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Use Cases
TakenfromChapter6of
Applying

UML

and

Patterns
,

3
rd

ed.,

by

Craig

Larman

TableofContents
1.

Introduction

..............................................................................................................................................

1.1.IntroducingtheCaseStudy:TheNextGenPOSSystem..................................................................... 2
2.UseCases.................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.Actors,Scenarios,andUseCases....................................................................................................... 3
2.2.WhyUseCases?................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3.AreUseCasesFunctionalRequirements?......................................................................................... 4
2.4.WhatareThreeKindsofActors?....................................................................................................... 4
2.5.

What

are

Three

Common

Use

Case

Formats?

...................................................................................

2.6.Example:ProcessSale,FullyDressedStyle........................................................................................ 5
2.7.WhatdotheSectionsMean?........................................................................................................... 12
2.8.AreThereOtherFormats?ATwoColumnVariation....................................................................... 18
2.9.GuidelinesforWritingUseCases..................................................................................................... 18
2.10.HowtoFindUseCases................................................................................................................... 21
2.11.UseCaseDiagrams......................................................................................................................... 27
2.12.OtherBenefitsofUseCases?RequirementsinContext............................................................... 28
1
Process FIow Diagrams
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1.Introduction
Usecasesaretextstories,widelyusedtodiscoverandrecordrequirements.Theyinfluencemany
aspectsof aprojectincludingOOA/Dandwillbeinputtomanysubsequentartifactsinthecase
studies.Thischapterexploresbasicconcepts,includinghowtowriteusecasesanddrawaUMLusecase
diagram.ThischapteralsoshowsthevalueofanalysisskilloverknowingUMLnotation;theUMLuse
diagram. This chapter also shows the value ofanalysis skill over knowing UML notation; the UML use
casediagramistrivialtolearn,butthemanyguidelinestoidentifyandwritegoodusecasestakeweeks
(orlonger)tofullydigest.
1.1.IntroducingtheCaseStudy:TheNextGenPOSSystem
ThecasestudyusedduringthesenotesistheNextGenpointofsale(POS)system.Inthisapparently
straightforwardproblemdomain,weshallseethatthereareinterestingrequirementanddesign
problemstosolve.Inaddition,it'sarealproblemgroupsreallydodevelopPOSsystemswithobject
technologies.
A

POS

system

is

computerized

application

used

(in

part)

to

record

sales

and

handle

payments;

it

is

typicallyusedinaretailstore.Itincludeshardwarecomponentssuchasacomputerandbarcode
scanner,andsoftwaretorunthesystem.Itinterfacestovariousserviceapplications,suchasathird
partytaxcalculatorandinventorycontrol.Thesesystemsmustberelativelyfaulttolerant;thatis,even
ifremoteservicesaretemporarilyunavailable(suchastheinventorysystem),theymuststillbecapable
ofcapturingsalesandhandlingatleastcashpayments(sothatthebusinessisnotcrippled).
APOSsystemincreasinglymustsupportmultipleandvariedclientsideterminalsandinterfaces.These
include

thin

client

Web

browser

terminal,

regular

personal

computer

with

something

like

Java

Swinggraphicaluserinterface,touchscreeninput,wirelessPDAs,andsoforth.
Furthermore,wearecreatingacommercialPOSsystemthatwewillselltodifferentclientswith
disparateneedsintermsofbusinessruleprocessing.Eachclientwilldesireauniquesetoflogicto
executeatcertainpredictablepointsinscenariosof usingthesystem,suchaswhenanewsaleis
initiatedorwhenanewlineitemisadded.Therefore,wewillneedamechanismtoprovidethis
flexibilityandcustomization.
2

2.UseCases
Informally,usecasesaretextstoriesofsomeactorusingasystemtomeetgoals.Hereisanexample
brief format usecase:
ProcessSale:Acustomerarrivesatacheckoutwithitemstopurchase.ThecashierusesthePOS
systemtorecordeachpurchaseditem.Thesystempresentsarunningtotalandlineitem
details.Thecustomerenterspaymentinformation,whichthesystemvalidatesandrecords.The
systemupdatesinventory.Thecustomerreceivesareceiptfromthesystemandthenleaves
withtheitems.
Usecasesoftenneedtobemoredetailedorstructuredthanthisexample,buttheessenceis
discoveringandrecordingfunctionalrequirementsbywritingstoriesofusingasystemtofulfilluser
goals;thatis,casesof use.Itisn'tsupposedtobeadifficultidea,althoughit'softendifficulttodiscover
what'sneededandwriteitwell.
2.1.Actors,Scenarios,andUseCases
First,

some

informal

definitions:

an

actor

is

something

with

behavior,

such

as

person

(identified

by

role),computersystem,ororganization;forexample,acashier.
Ascenarioisaspecificsequenceofactionsandinteractionsbetweenactorsandthesystem;itisalso
calledausecaseinstance.Itisoneparticularstoryof usingasystem,oronepaththroughtheusecase;
forexample,thescenarioofsuccessfullypurchasingitemswithcash,orthescenariooffailingto
purchaseitemsbecauseofacreditpaymentdenial.
Informallythen,ausecaseisacollectionofrelatedsuccessandfailurescenariosthatdescribeanactor
usingasystemtosupportagoal.Forexample,hereisacasual format usecasewithalternatescenarios:
HandleReturns
MainSuccessScenario:Acustomerarrivesatacheckoutwithitemstoreturn.Thecashieruses
thePOSsystemtorecordeachreturneditem
AlternateScenarios:
Ifthecustomerpaidbycredit,andthereimbursementtransactiontotheircreditaccountis
rejected,informthecustomerandpaythemwithcash.
Iftheitemidentifierisnotfoundinthesystem,notifytheCashierandsuggestmanualentryof
theidentifiercode(perhapsitiscorrupted).
Ifthesystemdetectsfailuretocommunicatewiththeexternalaccountingsystem,
Nowthatscenarios(usecaseinstances)aredefined,analternate,butsimilardefinitionofausecase
providedbytheRUPwillmakebettersense:
3

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