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UPSC Civil Services Main 1998 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

February 20, 2010

Question 1(a) Show that the function f(z) =

x3(1 + i) y3(1 x2 + y2 i) ,z=0 0, z = 0 is continuous and C-R conditions are satised at z = 0, but f (z) does not exist at z = 0. Solution. Let f(z) = u + iv, then u = x3 x2 + y2 y3 ,v = x3 + y3 x2 + y2 for z = 0, and u(0,0) = v(0,0) = 0. u x (0,0) = h0 lim u(h,0) h u(0,0) = h0 lim
h3 h2

h 0 =1 u y (0,0) = k0

lim u(0,k) k u(0,0) = k0 lim

k3 k2

k 0 = 1 x v (0,0) = h0 lim v(h,0) h v(0,0) = h0 lim

h3 h2

h 0 =1 v y (0,0) = k0 lim v(0,k) k v(0,0) = k0 lim

k3 k2

k 0 =1 Thus u x = v

y , u y = x v at (0,0), i.e. the Cauchy Riemann equations are satised at (0,0). f(z) is clearly continuous at z = 0, because |u(x,y) u(0,0)| = |v(x,y) v(0,0)| 2 x3 x2 x2 + y2 y3 + y2 = r3(cos3 r2 sin3 ) 2 x2 + y2

Thus u,v are continuous at (0,0), so f(z) is continuous at (0,0).

If f(z) is to be dierentiable at 0, then

z0

lim f(z) z 0 = x0,y0 lim (x3 y3) + i(x3 (x2 + y2)(x + + iy) y3) = x0,y0 lim (x3 + iy3)(1 + i)(x iy) (x2 + y2)2 should But exist if we and take it the should limit be along equal y = to x, u x then (0,0) + i x v (0,0) = 1 + i.
z0

lim f(z) z 0 = x0 lim (x3 + ix3)(1 (2x2)2 + i)(x ix) = 1+2 i Therefore f(z) is not dierentiable at z = 0. Question 1(b) Find the Laurent expansion of (z + 1)(z z + 2) about the singularity z = 2. Specify the region of convergence and nature of singularity at z = 2. Solution. Clearly f(z) =

z (z + 1)(z + 2) 2 z+2 1 z+1 2 z+2 1 1 (z + 2) = = = + z+2 2 +

n=0

(z + 2)n for |z + 2| < 1 () The function satises the requirements of Laurents theorem in the region 0 < |z + 2| < 1 and the right hand side of () represents the Laurent series of f(z), which converges for |z + 2| < 1, because we have a singularity at z = 1 which lies on |z + 2| = 1. The Laurent series expansion () shows that f(z) has a simple pole at z = 2, where its residue is 2. Question 1(c) By using the integral representation of f (n)(0), prove that ( xn n! )
2

= 1 2i xnexz
C

n!zn+1 dz Hence show that

 n=0

( xn n! )
2

= 1 2
2

e2xcos d
0

Solution. It is easily deducible from Cauchys Integral formula that if f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed contour C and z
0

is a point in the interior of C, then f (n)(z

0

)= n! 2i f(z)
C

(z z
0

,dz 2 )n+1

Let f(z) = exz (Here x is not Rex but a parameter), then f(z) is an entire function and

therefore f(n)(0) = xn = 2i n!
C

zn+1 exz ,dz where C is any closed contour containing 0 in its interior. Hence ( xn n! )
2

= xn (n!)2 n! 2i
C

exz zn+1 ,dz = 2i 1 xnexz

C

n!zn+1 dz as required. We take C to be the unit circle for convenience. Then

n=0

( xn n! )
2

= 1 2i
n=0 C

xnexz n!zn+1 dz = 2i 1 xnexz

C n=0

n!zn+1 dz Interchange of summation and integral is justied. Thus

n=0

( xn n! )
2

= 1 2i
|z|=1

exz z
n=0

(x
z

n! )n dz = 1

2i
|z|=1

exz z e
x z

dz Put z = ei so that dz = iei d and

n=0

( xn n! )
2

= 2i 1
2

ex(ei+ei)
0

ei iei d = 2 1
2

e2xcos d
0

as required. Question 2(a) Prove that all roots of z7 5z3 + 12 = 0 lie between the circles |z| = 1 and |z| = 2. Solution. See 2006 question 2(b). Question 2(b) By integrating around a suitable contour show that
0

xsinmx x4 + a4 4b2

 emb sinmb where b =

a 2

dx = . 3

Solution.

Let f(z) = tegral z4 zeimz + a4 . sisting of f(z)dz the We consider the inwhere is the contour conline joining (R,0) and (R,0) and , the arc of the circle of radius R and center (0,0) lying in the upper half plane. (R,0) (0,0) (R,0)

=
0

ReieimR(cos z4 + a4
+i sin )

Riei d R4 R2 a4 because |z4 + a4| |z|4 |a4| = R4 a4 on , and emR sin 1 as sin > 0 for 0 < < .

Thus f(z)dz

f(z)dz 0 as R and
R

lim

x4 xeimx + a4 dx But by Cauchys residue theorem f(z)dz =

f(z)dz = 2i (the sum of the residues of poles of f(z) inside ). The poles of f(z) are simple poles at ae
3i 4

are inside . Residue at z = ae

i 4

,ae
3i 4

, out of which ae
i 4

,ae
i 4

is ae
i 4

eimae 4a3e
3i

4 i 4

. Residue at z = ae
3i 4

is ae
3i 4

4a3e eimae
9i 4 3i 4

. ] Sum of residues = = i 4a2 [ eima(cos

4 +i sin 4 ) 4 +i sin 3 4 )

+ eima(cos 3

] = i 4a2 [ e
ma 2 (i1)

+e
ma

 2 (i1)

4a2
ma 2

( 2isin ) =
ma 2

2a2 ma 2 Thus

ie ma 2 e sin xeimx
ma 2

x4 + a4 2a2 ma 2 Taking imaginary parts of both sides, we get

dx = 2i e

sin xsinmx

xsinmx e
ma 2

x4 + a4
0

x4 + a4 a2 ma 2 emb 2b2 sinmb where b =

a 2

dx = 2 dx = sin = . Thus
0

xsinmx x4 + a4 dx = emb 4b2 sinmb as required. 4

2 0

d 3 2cos + sin . Solution. We put z = ei, so that d = dz

iz

,cos = 1
2

(z + 1
z

),sin = 2i
1

(z 1
z

). Thus I=
2 0

d 3 2cos + sin =
|z|=1

dz iz[3 (z + 1
z

) + 2i
1

(z 1
z

)] =2
|z|=1

dz 6iz 2iz2 2i + z2 1 =2 Question 2(c) Using the residue theorem evaluate dz

|z|=1

(1 2i)(z + i

12i

)(z + 12i
5i

) Clearly (6iz2iz22i+z21)1 has two simple poles 12i

i

lies inside |z| = 1. The residue at this pole is lim and z + i

12i 5i

of which only 12i

i 12i z

by Cauchys residue theorem (1 2i)(z + i

12i

)(z + 12i
5i

) = 4i 1 . Thus I=
i 12i

2 0

d 3 2cos + sin = 2 2i 1 4i = 5