time to Orbit the Sun Facts

12,732.2 Kilometer 1 148.8 million KM 365 Days 1. Uniquely moderate temperature and the presence of oxygen and copious water maker Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life.

Diameter Moons Jupiter Avg.Distance to Sun Time to Orbit the Sun Facts

1,41,968 Kilometer 16 772.8 million KM 11.9 Years 1. Two Pioneer space probes photographed the Great Red Spot on the Solar system's largest planet.

2. Voyagers I and II later showed it is an enormous eddy in the turbulent cloud cover. Earth the only planet in the solar system to support life. 3. They also spotted dusty rings, three new moons and volcanoes on the Moon.

Diameter Moons Avg.Distance to Sun Saturn Time to Orbit the Sun

1,19,296 Kilometer 20 or more 1,417.6 million KM 29.5 Years 1. Voyager I found that the celebrated rings of the golden giant Saturn are composed of thousands of rippling, spiraling bands just 100 feets thick. 2. The moon Titan has a nitrogen atmosphere and hydrocarbons.

Facts

Diameter Statellites Age

13,84,000 Kilometer 9 Planets 4.5 billion years 1. A rather ordinary, middle age star, the gaseous sun may reach a temperature of 27-millon degrees Celsius at its core. 2. Its 11 years cycle is now approaching a solar maximum, a period marked by frequent sunspots and flares. 3. On Earth, some radio waves will be disturbed and the amazing sky streamers called Northern Lights will appear.

Sun Facts

Life Expectancy

Life expectancy at birth (in years) for the year 1997, in selected countries.(Source : Human Development Report, 1999). Country Japan Norway Iceland Switzerland Sweden Hong Kong Australia Italy France Greece Spain Cyprus Barbodos Hungary Lithuania China Thailand Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Brazil Mangolia India Iraq Myanmar Comoros Madagascar Life Expectancy 80.0 79.0 79.0 78.6 78.5 78.5 78.2 78.2 78.1 78.1 78.0 77.8 76.4 70.9 69.9 69.8 68.8 67.6 67.5 66.8 65.8 62.6 62.4 60.1 58.8 57.5

Lesotho Sudan South Africa Cambodia Gabon Senegal Djibouti Djibouti Niger Tanzania Chad Gambia Cote d'lvoire Mozambique Central African Rebublic Ethiopia Burundi Rwanda

56.0 55.0 54.7 53.4 52.4 52.3 50.4 50.4 48.5 47.9 47.2 47.0 46.7 45.2 44.9 43.3 42.4 40.5

All Developing Countries 64.4 Least Developing Country Industrialised Countries World 51.7 77.7 66.7

VITAMINS
The Vitamins are necessary auxiliaries in metabolism. They combine with specific proteins, as parts of various oxidative enzyme systems which are concerned with the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the body. Thus, they are intimately involved in the mechanism which releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as the end products of metabolism. Vitamins can be broadly divided into Fat Soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins. Vitamins A D E and K are fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins B ( B1 B2 B6 B12 ) and C are water-soluble.

Vitamin - A Year 1913 Retinol Main Metabolic Function Essential for normal growth and development. For normal function of epithelical cells and normal development of teeth and bones. Prevents Night blindness. Retarded growth. Reduced resistance to infection. Abnormal function of gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts due to altered epithelial membranes. Interferes with production of "night purple". Milk, Egg yolk, Ghee, Butter, Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy and Yellow vegetables, Cod liver oil and Fresh fruits. Fat-Soluble Vitamin - B1 Year 1936 Thiamin An important aid in carbohydrate metabolism. Needed for Proper functioning of the digestive tract and nervous system. Beriberi. Loss of muscle. Loss of appetite. Impaired digestion of starches and sugars. Various nervous disorder coordination. Peas, Beans and Cereals. Water-Soluble Vitamin - B2 Year 1935 Riboflavin Main Metabolic Function Needed in formation of certain enzymes and in cellular oxidation. Prevents inflammation of oral mucous membranes and the tongue.

Deficiency Effects

Available Nature

Main Metabolic Function

Deficiency Effects Available Nature

Deficiency Effects Available Nature

Impaired growth, lassitude and weakness. Causes cheillosis or glossittis. May result in Photophobia and cataracts. Peas, Beans and Cereals. Water-Soluble Vitamin - B6

Year

1934 Pyridoxine

Main Metabolic Function Deficiency Effects Available Nature

Acts as do other B vitamins. To break down protein, carbohydrate and fat. Acts as a catalyst in the formation of niacin from tryptophan. Increased irritability, convulsions and peripheral neuritis. Anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Peas, Beans and Cereals. Water-Soluble Vitamin - B12

Year

1948 Cyanocobalamin

Main Metabolic Function Deficiency Effects Available Nature

Essential for development of red blood cells. Required for maintenance of skin, nerve tissues, bone and muscles. Results in pernicious anaemia. Weakness, fatigue, sore and cracked lips. Peas, Beans and Cereals. Water-Soluble Vitamin - C

Year

1919 Ascorbic Acid

Main Metabolic Function

Needed for form the cementing substance, collagen, in various tissues (skin, dentine, cartilage and bone matrix). Assists in woundhealing and bone fractures.

Deficiency Effects

Lowered resistance to infections. Susceptibility to dental cavities, pyotthea and bleeding gums. Delayed wound healing. Specific treatment for Scurvy. Fresh vegetables, Lemon, Orange, Tomatoes, Cabbage , Turnip and Lettuce (Beetroot). Water-Soluble Vitamin - D

Available Nature

Year

1925 Cholecalciferol

Main Metabolic Function

Requlates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestinal tract. Affords antiachitic activity. Interferes with utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth formation. Development of bone disease, rickets and caries. Butter, Milk, Ghee, Cod liver oil, Yolk of Eggs and also in Sunrays. Fat-Soluble Vitamin - E

Deficiency Effects Available Nature

Year

1936 Tocopherols

Main Metabolic Function Deficiency Effects Available Nature

Protects tissues, cell membranes and Vitamin A against peroxidation. Helps strengthen red blood cells.

Decreased red blood cell resistance to rupture. Germinating Wheat. Fat-Soluble Vitamin - K

Year

1935 Phytomenadione

Main Metabolic Function

Essential for formation of normal amounts of prothrombin and blood coagulation.

Deficiency Effects Available Nature

diminished blood clotting time. Increased incidence of hemorrhages. Fish, Wheat and Oats. Fat-Soluble

General Knowledge Terminology Economics

ARBITRATION Referring dispute to disinterested party called arbitrator for decision, which will be binding. Payment of a fixed amount periodically for a limited time. It is an investment on which the owner receives not only interest on his money but also return of his capital. The difference between the value of imports and exports. It is favourable when the value of exported goods exceeds the value of imported goods. If it is reverse balance is unfavourable. Statements of accounts, generally os a business house prepared at the end of a year, showing debits and credits under broad heads, in order to find out the profit and loss positions in the outgoing year. Exchange of commodity with other commodities without the interface of any form of currency. Document by which a government, a company or a person agrees to pay a sum of money in a certain time. Annual estimate of expenditure and revenue of a country or a subordinate authority like a corporation. Written order by a drawer to pay sum on given date ot named payee. An economic phenomenon where there are more goods in market than demanded and so the buyers can dictate the prices of goods. Place where officials of the banks meet daily to exchange cheques drawn on the respective banks and settle the account by the payment of balances only. Joint farming wherein farmers pool their land, capital and resources and divide the produce at the end of the harvest in

ANNUITY

BALANCE OF TRADE

BALANCE SHEET

BARTER BOND BUDGET BILL OF EXCHANGE

BUYER'S MARKET

CLEARING HOUSE COOPERATIVE FARMING

proportion to their land put in the pool. The farmers retain their proprietary rights. Imposition of a maximum limit of the land which an CEILING ON LAND AND individual should have. Its purpose is rational distribution of HOLDING land. DEATH DUTY (ESTATE DUTY) DEVALUATION A sort of tax imposed on the property inherited at death of its previous owner. Government's step to reduce the value of its own currency relatively to a foreign currency. It aims to increase exports and reduce imports. A monetary state characterised by decrease in the supply of money and bank deposits and falling profits, wages, incomes and employment accompanied by unemployment and falling prices. The governmental measure of depriving metallic coins or paper currency od specified denominations of its status money. It is meant to unearth the hidden money which is unaccounted for purpose of income tax assessment. Duty levied on goods manufactured within the country. Transfer of money of one country to another. Increase in the quality of money in circulation without any corresponding increase in goods; so, it leads to rising prices spiral. An individualistic theory advocating private initiative in trade and non-interference by State in commercial or business ventures. Closure of a factory by owners to force the workers to accept the imposed terms.

DEFLATION

DEMONETISATION

EXCISE DUTY FOREIGN EXCHANGE INFLATION

LAISSEZ FAIRE

LOCKOUT

It states that the food supply increase in arithmetical MALTHUSIAN THEORY progression while population increase by geometrical OF POPULATION progression resulting in over-population. OCTROI PUBLIC SECTOR RECESSION SOFT CURRENCY Tax imposed on articles coming inside a city. Applies to State enterprises or undertaking. An economic phenomenon characterised by excessive production, less demand, tight money market. Currency of a country with which we have favourable balance of trade.

STERLING AREA TARIFFS

Group of countries of Commonwealth (except Canada) keeping their reserves in sterling and not gold or dollars. Measures undertaking by one country to protect industry against trade competition from outside.

Geographical
ANTIPODES ANTICYCLONES APHELION ARCHIPELAGO ATOLL AXIS AVALANCHE BIOSPHERE CANYON CONTINENTAL SHELF CYCLONES CROP ROTATION A region or place on the opposite side of a point on the earth. Winds which blow outward from the center. Position of the earth in its orbit when is at the maximum distance from the sun. A cluster of islands, e.g., Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama. Coral reef resembling a horse shoe, enclosing a lagoon. An imaginary line joining north and south poles. A vast mass of snow mixed with earth or stones. Animate or inanimate organic kingdom on earth. A deep valley cut by a river through a mountain region, e,g., the Grand Canyon of the Colarado river in the USA. Land adjoining a continent submerged in the sea. A low pressure system area in which the wind blows spirally inward. Growing different crops needing different minerals for their growth in the same piece of land in order to get more yield. An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to the Meridian 180 (east or west) where the date changes by one day the moment it is crossed. Alluvial deposit shaped like Greek letter, formed at the mouth of the river, where it falls into the sea, e.g., the Sunderban delta. Condensed atmospheric water vapours due to the cooling of the air. Growing of crops in low rainfall areas by moisture conservation, crop rotation but without irrigation. An imaginary line dividing the earth into two equal parts. The day on which nights and days are of equal duration, e.g., March 22 and September 23.

DATE LINE

DELTA DEW DRY FARMING EQUATOR EQUINOXES

EROSION ECLIPSE FOG

Wearing away of the earth's land surface by rain, wind, water, etc. rendering the land infertile. When one earthly body obscures another one partially or completely. When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles. When the atmospheric moisture deposits in the shape of icy flakes on the exposed objects or near the ground due to below freezing point temperature. The parts of the sea which do not come under the territorial jurisdiction of the nations. Huge mass of ice separated from glacier in the polar regions. These masses of ice float in the oceans with 9 parts submerged in the ocean and one part visible. Lines on the map connecting the places of the same pressure. Lines on the map joining the places of the same temperature. Narrow neck of land joining two land areas. Anew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts and responds well to low dose of water and fertiliser. A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt. The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km. Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth. Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles. It is just like fog but contain more moisture. A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found. The path of the heavenly bodies. The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India. Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America. Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level. Land covered with natural grass. Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis. Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad.

FROST

HIGH SEAS

ICEBERG ISOBARS ISOTHERMS ISTHMUS KUNDAN LAGOON LIGHT YEAR LOCAL TIME MERIDIAN MIST OASIS ORBIT PYGMALLION POINT PRAIRIES REEF SAVANNA SIDEREAL DAY SNOW LINE

SPRING TIDES NEAP TIDES TORNADO TUNDRAS TYCOON WEATHER SATELLITE WESTERLIES

Higher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, the earth and the moon are positioned in a straight line. Tides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun when both are at right angles to each other. A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion. Peripheral area of Arctic ocean. Violent hurricane in China Sea. Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather. Constant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west in south hemisphere.

Important Laws And Principals

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE: When a body is immersed either wholly or partially in a fluid at rest, the apparent loss of weight suffered by it is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it. AVOGADRO's LAW: Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. BLACK BODY RADIATION: A black body absorbs heat or radiates heat more quickly than any other body. BOILING POINT: It increases with the increase of pressure. The presence of impurities also raises the boiling point of a liquid. CENTRE OF GRAVITY: A body will remain at rest only if the vertical line through the centres of gravity passes through the base of support of the body. COULOMB'S LAW: The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its former value when the distance between them is doubled. FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS: The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the

charge passed. The masses of substances liberated or deposited by the same quantity of electric charge are proportional to their chemical equivalents. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER: In chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The sum total of the masses of all the products of a chemical change is exactly equal to the sum total of the substances from which these products have been formed. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: The amount of heat given to a system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done. It is impossible to construct a continuous self-acting machine that can pump heat energy from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature. LENZ'S LAW: When an electric current is induced by a change in magnetic field, the induced current is always in such a direction that its magnetic field opposes the change of field which causes the induction. MASS - ENERGY EQUATION: E = mc2, where E = quantity of energy released from the annihilation of matter of mass 'm', c = velocity of light. It implies that mass and energy are interchangeable. NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING: The rate at which a body cools or loses its heat to its surroundings is proportional to the excess of mean temperature of the body over that of the surroundings, provided this temperature excess is not too large. NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION: Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force, directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION: Everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by a force [called Law of Inertia]. The rate of change of momentum of a moving body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the force. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. OHM'S LAW:

The amount of current flowing in an electric circuit is governed by the voltage of the battery on dynamo which powers it. In other words, the current through a conductor is directly proportional the potential difference across the conductor and inversely proportional to its resistance. RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT: Light travels in a straight line. Total internal reflection takes place when a ray of light tries to pass from a denser medium to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence more than the critical angle.

Political & Social Terms

APARTHEID Policy of racial segregation practiced by the South African Government. A motion moved by a member of a legislature to adjourn consideration of the issues in hand for discussing a matter of urgent public importance. Grant of pardon or exemption from prosecution to political importance. Temporary cessation of hostilities pending formal negotiations for peace. The policy of gratifying one's enemy with concession and special grants by sacrificing even principles. Power to control internal affairs. An agreement between two countries. Imposing closure of ports and waterways to prevent ships from reaching or leaving it. The doctrine of Proletarian Dictatorship as propounded by Lenin. Capitalist class in Marxian terminology. A small neutral state between two big states. A mid term election to fill a seat rendered vacant. A vote casting of which decides the tie. A powerful group of party.

ADJOURNMENT

AMNESTY ARMISTICE

APPEASEMENT AUTONOMY BILATERAL AGREEMENT BLOCKADES BOLSHEVISM BOURGEOISE BUFFER STATE BY-ELECTION CASTING VOTE CAUCUS

CHARGED AFFAIRS COALITION

The senior most diplomat after the head of the mission, officiating in his absence. Combination of two or more parties with the purpose of forming a composite government. Alliance of nations for some specific purpose our retaining the respective individual nation sovereignty. The state of ideological or wordy warfare between two countries or blocks. A diplomatic emissary accredited to the country and holding position below that of an ambassador. An anti-national clique of spies and saboteurs. The act of changing political loyalty by a person or a group. Right to cast vote in the public elections. An opinion poll-may be with the help of interview. Intention to destroy wholly or in part a religious, ethnic or political group. Encircling a person and rending him incapable of doing anything till he/she concedes demands. Means openness. Term used for reforms introduced in Russian society by M.Gorbachov. A type of a writ issued by a High Court or Supreme court against illegal detention of a person. A direct telephone link between the White House and Kremlin established in 1963. Trial by the Parliament. Exercising influence or pressure on members of the legislative bodies in the lobby for supporting or opposing an issue in the House. An official appointed by the President to investigate public complaints against ministers and high officials. A declaration of political party about its policies and programmes given at the time of elections. The act of taking business undertakings an

CONFEDERATION

COLD WAR ENVOY FIFTH COLUMN FLOOR CROSSING FRANCHISE GALLUP POLL GENOCIDE GHERAO GLOSNOST HABEAS CORPUS HOT LINE IMPEACHMENT LOBBYING

LOK PAL

MANIFESTO NATIONALISATION

institutions by the state and controlling them. A movement violent in character believing in Maoism: the term was first used for the peasants of Naxalbari (West Bengal) who rose against the landlords demanding land for the landless. The name given to the policy of Franklin D.Roosevelt to revive and boost American economy . An Act or decree promulgated by the Head of State in an emergency or when the legislative body is not in session. Used for Gorbachov's move to restructure political and economical structure of the Russian society. Voting on regional or national issue.

NAXALITE

NEW DEAL

ORDINANCE

PERESTROIKA PLEBISCITE

PERSONALITY CULT Too much adulation for a ruler or a political figure. PRIVY PURSE Yearly allowances granted to the princes of Indian states after the merger of their states with the Indian Union. (New these purses are abolished). A motion moved by a legislator drawing attention of the House towards a matter involving breach of privilege of the House or any of its members. People's verdict on some constitutional amendment and some other legislative issue of controversial nature. Affirmation in all the faiths, showing no official patronage to any religions or religions. Penalty or reward imposed for disobedience or obedience attached to the law. Control of production and means of distribution in the hands of the State. Law made by the Parliament, enshrined in the statue book, which are binding on al subjects, of a particular country. Right of voting in political elections. Right of a nation deciding its own form of government, its political destiny or independence. Areas of the sea up to 12 km measured from the low

PRIVILEGE MOTION

REFERENDUM

SECULARISM SANCTIONS SOCIALISM

STATUTE SUFFRAGE SELFDETERMINATION TERRITORIAL

WATERS UNICAMERAL VETO

water mark of the coast and within the executive control of an adjacent State. A legislature having only one House. Right to reject any resolution or enactment passed by the legislature.