Unit 3: Motion Chapter 8: Average velocity is the rate of change in position

8.1 The Language of Motion y Magnitude describes the size of a measurement y The symbol for change= which means delta- Greek letter Vectors and Scalars Vectors  Magnitude  Direction Scalars  Magnitude

y Vector: - Vector quantities include magnitude and direction - Vector abbreviations are written in bolded italics with an arrow above them, such as v for velocity and d for position. - When a direction is written in a vector description, it is usually abbreviated and put into square brackets, such as 12km [W] for 12 km west y Scalar: - Scalar quantities include magnitude only. - Scalars are not written with any abbreviations or italics Measurement Distance (d) (m) (km) Position (d) (m) (km) Explanation Shows the extent of a course between two points Classification Scalar

Shows the location of an object relative to the point of origin (where the object first started off from)

Vector (includes direction)

Time (t) Seconds (s) Hours (h) Time interval( t)

Describes when an event takes Scalar place The difference between initial Scalar time (when an even starts) and To calculate: final time (when an event t= tf (final time) ti ends) (initial time) *The duration of an event Describes how much an Vector objects position has changed To calculate: in a straight line from the d= df (final position ) point of origin. di (initial position) *if an object ends up back to where it started from then you could say that the objects displacement is zero.

Displacement ( d) (m) (km)

Displacement vs. Distance y It is important to know the different between displacement and distance - An ant travels 2cm north, 6cm west, 2cm south, and 2cm east.  The ant s distance: 2cm+6cm+4cm+2cm= 14cm  The ants displacement: d= 4cm The ants displacement is 4cm because it has moved 4cm from its initial position. It the ant had returned back to its initial position, then its displacement would be 0m.

Examples
y Distance:

W A car travelled 7km east to the mall from the gas station. The total distance travelled from the gas station to the mall is 7 km.

y Position: If the car traveled 7 km to the mall, what is the cars position? The direction or position of the car from the gas station is 7 km [E]. If the car was to return back to the gas station, its position would be 0 km since the car is back to the origin. y Time interval: t=0s t=3s t=8s

W E Suppose a person walking on a sidewalk is walking at 1m/s [E]. She walks from her house at 0m. She passed the stop sign at 3m [E] and then passed the lamp post at 8m [E]. How long did it take her to walk that distance from the stop sign to the lamp post? 3m [E] =3s (initial time) 8s 3s = 5s 8m [E] =8s (final time)

y Displacement It took her 5s to walk from the stop sign to the lamp post. Her position at 8s is 8m [E], and at 3s it s 3m [E]. In the time interval of 3s-8s her displacement is 3s=3m [E] 8s=8m [E] 8m [E] 3m [E] = 5m [E] Between t=3s and t=5s, the displacement of the girl is 5m [E]. This Vector quantity represents how much the girls position changed between the time intervals of 3s8s. Her displacement from the point of origin (her house) to the lampost is 8m [E]. if she goes back to her house, her displacement would go back to 0m.

Direction and Signs y To indicate opposite directions in vector quantities, opposite signs are used. Here are some common signs that are used in physics to show direction: North Up + West Left East Right +

* If an object passes the point of origin, the direction changes.

South

Down

Uniform Motion and Graphing Uniform Motion

y All objects in uniform motion meet the following conditions: - Travel in equal displacements in equal time intervals - Objects do not speed up, slow down, or change direction y Motion of an object can me analyzed in many ways: - Motion diagram: shows us the objects position at given times and allows us to visualize the objects motion.

- Position- Time graph: plots position data on the vertical axis (y-axis), and time data on the horizontal axis. Uniform motion is always represented as a straight line that runs through the plots on a p-t graph.

*using the plots on a graph to determine the line that generally fits the plots is called a best-fit line

Slope on a position-Time
y The slope of a graph refers to whether a line is horizontal or goes up or down at an angle. There are 3 types of slopes: - Positive slope  Line slants up to the right.  Indicates the motion is in the direction of the positive y-axis  Position of the object is increasing in the positive direction from the point of origin  Since the slope is constant, the motion of the object is travelling in a uniform motion in the positive direction. - Zero slope  The object is not moving  This is also an example of uniform motion, since the displacement of the ball during any time interval is constant. - Negative slope  Line slants down to the right  Indicates motion is towards the direction of the negative yaxis, or returning back or past the point of origin. *This graph displays the various slopes on a position-time graph. For this chapter refer to the red line. The blue and green lines will be explained further in the summary.

Positive slope Negative slope

Zero slope

8.2 Average Velocity How to use displacement and time intervals to calculate the rate and direction of motion: y Speed (v) is the distance an object travels during a time interval divided by the time interval. - Speed is a scalar quantity. - The SI unit for speed is metres per second (m/s) - Ex. A toy car travelled 40m in 10s. What was its speed? 40m/10s= 4m/s y Velocity (v) is the displacement of an object during a time interval divided by the time interval except - Velocity describes how fast an objects position is changing - Velocity is a vector quantity and includes direction - The SI unit for velocity is metres per second (m/s) - The direction of velocity is the same as the direction of the displacement or position - Ex. A toy car travelled 50m [E] in 5s. What is its velocity? 50m [E]/5s= 10m/s [E] - Objects travelling the same speed can have different velocities simply because they might be travelling in different directions.  One can have a positive velocity, while the other speed can have a negative velocity. - Velocities change when magnitude or direction or both change.

Calculating the slope of the Position-Time graph

y The slope of a graph represents rise/run, which is the change in the y-axis divided by the change in the x-axis. y On a position time graph the Rise slope is the change in position ( d) divided by the change in time ( t)or the objects average velocity- v av Run y The steeper the slope, the greater the change in displacement during the same time interval. In other words, the object is changing its position quicker in the same time period. y To calculate the slope: - Slope= d t = df di (final displacement initial displacement) tf ti (final time initial time) = 15m 5m 6s 2s = 10m 4s = +2.5 m/s - This is the objects average velocity. Because we have included the direction (+) it is the velocity since velocity is a vector. If we had not included the direction, and left it as 2.5 m/s, this would become the objects speed.

- Also, because it is a position time graph, it automatically becomes velocity because position is a vector and has direction, making the answer to the slope a vector as well. y The slope of a position-time graph represents the objects average velocity. - positive slope= average velocity is forward - negative slope= average velocity is backward - Zero slope= average velocity is zero. y The relationship between velocity, displacement and time can be described by the following diagram: V= D/T D= displacement D V= velocity T=D/V T= time V T
D=VT

Velocity vs. Speed

y It is important to know the difference between velocity and speed Average Speed= d Average Velocity= d t t Ex. A butterfly flies 5m east, 3m south, and 5m west over a time interval of 12s. 5m 3m 5m - Average speed: 13m/12s= 1.08m/s - Average velocity: 3m [S]/12s= 0.25m/s [S]

Converting Between m/s and km/h

y To convert between m/s and km/h: - Multiply m/s by 3.6 to convert to km/h - Divide km/h by 3.6 to convert to - Ex. 85km/h: divide by 3.6= 23.6m/s - Ex. 72m/s: multiply by 3.6= 259km/h y To convert between hours and minutes: - Multiply hours by 60 to convert to minutes - Divide minutes by sixty to convert to hours m/s

3.6

km/h

Chapter 9: Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity.

9.1 Describing Acceleration Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion y An object travelling with uniform motion has equal displacements in equal time intervals. y An object travelling with non-uniform motion will: - Have different displacements during equal time intervals - Take different amounts of time to travel equal displacements - Have a continuously changing velocity Positive and Negative Changes in Velocity y A change in velocity changes when the speed or direction of motion of the object changes. y A change in velocity can be calculated by subtracting the initial velocity from the final velocity. v = vf vi

y Positive changes in velocity: - If the change in velocity is in the same sign (+/-) as the initial velocity, the speed of the object is increasing. Ex. Tom is roller blading down the street at +8m/s in a forward direction (+). He is in a hurry so he increases his velocity to +12m/s. His change in velocity is +12m/s (+8m/s) = +4m/s *The change in velocity is +4m/s in the forward direction. This means, Tom was speeding up by 4m/s in the original direction. His original forward direction was positive, so his change in velocity is also positive when he sped up. y Negative changes in velocity: - If the change velocity is in the opposite of the initial velocity, the speed of the object is decreasing. Ex. Suppose Tom reaches his destination and slows down from +12m/s to +3m/s forward. His change in velocity is +3m/s (+12m/s) = -9m/s *The change in velocity is -9m/s opposite the forward motion. In other words, Tom was slowing down by 7m/s in the original direction. If the initial forward direction was positive and the change in velocity is negative the object is speeding up. y Constant velocity: - Any object travelling with uniform motion in a straight line would have zero change in velocity.

Acceleration
y Acceleration (a) is the rate of change in velocity, or how quickly the velocity of an object is changing. - Acceleration can be due to a change in speed and/or a change in direction. - When talking about acceleration, we need to include the magnitude of the change in the velocity of the moving object and the direction of the object s velocity- because acceleration and velocity are vectors. - When comparing the acceleration of two objects, the object with the greater acceleration changes its velocity in a shorter time interval and has a greater change in velocity during the same time interval. Ex. Let s look at the following situation: 2 cars, a race car and a beetle, are having a race. Both cars will be able to reach the speed of 60km/h; however the race car will be able to reach it faster because of its powerful engine. In other words, the race car will be able to change its velocity faster and therefore will have a greater acceleration, than the beetle.

Positive and Negative Acceleration

*When an object is accelerating the velocity changes and its motion is not uniform. y In a straight line motion, acceleration can be either positive or negative, and is the same as the direction of the change in velocity.

y Positive acceleration: - A car driving along a straight road changes its velocity from 40km/h to 60km/h. the forward motion of the car can be represented as positive (+). When the car s speed is increasing, the car has a positive acceleration. y Negative acceleration: - Now the car approaches a red light and needs to slow down. The driver pressed the brakes and the car s speed begins to decrease in a forward motion. The car now has a negative acceleration.

Velocity
If an object is increasing its speed in a positive direction then change in velocity is positive therefore the acceleration is positive also. Acceleration

Velocity If an object is decreasing its speed in a positive direction then the change in velocity is negative therefore the acceleration is negative also. Acceleration

Velocity

If an object is increasing its speed in a negative direction then the change in velocity is negative therefore the acceleration is negative also.

Acceleration

Velocity

If an object is decreasing its speed in a negative direction then the change in velocity is positive therefore the acceleration is positive also.

Acceleration *If an object is changing its velocity in the same direction as its initial position then both the velocity and acceleration is positive, even if it is slowing down. *If an object is changing its velocity in a different direction than its initial position then both the velocity and accelerations is negative, even if it is speeding up.

9.2 Calculating Acceleration y Acceleration is measured in units of m/s2 (metres per second squred) y The motion of an object with a changing velocity can be represented on: - A velocity-time graph - A position time graph

Velocity-Time graphs
y The slope of a velocity-time graph is the object s average acceleration. - Slope= rise/run: when this is calculated on a v-t graph, the answer is the objects acceleration - Shows how fast the object is changing its velocity

y When the slope on a velocity-time graph is touching the x-axis at any point, this means that the object is stationary.

y Zero slopes on a v-t graph mean that the objects velocity is constant- the object is still moving but at a constant speed.

y Positive slopes on a v-t graph mean that the objects velocity is increasing in a positive direction.

y Negative slopes on a v-t graph mean that the objects velocity is decreasing in a positive direction, or increasing in a negative direction.

3 4

- At slope 1 the object is at rest - At slope 2 the object starts from rest and increases speed at a constant velocity - At slope 3 the object is traveling in a positive direction at constant speed - At slope 4 the object is slowing down to a stop at a constant rate while still travelling north.

Calculating Acceleration
y The relationship between acceleration, change in velocity, and time interval is given by the following equation: - a= v V t

Ex. A soccer ball travelling at 6.5m/s towards a fence bounces off at 5m/s. If the ball was in contact with the fence for 0.20s, what is the ball s acceleration? (Towards the fence is positive) = (-5m/s 6.5m/s) 0.20s = -4.0m/s 0.20s = -20m/s2

Ex. A truck starting from rest accelerates uniformly to 18m/s [W] in 4.5s. What is the truck s acceleration? = 18m/s 4.5s = 4m/s2 [W]

V
Calculating Changes in Velocity and Time

= vf-vi

(Refer to the diagram )

= tf-ti

Ex. A car accelerates from rest at 3.0m/s2 forward for 5.0s. What is the velocity of the car at the end of 5.0s? = (3.0m/s2) (5.0s) = 15m/s *The cars change in velocity after 5.0s is 15m/s forward so in order to figure out the velocity we must figure out the change in velocity (initial velocityfinal velocity) 15m/s= vf-0: since the cars initial velocity was zero, the answer remains the same vf =15m/s Ex. A train is travelling east at 14m/s. How long would it take to increase its velocity to 22m/s [E] if it accelerated at 0.05m/s2 [E]? t = 8.0m/s (calculated by getting the change in velocity) 0.50m/s2 = 16s: It would take the train 16s to increase its speed.

Gravity and Acceleration and Calculating Motion due to Gravity y Objects near the surface of Earth fall to Earth due to the force of gravity. - Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8m/s2 downward. - To analyze situations where objects are accelerating due to gravity (falling) use the vat triangle shown on the previous page. Ex. Suppose a rock falls from the top a cliff. What is the change in velocity of the rock after it has fallen for 1.5s? (Down= (-)) v = (a) ( t)

= (-9.8m/s2) (1.5s) = -15m/s *Since down is negative, the change in velocity of the rock is -15m/s y Air resistance is a friction-like force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air. - If an object is falling, air resistance acts upward on the object - If air resistance were not present, all objects would fall with the same acceleration (9.8m/s2) regardless of their shape, size, and mass.