MY Can NovDec09

CANADA November - December 2009
I N D O O R G A R D E N I N G
FREE
PROJECTS & TIPS
SECRETS TO
SPICY
SAFFRON
CONTROL
YOUR pH
Your plants will love you for it
WE DIG UP
THE DIRT
on humic substances
EX
WHAT’S IN
CLU
SIV
E
YOUR WATER
You may be surprised!
Take a vacation
and let your
greenhouse
run itself!
G !
B I E!
N NLIN
WEINTER
O
contents
Automated Hydroponics System, p46
November / December 2009
Features
24 Strands of Gold: Growing Saffron
by Dr. Lynette Morgan
32 CO2 Stability and Longevity

by Erik Biksa
34 Getting Ready to Garden Indoors

by Matt LeBannister
34
40 The Real Dirt on Humic Substances
by Ryan Zadow
46 Automated Hydroponics System for a Worry-Free Vacation

by Peter Jordan
50 Using Perlite in Hydroponic Culture

by Paul Lavakis
52 pH Control
by Bob Taylor
57 What’s in your Water?

by Charlotte Bradley
64 Keep it Clean: Maintaining your Hydroponic System

by Grodan
50
Departments
6 From the Editor 58 Talking Shop
8
10
MaximumYield.com
Letters to the Editor
67
68
Check Your Growing IQ
Max Mart
24
12 Ask Erik 70 Distributors
14 MAX Facts 74 Do You Know?
18 Product Spotlight 74 Coming up Next Issue
Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 5

FROM
the editor
With the holidays nearing, it’s Watch for retail spotlights in every
time to stock up on nutrients and issue, and let us know of a retail shop
equipment to keep you growing that you would like to see featured by
indoors throughout the chilly emailing editor@maximumyield.com
winter. No doubt your local hydro Maximum Yield is excited to
shop will have some great deals announce the E-News – one more
in store. Bone up on what’s new way to keep you connected and in
by checking out this issue’s New the know with the industry’s latest
Product Spotlight section and be news, current events, tips, tricks, sneak
sure to let the stores know you saw peaks, exclusive contests and our
it first in Maximum Yield. special reader-submitted “Listen In” where your questions are
We have put together a answered by the most knowledgeable individuals in the field.
great line up of articles Delivered to thousands of inboxes monthly the E-News is
this issue with features directed to modern growers like you. Be the first to get the
on automation, humic news by subscribing to E-News today at www.maximumyield.
substances, pH, CO2 and com/newsletter.php
more to help you maximize Congratulations to all our Win Big! Grow Big! winners and
your garden. Want to keep your system running clean? Curious a huge thank you to all of you that have entered so far. We
about what’s in your water? Find out about these and enhance welcome you to enter each draw for chances to win some
your gardening knowledge with our regular quick tips and of the best equipment and products in the industry. Who
max facts. knows? You could be our next big winner. Enter online at
Starting with this November/December issue we are proud maximumyield.com/winbig
to present a new feature on Canadian retailers called “Talking With the end of the year and the holiday season approaching,
Shop”. Flip to page 58 where we showcase S & L Worx we would like to extend
Hydroponics in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. East-coasters Loretta the warmest holiday wishes
Josey and Scott Reteff, fond believers in hydroponics as an to you all, along with best
alternative to soil, share with us their passion for gardening. wishes for a prosperous 2010.
Jessica Raymond, Editor
editor@maximumyield.com
contributors
Peter Jordan graduated from the University of Waterloo in 1968 Dr. Lynette Morgan holds a B. Hort. Tech. degree and a PhD
with a degree in Chemical Engineering. He began his career at Du- in hydroponic greenhouse production from Massey University,
pont Canada as a Management Scientist. Later, at Statistics Canada New Zealand. A partner with SUNTEC International Hydroponic
he designed the systems for processing Canada’s largest annual Consultants, Lynette is involved in remote and on-site consultancy
census. In 1983, he founded Microstar Software Ltd., a company that services for new and existing commercial greenhouse growers
was listed on the TSE in 1993. After selling the company in 1999, he worldwide as well as research trials and product development
became involved with preserving groundwater resources and is now for manufacturers of hydroponic products. Lynette authors five
studying local aquifers using 3-D groundwater modeling software. hydroponic technical books. Visit www.suntec.co.nz/consultants.htm
He also develops automated hydroponics and weather-driven smart and www.suntec.co.nz/books.htm for more information.
irrigation software.
Erik Biksa, leading expert in hydroponic technologies, holds a Matt LeBannister works at Homegrown Hydroponics, the
diploma in Agriculture with majors in fertilizer sciences and crop manufacturer of the DNF line of premium nutrients and enhancement
production. Erik’s earliest gardening experiences began when he products. Matt manages the retail store at Homegrown’s head office
started to walk, learning the secrets of time honored, old-world in Toronto and as of late has been traveling the trade show circuit as
gardening practices from his grandfather. Erik has amassed over their resident expert. Matt hopes to make a big splash in the indoor
18 years of indoor gardening experience and intensive research gardening industry through Homegrown and Maximum Yield.
while pushing the boundaries of crop growth technologies. Since
first appearing in Maximum Yield in 1999, the “Ask Erik” column and
numerous articles have reached growers throughout the world.
Ryan Zadow spent eight years as R&D/ Plant Scientist at Green Bob Taylor is the chief chemist of Flairform - an Australian based
Air Products before becoming the R&D manager for BioAg three manufacturing company. Up until 1992, Bob was the principal chem-
years ago. He specializes in fertilizer and supplement formulation ist of the water resources section at Western Australia’s State Govern-
for hydroponic and soil applications and has served as a freelance ment Chemistry Centre, a government run consultancy service for all
consultant for small growers, including hydro organics, and developed water related problems. Bob was an approved NATA signatory for a
organic products for large soil and soil-less farming systems wide range of water analyses as well as an official registered analyst
throughout the Northwest. Ryan's specific interest is in the world of for the government’s chemical analysis monitoring program of all
humic substances where he sees great potential for improved yield fertilizers registered in Western Australia.
and product quality, healthier soils and sustainable systems.
6 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

on the web I N D O O R G A R D E N I N G
VOLUME 12 – NUMBER 4
November/December 2009
Maximum Yield is published bi-monthly by
Maximum Yield Publications Inc.
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Speed Read
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news, tips and tricks for indoor growing and Publication Agreement Number 40739092
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“Experienced growers know that they achieve their best results when the crop
starts strong with no interruptions or “hiccups” through the development of CANADIAN DISTRIBUTION
Brite-Lite Group
the plants, starting early in the propagation/rooting phase.” Biofloral
-Erik Biksa Eddis Wholesale
Greenstar Plant Products Inc.
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STAY CONNECTED Aurora Innovations
Join Maximum Yield on Facebook (facebook.com/MaximumYield) BWGS
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that matter the most to you. Stay updated on upcoming Indoor General Hydroponics
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• The Maldive Islands recently vowed to become the first
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fertilizer to capture carbon.
• The Quite Contrary Urban After School Farm educates
children on growing and selling produce, recycling and
other eco-friendly topics.
Tell us what you think at editor@maximumyield.com. We’d love to hear from you.

LETTERS
to the editor
Fish Food Smiles all ‘round from
Hello and thank you for the great magazine! We live in the Win Big! Grow Big! Winners
south of Quebec, and we have an organic farm. We are very Thanks so much. I am really excited to win the
interested in learning more about aquaponics. Please direct me ballast in your contest. I will continue to be a loyal
to any helpful information. Hope to hear from you soon. reader of your magazine (the best in the business).
Thank you Joe O’Neal

Wes Chowaniec Leesburg,VI.
Maximumyield.com is the resource you need, Not only am I one of the contest winners of a magazine
with 11+ years of articles on hydroponics, I truly enjoy, but I’m on my way to the hospital – going to
indoor gardening, aquaponics and more
be a grandpa. My wife and I grew up in Nanaimo; it’s nice
archived for you to reference. For a more
in-depth look at aquaponics, check out
to know Nanaimo is also home to a quality magazine like
Mike Nichol’s Aquaponics: Clean, Green and Maximum Yield. Thank you once again.
Organic by searching our author archive on
maximumyield.com or flipping to page 50 in Len Harrison
your September/October issue of Maximum Penticton, B.C.
Yield Canada.
I just wanted to say thank you for the Botanicare nutrients
and coco blocks. It is nice to win something I will use.
Maximum Yield’s E-News Keeps You Knowing
and Growing all Month Long Steve Ball
Klamath Falls, OR.
Do you have a newsletter I can sign up for? Please advise.
Thanks
The Right to Search
Bev Nguyen
I really wanted to search on your website, but found there was
Maximum Yield’s monthly E-News is now available, bringing no such feature. Any chance you are planning on adding a search
you exclusive access to the latest information on the indoor bar to your website? I love your work. Great job!
gardening industry, new and original products and sneak peaks
at what’s coming up on www.maximumyield.com and in Maximum Thanks
Yield magazines. Plus, timely event listings from your corner of Rod Maley
the globe, article teasers, fun photos, tips and ideas to keep you
knowing and growing all month long. Sign up to receive a copy of
We are, in fact, developing an article-based search for the site
Maximum Yield’s E-News in your inbox monthly by following this
to be released once a thorough testing process is completed.
link: http://maximumyield.com/newsletter.php
Our goal with maximumyield.com is to provide as much quality
content and features to our online readers as we can but not at
the expense of site usability or ease of navigation.
Fresh Water Having said that, you may have noticed we recently introduced
several new article navigation tools such as author lookup,
Do you have any articles or data on reverse osmosis for additional articles by author and a library of complete back issues
hydroponic growing? of all editions of Maximum Yield.
Thank you Wes Cargill

Donette Lamson Web Production
Richard Gellert has a great article: RO Logic Maximum Yield reserves the right to edit for brevity.
– A Thinking Man’s Guide to Reverse Osmosis.
This excellent feature is sure to provide you We want to hear from you!
with the background and education that you Write us at:
are seeking on this topic. You can find RO Maximum Yield Publications Inc.
Logic, published in the Nov/Dec ’08 Canadian 2339A Delinea Place, Nanaimo, BC V9T 5L9
edition of MY, by visiting maximumyield.com or Email us at: editor@maximumyield.com
and searching our author or article archive.

ASK
erik Do you have a question for Erik? Forward it to editor@maximumyield.com with the words “Ask Erik”
in the subject line, and your answer will be printed in an upcoming edition.
Hey guys,
I’ve got a quick technical question. I have a 250 MH bulb in a 60 by 90 centimetre grow space for
romaine lettuce. If I got my math right, that’s about 42 watts per 30 centimetres. I know that lettuce
needs less light than some crops, so is that amount of light too much, not enough or just right? I’ve
got it about 60 centimetres above the lettuce.
I was also wondering if you could recommend a good online indoor gardening forum for questions
like these. There are a lot of them out there, and I would imagine that you know the good ones.
Thanks a lot in advance.

Eric
Hello Eric,
Thanks for the question.You might get some different answers

depending on whom you ask. I’m not sure which gardening
forum might be best but I would suggest hanging out at your
local hydroponic shop. Growers may be able to achieve faster
growth rates in traditionally lower light requirement crops
such as lettuce by increasing the light intensity, particularly
when supplementing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. However,
the additional heat associated with higher light intensities must
be managed, as lettuce is sensitive to excessive temperatures
and “bolting” may occur. In popular literature, many light
recommendations have been made assuming warmer
temperatures come with higher light. Today’s grower may
not have that same limitation. A light meter would be the make good use of higher light levels. At a guess, it sounds like
best way to determine ideal lighting levels. Different light you have it right.You might be able to put the lamp closer to
meters give readings in different units: from micromoles to the plants, just make sure it doesn’t get past 21°C at the canopy.
micro-Einsteins, to lumens. There is much literature available Remember that watts per centimetre is only an accurate
to recommend ideal light levels as per light meter units reference when everyone assumes the same distance from
specified. As mentioned, you may not encounter the same the lamp. For a 250 watt lamp, growers requiring high light
limitations, and choose to push the envelope a bit. If you see intensities may have plants as close as eight to 30 centimetres
the edges of the leaves looking scorched, back off on the light away from the HID source. The MH lamps is an excellent
and or temperature. As long as you can maintain growing choice, as the spectrum (blue light) may help keep the plants
temperatures of less than 21°C, the plants should be able to from bolting, even under higher light intensities.
Cheers, Erik MY
“Growers may be able to achieve faster

growth rates in traditionally lower
light requirement crops such as lettuce
by increasing the light intensity.”

MAX
facts Hydroponic news, tips and trivia from around the world
Green Engineering Utilizes Wind Power

Manufactured by Canadian innovators Evergreen Technologies, a new solar-wind energy pilot project
will be launched at the Vancouver International Airport. The project involves the installation of a new
hybrid lighting system that uses a wind turbine and a solar photovoltaic panel to power the lights for a
pump station at YVR. It will be the first installation of its kind at an airport in Canada.
The wind-solar generator will produce roughly 2,000 kilowatt hours of electricity annually, resulting in
the reduction of 1.8 tons of greenhouse gases annually. The recently completed project took 18 months
to plan and approve. YVR will reap the benefits of the light for many years as solar wind turbines last
longer than conventional ones; approximately 15 years versus about three years for conventional lights.
(www.evergreentechnologies.com)
Backyard Fishing at VIU

A research team led by technician Anne McCarthy at the Vancouver Island University in Nanaimo, B.C. is
working on an innovative project that involves backyard fish farming. Anne, who has become a pioneer
in the field of aquaponics, will be working with a team to create self-contained sustainable ecosystems
capable of food production.
The prototype at the school’s fisheries and aquaculture department uses tilapia and produces no
waste, only fresh vegetables, fish that’s fit for human consumption and filtered water. Tilapa is used
because it grows quickly, is a voracious eater and is extremely hardy. Researchers have also had success
experimenting with rainbow trout, a species native to Canada that thrives in cold climates.
The school’s system is the size of a small room, but it could be scaled up or down to work in various
settings, from suburban backyards to industrial fish farms. The system avoids the use of dangerous
chemicals, something that can’t be said of conventional vegetable gardens.
(Source: www.cbc.ca)
Green Force Takes on Indoor Garden Challenge

The HGTV Green Force team, led by host Carson Arthur plans to convert Toronto’s
“dead zone” into a place of green beauty. The space exists underneath one of Toronto’s
most prestigious hotels at the beginning of the Toronto PATH, and is utilized by
hundreds of commuters and local business employees daily.
It’s an area that is screaming out for some usable indoor green space like an indoor garden. Carson will be joined
by a team of designers to build the perfect outdoor garden, indoors.
Carson will be showing viewers how to use indoor grow lights. Plans for the space include two indoor water
features, tons of tropical plants and a series of fantastic seating areas for the public to use for eating lunch or to
just sit back and enjoy the reclaimed space.
(Source: www.hgtv.ca)
Agrogreen Canada to Sponsor Winter Festival of Lights

This winter, Niagara Falls, Ontario will be host to the Winter Festival of Lights,
a four-year strong enchanted, LED-lit forest sponsored by Agrogreen Canada,
developers of environmentally-friendly growing products. The transformation
involves a stunning palette of colours with three million sparkling tree lights
and over 120 animated displays including the world famous Enchantment of
Disney displays.
The five kilometre route along the Niagara Park way is known as the Niagara
Parks Winter Wonderland and will utilize mostly LED technology. The display
will run from November 7, 2009 to January 4, 2010.
(Source: www.agrogreencanada.com)

MAX
facts Hydroponic news, tips and trivia from around the world
Hormone Clue to Root Growth

An international group of biological scientists has uncovered new research on how the plant
hormone, gibberellin, is crucial in controlling the growth of plant roots.
Gibberellin controls how root cells elongate as roots grow; and for the first time
scientists can describe how this hormone also regulates the number of cells in the root in
order to control growth.
The research shows that mutant plants that do not produce the hormone are unable
to increase their cell production rate and the size of the root meristem, the zone of cell
proliferation.
The research was an international initiative headed by Dr. Susan Ubeda-Tomás and
Professor Malcolm Bennett of the Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, in collaboration with
scientists in Nottingham, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Spain, Belgium and Sweden.
This information will be necessary to address food security and produce better biofuels.
(www.sciencedaily.com)
Organic Plant Waste Effective Weed Control for Citrus Trees

With the recent interest in organic crop production, growers are facing new challenges, especially in the
management and removal of invasive weeds.
Synthetic mulches, manufactured from petroleum-based materials, have been used extensively
for weed control, although they cause increased runoff. Natural and sustainable weed control
alternatives that have shown to be of great help to Egyptian organic citrus fruit trees are sweeping
the market. These natural options have been proven effective in weed suppression moisture
conservation and improved water infiltration.
A recent study found that the greatest control of weeds occurred with plastic mulch and three mulch
layers of rice, straw or cattail.
Their effectiveness in controlling weeds may increase their use in agriculture systems with a
concomitant decrease in the need for synthetic herbicides. Further studies are being done to evaluate
their side effects on beneficial organisms, diseases and insects.
(Source: www.sciencedaily.com)
Sun Pulse Lamps “Plant a Tree” Program PEACE - Available in Garden

ntAtree
Sun Pulse Lamps, makers of the only digital HID Centres across Canada
pla lamps for certified electronic ballasts, arranges Technaflora Plant Products Ltd. has just
to plant a tree for every lamp sold. The “Plant a released it’s newly designed PEACE
Tree” program involves the planting of special poster. The PEACE poster showcases
carbon sequestering trees to help in the fight our products in a retro, groovy way.
for me against global warming. With the combination of bright colours
To make light is to make heat and CO2; one and a funky design, the PEACE poster
kilowatt per hour = 1.5 times the CO2. By planting a tree, Sun Pulse looks great and is being given away at
helps offset the carbon footprint produced by the lamp. your local grow shop. Peace Man!
(Source: www.sunpulselamps.com) (Source: www.technaflora.com)
Evolution not a One-Way Street Research Proves

Scientists have identified a key gene that was transferred from a Sicilian plant into a close relative. The researchers
unravelled the history of an Italian interloper, a close relative of the common weed Groundsel that was first discovered
300 years ago. This region of DNA modifies the flowers, making the weed more attractive to pollinators. The results
demonstrate how natural genetic exchanges can allow important traits to be transferred between species.
This goes against the typical view of evolution as a one-way street in which each species evolves as a separate,
independent genetic lineage. Hybridization between closely related forms may allow evolutionary cross-talk in which
valuable genes can be exchanged and preserved. The result is greater flexibility and potential for diversity during evolution.
(Source: www.sciencedaily.com) MY

PRODUCT
spotlight Ask for these exciting new products at your favourite indoor gardening store.
Atmosphere Launches the New mid-sized V-Series

The new V-14XL, part of the Vortex Powerfans V-Series line is a 35 centimetre inline fan equipped
with a mixed flow impeller allowing more air volume than any other comparable impeller design. The
V-14XL delivers 2905 CFM at 1500 RPM. Similar to the 30 and 40 centimetre V-Series, this new size will
deliver high performance and quiet operations. Furthermore, the heavy gauge steel casing with the
hammertone powder coat finish makes it more sound absorbing and rust-proof. As with all of the Vortex
Powerfans, the V-14XL allows easy duct hook-up with the extended collar and lip. Visit your local indoor
gardening retail store.
Brite-Lite launches MO’KOKO Premium Select Coco Substrate

Brite-Lite Group is pleased to introduce our new line of premium, RHP certified coco substrates.
MO’KOKO carries the RHP stamp, the Dutch Standard of Quality for horticulture. RHP certification
guarantees that quality has been stringently monitored from raw materials to production and
storage, satisfying that the highest chemical and physical requirements have been met.
Available in pre-washed and buffered 4.5 kilogram compressed blocks or loose and ready-to-
use 50 litre bags, homogeneous, stable, pest-free and easily recyclable. MO’KOKO is an excellent
alternative for the environmentally conscious grower. For more information contact your local
hydroponics retailer.
Oakton TDS Testr Low

The new economical Oakton conductivity and TDS pocket meters feature a large, ergonomically designed display so that
you can easily view measurements at a glance.
Waterproof and dustproof housing is designed for use in dirty and damp field conditions. Convenient, built-in belt/pocket
clip keeps the tester accessible when not in use.
Stainless steel electrodes are both rugged and chemical resistant, for use in a wide variety of applications. Single-point
electronic calibration means you are ready to measure quickly and easily. Additional features include auto shut-off to
prolong battery life, hold function to lock in a measured value and self-diagnostic error messages. The TDS models also
have a self-adjusting TDS factor from 0.40 to 1.0. Four 1.5 volt button cell batteries included.
• The non-replaceable sensor keeps the price down.
• It is great for educational or field-use purposes.
• It has an easy-to-read display.
• Four models to choose from depending on your parameter and range requirements.
Contact your hydroponics sales representative for more information.
Plug’N’Grow’s New iGS-221

Only one controller manages all of your indoor garden’s climate parameters!
The improved iGS-220* combines precision and simplicity:

• Simultaneously controls temperature, relative humidity and CO2
concentration.
• Intelligently manage up to six actions: generating CO2, venting,
humidifying, dehumidifying, heating and cooling.
• Ready to use; no programming required, just adjust your set points!
• Prioritize actions according to a logical sequence.
• Avoid contradictory actions (e.g. cooling and heating).
• Hassle-free three year warranty
• Seven days a week of free technical support.
* iGS-220 easy update also offered.

Visit a hydroponics retailer to learn more.

Grodan Introduces Big Mama™
You asked and we listened; the big mama of all blocks is now here! Big
Mama™ is the largest block ever produced by Grodan. It is 20 cubic
centimetres and contains well over twice the amount of wool as the
popular Hugo block. This block is big enough to grow a large plant for its
entire life - even a mother plant! When your plant outgrows its current
block, just place it on top of Big Mama. Due to the height of this block we
recommend top watering methods. Big Mama is solid wool and does not
have a pre-cut hole thus making it suitable to hold any size smaller block
on top (even a Hugo). At Grodan we take your suggestions seriously. Visit
your local grow shop to learn more.
Bare Bones Baby Bloomer is Just Right C.A.P. proudly introduces their New Everlastics
Comfortably situated between full-scale hydroponic systems and Flood Tables
entry-level soilless gardening kits, the Bare Bones Baby Bloomer is Everlastics Flood Tables feature a superior plastic design at a
a surprisingly effective option that will satisfy the needs of serious much lower price. Everlastics Flood Tables will work perfectly
indoor gardeners without intimidating those who are just getting with your existing HydroHut and GrandStand. Available in 10 by
their feet wet. It's comprised of basic, well-made hydroponics 20 centimetres and 10 by 10 centimetres, black or white, these
system components: a tray, a reservoir and the appropriate fittings. flood tables are made of environmentally friendly recycled plastic.
This simplicity allows gardeners to make Everlastics Flood Tables have no
their setup as basic or complex as grooves on top of the
they're comfortable with, media
and its compact holding
78 by 35 by 30 ribs,
centimetres which
total size allows allows for
them to grow much easier
with a bona cleaning!
fide hydroponic Contact your retail
system that distributor for more
doesn't take up a large amount information.
of space. Available now at indoor
gardening retail stores.
Power Pack
Power Pack is a powerful additive to boost your flower and plant’s feeding program. Power Pack will
generate greener leaves and healthier plants and is nutrient-rich in micro-elements. Power Pack can be
used frequently as a foliar spray or in the tank, during both growth and flowering stages. Power Pack
reduces yellowing when cuttings are rooting. It can also be used on mature plants to reduce yellowing on
lower leaves during flowering stages.
• unique liquid micro nutrient formulation (EDTA)
• super concentrated
• stronger stems, roots and greener leaves
To learn more visit your nearest indoor gardening or hydroponics retail store.
The Hammer
Future Harvest’s PlantLife Products division introduces The Hammer. The Hammer stops vertical growth
and makes your plants sturdy, lush and compact with strong stems and short intervals between nodes.
This product is food grade approved and is safe for human consumption. Made in Canada by growers for
growers. Ask for The Hammer at your nearest indoor gardening retail store.

PRODUCT
The Missing Link – Oxy-Gen Generator Now Available from Greenstar

The Oxy-Gen generator outperforms previous methods of aeration, due to increased levels of saturation.
Oxy-Gen offers:
• more sunlight – supplement with HID lighting
• food – formulated high-quality nutrients
• CO2 – injection of CO2 gas, CO2 generators
• climate control – ventilation fans, air conditioners, humidifiers, de-humidifiers, heaters
• water – filters, RO units
Plants breathe oxygen through their roots. As the water warms, oxygen levels decrease, making oxygen supplementation necessary. The
Oxy-Gen alleviates this problem by raising oxygen levels. The results – healthier water, increased oxygen levels, increased fertilizer uptake,
faster growing and larger producing plants. This is all accomplished with one or less amps of electricity, in nutrient tanks up to 1818 litres.
For more complete information about this innovative new technology, please contact your local indoor gardening store.
Titan Beefs up your Blooms Zyme Now Available from Green Planet
Optimum Hydroponix® is happy to report the arrival of Titan 0-10-7. Wholesale
Titan is a natural power pack loaded with botanical hormones, Zyme is a comprehensive enzyme formulation
extracts and minerals to boost and specifically designed to break down and
steer the maturation process. Titan redistribute organic components such as dead
targets plant energy directly to and diseased roots. Zyme assists the roots
buds cultivating fruit that thrives through its unique enzyme profile by uptaking
and phenomenal flowers. Indulge and assimilating necessary minerals, vitamins
plants with Titan’s divine energy that and other bio-stimulants. Because Zyme is
empowers flowers to their absolute designed to break down specific organic
potential. Use Titan with your favourite particles, it is an essential component for
fertilizer or plant nutrition program customers interested in reusing their growing
during the final three weeks of medium. Customer feedback suggests increased
flowering prior to harvest. Titan is a yields from reused mediums treated with Zyme. Zyme helps achieve
product of Holland, bottled in Canada a root zone that is healthy and active; therefore, no garden should
by Optimum Hydroponix®. Available be without it.
from retail distributors of Optimum • dry formulation for maximum performance and potency
Hydroponix® in the following formats: • dry formulation so you don’t have to waste money on water
500 millilitres, one litre and four litres. • proven to be the most effective enzyme on the market today
For more information call your nearest • extremely concentrated
hydroponics retail store. • indefinite shelf life
Available in 25 caps, 100 caps and 250 caps. For more information
on Zyme visit your local hydroponics retailer.
SteadyGRO Introduces New Sheet Media

SteadyGRO has introduced a new line of sheet media for the indoor
grower market. SteadyGRO soilless media was developed specifically
for the grower industry. The media is sterile and inert, and its
composition allows for more oxygen to seedlings and roots for faster
starts and ultimately healthier plants. SteadyGRO’s unique structure
eliminates algae growth along the surface of the media.
SteadyGRO sheet media comes in two types; SteadyGRO which is a low water retention media, and SteadyGRO H+, a high water
retention media.
SteadyGRO sheet media comes in packs of two and 20, and also is available in 276, 162, 104 and 50 cell formats. SteadyGRO sheet media
packaging has been engineered for easy and damage-free removal of the individual sheets.
For more information on SteadyGRO sheets and the entire SteadyGro line, visit your local indoor gardening retailer.

PRODUCT
Eco-Root New from Green Planet Wholesale

Eco-Root Dip Gel contains 16 mycorrhizal fungi to build a natural microbial system in and around
plant roots to enhance growth and vigour. Specially formulated amendments and a starch based gel
for improved water store and uptake. Store in a cool, dry area. Not to be used with chlorinated water
or hydrogen peroxide.
• increases water and nutrient storage and uptake
• promotes extensive root system and soil structure
• will outperform any other rooting compound on the market
• safe for food crops
• no harmful chemicals (OMRI listed)
• five year shelf life
Available in five grams, 12.5 grams, and 25 grams. For more information on Eco-Root visit a
hydroponics retailer near you.
Nature’s Solution Compost Tea Merlin-Garden Pro goes Green

Nature’s Solution Compost Tea is filled Hydro-Logic is pleased to
with beneficial aerobic microbes and offer the new Eco Green Drain
is now available after four years of Elbow for the Merlin-Garden
extensive research. Our organically Pro. This green elbow replaces
approved compost tea comes in a the existing black drain elbow
"breathable" patent-pending package and saves 25 per cent of the
that keeps these organisms alive and drain water. By forcing more
active in an oxygen-rich environment untreated water through the
with a one year shelf life. There is a RO membranes, less water
wide range of species and diversity of goes to waste out the drain
micro-organisms in our compost tea line. Recommended only for
- beneficial bacteria, fungi, protozoa those with less than 250 PPM in their untreated tap water. Any PPM
and beneficial nematodes. These reading above 250 may result in having to change the membranes
organisms are necessary to transform more often as they are working harder removing contaminants.
all organic nutrients into a plant available form and provide plant Others that may consider using these green elbows are those on
protection on leaf surfaces and out compete pathogens in the soil. metered wells or those wanting to conserve their water usage.
Other manufacturers have isolated only a few species which are This is a custom manufactured product offered exclusively by
cultured and put in a spore form and are not active, but asleep. Hydro-Logic Purification Systems. Continue producing the purest
No chemicals are added. The pH is not lowered. The tea needs no water for your plants and family and help the environment by
refrigeration. It is not a put-to-sleep tea. Available now from your saving precious water. Ask you local retailer for more information.
local grow shop. Pure water’s not magic. It’s logic.
iGS-016 - Plug’N’Grow’s New Multi-Timer

The iGS-016 is perfect for all types of indoor gardens, providing better control for lighting
and irrigation and greater protection for plants and equipment.
• Light and dark cycle from 0 to 72 hours.
• No timing calculation required from the user.
• Programmable repetitive cycles up to 72 hours.
• Adjustable activation delay.
• Automatic cooling fan activation at lamps’ ignition.
• Adjustable ventilation shut off delay after lamps turn off.
• Adjustable lights recovery delay when a power failure occurs (five to 30 minutes).
• Automatic lamp shut-off when garden is overheated.
• Lighting system failure alarm.
• Dual pump strategy to activate an emergency pump in case the main one is damaged.
• Pumps and lights deactivation when nutrient solution is too low.
Also benefit from our hassle free three year warranty and our free technical support seven days a week. Visit a hydroponics retailer
to learn more.

Grodan Introduces the Uni-Slab
The Uni-Slab combines all of the benefits of our traditional slabs with the versatility of a block. With a size
of 24 centimetres long by 20 centimetres wide by 10 centimetres high, the Uni-Slab has great stability for
any size plant. The Uni-Slab is completely wrapped thus keeping all the roots of your plant safely contained
within the slab, protected from light and outside contaminants. Yet it’s small enough to be manoeuvrable,
allowing your plants to be spaced as the plant canopy requires. Due to its height, the Uni-Slab is suitable
for both top drip and flood systems. Visit your local grow shop to learn more.
Add the Divine Goodness of Grape to Your FHD Bucket System

Garden Its back and its better! Future
Boost fruit flavour and aroma while you Harvest is excited to bring to
increase yields with Botanicare Sweet, now market our new and improved
available in a formulation that allows you to bucket system. Our new bucket
add the delicious taste of grapes to whatever system has a large 60 litre reservoir,
you grow! When used during the vegetative and new shorter bucket stands that
stage, its combination of carbohydrates, require less room for height. The
organic acids and vitamins aid plants in new system allows for drainage to
making an easy transition to the flowering be hooked up below or to the side
stage. Continue using it through the fruiting of the buckets. Comes complete
stage to see your plants keep the correct with everything you need to get
balance between photosynthesis and growing. Ask for the FHD Bucket
respiration, leading to sturdy stem growth to support a multitude of System at your local hydro shop.
flowers and fruit! Ask for Botanicare Sweet Grape at your local grow
shop.
Continued on page 66

STRANDS OF GOLD
Growing Saffron by Dr. Lynette Morgan
Saffron – a delicate, exotic and expensive spice from far

away lands? Not necessarily so. Saffron spice consists of the
dark red-gold, dried stigma of the saffron corm flower and has
traditionally been grown outdoors on a commercial scale in
countries such as Spain, India and Iran where the climate is
warm and dry and labour cheap for the time consuming process
of harvesting. However, saffron is not difficult to grow indoors
and these days saffron bulbs are readily obtainable at the right
time of year for those who want to grow some of their own
exotic spice. While saffron bulbs may take up little space, their
yield is somewhat low – it takes around two pounds of fresh
flowers to give 2.5 ounces of red stigmas, which when dried
results in a yield of 0.4 ounces of usable spice. Each saffron corm
usually produces between one and three flowers in a season so
yields per 0.3 metre squared are perhaps one of the lowest of
any hydroponic plant. On the other hand, most recipes only
require a few strands of dried saffron, so production from this
size of growing space is usually sufficient for most gourmets.

Flowers and foliage bursting forth from a recently planted saffron corm.
What is saffron?
There are many imitations and cheap substitutes for saffron
on the culinary market. Some of these consist of counterfeit
strands while others are just colour substitutes of cheaper
spices such as turmeric. Saffron, although having a long shelf
life, is best used within a year of drying and it is difficult to
tell if product many years old is being sold as top quality
spice. Nothing equals the intense colour and subtle flavour of
true saffron and some even claim that there are slight flavour
variations between saffron grown in different regions of the
world. Saffron is the world’s highest priced spice and is often
sold by the gram or half gram of the best quality product.
As with most crops, it is likely that the growing conditions,
soil type, nutrition, temperatures, plant health and harvesting,
handling and drying practices play a major role in the final
quality and flavour of this spice. Hydroponic production
where we have control over basic nutrition and supplements
and indoors where temperature, light and the growing
environment can be manipulated, give the potential for some
extremely high quality saffron to be grown.
"Saffron is the world’s highest

priced spice."

Strands of Gold: Growing Saffron
Each brilliant purple flower will produce two to three strands of saffron.
The saffron plant

The saffron crocus (Crocus sativus L) grows from a small
rounded corm (similar to a bulb). The corms are purchased
while dormant, and planted out in late summer or early fall
when they rapidly burst into life with the production of small
crocus flowers. This exotic spice is made from the dried red-gold
stigma which forms inside the blue/purple flower. Each flower
produces on average three stigmas which give three strands of
saffron. After flowering, the plant resumes vegetative growth of
thin, dark green strap like leaves and then multiplies itself with
the production of many small daughter corms.
Nowadays saffron corms are sold by various seed suppliers and
nurseries in small quantities for home gardeners to purchase.
When buying corms for the first time, it is important to realize
that like many flowering bulbs, the corms come in size grades
from very small (0.6 grams) which would be a non flowering
type requiring an additional season’s growth, to very large
(24 grams). The smaller corms are usually less expensive, but
they may not produce flowers in the first season or produce a
much lower yield of saffron and a lower number of daughter
corms after flowering. The best planting grade for hydroponics
is around 15 grams which is usually over 2.5 centimetres in
diameter. The corms arrive dry in a dormant state ready for
planting out.

Indoor Saffron
Indoors, there are two ways of running a saffron system – the
dormant corms can be purchased, planted, flowered, harvested
and the corms discarded, all over a six week period. Or
after the short flowering period, the bulbs can be grown
on, producing vegetation and new daughter cormlets
over a period of many months, until they become
dormant in mid summer. The first system means
the corms are planted at a high density since
they won’t be grown on and multiplied. This
sort of bulb ‘forcing’ could also be carried out in
solution culture systems such as those used for
tulips and other flowering bulbs where the corm
is supported with its base in water. The second
system needs more space for the plants to fully
develop and many months of caring for the corms
after they flower, although the reward is a supply of
new corms which could be sold or given away to others
and a higher yield of flowers in the next year. Tying up
your hydroponic system with vegetative saffron for nine
to 10 months, however, may not be attractive to those with
limited space, although trays of saffron plants are cold hardly
and can be put outside for winter and spring if necessary.
Saffron can be grown in the smallest of spaces and even just a pot of corms
will give a good harvest.
Corms can be stored in a dry place and planted out when the
hydroponic system is ready. The spacing should be approximately
10 to 12 centimetres apart and 10 to 12 centimetres deep, in
a tray of free draining, sterile growing media such as coconut
fibre with some perlite mixed in. The media needs to support
the plants, but at the same time be friable enough for the young
corms to form without deformities so any substrate used for
baby root crops would be suitable.
The flowers will have already been initiated in the corms
and flowering will occur when moisture is provided
and temperatures start to drop. Flowering is triggered by
environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture
which is easily manipulated in a hydroponic grow room. The
ideal conditions during flowering are 16 hour day length with
day temperatures of 16°C and night temperatures of 12°C. An
indoor grow room or greenhouse situation means the flowers
are protected from rain, moisture, wind and the lack of weeds
makes harvesting of high quality flowers much easier.
The Grow Room

After flowering the foliage grows best at 15 to 18°C, with 12 to
14 hours of light to keep enough photosynthesis going to bulk
up the developing cormlets. Saffron typically flowers in autumn
over a short period, then produces a number of strap-like leaves
which grow through winter, spring and into summer, providing
food reserves for the corm and developing new cormlets. After
flowering and harvest in autumn, foliage will develop quite
rapidly and during this time, a standard vegetative nutrient
should be given to the plants as required. Recommended EC

levels are 1.2 – 1.4 during this stage. Leaf growth will continue
until summer when the young corms start to rapidly develop
around the mother corm. "The tray of saffron corms, once fully dried,
In their natural environment, the saffron plants’ foliage dies can be harvested and stored away in a dry,
back in mid to late summer, after the young corms have dark place until they need to be planted out
matured and as conditions become very warm and dry. The for flower production."
corms then go into a dormancy period which is essential for
initiating the next season’s flowers which will bloom in the
cooler, moist conditions of fall. In hydroponics we can easily
replicate this by drying the media back after the cormlets have
formed and the foliage has died down. Having a dig around one
of the plants will soon reveal if the corms are ready for harvest
and dormancy. The tray of saffron corms, once fully dried, can
be harvested and stored away in a dry, dark place until they
need to be planted out for flower production. This is a time
consuming process as the saffron plant needs many months (nine
to 10) after flowering, until harvest of the new corms with only
one harvest of flowers per year obtained. However, each mother
corm, after flowering will produce a number (four to 10 or
more) young cormlets that can be used to produce more flowers
and greater harvests of saffron spice in the following season. Flowering and Harvesting
Flowering of the corms will typically occur quite quickly after
planting; within a few weeks the first emerging flower buds
should be seen. The flowers will fully open within three to
five days and be ready for harvest. As each flower blooms, it
should be plucked or snipped from the plant and taken away for
processing. Inside the flower there will be two or three thinner
dark red coloured stigmas which form the saffron spice when
dried; there will also be three, shorter, wider, golden coloured
anthers which usually have pollen on their surface – these are
not part of the spice and should be discarded. The easiest way
of removing the saffron stigmas from the centre of the flower,
is to pull back and remove all the petals and then snip the red
strands at the base. These will then need to be dried before
storage. Saffron is very delicate and the strands should be placed
Saffron flowers may develop before, after or at the same time as foliage
develops from the corm. Harvested strands of saffron, ready for drying.

on white paper and allowed to air dry and fully desiccate.

Any slight breeze will blow the strands away and home
dehydrators are not well suited to this. Being small and very
light, the saffron will dry within a week in most cases and
can then be stored in air tight glass jars. A small package of
silicon desiccant can be used to make sure any additional
moisture on the strands or in the air does not cause any
Long, thin strap like leaves are formed after the saffron corm has
finished flowering.
"Saffron is very delicate and the strands

should be placed on white paper and
allowed to air dry and fully desiccate."

storage problems. Insufficiently dried saffron can go mouldy,
so additional air drying time is recommended if humidity
levels are high.
While it has become possible for home gardeners to grow
a container or pot with a few saffron bulbs outdoors, often
just for the novelty of seeing the flowers, there has not
been a great deal of research into hydroponic or aeroponic
production of this spice. It is likely that the best system
will be similar to the hydroponic production of forced
tulips and other bulbs with the actual flowering phase
being carried out indoors or under protection to give the
highest possible blooms, while the plants are propagated and
bulbs grown outdoors through until dormancy. Outdoor
producers are restricted to one crop of saffron per season,
however, with an indoor grow room, the environment can
easily be manipulated to give the dry warmth of summer to
initiate flowering followed by cooler, damper conditions to
induce flowering whenever it is required. MY
References
The Growth of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Aeroponics and
Hydroponics’ Fredric V Souret and P J Weathers. Published
in: Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, Volume 7,
Issue 3, 2000. ISBN 1049-6475
Supplies of saffron corms:

http://www.nicholsgardennursery.com/
http://www.whiteflowerfarm.com/
http://www.richters.com/
A variety of spicy saffron recipes are

available at maximumyield.com under
“Online Extras”.

by Erik Biksa
The question on the table today is, sense to enrich the environment with
does CO2 go “stale”? Most substances, a supplemental source of clean carbon
and molecules for that matter, are in a dioxide if ventilation through outside
constant state of flux and are changing air exchange is not constant during the
states, or the way they are formed on lights on cycle. Ensuring that CO2 levels
an atomic level. Arguably carbon may remain higher than ambient through
be one of the most stable molecules various stages in the cropping cycle can
we have, and it’s a very important increase yields by as much as 30 per cent
one. However, carbon dioxide is not and often reduce the overall amount of
just carbon; it is CO2 so there are two cropping time required, because plants
oxygen molecules attached, and oxygen produce at accelerated rates.
can be relatively reactive. In most situations, it seems that the
O2 as a compound offers a little more most likely scenario is that the additional
stability than something like O3, which levels of CO2 will get used up faster
is ozone. The extra oxygen molecule than they may be able to degrade.
wants to leave the arrangement, as O2 is However, it’s doubtful that any carbon
more stable. dioxide enrichment system is 100 per
In most indoor growing situations, the cent efficient, meaning that other less
CO2 in the growing atmosphere gets used desirable compounds may
up astonishingly quickly when plants are be introduced as gases Be careful with CO2 burners
healthy and productive, and also depend when delivering elevated If used in an environment without a source of fresh air, harmful
gases, such as ethylene and carbon, may be introduced when
on the stage the plants are at in the carbon dioxide levels to using gas-fired CO2 generators.
cropping cycle. This is why it makes good crops. For example trace

A HEPA filter can clean the air
amounts of ethylene and carbon Passive, fresh air can be introduced to the grow set-up by using
monoxide may be introduced using a HEPA intake filter. When combined with a fan that cycles air
gas-fired CO2 generators. Since the through the environment, the filter will help to remove any
contaminants and provide a healthy growing atmosphere.
plants do not want to use or absorb
these gaseous compounds, they may
build up to harmful levels in a tightly
sealed growing environment; becoming the air to bleed out. The volume of fresh
toxic to plants. Also, for gas fired burners air being introduced is cleaned through
(CO2 generators) to work efficiently, the HEPA filter and does not introduce
they require a source of fresh air for the contaminants, just enough fresh air to
combustion process. help displace stale air or gases that can
Savvy operators of CEA (Controlled accumulate to toxic levels. Imagine a full
Environment Agriculture) or sealed glass of water that has a few drops added
grow set-ups allow for a slight “bleed” of every minute; the volume of liquid will
the air to occur. For example, to ensure slowly be exchanged over time, keeping it
a very healthy growing atmosphere, a fresh and palatable. MY
proportionately small, passive fresh air
access is created and is “capped” off
with a HEPA intake filter, as featured
in some of my articles. With a carbon
For additional articles
scrubber (activated carbon filter with
about CEA visit
fan) cycling constantly within the area, “leak” out of the growing environment
maximumyield.com
it will pull a small amount of fresh air through any tiny cracks, etc. Remember
into the grow room through the small it’s almost impossible to 100 per cent
passive HEPA intake. Excess air will seal a room, so there are some cracks for

by Matt LeBannister
Getting
Ready
to Garden Indoors
As gardening is such a fun and rewarding experience, it is no wonder an increasing number
of gardeners are making the move indoors. Who wouldn’t want to extend their growing season to
last the entire year? Indoor gardening can be a very relaxing and gratifying experience if prepared
for properly.
In preparation for the indoor growing season, there is a simple checklist that one can follow. This
straightforward advice can help every gardener avoid common problems and ensure success in
their garden.

The first thing one must do when getting the grow room
ready for the indoor season is to decide on a suitable grow space.
Choose a place where it will be easy to maintain a constant
temperature and humidity. In a home, the basement is usually
the best place for a garden since it is consistent in temperature
and humidity. In an apartment, a closet or spare bedroom will
work but you may find it more difficult to keep the temperature
and humidity within the ideal range of 18°C to 26°C.
Once a suitable grow space has been chosen, every nook and
cranny should be cleaned. Cleanliness is next to godliness, so
if you want to be god of the grow room you must keep up
maintenance. Using a viruscide/fungicide or a solution of nine
parts water to one part bleach will ensure that your grow space
starts off as healthy and clean as possible. This process should be
repeated before every crop rotation.
Once the grow space has been emptied and cleaned, it is a
good idea to make use of reflective materials such as Mylar.
Painting the walls a flat white will increase the amount of light
that the plants receive anywhere from one per cent to 10 per
cent. By using reflective materials, not only is light efficiency
increased, the surface can be easily cleaned and/or replaced
whenever necessary. Having these materials on the walls of the
grow room can help prevent moulds and mildews from growing
on their surface. This saves the average grower time, trouble
and money as it is next to impossible to remove moulds and
mildews once they have penetrated wood or drywall. Moulds
and mildews can also be very hazardous to anyone who inhales
A growing chamber that utilizes reflective materials, as above, increases light

efficiency and is easy to clean.

Getting Ready to Garden Indoors
Once the proper light number and

arrangement is determined for size of the
grow area, it is time to check the dates on your
bulbs. The purchase date of the bulbs should
be etched on the base of the bulbs to protect
manufacturer warranties. This will give you a
good reference point as to how long the bulb
has been in use. HID light bulbs should be
replaced often. The general rule of thumb is
to replace bulbs after six to 12 months of use.
The best way to determine whether your bulbs
need replacing is to use a light meter.
Even though bulbs can burn much longer
than the recommended usage, it is wise to
replace them frequently for many reasons.
Our eyes might not notice the gradual decline
of lumen intensity but the plants surely will.
The plants will also notice the gradual shift in
spectrum. Plants grown under older bulbs that
have been used longer than 12 months will
Reflective material in the grow room can also help prevent insects from nesting into nooks and
crannies.
stretch in search of light and become spindly
when they were once squat and bushy. Flowering plants without
theirs spores. Preventing such occurrences can be valuable to the light intensity they require will increasingly provide smaller
your health and the health of your plants. yields with poorer quality flowers and fruits.
Reflective materials that are used on indoor garden walls Once you have ensured that your bulbs are of the highest
are flat and smooth. If placed over walls properly with all quality, it is time to fire them up in your ballast and make sure
edges sealed, these materials can help prevent insects such as they work. Even though the light and ballasts are being tested
spidermites from finding the nooks and crannies to hide in. prior to the indoor growing season, it is highly recommended to
Getting rid of spidermites can be quite difficult without these have backup ballasts and bulbs just in case of failure. A burnt out
reflective materials to keep them out. capacitor or a burnt out light can spell disaster for a crop if it
If you choose to paint the walls white instead of using a cannot be replaced quickly enough. The best test for the ballast
reflective material then another preventative treatment would is to screw in a bulb and turn it on for a couple hours. If the
be wise. The best preventative treatment is to purchase a residual ballast gets hot enough to burn or start a fire, chances are it is
insecticide that can be sprayed in the room and along the edges too old and dangerous and needs replacing.
of the room and windows. Such a product should last 180 days Also check the bulbs for defects. If the bulb is flickering, dim
or so and will keep pests out by ridding
your grow room of all the hiding places
those destructive insects love.
Now that our indoor grow space is clean
and small cracks have been filled you can
move on to checking your equipment.
First, refer to the size of your grow space
and consider which lights would be
adequate for the area. A 1,000 watt light
will cover a 1.5 by 1.5 metre space or a
1.5 by 3.5 metre space if light rails are
being used.
“The general rule of thumb is to replace

bulbs after six to 12 months of use.”
Proper air circulation is very important in indoor gardens, as it helps prevent moulds and mildews from
penetrating wood or drywall.

or not staying in the proper spectrum, (i.e. changing from red
to blue), then there is a good chance that either the bulbs or
the ballast may need replacing. It is recommended that both
the bulbs and the ballasts be brought into your local indoor
gardening store to be looked over by an expert.
This same process should be repeated with every piece of
equipment in the grow room. Whether it is fans, pump or lights,
it doesn’t hurt to test it too be sure of its performance before
plants are introduced to the room.
The same should be done for nutrient. Take a look at your
current supply and take note of anything that you have run out
of as well as anything that is running low. Also take a close look
at the nutrient. Is there a lot of sediment at the bottom? Has the
colour or consistency changed? If you purchase quality nutrients
this should not be a problem but if you see these symptoms,
your best bet is to replace the nutrient. If an organic nutrient
is being used, keep in mind that they tend to smell. However,
bad smell is not an indicator of an organic nutrient going bad.
A good indicator that the organic nutrient needs replacing is
mould growing on the surface. To prevent spoiling, place your
favourite organic nutrient in the fridge after it has been opened.
Once you have gone through this simple, easy to follow
checklist, the guesswork will be taken out of garden. Following
this advice will consistently lead to healthy, happier gardens that
produce superior crops. All that is left to do is to decide on what
plants you want to grow. MY
A flickering or dim bulb could be a sign of a faulty ballast and should be
inspected at your local grow shop.
“Whether it is fans, pumps or lights, it

doesn’t hurt to test all materials to be
sure of their performance before plants
are introduced to the room.”
Go to maximumyield.com where you will

find a quick checklist for getting your spare
grow room ready.

by Ryan Zadow
The Real Dirt On

Humic Substances
Humic substances (HS) are the least understood component acid, which is no surprise to people who have experience using
of soil, yet one of the most important materials found in a a high quality product. But confusion due to product labelling
healthy balanced soil system. While much has been discovered has many people questioning the humic substance industry.
over the last 40 years, scientists who have experience working The way a product is described, guaranteed and marketed is
with HS realize that the more we know the more there is to largely governed by state agricultural regulatory departments.
learn about these versatile materials. Over the past 15 years Unfortunately, there is no “standardized” analytical method
hydroponic growers have also proven that soluble carbon, in for quantification, and accepted labelling practices often vary
particular humic substances, are a limiting factor in aqueous greatly from state to state and province to province in Canada.
based cultures and soilless media. Today most gardeners are For example, in California and Oregon the term fulvic acid is
familiar with HS on some level and have seen the benefits, not allowed to be used on any product label. Instead these state
yet many are still scratching their heads when it comes to agencies consider fulvic and humic acid the same substance
understanding the labelling. The focus of this article is not to re- and require that only humic acid be used on labels. This creates
Humic Substan
address the qualities and benefits of HS. Instead it is to explore analytical challenges and mass confusion for those products that
the confusion surrounding analysis, registration issues and are fulvic isolates, having no measurable humic acid in them.
misconceptions about humic and fulvic products in general. This might help to explain why some products will guarantee
Currently, there is considerable buzz about humic and fulvic a product as 0.01 per cent and others may be claiming eight

Photo courtesy of Mesa Verde Resources. Humic substances
start out as raw ore; they are insoluble and hard to break
down. The way a product is made soluble can indirectly
influence the testing method used to guarantee it.
per cent. To help sort these issues out further we will review
some of the commonly used, commercially available analytical
methods as well as their advantages and disadvantages. First, to
better understand the focus of this article we must define HS
and the fractions thereof.
For the sake of this article we will use definitions without too
many details:
Organic matter - All the non-living material of biological origin in

a soil system. These are found in various stages of decay.
Humus - Stable portions of organic matter that are well “rotted”

but not yet having gone through the humification process.
Humic substances (HS) - This is a broad heading that

encompasses all fractions of the total material and can be
defined as organic matter that is very stable; has been through
the humification process; and is more resistant to microbial
degradation. They are the end result of microbial degradation of
once living organic material. Also often referred to as humate
even though this is a bit of a misnomer.
Humic acids - The fraction of HS only made soluble under

alkaline (high pH) conditions and which is insoluble in dilute acid
environments. They have a high molecular weight and are brown
to black in colour.
Fulvic acids - The fraction of HS that is soluble in water under all

pH conditions. They remain in solution after removal of humic
acid by acidification. Fulvic acids are golden to yellow-orange in
colour.
Humin - The fraction of humic substances that is not soluble in

water at any pH value. Humins are black in colour.
Humate and fulvate - The salts of humic and fulvic acid

respectively. When HS are extracted using chemical reagents
this salt forms are created.
Figure 1:
Humic Substances
(pigmented polymers)
Fulvic acid Humic acid Humin

Light Yellow Dark Grey
Black
yellow brown brown black
increase in intensity of color

increase in degree polymerization
2 000 increase in molecular weight 300 000?
45% increase in carbon content 62%
nces
48% decrease in oxygen content 30%
1400 decrease in exchange acidity 500
decrease in degree of solubility
Chemical properties of Humic substances. (Stevenson 1982)

The Real Dirt on Humic Substances
Figure 2: Now that we have established that size dictates certain desirable
properties and that there is a direct correlation between colour
OH COOH CH2OH
and size, it would make sense to quantify both or either of these
HOOC CH2 CH CH3 two fractions when labelling a commercially available product.
In some instances a soil grower may want a higher humic
C CH
content and be looking to improve soil characteristics or feed
CH2 COOH
O microbes; in other instances a hydroponic grower may prefer just
the fulvic fraction for the biological benefits or as a foliar spray.
HOOC CH2 CHOH
Compounding these regulatory issues is the fact that there
COOH OH CH2 C COOH are several analytical methods being used and/or accepted by
different states and in Canada. These can produce results that
O vary widely. To better understand how this occurs we must
Model structure of fulvic acid. (by Buffle) review the methods of commonly used analytical tests. The
following are testing methods are universal.
A Closer Look Colourimetric

We can gain more insight from the following diagrams. In this test the humic acid is exposed to light and the
Figure one shows how molecular weight can be directly related measurement comes from a reading of how much light is
to the colour of an extraction or product. Molecular weight is
correlated to the size of a molecule. The higher the molecular
weight the larger the molecule’s structure is. While some may
find this a tedious detail, it is an important fact because humic
acids are actually too large to be absorbed into a plant’s roots or
leaves, while fulvic acid is small enough to be easily assimilated.
This is why humic acids are more closely associated with soil
conditioning properties and feeding soil microbes. This is in
contrast to the smaller fulvic acid, which is better for increasing
nutrient efficiency and uptake, lateral root growth, building plant
immunity and also stimulating microbes. Figure two provides us
a “flavour” of what a fulvic acid molecule is like. It is important
to note that HS are analogous to snow flakes because they
are mixtures of similar types of molecules but not all are alike.
This is due to the fact that they were created from a variety of
different plants and other once living things. Figure three is a
proposed humic acid molecule. These diagrams make it easier to
envision the idea of molecular size and how it influences humic
and fulvic’s functions in plant and soil systems.
Humic sources vary widely. Here a layer of raw ore is protected by six
metres of sandstone preventing the fulvic fraction from rinsing away. Photo
courtesy of Mesa Verde Resources.
Figure 3:
HO = O
COOH COOH
COOH (HC-OH)4 (sugar) H
HO OH
R CH H HC = O O O
O COOH
O N O O O
HO CH CH2
OH OH O O CH O
COOH
N O
O NH
O OH
R CH
C = O (peptide)
NH
Model structure of humic acid. (Stevenson 1982)

“Knowing the percentages of the humic acid as
well as fulvic acid is an advantage, considering that
structure and physical characteristics determines
their role.”
absorbed by the sample. This value is compared to the value of a

sample that is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Advantages: Quick and easy making it possible to run many

samples through the machine. This makes it cost effective for
commercial use, which has led it to be the most widely used
test. A&L labs use a slight modification of this method, which is
widely used by many manufacturers. Please note the following three methods measure the target
materials by drying and weighing the material for the respective
Disadvantages: Gives total humic and fulvic but does not fraction.
give individual values for each (aka the total alkali extractables).
The Sigma-Aldrich sample (standard) used comes from a CDFA
unique deposit in Germany that can be substantially different Known as the California method as it was developed by their
in composition as compared to some of the materials it is being state department of agriculture. This method separates the
used to test against. (This information was obtained through humic and the fulvic. It then discards the fulvic solution and
personal communication with Sigma-Aldrich). Currently there measure all the remaining material, which includes the inorganic
is work being done to improve this method. ash in with the humic.

The Real Dirt on Humic Substances
Humic substances can be formed from a variety of starting materials

and environmental conditions, resulting in varying structures.
Advantages: This is the only method that the California and

Oregon departments of agriculture will accept when registering
a product.
Disadvantages: Only the humic is measured while the fulvic is

thrown away, and no purification steps are performed to remove
the ash giving way to inaccuracies in the measurement.
USGS/IHSS (aka the classical method) particular product. Please keep in mind that although having
This method is used and endorsed by both the United States the concentration of these fractions is helpful, it is only one
Geological Service and the International Humic Substance parameter that helps us understand/judge the quality of a raw
Society. This method separates and measures both the humic and material or product. Because these substances can be formed
fulvic fractions while also going through rigorous purification from many varying starting materials and environmental
steps to remove all insolubles, salt reagents and other materials conditions the structures produced will also vary. This is not
that are not humic or fulvic. taken into account with just a number. Other factors such as
how a deposit is formed over time and how the humic and
Advantages: Quantifies both humic and fulvic with their fulvic are extracted will also have a large influence on material
individual values in their purified state. Highly accurate. or product viability. MY
Disadvantages: More time consuming and costly test. (This is References

the method that produces per cent for fulvic in the typical range
of 0.01-0.02 per cent) California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). 1999. Humic
acid method.
Verploegh and Brandvold (aka V&B method) Hayes, M. H. B. and C. L. Graham. 2000. Procedures for the isolation and
Named for the duo of scientists who introduced the test that is fractionation ofhumic substances. In: E. A. Ghabbour and G. Davies
based on the classical method. This is the same as the classical (eds.), Humic Substances: VersatileComponents of Plants, Soils and
test except that it goes through almost no purification steps. Water. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. p106.
Mehlich, A. 1984. Photometric determination of humic matter in soils,
Advantages: Measures both humic and fulvic. Quick and easy
a proposed method.Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 15(12):1417-1422.
test to perform. Removes insoluble matter.
Stevenson, F. J. 1982. Humus Chemistry. Genesis, Composition,
Disadvantages: Does not go through purification of the Reactions. John Wiley andSons, New York. 443 p.
chemical reagents used to separate the humic and fulvic acids. Schnitzer, M. 1982. Organic matter characterization. pp. 581-594. In
This results in massive inaccuracies of the fulvic measurement (A. L. Page, R. H.Miller and D. R. Keeny, eds.) Methods of Soil analysis
because the majority of the reagents are present in solution with Part 2. Chemical and MicrobiologicalProperties. American Society of
the fulvic fraction along with any amino acids, proteins, lipids Agronomy No. 9 Part 2.
and carbohydrates. (This is the method that produces per cent
Figures used are from:
for fulvic in the typical range of six to eight per cent).
http://karnet.up.wroc.pl/~weber/kwasy2.htm Weber, Jerzy
http://www.ihss.gatech.edu/isolation.html
No matter what method is used the fact remains that until a
http://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SWC_Comp_Organic/usgs2.html
single test is made standard and used by all registration agencies
the confusion will continue through the marketplace. It is clear
that knowing the percentages of the humic acid as well as fulvic
acid is an advantage, considering that structure and physical For updated information on humic
characteristics determines their role. The most useful analytical registration visit maximumyield.com
method is one that allows people to see the unadulterated
percentages of both the humic and fulvic acid contents of a

Automated
Hydroponics
System
for a
Worry-Free
Vacation by Peter Jordan
Winter in Ottawa, Ontario can reach -30°C. For avid

gardeners, hydroponics provides a welcome respite from the
winter cold, as does a short vacation in a warm climate. To be
able to do both would be utopia and I thought with today’s
technology, there must be a way. An additional bonus would be to
supply a second hobby, cooking, with fresh vegetables and herbs.
To achieve the degree of independence I wanted from day-to-
day maintenance of my hydroponics system, I needed to:
• Accommodate different nutrient mixes for different species
at different stages of growth.
• Have flexible programmable timers for lights, pumps and
fans.
• Have control over temperature and humidity. The tray contains three – 25 centimetre pots with 50/50 vermiculite/perlite. A
delay can be set to provide air in roots to be refreshed.
• Use off-the-shelf hardware and plumbing components.
• Have comprehensive reports of system activities.
• Have e-mail notification of system activities, especially • reservoir and nutrient pumping units
problem situations. • lighting for seedlings and the main grow area
• fans, a humidifier and a heater
I decided to develop software for a control program, as there • grow units
was none available with sufficient bells and whistles. The
program evolved over a year or so and has now reached a stable I developed two programs. The first, a Nutrient Optimization
state. Of course, enhancements are always being added. It’s the Module (NOM), calculates an optimal nutrient mixing strategy
nature of engineering. for up to three stages of growth for a mix of species.
Research suggested macro- and micro-nutrient strengths could
System Overview vary considerably with species and growth stage. I gathered
The system has four building blocks: all the data I could on nutrient requirements for common
• personal computer, software and USB enabled digital/analog species on the Internet. I then obtained nutrient constituent
interface concentrations for various suppliers of one, two and three part

formulas. A mathematical model in the NOM determines the
optimal mixing strategy for the System Control Program (SCP)
to administer.
Main: The main system status screen shows two of four active timers, the
first of which is the HID light controlled by the stage of growth.
The SCP is the workhorse. It manages the nutrient mixing for

up to four separate species groups and controls the grow room
environment. The initial set-up included: tomatoes and peppers,
chives, nasturtium and dill; basil and parsley, and sage; thyme
grodan
and savoury. This provided an opportunity to have the system
take the tomatoes and peppers through growth, flower and final half
stages while maintaining the rest in growth only. The number
of days for each growth stage was set and the nutrient mix
calculated by the NOM was entered into the SCP.
Timers are an integral part of a hydroponics system.
Photoperiods for each stage of growth can be preset. HID
lights are automatically synchronized to the preset period and
can be turned on/off at specific times or be tied to sunrise/
sunset. Seedlings are started in a small customized ebb and flow
unit. A timer controls the T5 light period and a second controls
the intermittent flood cycles.
Option Nutrients, top: On this dialog, the nutrient manufacturer is selected,

pump quantity and assignments are made and tank capacities are set.
Timer, above: The timer dialog is used to set up start, stop and intermittent
cycles. Here, the ebb and flow pump for seedlings will have 21 hour period
with four evenly spaced on/off cycles.

Automated Hydroponics System for a Worry-Free Vacation
Elements, left: This dialog shows the mixes added to lettuce, the
concentrate of which was calculated with an estimate of the pH and EC
based on previous measurements in the options nutrient dialog.
Graph, below: Graphs are available for a wide range of parameters.
Temperature for a four day period is shown here.
Schedule, bottom: Each channel can have up to three growth stages
specified. For each stage, the nutrient strength is provided along with
the associated photoperiod.
Choosing a growing medium and

containers was a challenge. The first
configuration consisted of four – 40 by
nine by four inch trays. A cover for each
tray was made with spaces for three –
10 inch pots. The pots were fitted with
root guard in the bottom and filled with and aeration of the roots in the pot
50/50 perlite/vermiculite. In the bottom before refilling the tray. When this time
of the pot, a circle of porous tubing has passed, the reservoir pump fills a
allows air to be pumped into the root mixing chamber with two litres of basic
zone. When full, the pots sit in nutrient nutrient. The basic nutrient formula is the
about four centimetres above the bottom. minimum amount of each of the three I have used other grow units and will,
Maintaining nutrient levels and parts required for all four channels. The no doubt, try other types. Deep Water
concentration is the function of the flora micro component was a constant Culture for lettuce and other leafy
nutrient mixing unit. The amount of for all channels. Once the mixing vessel veggies works very well. Future tests will
nutrient required to maintain four signals full to the SCP, two peristaltic be made with aeroponics and Ein-Gedi, a
centimetres above the bottom of the pumps add any required makeup of derivative of aeroponics that recirculates
pots is approximately two litres. When grow and bloom. A solenoid opens and nutrient in a misty spray.
the level drops below the pot bottom, a allows the mix to flow to the appropriate No system is complete without reports
time can be preset to allow full drainage channel by gravity. Since the first run, and data gathering for later analysis.
Graphs of temperature, humidity and
nutrient usage are available. A log of all
events associated with mixing, timers,
and pumping can be viewed. The main
screen provides a summary of current
float, pump and solenoid states; grow room
environment; and nutrient tank levels. For
each refill, the concentration of macro and
micro-nutrient constituents is calculated.
Results
The 10 days of warmth during my
holiday away from the Canadian winter
was very welcome and no e-mails were
received. The holiday was most relaxing
knowing my hydroponics system was
self-maintaining.
Mixing the nutrients in small batches
representing about 50 per cent of the total
volume in the trays virtually eliminated
the need to constantly deal with pH and
TDS issues. All plants grew admirably.
MY

Using Perlite
in Hydroponic
Culture
by Paul Lavakis
“Perlite has produced cops that are seven per cent

healthier and more abundant than crops grown in
other hydroponic mediums.”
There are many different growing and propagating

mediums used in hydroponic culture, and everyone has
their personal favourites for a myriad of reasons. Rockwool level in plants. Under watering and over watering are both
traditionally has been a popular choice for a growing medium, consistent problems that face hydroponic growers, and perlite
but recently, perlite has been receiving more and more attention. effectively solves this problem. Any excess water added by the
Perlite is very versatile and has been used successfully in nearly grower simply stays in the reservoir, and the grower can easily
every horticultural application imaginable, from landscaping and determine if they have under watered their plants if the reservoir
stadium turf to greenhouses. In hydroponic gardening, perlite begins to run dry. In this way, perlite helps cut down on wasted
has shown great promise. It has produced crops that are seven crops, as it minimizes the chance of growing sickly plants.
per cent healthier and more abundant than hydroponic goods Another attraction of perlite to the hydroponic culture is that
grown in other mediums. it is extremely physically stable. While experimenting with
One reason perlite works so well in hydroponics is because it growing hydroponic tomatoes, gardeners discovered that perlite
is an ideal medium for retaining moisture. Because hydroponic growth mediums can be reused year after year. Because effective
growers must supply their plants will all of the nutrients soil hydroponic growth medium can be expensive, and in some
would normally provide via their water supply, maintaining the cases, even cost prohibitive, the ability to use perlite for more
proper levels of moisture is the absolute key factor in the success than one growth cycle is extremely significant. It can make
of hydroponic plants. Perlite has a strong system of capillaries hydroponic growing an option for people whom previously
that attract water at the same rate that water is removed by could not afford it.
plants. Because the water attraction and removal rate is the same, Perlite growth medium is an extremely forgiving substance
the guesswork is taken out of maintaining the correct moisture with which to work and very easy to manage. One complication

that often faces hydroponic growers working in greenhouse Perlite is easy to use for small scale or hobbyist hydroponic
environments is correctly grading the floor for optimum plant gardeners, and because it is so forgiving and easy to handle, it
growth. With perlite, this floor grading becomes unnecessary. is a great growth medium for beginning hydroponic growers.
Perlite will take root and grow with any floor grading. It is also just as effective and useful growth medium for
One common criticism of hydroponic gardening is that the hydroponic growers who are producing plants for commercial
nutrient solutions and growth mediums are very expensive; sale. With its ease of use and wide array of applications, experts
making hydroponics an impossible solution for many of the expect perlite to become the hydroponic medium of choice in
people it is touted to help – people who live in impoverished the near future. MY
areas without viable soil in which to grow food. The ability to
use perlite for more than one growth seasons, coupled with
perlite’s efficient delivery of water to plants goes a long way
to solving this problem. Perlite’s effective use of water also
helps end the waste associated with damaged crops and unused About the Author
water. In this way, perlite makes the already environmentally Paul Lavakis is an avid gardener and since discovering
friendly growth technique of hydroponic growing even more hydroponics has been a experimenting and evaluating
environmentally sound. the best ways to grow almost any fruit or vegetable
without soil. For more information please visit
www.AmazingHydroponicSecrets.com

pH Control by Bob Taylor, Chief Chemist of Flairform
Optimum pH for nutrient solutions

For nutrients to remain dissolved and, therefore, available for
uptake by roots, it is critical to maintain the pH between 5.0
and 6.0 - with an absolute maximum of 6.5 (figure one). High
pH values, or those above 6.0, are to be avoided more than low
values of 4.5 – 5.0. The effect of low pH upon the stability of
nutrients is relatively insignificant.
This article explains how to keep The precise pH at which precipitation of macro-nutrients
the pH of nutrient solutions starts is determined by the combined concentrations of calcium
between 5.0 and 6.5. This helps and sulphate. Except for fertilizers low in calcium and sulphate
this problem commonly occurs at pH 6.5 where the net* EC
make sure all nutrients are available is 2.5 mS, or pH 7.0 for 1.5 mS solutions. Hence, to avoid
for root up-take, and minimizes the precipitation, higher nutrient concentrations generally must be
risk of plumbing blockages. held at lower pH values.
*Assume make-up water has nil EC.
In spite of this precipitation problem, some references advocate
pH values well above 6.5 for some plant varieties - conditions
which risk depleted concentrations of the above mentioned
elements. This is incorrectly justified by quoting the chart in
figure two as proof.

pH recommendation of 6.2 - 6.3?
Copyright © 2006 www.flairform.com

Although this is a popular recommendation, it has no scientific
basis. It appears to have gained mythological status from the
early days of hydroponics when the only cheap means of
measuring pH was the common ‘bromothymol blue’ pH
indicator used for testing fish tank water. Interestingly, the lowest
pH value able to be determined by that indicator is about 6.2.
Hence, this value has unfortunately become an entrenched
recommendation in some sections of the hydroponic industry.
Figure one: This is what can happen to a working nutrient
solution when pH is above 7.0: Calcium, sulphate (and
When to adjust pH the trace elements copper, iron, manganese and zinc) can
The working nutrient pH should be checked at the following precepitate and become unavailable to the roots, and cause
times: plumbing blockages.
This freshly made ‘bloom’ nutrient solution (EC 2.5mS) was
1. When working nutrient solutions are first made. at pH 7.5 for less than one hour. To help prevent this, use a
2. After the addition of top-up water or additives - especially if nturient that possesses a high ph buffering capacity.
they are highly alkaline. permanent precipitation of essential nutrients. Also, if accidental
3. In re-circulating systems, pH should be checked on a daily overdosing to above 6.5 occurs, reduce the pH back to below
basis because the uptake of water and nutrients causes pH to 6.0 as quickly as possible using pH down.
change (figure three).
Handy hints for adjusting nutrient pH
It is best to adopt a pH maintenance regime that prevents 1. Add “high pH” (alkaline) additives before adding nutrient:
pH from getting too high. If pH is too high for a long enough Most additives will affect nutrient pH at least slightly. The best
period of time, the resultant precipitate usually cannot be re- technique to adopt with those that elevate pH significantly is to
dissolved (figure one). add them to the water and adjust the pH down to 6.0 prior to
adding the nutrient.
How to minimize pH fluctuation The less preferred but simplest alternative is to pre-dilute
1. Use a nutrient brand that is highly pH buffered, particularly the additive in a separate volume of raw water. Then once this
when using highly alkaline water. solution is added to the nutrient solution, quickly lower the
2. Supply at least 10 litres of nutrient for each large plant.
Failure to do this will magnify pH (and EC) fluctuations,
especially during hot and dry weather where water uptake and
evaporation are excessive. Note, to avoid excess water uptake
and evaporation; keep air temperature below 30°C and relative
humidity above 50 per cent.
How to adjust pH
Step 1. Measure the pH: Use either a liquid pH indicator or an
electronic pH meter (see sections below). Before measuring the
pH, ensure that the nutrient is well stirred and that the sampling
container is clean.
Step 2. Choosing a target pH: Note that it is inconvenient
and unnecessary to hold pH at a single point value. Therefore,
choose a target pH that minimizes the amount of pH
maintenance:
• If your pH tends to continuously rise (the most common
trend), then at each adjustment reduce the pH to about 5.0
using a pH down product. This will give you a much larger
pH "safety" margin than if adjusting to, for example, 5.8.
• If pH tends to continuously fall, at each adjustment increase
the pH to about 6.0 using a pH up product.
Step 3. Adjusting the pH: Add a small amount of pH down or
up product*. Then stir well and check pH. Repeat this process Figure two: This chart is often used to justify pH’s above 6.5 as being suit-
until the target pH is achieved. able for hydroponics. However, note that this data is based on soil culture.
*Important: Pre-dilute the dose into one litre (or at least 100
fold) of water before adding to nutrient, then rapidly stir the
nutrient as you add this mixture. Failure to do this may cause

pH Control
pH to below 6.5. Note that a white cloudy precipitate (calcium

sulphate) may form when the pre-diluted additive initially
merges with the nutrient solution (figure four ‘a’). However,
because the initial particle size of the precipitate is small, it will
usually re-dissolve if the pH is immediately re-adjusted.
2. Do not pre-adjust pH of raw water: Note that the pH values
being discussed here are the values of the working nutrient
solution - not your make-up water. Unless your make-up water
has a high alkalinity, do not bother attempting to adjust its pH
prior to the nutrient being added. If you attempt this procedure
you will typically get wild pH swings either side of the pH
target without ever landing on the target value.
3. Estimating the volume of acid (especially for larger systems):
Figure three: Simplified illustration of how nutrient uptake effects pH of the
Step 1. Take a one litre sub-sample (or known volume) of nutrient solution.
working nutrient.
Step 2. Add a few drops of pH indicator (figure five ‘a’). *If this volume is very small (most likely if a highly
Step 3. While stirring this solution, measure the volume of acid concentrated acid is used), to ensure accuracy you will require
required to turn this solution yellow – figure five ‘b’ (Yellow the use of a finely graded pipette. A better method is to allocate
indicates a pH of 6.0 with most broad range liquid indicators). a portion of acid specifically for conducting this calculation and
Step 4. Multiply the volume of acid* by the volume of dilute it by a known amount - for example 10-fold. Ensure to
nutrient in your reservoir. That calculation will give you the compensate for this dilution when calculating how much of the
volume of acid required to adjust the entire volume down to concentrated acid to add to the reservoir.
pH 6.0, for example.
Total volume of nutrient ÷ Volume of sub-sample x volume of acid Measuring pH with 'indicators'
pH indicators are undoubtedly the simplest and most reliable
method of measuring nutrient pH. Although they will not
distinguish between, for example, a pH of 5.2 and 5.3, wide
range indicators with good colour resolution can be:
• fast and user friendly
• extremely accurate and reliable
• economical
In comparison, pH meters require constant up-keep (i.e.
cleaning, calibrating and correct storage), but even then may not
give reliable readings.
pH indicators work on the principle that the colour produced
by the particular dye used in the indicator formulation is
dependant on the pH of the solution (figure six).
Experience shows if you are aiming to adjust pH to 5.5
(orange) then an accuracy of +/- 0.2 is achievable. Because
of their fundamental accuracy, reliability and easy of use, wide
range pH indicators are the preferred method for measurement
of pH in nutrient solutions.
Note that pool and aquarium pH indicators are usually not
suitable because unlike broad range indicators, they do not
operate below pH 6.
Figure four: This is what can happen when an undiluted high pH additive is
added to the working nutrient solution (left). Unless pH is quickly corrected
to below 6.0-6.5 the precipitate will remain (right).

pH Control

Figure five: pH indicator’s are useful for determining how much acid needs to
be added to the nutrient reservoir.
Figure six: This is the colour range produced by a wide range pH indicator
Taking pH readings within the optimum pH range 5.0 to 6.5. Note the ease with which pH change
can be detected.
Step 1. Before measuring the pH ensure that the nutrient is well
stirred, especially after pH up or down products are used. This is
one of the most common mistakes made when testing pH (or calibration, proper storage and handling to ensure accuracy
conductivity). Also, ensure that the sampling container is clean. and reliability. The principle on which such meters operate
Step 2. Using the sampling vial, remove a small sample of is based on the fact that when glass of a certain composition
nutrient from the nutrient reservoir, add a drop of the indicator, separates two aqueous solutions having different hydrogen ion
mix, and then compare the final solution colour with those on concentrations, a voltage is developed between the two faces
the coloured reference chart (figure six). of the glass. The electronic meter itself is simply a very sensitive
Step 3. If the pH is not between 5.0 and 6.5, adjust it voltmeter which measures that voltage but is calibrated in terms
immediately. of pH units instead of volts.
Measuring pH with pH meters Obtaining pH readings

pH meters employing a glass electrode are useful for precise Step 1. Make sure the meter is calibrated.
pH measurement in nutrient solutions but require frequent Step 2. Remove a ‘representative’ sample from the nutrient
reservoir (figure seven):
• Stir the nutrient thoroughly prior to sampling.
• Ensure the sampling container is clean.
Step 3. Rinse electrode in distilled water before immersing in
the sample. Wait a few minutes** before switching the meter on
and recording the pH.
** Wait longer if the sample’s temperature is significantly
different from 25oC.
Step 4. If the pH is not between 5.0 and 6.5, adjust it
immediately.
Step 5. When complete, rinse the electrode with distilled water.
Store the electrode in a proper storage solution when not in use.
Figure seven: Thoroughly stir nutrient reservoir before sampling. Then

leave the electrode in the sample for a few minutes before switching the
metre on and taking the measurement. Do not immerse the electrode
deeper than ~20mm.
MY

What’s in
your water? by Charlotte Bradley
Water is the fuel that makes the hydroponic garden’s engine run. However, just
like gas, not all water is the same.
In urban centers, the water is treated and you can usually find out its mineral
composition by making a quick call to your local utility company. In rural areas, our
water composition varies over short distances.You may have soft or hard water in your
area, while just a few miles away, the water may have sulfur in it.
In order to ensure a healthy garden, you need to know your water. If you are doing
a small system, distilled water can make your life easy as it is labeled and chances
are there are no changes required. If you use your own water, be careful of the
composition. Many people use an all in one nutrient mix where all you do is add to
water. If, however, you already have minerals in abundance, you may be overfeeding the
plant one or more minerals which can be harmful. Some possible solutions:
• Treat the water (not always easy or cost effective).
• Make your own nutrient mix by adding only the nutrients deficient in the water.
(Recommended for larger gardens, commercial set-ups and advanced hobbyists).
• Use distilled water (simple and cheap in most places).
• Use city water (let it sit for a few days as chlorine can be a problem otherwise). MY

TALKING SHOP
AT A GLANCE
Company:
S&L Worx Hydroponics
Owners:
Loretta Josey & Scott Reteff
Location:
135 Main Street,
Dartmouth NS
Toll Free:
877-220-GROW (4769)
Email:
slworx@eastlink.ca
Motto:
“A happy customer
is a repeat customer.”
Owners of S&L Worx Hydroponics, Loretta Josey and Scott Reteff, decided on the store name because
of the closeness they share and the constant committment to each other’s businesses.
It all started in a tiny community in Nova Scotia called Marinette,

located on the coast of the North Atlantic. As a child, Loretta Josey always felt like
she lived in the middle of nowhere; and truly she did as there was approximately nine
miles between her house and the nearest store.
Loretta was surrounded by 360 degrees of the great outdoors, day in and day out.
Entertainment for her and her three brothers was limited merely by their imaginations
with nature as the backdrop for all play time activities. Her main source of amusement
consisted of the Josey family’s annual summer garden. The plot was huge and together
with her mother Rose, an avid green thumb, the two worked side by side producing
home grown fruits, vegetables, berries and herbs in every flavour that a tongue could
taste. Loretta’s childhood home was forever filled with beautiful, colourful plants.
“We’re keeping our air pure,” Loretta’s mom would continually remind her.
Every summer, Loretta would watch as her parents transformed a large section of
their yard into a sea of vegetables. Many hours were spent in the garden with them
and that is where her passion for gardening blossomed. As she grew and eventually
left home, her passion remained and she carried on the tradition of planting her own
garden year after year.

“As a child, Loretta and her mother worked side by side
producing homegrown fruits, vegetables, berries and
herbs from the family’s summer garden.”
get the most out of the time Mother Nature provided; so, she
turned to hydroponic growing. “After all,” she thought, “why
struggle with the outdoor climates and only have the pleasure
of growing for short periods throughout the year when one can
grow indoors all year long.”
Loretta’s partner Scott Reteff, owner of a local contracting
business, always had an interest in hydroponic growing. When
a prime business location in the heart of Dartmouth fell into
Scott’s lap, he called Loretta immediately to come see it. At first
Loretta was shocked to find only a concrete shell with no walls.
However, Scott was able to see the potential, and soon so did
Brady and Rose Josey were the inspiration behind Loretta’s passion for all she. The couple spent the next nine months renovating. Loretta’s
things gardening.
fleet position ended in August 2008 due to a struggling local
“It helped me feel closer to my home and parents when many economy and it was at this point she decided to take a long,
miles separated us,” Loretta said. hard look at her life.
In 1997, Loretta returned to Nova Scotia where she worked in “I decided I was going to do something that would make me
the tourism industry. Following a decade of service, she left to happy where I felt that I was making a difference,” Loretta said.
become a fleet manager in the automotive field. Scott and Loretta did lots of research, spoke with several
Nova Scotia weather doesn’t always favour the outdoor hydroponic storeowners, assessed the local market and soon, the
growing of vegetables. Loretta found it a constant challenge to decision was made to open a hydroponics retail store. January

S&L carries a wide range of products, the suppliers of which played an inte-
gral role in the success of the store.
17, 2009 the doors of S & L Worx Hydroponics Inc. were

opened to the public for the first time.
The earliest challenge Loretta faced with the store was placing
that first order. With a small budget and an overwhelming
amount of quality products available, choosing a well-rounded
product selection for the store opener was tough. Loretta
continued her research of the industry and even visited other
local shops in the area to get answers to all of her questions.
The suppliers she chose proved to be invaluable as they were
extremely patient and helpful.
“I owe them all many thanks,” Loretta said. “The suppliers I
have used have always gone above and beyond.”
Unlike Western Canada, there are only a handful of hydroponic
stores in the Dartmouth area. With the increasing interest in
hydroponics in the area, Loretta was confident with her decision
to open the store. She took out a few advertisements in the local
paper, erected a lit sign a month before opening and started
telling everyone she knew.
“I love the look of amazement on people’s faces

when you lift up the plant and show them the mass
amounts of roots extending from the pot.”
Maximum Yield was a great place to get exposure as well.

“Advertising with Maximum Yield means your store name is
announced across the globe to the people who are interested in
knowing you are open for business.”
Loretta’s vision for the store was a place that everyone felt
comfortable coming to. In an effort to make it more inviting,
she set up several hydroponic systems that operate in-store.
“I love the look of amazement on people’s faces when you
lift up the plant and show them the mass amounts of roots
extending from the pot.”
Hydroponic growing is a difficult concept for people to grasp,
and simply must be seen to be believed. Loretta has sold several
systems by demonstrating the amazing growth that is possible
with hydroponics.

“People think you need a green thumb to
grow but you don’t. You just have to be
willing to learn, and understand that you
will make mistakes.”
Demonstrating working, hydroponic growing systems allows customers a

glimpse at real-life applications.
Earlier this year, Loretta held a booth at the Ideal Home Show
in Halifax. She set up several demonstrative systems on-site
and the response was overwhelming.Visitors expressed concern
about where their food comes from and several were interested
in learning how to grow their own food at home.
“I think this is what makes S & L unique from some of the
other stores I have visited; we teach people about hydroponics
as an alternative to soil and it’s never as complicated as they
initially think.”
Growing your own means knowing what is in your food and
being able to experience the wonderful feeling of doing it
yourself.
“Imagine walking down the hall to that spare room you used
as a storage space forever, and picking off some fresh tomatoes,
a few herbs, maybe some peppers, and adding them to your
special recipe. Wouldn’t that impress your dinner guests? The
fact is, it can be done and it’s not that difficult.”
S & L carries several lines of nutrients and with a grow room
located right in-store, Loretta has had the opportunity to
experiment with nutrients, lighting and CO2. She also keeps a
log of the changes in the plants.
“I have always been a hands-on type of person as I think
things stick in your mind easier that way,” Loretta said. “It also
helps you understand the physical changes when you can see
them for yourself.”
Loretta is continuing her education and will soon have her
Master Gardener Certification. She avidly reads every issue of
Maximum Yield and customers are invited to drop by and get
the latest copies directly from S & L Worx Hydroponics.
“There is so much information available in this publication
and the best part is that it’s free.”
Loretta has been in customer service positions for most of her
life and has received several awards for her work along the way.
Her motto is ‘A happy customer is a repeat customer.’
“One of the best parts of owning this type of business is
the customers; I enjoy spending time with them, providing
education and helping them get set-up for the first time,”
Loretta said.

TALKING SHOP
The experienced growers that visit the store are a wealth of knowledge,
constantly sharing their stories; and with each visit, through their
experiences, Loretta’s knowledge grows.
“Finally, I don’t feel like I’m going to a job; I feel like I’m going to my
second home.”
Loretta has found the challenge a continuous learning process, of which
she has loved every minute. And, she owes that love to her parents who
taught her about nature and gardening. Rose Josey was a natural green
thumb; it took some convincing to get her husband Brady to join her
in the garden, but once she did, he was hooked. When Loretta and Scott
visit on sunny days, they are rarely surprised to find them working away
in the garden.
People think you need a green thumb to grow but you don’t.You just
have to be willing to learn, and understand that you will make mistakes.
From the gardens of Marinette to all of your gardens, we hope people
will come grow with us!
Loretta wishes to extend a special thank you to Bryan Whyte at
Homegrown Hydroponics, Bill McGowan and Jennifer at Greenstar and
Eric Coulombe at Biofloral. As well, a thank you goes out to her Mom
and Dad for giving her the best start and to Scott for all his wonderful
patience and support. MY
“I have always been a hands-on type of person...
you understand the physical changes when you
see them for yourself.”

by Grodan
KeepitClean: MaintainingyourHydroponicSystem
Ebb/flood systems
We recommend that you spend an extra
Always cut off dead leaves and remove them from the grow couple of dollars and get a timer that can
room. Decaying organic matter attracts fungus gnats.You should be set at five minute intervals, so
also remove diseased plants, so the infection does not spread. a full cycle will only soak
Clean the plant box well with a 10 per cent bleach solution the stonewool for 10
before putting minutes. To avoid
it back in the salt built up we
grow room. suggest that you top water your plants
When you once per week. Also be sure to have a tray with deep enough
change water in grooves so that water drains away from the cubes/slabs.
your stock tank,
wash the tank
well with a 10
per cent bleach
solution. If you use big trays for your blocks and slabs consider
washing these too, especially if you have had a problem with
root rot.
Drippers
If you use a drip system buy a few
extra drippers, so you can change them
if any are clogged up. Have a bucket EC and pH
with vinegar in your grow room and The EC level (nutrient concentration)
throw the clogged drippers in, so they varies depending on the plant stage or
will be clean and ready to use next how fast your plant is growing. Soil/peat
time you need to change a dripper. has a buffer and not all you put in is available to the plant.

A common problem - calcium deficit
If the youngest leaves are curled
downward, more than likely it
indicates a calcium deficiency. If
One to two hours before planting, don’t forget to saturate the old leaves are curled; something is
stonewool with pH 5.5 water. Never go below pH 5.0 or the probably wrong in the root zone
stonewool may be damaged! Below pH 5.0 and higher than (which also reduces the calcium
pH 7.0 the plant cannot readily take up nutrient. Immediately uptake).
before planting flush the stonewool with your nutrient Calcium deficiency is the result
solution. Drain to waste! And then put the stonewool product of insufficient water movement
in your system. Once the plant starts growing the pH in the through the plant. Remember,
tank and in the medium will go up. It is a natural response - it calcium only travels in the water
means your plant is growing! stream of the plant, not in the
nutrient stream. Therefore, calcium
Calcium deficiency in leaves.
Stock tank solution deficiency is usually (90 per cent
We recommend that you completely change the solution of the time) related to the climate in the growing area. High
once a week.Yes, you can top up the tank and adjust EC/pH, humidity will prevent calcium uptake even if there is sufficient
but your solution may be out of vital micro-nutrients or be calcium in the feed solution. Also, large day/night fluctuations in
infected with pythium (root rot). If your stock tank contains humidity will disrupt the calcium flow within the plant and lead
ready to use (diluted) nutrient solution, please use phosphoric to blossom-end rot (BER).
acid (or lemon juice) as pH down. If you have a fertilizer Another cause of BER
injector connected to a tank with concentrated solution, it is or obvious calcium
better to use sulphuric acid as pH down. deficiency in the leaves is
poor root development.
This is a result of low
substrate temperatures
or the presence of a root
pathogen such as pythium
or phytophthora. Calcium
is taken up by the area
of the root immediately
behind the root-tip. If the Calcium deficiency in fruit.
roots are not actively growing, new root tips will not be formed
and consequently, calcium uptake will be reduced.
Check the plant!

Learn from yourself Make a habit of taking a close look at your plants every day.
Consider keeping a journal that lists the EC, pH, temperature, Do they look perky? Look for leaf colour, leaf shape and bugs
CO2 and light level each day. This way you can learn from your and then update your journal. If you catch a problem early it
own mistakes and successes. Records like this also make it a lot can be fixed! MY
easier for the shop to answer your questions when you have a
problem.
Check the basics

Before you blame your plant food for unhappy plants, check
your journal. Everything must be in balance. Change one
parameter at a time and look for the effect. A common problem
is stock water that is too cold. Consider putting a heating
element in the tank (to 21ºC) or put heating mats under the
stonewool. If you have trouble getting the plant to set flowers/
fruit try to make a greater difference between night and day
temperatures. If that is not enough, increase CO2 injection
during daytime.

Continued from page 23
PRODUCT
Nature's Solution Mycorrhizae

Nature's Solution Mycorrhizae is a very fine, water-soluble powder. There are five endomycorrhizae: Glomus
intraradices, G. mosseae, G. aggregatum, G. etunicatum and also four ectomycorrhizae: Rhizopogon
villosullus, R. luteolus, R. amylopogon, R. fulvigleba and Psolithus tinctorius. Mycorrhizae must come into
contact with a root surface within 48 hours of putting the powder into the soil, soilless media or water or you
have wasted your money. If you have plants already in the ground or soilless media then you can dig holes at
an angle through the roots, fill the holes with pea gravel and put the mycorrhizae in with Nature's Solution
Compost Tea and Ancient Humate. If you are transplanting, do not use with any other rooting mixtures or
gels; simply mix the mycorrhizae with the compost tea and dip the roots just before transplanting or sprinkle
some into the planting hole. Mycorrhizae is available now from your local grow shop.
SteadyGRO Launches Eco-Friendly Slabs and Blocks

SteadyGRO has launched an eco-friendly line of soilless media slabs and blocks.
SteadyGRO soilless media is available in eight by 15 centimetres by 36 slabs encased in a reusable and recyclable tray. The tray has three
pre-punched 10 by 10 centimetre squares to accommodate SteadyGRO blocks. The trays are white on the outside and black inside to
provide ideal growing conditions. The trays can be
reused and refilled with SteadyGRO slab media.
The tray is also marked appropriately information
for ease of recycling.
SteadyGRO blocks are wrapped with a bio
wrap made from recycled material. The wraps
may be composted, and they easily biodegrade.
The SteadyGRO soilless media is also designed for easy disposal. It may be incinerated without releasing harmful toxins or it may be
ground or crushed to less than 11 per cent of its original volume. To learn more about the entire line of SteadyGRO products visit an indoor
gardening retailer near you.
Merlin-Garden Pro Pump Gets Upgraded Nature's Solution Sea Kelp

Hydro-Logic has improved the popular Merlin-Garden Pro pressure Nature’s Solution Sea Kelp is a
booster pump. The pump is needed when the pressure entering powdered form of sea kelp that is
the Merlin-GP reverse osmosis filter is less than 40 PSI. By boosting truly water soluble. The Ascophyllum
the pressure to 65 PSI, the pump allows the Merlin-GP to flow faster Nodosuum (sea kelp) has been
and produce more water per day. We have upgraded the armature extracted with a non-chemical based
components to allow the pump to run for longer periods before it system with no toxic residue. This
thermal cycles. The original pump had a thermal cycle switch, which product was freshly harvested and
protected the pump from overheating. The pump would shut down processed from the cold coastal
for a short period of time when it got too hot from continuously waters off Iceland in the North
running. Now those run times have been extended due to the Atlantic Sea. Use with Nature's
upgraded parts. We have also added an external heat sink to help Solution Compost Tea, Ancient
pull heat away Humate and Mycorrhizae for best results. Use on all indoor and
from the pump. outdoor plants. Mix with water, spray on leaves and plant or put
The heat fins directly on soil. Use one tablespoon of water-soluble sea kelp
snap directly powder for every 22 litres of water and apply directly to soil, water
onto the pump or plant surfaces. Apply to gardens, vegetables, trees, vines and
and enable it to lawn. Kelp is a nutrient that feeds micro-organisms. Approved
help you produce for organic production, verified to USDA-NOP organic standards.
the purest Available now from hydroponic retailers. MY
water possible.
Contact your
local hydroponic Do you want to be included in
retailer for more the product spotlight?
details. Pure
water’s not magic.
Contact the editor at 1-250-279-2677 or
It’s logic. email editor@maximumyield.com

CHECKgrowing
YOUR I.Q. by Erik Biksa
Q
1. Which of the elements in the list below is commonly
mistaken to be deficient in supply, when typically the
causal agent of the symptoms is more often related to
pH?
a) calcium
b) magnesium 4. Why do both coco coir and rockwool medias require
c) nitrogen special considerations with regards to pH, noting that
d) potassium the greatest consideration is with rockwool?
2. What is considered to be the optimal pH range 5. Scientists rate surfactants according to the HLB of their
for absorption of this element in hydroponic molecular structure. What does HLB stand for?
(water culture, excluding rockwool) systems (while
considering the availability of all nutrients)? a) hydrophillic lipophillic balance
b) hot looking babe
3. What is considered to be the optimal pH range for c) holding lipidic balance
absorption of this element in soilless (water culture, d) none of the above
excluding pure coco coir) medias (while considering the
availability of all nutrients)? 6. If the HLB scale is between one and 20, in most
horticultural applications it is best for surfactants to be
in the _______ portion of the HLB range.
a) low
b) mid
c) high
ANSWERS:
September/October 2009 quiz A
1) c 2) a 3) Because ppm is a conversion from EC. Difference manufacturers use different conversion rates, making it
far less of a universal measurement. 4) a 5) d 6) a
Answers to this quiz will be printed in the January/February 2010 issue of Maximum Yield

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22394 Dewdney Truck Road West Coast Gardens
Maple Ridge, BC V2X 3J2 Equipment and Supplies Sweetleaf Smoke Shop
604-466-5949 113 - 805 Notre Dame and Hydroponics
Kamloops, BC V2C 5N8 3132 Isleville Street
Progressive Growth 250-851-2992 Halifax, NS B3K 3Y2
111 - 1790 Island Highway 902-454-6646
Victoria, BC V9B 1H5 MANITOBA
250-391-9519 All Grow Distributors Woodland Farm Nursery
410 Madison Street 3544 Highway 1,
Progressive Growth Winnipeg, MB R3J 1J1 Annapolis Royal, NS B0S 1A0
41 - 1925 Bowen Road 204-231-1694 902-532-7617
Nanaimo, BC V9S 1H1
800-405-4769 Better Than Nature Winnipeg Woodin Nickel Hydroponics
2B - 2 Donald Street 3393 Central West, Highway 4
Quick Grow Kelowna Winnipeg, MB R3L 0K5 Pictou County, NS BOK 1H0
1945 Kirshner Road 204-453-3032
Kelowna, BC V1Y 4N7 902-695-7640
877-861-4343 Gro Pro International Hydroponics ONTARIO
101-904 Porthee Avenue Agrogreen Canada Inc.
Raw World Organics Winnipeg, MB R3G 0P4 1938 Hwy #20, RR#1
1 - 1455 West 14th Avenue 204-956-1389 Fonthill, ON L0S 1E6
Vancouver, BC V6H 1R4 866-650-1136
604-902-2740 Kleen Gro Hydroponics
224 Osborne Street South AKA The Indoor Gardener
Rocky Mountain Greenhouse Supply Winnipeg, MB R3L 1Z3 207 Exeter Road, Unit D
1043 Industrial Road 2 204-475-7096 London, ON N6L 1A4
Cranbrook, BC V1C 4C6 519-652-4224
250-489-5770 My Two Sons
2 - 2055 McPhillips Street AKA The Indoor Gardener
Room 2 Grow Winnipeg, MB R2Y 3C6 3014 Highway 29
901 Laval Crescent 204-339-3489 Brockville, ON K6V 5T4
Kamloops, BC V2C 5P4 613-342-2700
250-372-3663 Nature’s Nutrition
1819 Portage Avenue All Grow Hydroponic
Skytek Indoor Solutions 391 Marwood Drive, Unit 14
Winnipeg, MB R3J 0G4
833 4th Avenue Oshawa, ON
204-889-2979
Prince George, BC V2L 3H5 866-606-4723
1-800-975-9835 Ready Set Grow!
375 Henderson Highway All Seasons
Solar Greenhouse and Hydroponic Supply
Winnipeg, MB R3C 2H2 1000 Dundas Street East
4752 Imperial Street
204-668-GROW Mississauga, ON L4Y 2B8
Burnaby, BC V5J 1C2
604-438-7244 905-848-2619
NEW BRUNSWICK
Spruce Capital Feeds Atlantic Hydroponics & Greenhouses Inc. Best of Hydroponics
1694 Quinn Street 42 Brandon Street 360 Richmond Street
Prince George, BC V2N 1X3 Moncton, NB E1C 7E8 London, ON N6A 3C3
250-564-6010 506-858-0158 519-858-1533
Sun Beam Central Craft N’ Grow Bluewater Hydroponics
3444 River Road 60 Micmac Road 1173 Michener Road, Unit 12
Chemainus, BC V0R 1K4 Eel Ground, NB E1V 4B1 Sarnia, ON N7S 5G5
250-246-1379 506-624-9317 519-337-7475
Sundogz Garden Supply & Hydroponics Jardins Notik Gardens BMA Hydroponics
30 - 1365 Old Alberni Highway 798 Gray Road 404A Maitland Drive, Unit 2
Parksville, BC V9P 2B8 St-Charles NB E4W 4N9 Belleville, ON K8N 4Z5
250-954-2046 506-876-9100 613-967-9888

MAXIMUMdistributors
YIELD
Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. Planetary Pride
4373 Steeles Avenue West 79 Woolwich Street South 372 Queen Street East
North York, ON M3N 1V7 Breslau, ON N0B 1M0 Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 1Y7
416-663-2999 519-648-2374 1-888-215-8970
Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre Hydro Culture Emporium Inc. Second Nature Hydroponics
1677 Cyrville Road, Meadowbrooke Plaza 150 Robertson Rd Unit 22 4 - 2133 Royal Windsor Drive
Gloucester, ON K1B 3L7 Nepean, ON K2H 9S1 Mississauga, ON L5J 1K5 S e c o n d
613-842-8999 613-715-9472 905-403-4769 NATURE HYDROPONICS
Brite-Lite Indoor Garden Centre Hydrogarden Supply For You
1659 Victoria Street, North, Unit 6 1122 Paul Street 3615 Weston Road, Unit 6
Kitchener, ON N2B 3E6 Cornwall, ON K6H 6H5 North York, ON M9L 1V8
888-670-0611 613-360-6996 416-741-8062
Canadian Hydrogardens Ltd. Hydrotech Sweet Hydroponic Gardens
1330 Sandhill Drive 2436 Kingston Road 776 Bruce Street
Ancaster, ON L9G 4V5 Toronto, ON M1N 1V2 Renfrew, ON K7V 3Z8
905 648 1801 416-267-4769 613-433-9600
CN Garden Equipment Supplies In-Home Gardens Vantage Hydroponics
207 Edgeley Boulevard, Unit 4 279 Caborne 1 Adelaide Street North
Vaughan, ON L4K 4B5 St. Brantford, ON N3T 2H3 London, ON N6B 3P8
D&M Gardens 519-754-9090 519-451-4769
2961 Main Street Indoor Gardens Canada Yield of Dreams Hydroponics
Blezard Valley, ON P0M 1E0 2952 Thompson Road 559 Steven Court 12
705-897-3727 Smithville, ON L0R 2A0 Newmarket, ON L3Y 6Z3
Diatomite Canada 905-957-6969 877-778-7960
1938 Hwy #20, RR#1 QUEBEC
Indoor Harvest
Fonthill, ON L0S 1E6 Aeroplante
3040 New Street
866-650-1136 66 Rang Prenier Chaloupe Est
Burlington, ON L7R 1M5
Envirotex 289-337-9169 Notre-Dame-Des-Praires
P.O. Box 21069 Joliette QC J6E 7Y8
Paris, ON N3L 4A5 J & C Hydroponics 450-752-8883
519-442-1237 343 Elgin Street, Unit A
Cambridge, ON M1R 7H9 Amazonia Hydroponique
Friendly Farmer, The 394 Boulvard Arthur-sauve
519-622-9969
343 Richmond Lower Street St. Eustache, QC J7R 2J5
London, ON N6A 3C2 Jungle Hydroponics 450-623-2790
519-438-4446 2215 Gerrard Street East
B&S Electrique Inc.
Toronto, ON M4E 2C8
Garden Depot 2240 Pitt Street
416-699-0861 Montreal, QC H4E 4H1
605 Justus Drive
Kingston,ON Canada K7M 4H5 Markham Hydroponics 514-931-3817
613-384-8882 95 Royal Crest Court 18 Benoit Dupuis Extincteurs Inc.
Markham, ON L3R 9X5 2503 Victoria Street
Green And Clean 905-305-0698
761 Barrydowne Road Ste-Julienne, QC J0K 2T0
Sudbury, ON P3A 3T6 Nature’s Elements 450-831-4240
800-246-5503 Box 119 500 Mill Street Babylone Hydroponics
Neustadt, ON N0G 2M0 100 Duluth Avenue
Green Kingdom Hemp 519-799-5323
1103 Cassells Street Montreal, QC H2W 1H1
North Bay, ON P1B 4B3 Northern Hydroponics 514-284-6382
705-494-7169 236 Simpson Street Biofloral
Thunder Bay, ON P7C 3H4 675 Montee, St. Francois
Green Thumb Hydroponics 807-623-3666
3075 Ridgeway Drive, 25 Laval, QC H7C 2S8
Mississauga, ON L5L 5M6 Northern Lights Green Supply 877-38-HYDRO
1938 Highway 20 (at 406), RR 1 Boutique L’Echologik
Grow It All Hydroponics Inc.
165 Geary Avenue, Unit 3B Fonthill, ON L0S 1E6 829, cote d’Abraham
Toronto, ON M6H 2B8 905-892-3743 Quebec, QC G1R 1A4
416-588-9595 Northern Lights Hydroponics 418-648-8288
Grower’s Choice Hydroponics 1185 Tecumsch Road Boutique L’Echologik
1621 McEwen Drive 14 Windsor, ON N8W 1B5 790 St - Jean
Whitby, ON L1N 9A5 519-254-4015 Quebec, QC G1R 1P9
905-725-GROW Ontario Growers Supply 418-648-2828
Happy Hydroponics 1540 Fanshawe Park Road West Brite Lite Hydroponics
68 Princess Street London, ON N6H 5L8 940 Bergar,
Hamilton, ON L8L 3K9 519-641-3992 Laval, QC H7L 4Z8
905-545-8434 Ontario Hydroponics 450-669-3803
Home Hydroponics 103015 Grey Road 18 California Hydroponic
289 Rutherford Road, South 22 Owen Sound, ON N4K 5N6 12300 Rue de la avenir
Brampton, ON L6W 3R9 519-372-1144 St. Janvier, QC J7J 2K4
905-874-GROW 450-433-3336
Ozone Environmental Technologies
Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. 361 Rowntree Dairy Road Concept Hydroponique
26 Meteor Drive Unit 4 1257 Boulevard St Antoine Rte., 158 Est
Toronto, ON M9W 1A4 Woodridge, ON L4L 8H1 St Jerome, QC J7Z 7M1
416-242-4769 905-264-6618 450-431-1488
Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. Paradise Gardens Hydroponics Distribution De la Plante
521 Dunlop Street West 2158 Chiefswood Road 5498 Hochelaga Suite 910
Barrie, ON L4N 9W4 Oshweken, ON N0A 1M0 Montreal, QC H1N 3L7
705-721-8715 519-445-2275 514-255-1111
Homegrown Hydroponics Inc. Peterborough Hydroponic Center Espace Culture Boutique
5386 Greenlane Road 347 Pido Road, Unit 32 17 boul. Ste-Rose Est
Beamsville, ON L0R 1B3 Peterborough, ON K9J 6X7 Laval, QC H7V 3K3
905-563-6121 705-745-6868 450-622-2710

Ferme Florale Inc. (Botanix) Hydromax Trois-Rivières P.P.M. Hydroponique
2190 Blvd. Laurier (route 116) 6157 rue Corbeil 504 Rue du Parc
St. Bruno de Montarville, QC J3V 4P6 Trois-Rivières Ouest, QC G8Z 4P8 St. Eustache, QC J7R 5B2
450-653-6383 819-372-0500 450-491-2444
Fernand Corbeil Produits Horticoles - Hydroponique de l’estrie Qué-Pousse - Laval
Horticultural Products 2980, ch. Miletta 940 Bergar
17 boul. Ste-Rose Est Magog, QC J1X 5R9 Laval, QC H7L 4Z8
Laval, QC H7L 3K3 819-843-8680 450-667-3809
450-622-2710
Hydroponique du Millenaire Qué-Pousse - Montreal
Fleuriculture Hydroponique 5700, rue Martineau, Local 7 2215 Walkley
3570 Boulevard Thibeau Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8B1 Montreal, QC H4B 2J9
Trois Riviers, QC G8W 2H5 450-253-5260 514-489-3803
819-374-3666
Hydroponique Plus Inc. Qué-Pousse - Mont. Tremblant
Fleuriste Savard Inc. 405 - 18 Avenue 462 Montée Kavanagh
1833 boul. Louis-Frechette Lachine, QC H8S 3R1 Mont-Tremblant, QC J8E 2P2
Nicolet, QC J3T 1M4 514-634-3677 819-429-6145
819-293-5933
Hydrosphere Qué-Pousse - Point-Claire
G & L Electrique Inc. 2400 rue Canadian, Suite 104 1860D Sources Blvd
13760 2 ième Avenue Drummondville, QC J2C 7W3 Pointe-Claire, QC H9R 5B1
Saint-Georges, Bce, QC G5Y 5N1 819-478-9791 514-426-5057
418-228-3665
Hydrotek Qué-Pousse - Sherbrooke
Gardins California 12300 Rue de l’avenir 4394 Bourque Rt. 112
1689 Chemin Gascon Rock Forest, QC J1N 1S3
St. Janvier, QC J7J 2K4
Terrebonne, QC J6X 3Z6 819-563-0353
450-492-7373 International Hydroponique Qué-Pousse - St-Constant
Gerard Bourbeau & Fils Inc. 5478 Hochelaga St 6264 Route 132
8285, 1 re Avenue Montreal, QC H1N 3L7 Ste-Catherine, QC J0L 1E0
Charlesbourg, QC G1G 5E6 514-255-2525 450-635-4881
418-623-5401 La Cuve A Vin Qué-Pousse - St-Jerome
Hydroculture Guy Dionne 6384 Beaubien est 709A 14e Avenue, Sud
8473 - 19th Avenue Montreal, QC H1M 3G8 Saint-Antoine, QC J7Z 4B8
Montreal, QC H1Z 4J2 514-354-8020 450-436-3803
514-722-9496 Les Grands Jardins Lavel Sherbrooke Hydroponique
Hydroculture Guy Dionne 2900, Boul. Cure-Lavelle 3545 King Est,
1990 Cyrill-Duquet Local 150 Chomedey, Laval, QC H7P 5S8 Sherbrooke, QC J1G 5J4
Québec, QC G1N 4K8 250-729-2687 819-829-9299
418-681-4643 Les Serres Binette Inc Ultimate Controllers Inc.
Hydro Expert 2568 Boul. Mercurre 76 rue d’Avila
12752 Industriel Drummondville, QC J2A 1H2 Laval, QC H7M 3Y6
Montreal, QC H1A 3V2 1-800-231-7195
Un Monde Sans Terre
514-624-3091 Magog Hydro Culture 565 Beausejour
Hydro Plus 25 Ste Rue Saint Catherine Alma, QC G8B 5V3
149 avenue Principale A Magog, QC J1X 2K9 418-480-3274
Rouyn Noranda, QC J9X 4E3 819-847-4141
Val d’Or Hydroculture
819-762-4367 MegaWatt Hydroculture 1261 3e Avenue
Hydro Rive-sud 636 Route 364 Val d’Or, QC J9P 1V4
4721 Boulvard de la rive sud Morin Heights, QC J0R 1H0
XXXtractor Inc.
Levis, QC G6W 1H5 450-226-2515
1228 St. Marc
418-835-0082
Méristème Hydroponique Montreal, QC H3H 2E5
Hydro Sciences 871 Dufferin 514-931-4944
4800 de la Cote-Vertu Blvd. Granby, QC J2G 9H8 SASKATCHEWAN
Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1J9 450-991-1514 B&B Hydroponics and Indoor Gardening
514-331-9090
Momentum 1404 Cornwall Street
Hydro Times 11289 London Avenue Regina, SK S4R 2H7
1533 Boulevard Cure Labelle Montreal, QC H1H 4J3 306-522-4769
Laval, QC H7V 2W4 888-327-4595 Busy Bee Upholstery
450-688-4848
Plant-O-Maxx Box 811, 134 5th Avenue East
Hydrobec 3169 Blais, Gravelbourg, SK S0H 1X0
2145 Lavoisier Suite 4 Boisbriand, QC, J7H 1H2 306-648-3659
Ste-Foy, QC G1N 4B2 514-968-7799 Waterboy Supply
418-687-1119 401 Dewdney Avenue East
Pablo Jardinage Drummondville
Hydromax Gatineau 2080 Joseph St-Cyr Regina, SK S4N 4G3
3-1695 Atmec (porte 6) Drummondville, QC J2C 8V6 306-757-6242
Gatineau, QC J8P 7G7 819-475-2525 YUKON, NUNAVUT and
819-663-7470 NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Pablo Jardinage Intérieur
Hydromax Laval 2 Des Ormeaux Suite 500 Porter Creek Indoor Garden Centre
295 Boulevard Curé Labelle Trois-Rivières, QC G8W 1S6 1307 Centennial Street
Laval, QC H7L 2Z9 819-693-6000 Whitehorse, YT Y1A 3Z1
450-628-8380 867-667-2123
Plant-T-Plantes MY
Hydromax Mont-Laurier
3439 boulevard Fiset
388 Rue Hebert
Mont-Laurier, QC J9L 2X2 Sorel-Tracy, QC J3P 5J3
888-609-4476 450-780-0008
Hydromax Montreal Point De Vue

9300 Lajeunesse 880 chemin St-Féréol ARE YOU CURRENTLY DISTRIBUTING
Montreal, QC H2M 1S4 Les Cèdres, QC J7T 1N3 MAXIMUM YIELD FROM YOUR RETAIL STORE?
514-381-0111 450-452-2878 / 1-877-510-2991
Email your contact information to:
Hydromax Terrebonne Pousse Magique ilona@maximumyield.com
1674 Chemin Gascon 515 rue Lanaudiere
Repentigny, QC J6A 7N1 to have a distributor listing in an
Terrebonne, QC J6X 4H9 upcoming issue of Maximum Yield.
450-492-7447 450-582-6662

COMING UP IN
January - February 2010
DO YOU
know?
Features
Hydroponics Fights Hunger
Charlotte Bradley details how hydroponic
gardening and farming techniques are being used
around the world to help fight hunger.
Keeping Roots in Tip Top Condition

Dr. Lynette Morgan provides proven tips and tricks that preserve
the health of your plants’ roots.
Do Plants Need Climate Controllers?

This article by Isabelle Lemay and Mélissa Léveillé
serves to expand your knowledge on plant’s needs
and climate controllers that ease gardener’s tasks.
Caring for Holiday Plants after the Festivities

Glory Lennon shows you how to care for your holiday plants in order
to keep them vibrant and productive long after the Christmas tree is
taken down.
Sustainability: Buzz Word or Legitimate Agenda?
As one of the most impassioned topics currently discussed in the
1 The effect of a low pH value upon the stability of nutrients is
relatively insignificant.
mainstream media, you might be surprised to learn sustainability is
not a new concept. Matt Geschke delves into the history and reality of
sustainable growing. 2 Saffron spice is made from the dried red-gold stigma which
forms inside the blue/purple flower of the saffron plant.
Preventing and Reacting to Green Algae

For those of you that have dealt with the annoyance of algae 3 Ensuring CO levels remain higher than ambient through
2
various stages in the cropping cycle can increase yields by as
growing in your reservoirs and rockwool cubes, Matt Lebannister
provides guidelines for preventing and controlling this slimy much as 30 per cent.
situation.
4 High humidity in the grow room will prevent calcium uptake
even if there is sufficient calcium in the feed solution. Large
Around the World in Hydroponics
Lee McCall takes us on a walk through 35 acres of lawns and gardens at day/night fluctuations in humidity will also disrupt the cal-
the Parc de la Villette in Paris, featuring hydroponically-grown crops. cium flow within the plant.
Talking Shop
Maximum Yield is now featuring your favourite retail stores. Get to 5 A residual insecticide spray should last approximately 180
know your local grow shop just a bit better by learning of their history, days.
their struggles and their successes. Nominate your favourite store by
emailing editor@maximumyield.com 6 Aby1,000 watt light will cover a 1.5 by 1.5 metre space or a 1.5
3.5 metre space if light rails are being used.
Win Big! Grow Big!
In the event that you did not get what you
wanted in your stocking, enter our fifth draw 7 Perlite growth mediums can be reused year after year. The
ability to use perlite for more than one growth cycle is ex-
in the Win Big! Grow Big! online reader tremely significant given the cost of other effective hydro-
contest. Enter online at www.maximumyield.
ponic growth mediums.
com/winbig by February 15.
8 Ein-Gedi is a derivative of aeroponics that recirculates nutri-
maximumyield.com ent in a misty spray. This technique involves the plants being
plugged into holes at the top of an enclosed chamber while
Online Extras for Maximum Yield Readers the roots dangle in a nutrient solution below.
In addition to our incredible selection of articles in January/February
2010, you gain access to online extras.
Visit www.maximumyield.com for videos, articles, images and product
9 Fulvic acids are actually a fraction of humic substances that
are soluble in water under all pH conditions.
comparisons that you won’t find anywhere else.

MY Can NovDec09

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CANADA November - December 2009

PROJECTS & TIPS

November / December 2009

32 CO2 Stability and Longevity

34 Getting Ready to Garden Indoors

46 Automated Hydroponics System for a Worry-Free Vacation

50 Using Perlite in Hydroponic Culture

57 What’s in your Water?

64 Keep it Clean: Maintaining your Hydroponic System

Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 5

6 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

8 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Thank you Joe O’Neal

Thank you Wes Cargill

10 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Thanks a lot in advance.

Thanks for the question.You might get some different answers

“Growers may be able to achieve faster

12 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Green Engineering Utilizes Wind Power

Backyard Fishing at VIU

Green Force Takes on Indoor Garden Challenge

Agrogreen Canada to Sponsor Winter Festival of Lights

14 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Hormone Clue to Root Growth

Organic Plant Waste Effective Weed Control for Citrus Trees

Sun Pulse Lamps “Plant a Tree” Program PEACE - Available in Garden

Evolution not a One-Way Street Research Proves

16 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Atmosphere Launches the New mid-sized V-Series

Brite-Lite launches MO’KOKO Premium Select Coco Substrate

Oakton TDS Testr Low

Plug’N’Grow’s New iGS-221

The improved iGS-220* combines precision and simplicity:

* iGS-220 easy update also offered.

18 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 19

The Missing Link – Oxy-Gen Generator Now Available from Greenstar

SteadyGRO Introduces New Sheet Media

20 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Eco-Root New from Green Planet Wholesale

Nature’s Solution Compost Tea Merlin-Garden Pro goes Green

iGS-016 - Plug’N’Grow’s New Multi-Timer

22 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Add the Divine Goodness of Grape to Your FHD Bucket System

Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 23

Saffron – a delicate, exotic and expensive spice from far

24 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

"Saffron is the world’s highest

Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 25

The saffron plant

26 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

The Grow Room

28 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 29

on white paper and allowed to air dry and fully desiccate.

"Saffron is very delicate and the strands

30 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Supplies of saffron corms:

A variety of spicy saffron recipes are

Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 31

32 Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009

Maximum Yield Canada | November / December 2009 33