Australia 2008 Boscalid Pyraclostrobin UC-IPM-Citrus-Manual Pag27

UC IPM Pest Management Guideline
CITRUS
Contents (Dates in parenthesis indicate when each topic was updated)
January 2011
Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist (7/08) ............................................................................................................ iv General Information Cultural and Other Practices That Affect Pests (9/08)................................................................................................................... 1 Timings for Key Cultural and Management Practices (9/08) ......................................................................................................... 3 When to Monitor Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08)....................................................................................................................... 4 Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees (1/11) .................................................... 6 Selectivity of Insecticides and Miticides (1/11).............................................................................................................................. 8 Spray Coverage (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays (10/09).................................................................................................................... 13 General Properties of Fungicides Used in Citrus (9/08) ............................................................................................................... 15 Insects, Mites, and Snails (section reviewed 9/08) Amorbia (Western Avocado Leafroller) (5/10) ............................................................................................................................ 16 Ants (5/10).................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Aphids (5/10)................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Bean Thrips (10/09) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Beet Armyworm (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Black Scale (9/08) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Broad Mite (5/10).......................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Brown Garden Snail (9/08) ........................................................................................................................................................... 32 Brown Soft Scale (9/08)................................................................................................................................................................ 35 California Orangedog (5/10) ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 California Red Scale and Yellow Scale (12/09)............................................................................................................................ 40 Citricola Scale (10/09) .................................................................................................................................................................. 47 Citrus Bud Mite (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................................. 52 Citrus Cutworm (5/10) .................................................................................................................................................................. 54 Citrus Flat Mite (5/10)................................................................................................................................................................... 57 Citrus Leafminer (1/11)................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Citrus Peelminer (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................. 62 Citrus Red Mite (5/10) .................................................................................................................................................................. 65 Citrus Rust Mite (Silver Mite) (5/10)............................................................................................................................................ 70 Citrus Thrips (9/08)....................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Cottony Cushion Scale (9/08) ....................................................................................................................................................... 79 European Earwig (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................ 82 Fruittree Leafroller (5/10) ............................................................................................................................................................. 83 Fuller Rose Beetle (5/10) .............................................................................................................................................................. 86 Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (5/10) ............................................................................................................................................. 88 Grasshoppers (9/08) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 92 Greenhouse Thrips (5/10).............................................................................................................................................................. 93 Katydids (5/10).............................................................................................................................................................................. 95 Loopers (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Mealybugs (9/08) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Omnivorous Leafroller (5/10) ..................................................................................................................................................... 101 Orange Tortrix (5/10) .................................................................................................................................................................. 103 Continued on next page . . .
An illustrated version of this guideline is available online at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html
Publication 3441 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines CITRUS Table of Contents, continued Pink Scavenger Caterpillar (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................... 105 Potato Leafhopper (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................ 105 Purple Scale (9/08) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 106 Sixspotted Mite (5/10)................................................................................................................................................................ 109 Texas Citrus Mite (5/10) ............................................................................................................................................................ 111 Twospotted Spider Mite (5/10) .................................................................................................................................................. 114 Western Tussock Moth (5/10).................................................................................................................................................... 118 Whiteflies (9/08) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 120 Yuma Spider Mite (5/10) ........................................................................................................................................................... 122 Diseases (section reviewed 9/08) Alternaria Rot (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................................. 125 Anthracnose (9/08)..................................................................................................................................................................... 126 Armillaria Root Rot (9/08)......................................................................................................................................................... 127 Bacterial Blast (Citrus Blast) (9/08)........................................................................................................................................... 128 Botrytis Diseases and Disorders (9/08)....................................................................................................................................... 129 Brown Rot (9/08) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 130 Dothiorella Gummosis (9/08)..................................................................................................................................................... 132 Dry Root Rot (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................... 133 Exocortis (9/08).......................................................................................................................................................................... 134 Lemon Sieve Tube Necrosis (9/08)............................................................................................................................................ 134 Phytophthora Gummosis (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................. 135 Phytophthora Root Rot (9/08) .................................................................................................................................................... 137 Psorosis (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................ 140 Septoria Spot (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................... 141 Stubborn Disease (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................. 143 Tristeza Disease Complex (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................... 144 Nematodes (1/09) (section reviewed 9/08) ....................................................................................................................................... 145 Plant Growth Regulators (section reviewed 9/08) General Information (9/08) ........................................................................................................................................................ 148 Preharvest Fruit Drop Control with 2,4-D (3/10)....................................................................................................................... 151 Increasing Fruit Size with 2,4-D (3/10) ..................................................................................................................................... 152 Leaf and Fruit Drop Control Following an Oil Spray (9/08) ...................................................................................................... 153 Delaying Fruit Senescence with Gibberellic Acid (Ga3) (9/08).................................................................................................. 154 Fruit Set with Gibberellic Acid (Ga3) (9/08)............................................................................................................................... 155 Fruit Thinning with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (Naa) (9/08) ...................................................................................................... 156 Sucker Control with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (Naa) (9/08) ..................................................................................................... 157 Weeds (section reviewed 9/08) Integrated Weed Management (9/08)......................................................................................................................................... 158 Special Weed Problems (9/08)................................................................................................................................................... 160 Common and Scientific Names of Weeds (9/08)....................................................................................................................... 161 Susceptibility of Winter Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08)..................................................................................................... 162 Susceptibility of Spring/Summer Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08) ........................................................................................ 163 Herbicide Treatment Table (9/08).............................................................................................................................................. 164 Vertebrates (section reviewed 9/08) Managing Vertebrates in Citrus (9/08)....................................................................................................................................... 169 Coyotes (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 171 Deer (9/08) ................................................................................................................................................................................. 172 European Starlings (9/08)........................................................................................................................................................... 173 Ground Squirrels (9/08) ............................................................................................................................................................. 174 Pocket Gophers (9/08)................................................................................................................................................................ 177 Rabbits (9/08)............................................................................................................................................................................. 179 Roof Rats (9/08) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 181 Voles (Meadow Mice) (9/08)..................................................................................................................................................... 182 Wild Pigs (9/08) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 184 Precautions for Using Pesticides (9/08) ........................................................................................................................................... 185
ii
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines CITRUS
Authors
Insects and Mites: E. E. Grafton-Cardwell, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; J. G. Morse, Entomology, UC Riverside; N. V. O'Connell, UCCE Tulare Co.; P. A. Phillips, UC IPM Program, UCCE Ventura Co.; C. E. Kallsen, UCCE Kern Co.; D. R. Haviland, UCCE Kern Co. Diseases: J. E. Adaskaveg, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside Nematodes: J. O. Becker, Nematology, UC Riverside; B. B. Westerdahl, Nematology, UC Davis Plant Growth Regulators: C. J. Lovatt, Botany and Plant Sciences, UC Riverside Weeds: A. Shrestha, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; N. V. O'Connell, UCCE Tulare Co. Vertebrates: M. W. Freeman, UCCE Fresno Co.; R. E. Marsh (emeritus), Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, UC Davis; T. P. Salmon, UCCE, San Diego Co. Year-Round IPM Program and Corresponding General Information sections: E. E. Grafton-Cardwell (Crop Team Leader), Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; B. A. Faber, UCCE Ventura Co.; D. R. Haviland, UCCE Kern Co.; C. E. Kallsen, UCCE Kern Co.; J. G. Morse, Entomology, UC Riverside; N. V. O'Connell, UCCE Tulare Co.; P. A. Phillips, UC IPM Program, UCCE Ventura Co.; A. Shrestha, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; S. H. Dreistadt, UC Statewide IPM Program, Davis Acknowledgment for contributions to Insects, Mites, and Snails: J. Barcinas, E.S.I., Corona, CA; R. Dunn, Badger Farming Co., Exeter, CA; J. Gorden, Pest Management Associates, Exeter, CA; H. Griffiths, E.S.I., Corona, CA; D. Machlitt, Consulting Entomology Services, Moorpark, CA; C. Musgrove, retired entomologist, Riverside, CA; K. Olsen, S & J Ranch, Pinedale, CA; T. Roberts, E.S.I., Corona, CA; T. Shea, UCCE Riverside Co.; J. Stewart, Pest Management Associates, Exeter, CA; P. Washburn, Washburn & Sons Citrus Pest Control, Riverside, CA Acknowledgment for contributions to Diseases: J. A. Menge, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside; H. D. Ohr, Plant Pathology, UC Riverside Acknowledgment for contributions to Nematodes: P. B. Goodell, UC IPM Program, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier; U. C. Kodira, Plant Pathology, UC Davis Acknowledgment for contributions to Plant Growth Regulators: C. W. Coggins, Jr., Botany and Plant Sciences, UC Riverside Acknowledgment for contributions to Weeds: T. S. Prather, Dept. PSES, Univ. of Idaho; D. W. Cudney, Botany and Plant Sciences, UC Riverside Acknowledgment for contributions to Year-Round IPM Program: J. H. Connell, UCCE Butte Co.; J. M. Ditomaso, Weed Science/Plant Sciences; R. F. Luck, Entomology, UC Riverside
About this publication

Produced and edited by: UC Statewide IPM Program University of California, Davis Guidelines Coordinator: T. A. Martin Production: M. J. O'Neill
This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qualified professionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Agricultural Pest Management.
The UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines are available from: Online: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu UC Cooperative Extension County Offices University of California ANR/Communication Services 6701 San Pablo Avenue, 2nd Floor Oakland, CA 94608-1239 510-642-2431; 800-994-8849
Updates: These guidelines are updated regularly. Check with your University of California Cooperative Extension Office or the UC IPM World Wide Web site for information on updates. Note to readers: These guidelines represent the best information currently available to the authors and are intended to help you in making the best choices for an IPM program. Not all formulations or registered materials are mentioned. Always check the label and with local authorities for the most up-to-date information regarding registration and restrictions on pesticide use. Check with your agricultural commissioner for latest restricted entry intervals.
To be used with UC ANR Publication 3303, Integrated Pest Management for Citrus, 2nd edition iii
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS
Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist (7/08)

www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
Supplement to UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Citrus
These practices are recommended for a monitoring-based IPM program that reduces water and air quality problems related to pesticide use. Track your progress through the year using this form. Water quality becomes impaired when pesticides move off-site and into water. Air quality becomes impaired when volatile organic compounds move into the atmosphere. Each time a pesticide application is considered, review the Pesticide Application Checklist at the bottom of this form for information on how to minimize air and water quality problems. This year-round IPM program covers major pests of citrus grown in California's Central Valley. Details on carrying out each practice, information on additional pests, and additional copies of this form are available from the UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Citrus at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG. Done
Prebloom activities (January through March)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Drift and runoff. Monitor California red scale males using pheromone-baited sticky traps (March through October), plus additional methods depending on the situation. Keep records (sample form available online). Learn to distinguish male scales from scale parasites and other important insects caught in sticky traps. Release Aphytis melinus if biological control is compatible with the overall management program. Look for spider mites and other mites. Monitor leaves for citrus red mite (February through June). Keep records (sample form available online). Look for natural enemies, especially Euseius tularensis. Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for cottony cushion scale and predatory vedalia beetles (March through July). Collect and relocate vedalia to cottony cushion scale-infested orchards if vedalia have not arrived by the end of March. Look for other pests and their damage to fruit or damage to leaves and twigs, especially: European earwig (March through June) Forktailed bush katydid (March through June) Caterpillars, including amorbia, citrus cutworm, fruittree leafroller, omnivorous leafroller and orange tortrix Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for brown garden snail. Collect and relocate predatory decollate snails if they were not previously found in the orchard, brown garden snail has been a problem, and decollate introductions are permitted in your county. Manage if needed according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ iv Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Prebloom activities (continued)

Look for diseases that cause symptoms on fruit, leaves and twigs, and on limbs, trunks, and roots, especially: Bacterial blast (Citrus blast) Brown rot and Septoria spot fruit decays Dry rot Phytophthora gummosis and Phytophthora root rot Record the date and location of problem trees or sites. Manage if needed according to PMG. Survey winter weeds. Identify common winter broadleaves and grasses. Keep records (sample form available online), survey at least twice annually (during late winter and in summer). Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG. Look for vertebrates, especially ground squirrels, pocket gophers, rabbits, and roof rats. Manage if needed. Provide proper cultural care and good growing conditions to improve tree health and fruit yield, including: Fertilize if needed. Inspect irrigation systems by late winter and irrigate if rainfall has been insufficient. Provide frost protection when cold threatens. Prune if needed, but only after frost is no longer a threat. Harvest mature fruit in coordination with other management activities to ensure good postharvest fruit quality and food safety. Educate and supervise workers regarding fruit-handling Best Management Practices (BMPs) Inspect fruit quality before bins are moved from the picking site to identify grove areas where management practices need improvement.
Done
Bloom activities (April)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Drift, runoff, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Monitor California red scale males (March through October) plus additional methods depending on the situation. Keep records (sample form available online). Distinguish male scales from scale parasites and other important insects caught in sticky traps. Release Aphytis melinus if biological control is compatible with the overall management program Look for spider mites and other mites. Monitor leaves for citrus red mite (February through June). Keep records (sample form available online). Look for natural enemies, especially Euseius tularensis and sixspotted thrips. Manage if needed according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ v Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Bloom activities (continued)

Look for cottony cushion scale and predatory vedalia beetles. Collect and relocate vedalia to cottony cushion scale-infested orchards if vedalia have not arrived on their own during April. Look for other pests and their damage to fruit or damage to leaves and twigs, especially: European earwig (March through Other pests: June) Ants, including fire ants and gray Forktailed bush katydid (March ants through June) Citricola scale honeydew and Caterpillars, including amorbia, females on twigs (be sure to citrus cutworm, fruittree leafroller, distinguish citricola scale from omnivorous leafroller, and orange brown soft scale) tortrix Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for brown garden snail. Collect and relocate predatory decollate snails if they were not previously found in the orchard, brown garden snail has been a problem, and decollate introductions are permitted in your county. Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for diseases that cause symptoms on fruit, leaves and twigs, and on limbs, trunks, and roots, especially: Brown rot and Septoria spot fruit decays Dry rot Phytophthora gummosis and Phytophthora root rots Record the date and location of problem trees or sites. Manage if needed according to PMG. Provide proper cultural care and good growing conditions to improve tree health and fruit yield, including: Fertilize if needed. Irrigate and adjust scheduling to meet trees' varying water needs. Prune if needed. Harvest mature fruit in coordination with other management activities to ensure good postharvest fruit quality and food safety. Educate and supervise workers regarding fruit-handling Best Management Practices (BMPs) Inspect fruit quality before bins are moved from the picking site to identify grove areas where management practices need improvement.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ vi Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Petal fall activities (late April through May)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Drift, runoff, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Monitor fruit for immature citrus thrips (late April through June, or through October on lemon). Keep records (sample form available online). Examine leaves for natural enemies, such as Euseius tularensis. Manage if needed according to PMG. Monitor California red scale males using pheromone-baited sticky traps (March through October), plus additional methods depending on the situation. Keep records (sample form available online). Distinguish male scales from scale parasites and other important insects caught in sticky traps. Release Aphytis melinus if biological control is compatible with the overall management program. Look for spider mites and other mites. Monitor leaves for citrus red mite. Keep records (sample form available online). Look for natural enemies, especially Euseius tularensis and sixspotted thrips. Manage if needed according to PMG. Monitor cottony cushion scale (May) to see if the vedalia beetle is providing biological control; it is too late to relocate vedalia. If threshold is exceeded, manage later according to PMG. Examine twigs for citricola scale females to alert you whether management later may be needed. Be sure to distinguish citricola scale from brown soft scale. Look for other pests and their damage especially: Other pests: European earwig (March through June) Ants, including fire ants and gray Forktailed bush katydid (March ants through June) Caterpillars, including amorbia, citrus cutworm, fruittree leafroller, omnivorous leafroller, and orange tortrix Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for brown garden snail. Heading into warm weather, relocation of decollates is not advised. Manage if needed according to PMG. Manage pesticides to avoid killing honey bees. Look for diseases that cause symptoms on fruit, leaves and twigs, and on limbs, trunks, and roots, especially: Dry rot Phytophthora gummosis and Phytophthora root rot Record the date and location of problem trees or sites. Manage if needed according to PMG. Survey weeds. Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ vii Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Petal fall activities (continued)

Look for vertebrates, especially ground squirrels, pocket gophers, rabbits, and roof rats. Manage if needed. Provide proper cultural care and good growing conditions to improve tree health and fruit yield, including: Fertilize if needed. Irrigate and adjust scheduling to meet trees' varying water needs. Prune if needed, such as removing dead twigs and branches to reduce bacterial blast (citrus blast) inoculum. Determine whether application of plant growth regulator1 is warranted, such as in mandarins. Harvest mature fruit in coordination with other management activities to ensure good postharvest fruit quality and food safety. Educate and supervise workers regarding fruit-handling Best Management Practices (BMPs). Inspect fruit quality before bins are moved from the picking site to identify grove areas where management practices need improvement.
Done
Fruit development activities (June through September)

Special issues of concern related to water quality: Insecticide application, fungicide application, drift, runoff due to irrigation. Monitor California red scale males using pheromone-baited sticky traps, plus additional methods depending on the situation. Keep records (sample form available online). Distinguish male scales from scale parasites and other important insects caught in sticky traps. Begin checking fruit for scale infestation and percentage parasitism by Aphytis melinus and Comperiella bifasciata (August though October). o Keep records (sample form available online). Release Aphytis melinus if biological control is compatible with the overall management program. Monitor fruit for immature citrus thrips (late April through June). Keep records (sample form available online). Examine leaves for natural enemies, such as Euseius tularensis. Manage if needed according to PMG. Monitor leaves for citricola scale nymphs (August-September). Be sure to distinguish citricola scale from brown soft scale. Keep records (sample form available online). Manage if needed according to PMG. If monitoring for cottony cushion scale adult females in May showed that the threshold was exceeded, manage according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ viii Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Fruit development period (continued)

Look for citrus peelminer and examine fruit for its damage. If susceptible variety of citrus, manage according to PMG. Monitor (August through November) for bean thrips in navel oranges that may be exported to Australia. Plan ahead by ordering monitoring traps. Check for revisions to regulatory export protocol, currently: adult trapping and cutting fruit preharvest and at the packinghouse. If trapping, distinguish bean thrips from other thrips species caught in sticky traps. Look for other pests and their damage to fruit or damage to leaves and twigs, especially: European earwig (March through June) Forktailed bush katydid (March through June) Yuma spider mite (July through September) Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for diseases that cause symptoms on fruit, leaves and twigs, and on limbs, trunks, and roots, especially: Brown rot and Septoria spot fruit decays Dry rot Phytophthora gummosis and Phytophthora root rot Record the date and location of problem trees or sites. Manage if needed according to PMG. Survey summer weeds. Identify common summer broadleaves and grasses and sedges. Keep records (sample form available online), survey at least twice annually (during late winter and in summer). Look for and rouge favored weed hosts of bean thrips if navels might be exported to Australia. Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG. Look for vertebrates, especially ground squirrels, pocket gophers, rabbits, and roof rats. Manage if needed. Provide proper cultural care and good growing conditions to improve tree health and fruit yield, including: Sample leaf nutrient levels at least once mid-August through October. Fertilize if needed. Irrigate and adjust scheduling to meet trees' varying water needs. Prune if needed.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ ix Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Fall activities (October through December)

Special issues of concern related to environmental quality: Drift, runoff, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Monitor California red scale males using pheromone-baited sticky traps (March through October), plus additional methods depending on the situation. Keep records (sample form available online). Distinguish male scales from scale parasites and other important insects caught in sticky traps. Monitor fruit for scale infestation and percentage red scale parasitism by Aphytis melinus and Comperiella bifasciata (August though October). o Keep records (sample form available online). Release Aphytis melinus if biological control is compatible with the overall management program. Monitor (August through November) for bean thrips in navel oranges that may be exported to Australia. Check for revisions to regulatory export protocol, currently: adult trapping and cutting fruit preharvest and at the packinghouse. If trapping, distinguish bean thrips from other thrips species caught in sticky traps. Look for citrus leafminer (June through November) and citrus peelminer. Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for other pests and their damage to fruit or damage to leaves and twigs, especially: Brown garden snail Citricola scale Potato leafhopper (September through December) Texas citrus mite (October through December)
Manage if needed according to PMG. Look for diseases that cause symptoms on fruit, leaves and twigs, and on limbs, trunks, and roots, especially: Armillaria root rot Bacterial blast (Citrus blast) Brown rot and Septoria spot fruit decays Dry rot Phytophthora gummosis and Phytophthora root rots Rind disorder (Mandarin rind disorder) Stubborn disease
Record the date and location of problem trees or sites. Manage if needed according to PMG. Survey weeds. Manage vegetation if needed according to PMG. Determine whether preventive application of certain materials are warranted including: Fruit rot, rind disorder, and twig blight (bacterial blast) protectants for diseases listed above. Plant growth regulator to reduce fruit drop. Whitewash to preserve fruit quality and to reduce fruit drop and sunburn. Treat1 if warranted according to PMG.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ x Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Fall activities (continued)

Provide proper cultural care and good growing conditions, including: Sample leaf nutrient levels at least once mid-August through October. Fertilize if needed. Irrigate and adjust scheduling to meet trees' varying water needs. Provide frost protection when cold threatens. Harvest mature fruit in coordination with other management activities to ensure good postharvest fruit quality and food safety. Educate and supervise workers regarding fruit-handling Best Management Practices (BMPs). Inspect fruit quality before bins are moved from the picking site to identify grove areas where management practices need improvement.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ xi Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
Done
Pesticide application checklist
When planning for possible pesticide applications in an IPM program, review and complete this checklist to consider practices that minimize environmental and efficacy problems. Choose a pesticide from the UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines for the target pest considering: Impact on natural enemies. Potential for water quality problems using the UC IPM WaterTox database. (For
more information, see http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/TOX/simplewatertox.html)
Impact on aquatic invertebrates. (For more information, see Pesticide Choice, UC ANR
Publication 8161, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8161.pdf)
Chemical mode of action if pesticide resistance is an issue. Select an alternative chemical or nonchemical treatment when risk is high. Choose sprayers and application procedures that keep pesticides on target. Identify and take special care to protect sensitive areas (for example, waterways or riparian areas) surrounding your application site. Review and follow label for pesticide handling, storage, and disposal guidelines. Check and follow restricted entry intervals (REI) and preharvest intervals (PHI). After an application is made, record application date, product used, rate, and location of application. Follow up to confirm that treatment was effective. Consider water management practices that reduce pesticide movement off-site. (For
more information, see Orchard Floor Management Practices to Reduce Erosion and Protect Water Quality, UC ANR Publication 8202, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8202.pdf)
Install an irrigation recirculation or storage and reuse system. Use drip rather than sprinkler or flood irrigation. Limit irrigation to amount required using soil moisture monitoring and evapotranspiration (ET). Consider vegetative filter strips or ditches. (For more information, see Vegetative Filter
Strips, UC ANR Publication 8195, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8195.pdf)
Redesign inlets into tailwater ditches to reduce erosion. (For more information, see
Tailwater Return Systems, UC ANR Publication 8225, http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8225.pdf)
Consider management practices that reduce air quality problems. When possible, choose pesticides that are not in emulsifiable concentrate (EC) form which release volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs react with sunlight to form ozone, a major air pollutant.
(rev. 16 July 2008) Print copies of this form at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FORMS/ xii Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist
General Information
CULTURAL AND OTHER PRACTICES THAT AFFECT PESTS
Avoiding mechanical injury Pruning extent and timing Irrigation amount, frequency, and method Pathogen-free nursery stock
(9/08)
Root crown excavate & dry
Planting site selection
Planting method (e.g. planting high)
Weed and border vegetation control
Rootstock cultivar
Minimizing dust X X X
Lesion excision
Diseases Alternaria rot Armillaria root rot bacterial blast Botrytis rot brown rot dry root rot Exocortis lemon sieve tube necrosis Phytophthora gummosis Phytophthora root rot Psorosis Septoria spot stubborn disease Tristeza disease complex Disorders frost tolerance nutrient disorders salinity sunburn Invertebrates ants aphids bean thrips brown garden snail California red scale and yellow Scale caterpillars citricola scale citrus leafminer citrus peelminer citrus red mite citrus thrips cottony cushion scale earwigs glassy-winged sharpshooter greenhouse thrips
X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X
X X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X
Continued on next page . . .

Cultural and Other Practices that Affect Pests (9/08) 1
Illustrated version at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html
Harvest timing X X
Scion cultivar
Skirt pruning
Windbreaks
Fertilization
Cultivation
Sanitation
Drainage
Cultural and Other Management Practices, continued

Root crown excavate & dry Avoiding mechanical injury Pruning extent and timing
Irrigation amount, frequency, and method
Pathogen-free nursery stock
Planting site selection
Planting method (e.g. planting high)
Weed and border vegetation control
Rootstock cultivar
Minimizing dust X X X X X X
Lesion excision
Invertebrates (cont.) katydids mealybugs potato leafhopper purple scale Texas citrus mite twospotted spider mite whiteflies Yuma spider mite Nematodes Weeds X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
Cultural and Other Practices that Affect Pests (9/08) 2

Harvest timing
Scion cultivar
Skirt pruning
Windbreaks
Fertilization
Cultivation
Sanitation
Drainage
TIMINGS FOR KEY CULTURAL AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (9/08)

Approximate times for citrus growing practices in California's Central Valley. Actual times vary according to location weather, crop history, and crop cultivar and development stage. Testing foliage and whitewashing trees generally are done once during the indicated period. Practices such as frost protection, irrigation, and pest monitoring are ongoing or are repeated at appropriate intervals.
CROP DEVELOPMENT PERIOD prebloom bloom period petal fall fruit development fall PRACTICE monitor pests regularly1 harvest survey weeds2 frost protection monitor soil moisture, irrigate if it is dry irrigate regularly based on monitoring trees' varying need for water manage ants3 fertilize prune sample leaves for nutrients protect fruit and manage fruit drop and size whitewash trunks
1
TIME OF YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X JAN X X X X X X X X X X FEB X X X X X X X X X X MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X DEC X X X X X X X X
X X X X X
While pests should be monitored throughout the year, they do not need to be monitored as often during the cooler periods (Oct. to Jan.) as during the rest of the year. Survey weeds four times each year. The most important times are at least once each during late winter and again in summer. When using sweet liquid ant baits, begin monitoring early (about February along the coast, somewhat later in the Central Valley) before any Homopteran honeydew becomes abundant. Competition from abundant honeydew reduces ants' attraction to sweet baits.
2 3
Timings for Key Cultural and Management Practices (9/08) 3

WHEN TO MONITOR PESTS AND NATURAL ENEMIES (9/08)

Approximate monitoring times are for citrus growing in California's Central Valley. Actual times vary according to location, weather, history of pest problems, and crop cultivar and development stage.
CROP DEVELOPMENT PERIOD prebloom bloom petal fall fruit development fall LOCATION PEST Central South Valley Coast DISEASES + + Armillaria root rot mushrooms1 + + brown rot, Septoria spot + + dry rot + + Phytophthora gummosis + + Phytophthora root rot + + stubborn disease + + Tristeza INVERTEBRATES + + ants2 + + bean thrips3 + black scale + broad mite + + brown garden snail + brown soft scale + + caterpillars + + California red scale + citricola scale + + citrus peelminer + + citrus leafminer + citrus red mite + + citrus thrips + + cottony cushion scale + + earwigs + + glassy-winged sharpshooter + grasshoppers + greenhouse thrips + + katydids + mealybugs + + potato leafhopper + Texas citrus mite + twospotted mite + whiteflies + Yuma spider mite + + NEMATODES + + VERTEBRATES + + WEEDS NATURAL ENEMIES Aphytis melinus, Comperiella bifasciata red scale parasitism Euseius tularensis and other predatory mites4 decollate snail Metaphycus spp. soft scale parasitism sixspotted thrips Stethorus spider mite destroyer beetle vedalia beetle JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TIME OF YEAR JAN X X X X X X X X X X FEB X X X X X X X X MAR X X X X APR MAY JUN JUL X X X X X X X X AUG X X X X X X X X X X X X SEP X X X X X X X X NOV X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X OCT DEC X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

When to Monitor for Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08) 4
When to Monitor Pests and Natural Enemies, continued KEY: + Monitor routinely, commonly a pest Routine monitoring probably warranted only in special circumstances, such as in orchards that have a history of this problem.
1 2 3 4
Look for Armillaria root rot disease throughout the year; short-lived Armillaria mushrooms are apparent only after fall/winter rains. When using sweet liquid ant baits, begin monitoring early (about February along the coast, somewhat later in the Central Valley) before any Homopteran honeydew becomes abundant. Competition from abundant honeydew reduces ants attraction to sweet baits. Monitor bean thrips only on navels that may be exported to Australia. In South Coast and southern California growing areas, periodic monitoring for predatory thrips may be warranted through October.
When to Monitor for Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08) 5

MANDATORY INTERVALS BETWEEN APPLICATION, REENTRY, AND HARVEST, AND HAZARDS TO BEES (1/11)
Common name abamectin* acequinocyl acetamiprid azadirachtin Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai# Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki# bifenazate buprofezin carbaryl* chlorantraniliprole chlorpyrifos* cryolite cyfluthrin* dicofol diflubenzuron dimethoate fenpropathrin* fenbutatin oxide* formetanate hydrochloride fenpyroximate hexythiazox imidacloprid (soil application) imidacloprid (foliar application) iron phosphate malathion metaldehyde methidathion* methomyl* methoxyfenozide micronized sulfur naled oil phosmet propargite pyrethrin/piperonyl butoxide pyrethrin/rotenone pyriproxyfen pyridaben sabadilla spinetoram spinosad spirodiclofen spirotetramat thiamethoxam wettable sulfur# zeta-cypermethrin Trade name and formulation Agri-Mek, etc. Clinch bait Kanemite Assail 70WP Neemix various various Acramite Applaud 70W Sevin 80S Sevin XLR Plus Altacor Lorsban 4EC Kryocide 96WP, Prokil Cryolite 96 Baythroid 2E Dicofol 4E, etc Micromite Dimethoate 400 and 2.67 Danitol 2.4EC Vendex 50WP Carzol SP Fujimite Onager Admire Pro, Nuprid Provado 1.6F Sluggo Malathion 8E various Supracide 25WP Lannate LV Intrepid Thiolux Dibrom 8E 415, 440 Imidan 70W Omite CR Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyrellin E.C. Esteem 0.86EC, Esteem Ant Bait Nexter Veratran D 0.2% Delegate WG Success 2SC, Entrust 80WP# Envidor 2SC Movento Platinum various Mustang Restricted entry interval1 (hours) 12 12 12 12 12 4 4 12 12 12 12 4 5 days 12 12 12 12 48 24 48 1016 days 5 12 12 12 12 0 12 12 30 days 7 3 days 4 24 23 days 9 4 3 days 42 days 12 12 12 12 24 4 4 12 24 12 24 12 Preharvest interval1 (days) 7 0 7 7 0 0 0 1 year 60 5 5 1 21, 28, or 35 4 15 0 7 21 15 or 45 1 7 30 14 28 0 0 0 7 0 14 or 60 8 1 NA 0 7 when dry 10 7 28 when dry 0 1 7 when dry 1 1 7 1 0 0 3 Mode of Action Group Number2 6 6 20B 4A un 11 11 un 16 1A 1A 28 1B un 3A un 15 1B 3A 12B 1A 21A 10A 4A 4A 1B 1B 1A 18 1B 1B 12C 3A/ 3A/21B 7C 21A 5 5 23 23 4A 3A Hazards to bees3 II IV IV III III IV IV III IV I III IV I IV I IV IV I I IV III IV IV I6 I IV II IV I III IV IV I III I IV III III IV III IV III 11 III 11 I I IV I
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees (1/11) 6
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees, continued
Information not available Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. # Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. NA Not applicable; for use on nonbearing trees only. 1 Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment until the orchard can be harvested. In some cases the R.E.I. exceeds the P.H.I.; the longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest may take place. 2 Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. 3 Ratings are as follows: I = Do not apply to blooming plants; II = Apply only during late evening; III = Apply only during late evening, night, or early morning; and IV = Apply at any time with reasonable safety to bees. For more information, see How to Reduce Bee Poisoning From Pesticides, Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW591. 4 Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre or 35 days for over 7 pt/acre and 28 days for ant control. 5 10 days for weeding and propping; 16 days for harvesting, thinning, topping, and pruning. 6 Do not apply during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water. 7 Restricted entry interval is 40 days for low-volume sprays as authorized under a Special Local Needs permit. 8 Preharvest interval is 14 days when applied without oil and 60 days when applied with oil. 9 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt. 10 Special hazards are associated with oil treatments on green lemons; check label for preharvest interval. 11 Safe to bees 2 hrs after application has dried. Acknowledgements: This table was compiled based on research data and experience of University of California scientists who work on a variety of crops and contribute to the Pest Management Guideline database, and from Flint, M.L. and S.H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: An Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control, ANR Publication 3386. *
Mandatory Intervals Between Application, Reentry, and Harvest, and Hazards to Bees (1/11) 7
SELECTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES AND MITICIDES (1/11)

Some pesticides are less toxic than others to natural enemies such as green lacewings, lady beetles, parasitic wasps, beneficial mites, and predatory bugs. When an insecticide is less toxic to the natural enemy than the pest it feeds on, it is a selective insecticide. Insecticides that are not selective, but may be even more toxic to the natural enemy than to the pest or have an impact on a wide range of pests and natural enemies, are called broad-spectrum. Examples of broad-spectrum pesticides include most organophosphate (e.g., malathion, dimethoate), carbamate (e.g., carbarylSevin, methomylLannate), pyrethroid (e.g., cyfluthrinBaythroid, fenpropathrinDanitol), and foliar-applied neonicotinoid (imidaclopridProvado, acetamipridAssail) insecticides. If broad-spectrum insecticides are used in a selective manner, such as in baits, spot treatments, or applied systemically through irrigation water, some of the detrimental effects on natural enemies can be avoided. Within each of the major groups of pests in citrus, there are selective and broad-spectrum pesticides that can be used to control them. For instance, citrus thrips can be controlled with the broad-spectrum organophosphate dimethoate and the carbamate insecticide formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) or with selective insecticides such as sabadilla (Veratran), abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.), or spinetoram (Delegate). Lepidopterous pests, such as fruittree leafroller and citrus cutworm, can be controlled with broadspectrum organophosphate and carbamate insecticides (chlorpyrifosLorsban and methomylLannate) or with selective Bacillus thuringiensis microbial insecticides (Javelin, Dipel, etc.) or the stomach poison cryolite (Prokil Cryolite and Kryocide). Finally, armored scale can be controlled with broad-spectrum organophosphate and carbamate insecticides (chlorpyrifosLorsban, methidathionSupracide, and carbarylSevin), by selective narrow range oil treatments, or by releases of Aphytis parasites. Botanical, microbial, and oil insecticides are not disruptive to most natural enemies. Oil can reduce natural enemies present at the time of treatment but is fairly selective because of its limited persistence. In addition, some broad-spectrum pesticides can be relatively selective when used infrequently and at very low rates: for example, 0.5 pint per acre of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) for katydids, compared to high rates (6 to 12 pints per acre) used for California red scale. Some insecticides are selective or safe for one group of natural enemies but not another. For example, lacewings are naturally tolerant of pyrethroids, but parasitic wasps, and predatory mites, and beetles are very susceptible to this group of pesticides. Insect growth regulators such as pyriproxyfen (Esteem) and buprofezin (Applaud) are safe for parasitic wasps but are very toxic to beetles such as the vedalia beetle needed for cottony cushion scale control. The miticide dicofol (Kelthane) is safe for predatory and parasitic insects but is quite toxic to predatory mites. Both selective and broad-spectrum pesticides can be quite persistent or residues may degrade quickly. For example, both sabadilla (Veratran D) and pyriproxyfen (Esteem) are relatively selective, but sabadilla persists only for a short period of time (several days), whereas residues of pyriproxyfen are quite persistent (2 to 3 months or more with detrimental impacts on beetles). If a persistent, broad-spectrum pesticide has been applied, residues on the plant may be harmful to natural enemies for weeks or months. For example, if adult Aphytis wasps are placed in a jar with leaves that were sprayed in the field with the dilute rate needed to control California red scale, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) residues are toxic to adult Aphytis for 3 to 6 weeks, methidathion (Supracide) affects adults for 9 weeks, and carbaryl (Sevin) affects adults for 5 months after the treatment. In the case of the predatory mite Euseius tularensis, some San Joaquin Valley populations have developed resistance to chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) and their populations are unaffected by this pesticide, but they are easily killed for several months by the carbamate formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol). Occasional, single treatments of broad-spectrum pesticides are much less harmful to natural enemies than multiple selective treatments. It is important to carefully consider the selectivity of a pesticide when making a treatment decision. This includes the effect the pesticide has on nontarget species, its persistence in the environment, and whether or not resistance to the pesticide has developed. These factors are listed in the table below and under each recommendation in the guideline. Range of Activity is listed first and denotes the degree of selectivity each pesticide recommendation has, along with the group of organisms primarily affected by the treatment. For example, the range of activity for dimethoate is listed as "Broad (insects)." This means dimethoate affects most groups of insects. It also has an impact on beneficial mites as noted in the next column. On the other hand, Bacillus thuringiensis is listed as "Narrow (caterpillars)" because it only affects caterpillars. Persistence, or the length of time a pesticide remains effective or toxic, is listed next and is categorized as short (days), intermediate (up to 6 weeks), or long (months). And finally, in instances where resistance has been observed in either the pest or natural enemy, this information is included.
Selectivity of Insecticides and Miticides (1/11) 8
Factors Affecting the Selectivity of Treatment Materials for Citrus Pest Management
Range of Activity Persistence against Natural enemies pest affected intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate long, unless broadspectrum pesticide used short intermediate short intermediate intermediate intermediate long
Treatment material
Pests targeted
Persistence against natural enemies
Resistance no no no no no no no no no no no aggravates mites; resistance in some armored scale populations; resistance in some Euseius tularensis populations no resistance in some armored scale and citricola scale populations; resistance in some Euseius tularensis populations and Aphytis melinus populations no no no
abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.) intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers) (Clinch) narrow (fire ants) acequinocyl (Kanemite) narrow (mites) acetamiprid (Assail) broad (many insects) Aphytis melinus narrow (armored scales) azadirachtin (Neemix) azinphosmethyl (Guthion) Bacillus thuringiensis bifenazate (Acramite) buprofezin (Applaud) carbaryl bait carbaryl (Sevin 80S, Sevin XLR Plus) narrow (whiteflies, aphids, leafminers, caterpillars) broad (many insects) narrow (caterpillars) narrow (mites) narrow (scales, whiteflies) narrow (earwigs, grasshoppers, cutworms) broad (many insects)
predatory mites & thrips intermediate other ants predatory mites most natural enemies none few most natural enemies none predatory mites predatory beetles none most natural enemies intermediate intermediate long none short long none intermediate intermediate none long
chlorantraniliprole (Altacor) narrow (aphids, psyllids, caterpillars) chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) broad (many insects)
intermediate low rates-short high rates-intermediate
parasitic wasps most natural enemies
intermediate low rates-short high rates-intermediate
copper bands
narrow (brown garden snail only) copper sulfate narrow (snails) cryolite (Kryocide, intermediate (foliage Prokil Cryolite) feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri narrow (mealybugs) cyfluthrin (Baythroid) broad (many insects)
long
none
none none to short none to short
long, unless washed off few, if any long, unless washed off few, if any by rain
intermediate, does not survive winters well intermediate
none most natural enemies
none low rates-intermediate high rates-long intermediate
no resistance in some San Joaquin Valley citrus thrips populations resistance in some citrus red mite and twospotted spider mite populations no
dicofol (Kelthane)
narrow (mites)
intermediate
predatory mites
diflubenzuron (Micromite)
dimethoate (Dimethoate) disodium tetraborate Continued on next page . . .
intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers) broad (many insects)
intermediate
predatory beetles
intermediate
intermediate
most natural enemies none
long none
narrow (sugar-feeding ants) as long as the bait station is filled
resistance in some citrus thrips populations no

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Factors Affecting the Selectivity of Treatment Materials for Citrus Pest Management, continued Range of Activity Persistence against Natural enemies pest affected intermediate predatory mites short predatory mites intermediate most natural enemies Persistence against natural enemies intermediate short long
Treatment material etoxazole (Zeal) fenbutatin oxide (Vendex) fenpropathrin (Danitol)
Pests targeted narrow (mites) narrow (mites) broad (many insects and mites)
fenproximate (Fujimite) formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) hexythiazox (Onager) hydrated lime
narrow (mites) broad (many insects)
intermediate intermediate
predatory mites most natural enemies
intermediate long, unless washed off
narrow (mites) narrow (leafhoppers)
intermediate long
imidacloprid, foliar (Provado) imidacloprid, systemic (Admire, Nuprid) imidacloprid (Vitis Liquid Ant Bait) iron phosphate (Sluggo) malathion metaldehyde (Deadline) Metaphycus helvolus methidathion (Supracide)
intermediate narrow (citricola scale, aphids) long narrow (aphids, glassywinged sharpshooters) narrow (sugar-feeding ants) as long as the bait station is filled narrow (snails) intermediate broad (many insects) intermediate narrow (snails) short narrow (soft scales) long, unless broadspectrum pesticides used broad (many insects) long
predatory mites short to intermediate interferes with searching long ability of many natural enemies most natural enemies intermediate predatory beetles and parasites none beneficial snails most natural enemies beneficial snails none most natural enemies intermediate none intermediate intermediate short none long
Resistance no no resistance in some San Joaquin Valley citrus thrips populations no resistance in some citrus thrips populations no no
no no no no no no no resistance in some armored scale and vedalia beetle populations no no no no no no no resistance in some twospotted mite populations no
methomyl (Lannate) methoxyfenozide (Intrepid) micronized sulfur naled (Dibrom) oil (dilute application) oil (low-volume) phosmet (Imidan) propargite (Omite)
broad (many insects) narrow (caterpillars) broad (mites, citrus thrips) broad (many insects) broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites) narrow (citrus red mite) broad (many insects, mites) narrow (mites)
short intermediate intermediate short short short intermediate intermediate
most natural enemies few most natural enemies most natural enemies most natural enemies predatory mites most natural enemies predatory mites
intermediate intermediate intermediate intermediate short short short intermediate
pyrethrin/piperonyl butoxide broad (many insects) (Pyrenone Crop Spray, etc.) broad (many insects) pyrethrin/rotenone (Pyrellin E.C.) pyriproxyfen (Esteem) narrow (armored scale insects) (Esteem Ant Bait) narrow (fire ants) pyridaben (Nexter) Continued on next page . . . narrow (mites)
very short
most natural enemies
very short
short long
most natural enemies predatory beetles
short long none intermediate
no no no no, but stimulates citrus thrips
as long as the bait station none is filled intermediate predatory mites

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Factors Affecting the Selectivity of Treatment Materials for Citrus Pest Management, continued Range of Activity Persistence against Natural enemies Treatment material Pests targeted pest affected Rumina decollata narrow (brown garden snail) long, unless snail bait none used sabadilla (Veratran-D) narrow (citrus thrips) very short predatory thrips smethoprene (Tango) narrow (sugar-feeding ants) as long as the bait none station is filled spinetoram (Delegate) narrow (thrips, katydids) intermediate predatory thrips intermediate predatory thrips spinosad (Success, narrow (thrips, Entrust) orangeworms, katydids) spirodiclofen (Envidor) narrow (mites) intermediate predatory mites spirotetramat (Movento) long predatory mites broad (mites, thrips, leafminer, aphids, armored scales) sticky materials narrow (trunk climbers) long few, if any long thiamethoxam (Platinum) narrow (sucking insects) predatory beetles and systemic parasitic wasps vedalia beetle long none narrow (cottony cushion scale) wettable sulfur intermediate most natural enemies narrow (mites and citrus thrips) zeta-cypermethrin intermediate most natural enemies broad (many insects and mites)
Persistence against natural enemies none very short none intermediate intermediate intermediate short
Resistance no no no no no no no
long intermediate none intermediate long
no no no no no

SPRAY COVERAGE (9/08)

Obtaining the proper distribution of a spray on or within the treea concept known as coverageis essential for good management of citrus pests. Recommended coverage varies from pest to pest; for instance, an outside coverage spray is best for pests such as citrus thrips that are found mostly on the periphery of the tree, whereas pests such as armored scales, which are found deep in the interior of the tree, will need more thorough coverage. Thorough coverage includes the exterior and the interior of the tree, especially the most difficult to reach top center of the tree. Obtaining the proper coverage can be difficult because of the dense canopy of a citrus tree and involves a balance of varying droplet size, amount of spray, and ground speed (generally, use 1 to 1.5 mph for scale insects, 2 mph for mites, and 3 mph for orangeworms, citrus thrips, and katydids). Spray coverage recommendations are listed as abbreviations in the Treatment Tables for each pest under the Amount Per Acre column. Brief descriptions for each type of coverage are available in the footnotes on each page; the following paragraphs give a more detailed description of the various types of coverage, starting with the lowest gallonage applications. Aircraft (A). Aircraft applications typically use 5 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Low-Volume (LV). Low-volume applications generally use 100 gallons of water per acre, but not less than 20 gallons per acre. To be effective and avoid phytotoxicity with oils and some chemicals, lowvolume applications must be delivered in small drops having a median volume diameter of less than 50 to 150 microns. This droplet size can be obtained by providing air velocities in excess of 175 miles per hour (mph) at the discharge outlet if nonatomizing spray nozzles are used, or by utilizing spray pressure in excess of 250 pounds per square inch (psi) if atomizing nozzles are used. Low-volume applications use between 75 and 100% of the amount of pesticide active ingredient that would be applied per acre as a dilute spray. An exception is narrow range oil for mite control: it may be used at 10 to 15 gallons per acre plus water to make 50 to 100 gallons of spray per acre. In order to achieve proper coverage, apply low-volume treatments only when it is relatively calm. Never apply low-volume applications if wind speeds exceed 5 mph. In addition, extra precautions must be taken to protect handlers and applicators because of the high concentrations of chemicals used in lowvolume applications. Outside Coverage (OC). Outside coverage applications use 100 to 250 gallons of water per acre and ground speeds of 2-3 mph to treat the outside parts of the tree only. Larger trees and/or high density plantings require the higher water volume per acre. Outside coverage is used to control pests that prefer the exterior leaves and fruit of the tree such as aphids, mites, citrus thrips, and several species of orangeworms. Intermediate Coverage (IC). Intermediate coverage uses 250 to 600 gallons of water per acre. Intermediate coverage is used for pests such as citricola scale that reside primarily on the leaves but infest both interior and exterior leaves. Therefore, increased water volume and slower spray rig speed (1-1.5 mph) is needed to penetrate the first layer of leaves. Thorough Coverage (TC). Thorough coverage uses 750 to 2,000 gallons of water per acre, depending on tree size, to achieve a film wetting on all interior and exterior parts of the tree (leaves, twigs, and fruit). Large trees may require spraying from a tower to obtain suitable coverage in the top part of the tree. Ground speeds should be less than 1.5 mph, pressures in the range of 450 to 550 psi, nozzle adjustments to provide a spray cone angle of less than 16 degrees. In addition, for oscillating boom sprayers the rate of boom oscillation should be between 62 to 70 oscillations per minute. With air blast sprayers, faster ground speeds will cause a sheeting action of the leaves that will actually reduce penetration and result in poor coverage. Generally thorough coverage is used with all sprays targeted against armored scale insects. No material requires more complete coverage than petroleum spray oils, because oils act to smother the pest or render the surface of the plant unusable by pests.
Spray Coverage (9/08) 12

PRECAUTIONS FOR USING PETROLEUM OIL SPRAYS (10/09)

Oil sprays are an important component in citrus IPM programs for the control of armored and soft scales, aphids, leafminers, and certain species of mites. When used alone, they may be applied using outside coverage (OC) for aphids, leafminers or mites, intermediate coverage (IC) if used for soft scales, and thorough coverage (TC) if used for armored scales at rates of 1-6% depending on the crop, time of year and the target pest. Oils are frequently used at rates of 0.25-1% in combination with other insecticides. Because petroleum oils can cause phytotoxicity, the following precautions are important: 1. 2. Soil moisture should be maximum before application; spray as soon after an irrigation as the ground will permit operation of the equipment. Be sure to maintain adequate soil moisture from spring throughout the entire irrigation season. Do not spray oils when temperatures exceed 95F or relative humidity falls to 20% or below (in coastal regions, do not spray if the temperature will exceed 85 to 90F or the relative humidity goes below 30%); also do not use oil sprays immediately before, during, or following an unusually cold weather period. Problems of leaf drop and fruit drop can be minimized, in general, by adding 2,4-D to the oil spray mixture. Be careful not to apply 2,4-D within 2 miles of sensitive crops such as tomatoes, cotton, olives, and grapes and do not use 2,4-D during spring to avoid phytotoxicity problems. If navel orange orchards are treated with oil sprays when oranges are approaching maturity, generally from November until harvest, protection against water spot may be obtained by using gibberellic acid. (Caution: fall oil treatments may increase the risk of damage caused by frost). Complete coverage of the tree with an oil spray provides more effective control than increased dosage. If spraying is done by ground, equip the rig with a tower capable of elevating a sprayer 4 feet above the tallest trees. Generally, narrow range oils with a 50% distillation range of 415, 440, or 455 are recommended for use in citrus. The heavier the oil is (e.g., NR 440 is heavier than NR 415), the better its insecticidal properties will be, but also the greater the potential for phytotoxicity to the tree. The following minimum oils standards were developed in the 1980s, to minimize phytotoxicity:
Minimum Oil Standards Developed by UC Researchers in the 1980s Specification NR 415 NR 440 1 415 8 440 8 50% distillation point (F) 2 60 80 10-90% distillation range (F) Unsulfonated residue, percent3 92 92 API gravity4 32 31 Viscosity, sec.5 70 100 20 20 Pour point (F) 6
1
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2 3 4 5
The temperature at which half of the oil distills under a vacuum of 10mm of mercury (Hg), also know as the boiling point or midpoint. The 8F refers to the sensitivity of the analytical method used to calculate the midpoint, not the variability of the oil specimen. The temperature range at which most of the oil distills (10mm Hg). Minimum percent unsulfonated residue; the actual UR is often higher than 92%. A measure of hydrocarbon composition usually ranging from 31 to 37. Flowability of oil ranging from 60 to 200 seconds. (Unit of measure: SUS at 100F where SUS = Saybolt Universal Seconds.) Oils with a minimum pour point of 20F should not be used when temperatures fall below 20F.
8.
Recent reductions in the sulfonated residue portion of petroleum oils (unsulfonated residues greater than 98%) have allowed higher distillation points to be used in citrus with less risk of phytotoxicity, as long as temperature and moisture conditions are optimal. The higher the distillation point, the greater the control of the insect pest achieved, especially for scale insects. The following table outlines the various properties for oils registered for citrus in California:
Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays (10/09) 13

Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays, continued Distillation Point (F) 50% 10-90% 435 415 435 415 415 Britz Fertilizers (Sales Specs) (typical inspections) Independent Agribusiness Professionals 404-420 415 415 72 55 72 80 80 80 73.3 55 Unsulfonated Residue (%) 99 99 99 92 92 92.0 93.8 98 API Gravity 35 35 35 35 35 32.1 37.0 32.7 Viscosity (seconds) 76 64 74 68 68 70 58.8 57 Pour Point (F) 5 5 5 10 10 +20 -9 -15
Product Biocover MLT Biocover UL Glacial Spray Fluid Loveland 415 Oil Spray Oil 415 Britz 415 Supreme Spray Oil Britz 415 Supreme Spray Oil IAP 415 Summer Spray Oil IAP 440 All Purpose Spray Oil Omni Oil 6E
Company Loveland
440 Helena Chemical Co TN
78
98
34.8
70
- 20
407 438.5 438.5 434 408 454 439 (432-433 spec) 415
55 78 78 80 76 74 71.8 55
99 98 98 99 99 99 94.8 Avg (92.5-96) 99
32.8 31.86 31.86 34 34.2 34.7 35.8 32.8
60 83.3 83.3 76.2 60 83.4 68.1 60
-5 -5 -5 0 0 -6 -4 -5
Omni Supreme Spray PAR F 70 Soluble Oil Purespray Petro Green Canada Purespray Spray Oil 10E Purespray Foliar 15E Saf-T-Side Superior 415 Spray Oil 9. Brandt Consolidated Wilbur-Ellis
For more information on oils, see UC ANR Publication 3347, Managing Insects and Mites with Spray Oils.
Precautions for Using Petroleum Oil Sprays (10/09) 14
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF FUNGICIDES USED IN CITRUS (9/08)

Common name (trade name) azoxystrobin bordeaux Chemical class Qol (strobilurin) inorganic Activity local systemic contact Mode of Action (Group number)1 single-site (11) multi-site (M1) Resistance potential high low Comments copper and lime based mixture that often includes a zinc adjuvant. soil fumigant
chloropicrin
soil fumigant
mostly contact
copper
inorganic
contact
multi-site (FRAC numbers not applicable) multi-site (M1)
low
low
fixed coppers (noncopper sulfate materials such as copper hydroxide and copper oxide)
fosetyl-al (Aliette) hydrated lime mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold) pyraclostrobin/boscalid
phosphorothiolate inorganic acylalanine Qol (strobilurin)/ carboxamide
systemic contact systemic local systemic
multi-site (33) multi-site (M1) single-site (4) single-site (7/11)
low low high high
Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. For fungicides with mode of action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17, make no more than one application before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode of action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode of action Group number.
General Properties of Fungicides Used in Citrus (9/08) 15

Insects, Mites, and Snails AMORBIA (Western Avocado Leafroller) (5/10)

Scientific Name: Amorbia cuneana
DESCRIPTION OF THE PEST
Amorbia is primarily a pest of avocado, but can also occasionally cause damage in citrus groves, primarily in southern California and the San Joaquin Valley. The larva has two dark horizontal lines on each side of its head and prothoracic shield that distinguish it from other caterpillars that occur in citrus. There are two to three generations a year.
DAMAGE
Amorbia larvae may feed on young fruit at petal fall. They also feed on new growth flushes, often rolling the leaves or tying leaves to fruit and feeding on the peel of young or maturing fruit and under the calyx. Damaged fruit often decays at the feeding site. Infestations generally occur in groves planted near avocado.
MANAGEMENT
Amorbia is generally managed by monitoring from petal fall through fall. Use selective (toxic to only a narrow group of insects) insecticides to preserve populations of natural enemies. Biological Control A variety of natural enemies attack egg, larval, and pupal stages of amorbia. One of the most effective egg parasites is the tiny wasp, Trichogramma platneri. Parasitized eggs are black. Mass releases of T. platneri are used for control in avocado. A tachinid fly and several parasitic wasps attack the larvae stages. The tachinid fly attaches its eggs near the head of the larva and the emerging maggots bore into the amorbia larva to develop inside. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable for use in organically managed citrus orchards. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions When monitoring for citrus thrips at petal fall, especially in groves near avocados, check under the button on the base of fruit for small amorbia larvae. Monitor larger larvae later in spring by looking for webbing and leaf rolls in young foliage and feeding damage on young and mature fruit located on the outside canopy.
Common name (trade name) Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# (various) Label rates (OC) 4 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph.
Amorbia (Western Avocado Leafroller) (5/10) 16

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) B. Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. SPINOSAD (Entrust)# 1.253 oz/acre (OC) 4 1 (Success) 410 fl oz/acre (OC) 4 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (thrips, orangeworms, katydids); Natural enemies: predatory thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5 COMMENTS: Do not apply more than 0.45 lb a.i./acre/crop. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 0.52 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. P.H.I. is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre or 35 days for over 7 pt/acre. CARBARYL* (Sevin XLR Plus) 4F 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period. NALED (Dibrom) 8E 2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less/acre and 3 days for more than 1 pt. METHOMYL* (Lannate LV) 2.4 1.53 pt/acre (OC or A) 72 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects) Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) H. Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 2.5 lb/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom or apply more than 25 lb per acre per crop.
A - Aircraft applications 5-20 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** + * #
1

ANTS
(5/10) Scientific Names: Argentine ant: Linepithema humile Native gray ant: Formica aerata Red imported fire ant: Solenopsis invicta Southern fire ant: Solenopsis xyloni
DESCRIPTION OF THE PESTS
The Argentine ant, is a small, uniformly deep brown ant. Worker ants travel in characteristic trails on trees, the ground, or irrigation lines and build their nests underground. Ant populations peak in midsummer through early fall. The southern fire ant is light reddish brown with a black abdomen. These ants build nests of loose mounds or craters near bases of trees, do not aggregate in colonies as large as those of the Argentine ant, and will sting and bite. Native gray ants are gray and considerably larger than the other two species. They nest in topsoil or under rocks and debris and move in irregular patterns. In contrast to Argentine and fire ants, the native gray ant is solitary and its importance in disrupting biological control is often underestimated. Red imported fire ant is new to California and can make large, dome-shaped mounds. They feed on almost any plant or animal material.
DAMAGE
Most pest ants feed on honeydew excreted by various soft scales, mealybugs, cottony cushion scales, whiteflies, and aphids. As part of this relationship, they also protect these insects from their natural enemies, thus interrupting biological control of the honeydew-producing pests. In the process of keeping most natural enemies away, they also protect other pests, such as California red scales, that profit from the lack of natural enemies. Argentine and native gray ants are the most common ant species that aggressively protect pest insects. In addition, Argentine ants and red imported fire ants can plug up irrigation sprinklers. Red imported fire ants directly damage plants by chewing twigs and tender bark of newly planted trees; they also sting people working in the orchard and may cause allergic reactions.
MANAGEMENT
Ants can be extremely disruptive to an IPM program. The Argentine, native gray, and fire ants can be prevented from climbing trees by skirt pruning and the use of sticky materials applied on top of a tree wrap to the bark as well as with insecticide treatments. Biological Control No effective natural enemies of the ants are known. Cultural Control Skirt prune trees, i.e., remove branches within 12 to 30 inches of the ground, and apply sticky material to the trunk to prevent access to the trees by ants. Use polybutenes; oil-based materials may cause phytotoxicity and should not be used. Sticky material should last from 2 to 10 months and will also prevent the access by Fuller rose beetles. If the sticky material contains tribasic copper sulfate, it will also control brown garden snails. The persistence of sticky material can be increased by applying it higher above the ground to reduce dust and dirt contamination and to decrease irrigation wash-off. The application of sticky polybutene materials directly to the trunk of citrus trees can cause bark cracking, especially if multiple applications are applied to the same area of the trunk and/or the area is exposed to sunlight (topworked trees). The sticky material can be applied on top of a tree wrap but this is both laborious and expensive. Young trees, which have a very thin cambium layer, are most susceptible to damage. To prevent bark damage by southern fire ants, plant trees with the bud union about 6 to 8 inches (1419 cm) above the soil surface. Irrigate as needed, but avoid applying water to the trunk and do not allow water to pond near the trunk. Periodically examine bark under trunk wraps of young trees. When trees are large enough, remove the trunk wraps, which provide protection for ants. If gum is observed, inspect and if necessary, treat for Phytophthora gummosis (see DISEASE section). Bordeaux whitewash helps prevent gumming, which attracts ants. Cultivation reduces ant populations but may create so much dust that it disrupts biological control of other pests.
Ants (12/10) 19
Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural controls, including the use of sticky materials, and Gourmet Ant Bait are acceptable for use in organically managed citrus groves. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Monitor the orchard in spring when honeydew-producing insects, such as aphids, appear. Check the abdomen of ants descending the tree trunks to see if they are swollen and translucent; this identifies them as honeydew-collecting species. Periodically inspect for ants and bark damage under the trunk wraps of several young trees. Insecticides Baits are the preferred chemical method for ant control whenever feasible. Effective bait insecticides have slow-acting toxicants that worker ants collect and feed to other ants, including nest-building immatures and queens. For the most effective and economical ant control, treat in early spring or summer when ant populations are just beginning to increase and are becoming active on the ground surface. To determine which bait to use, identify your primary ant species; fire ants are predominantly protein feeders whereas most gray and black ants are sugar feeders. Corncob grit and oil baits. Solid baits utilize treated corncob grits mixed with soybean oil as the food attractant plus an insecticide. These are effective for the primarily protein-feeding fire ants. The toxicants tend to degrade in light, so apply baits early in the morning or late in the day when ants are active and will take the bait into the nest. Generally, corncob grit type baits are broadcast over the acreage that needs to be treated. However, spot application of baits at the location of the ant nest is preferred over widely spreading the bait because it concentrates the food where the ants are. Sugar-water based baits. Liquid baits use a toxicant mixed in sugar water, which disguises the toxicant as well as helps attract the ants. These baits are most useful for the liquid sugar-feeding Argentine and native gray ants. Evaporation of the bait can cause the concentration of the toxicant to increase to a level in the bait that becomes repellant to ants. All liquid baits must be used in an EPA-approved bait station. Broad-spectrum insecticide sprays. The alternative to liquid sugar-bait stations or corncob grit baits is to use a broad-spectrum chlorpyrifos insecticide sprayed at the trunk/soil interface or inside the wraps of young trees. It is quicker acting than a bait, but not as long-lasting because the residue breaks down quickly. In addition, chlorpyrifos sprays kill only the worker ants that contact it on the soil surface, while baits are carried into the mound and fed to other ant stages.
Common name (trade name) Amount to Use (type of coverage) R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. STICKY POLYBUTENE MATERIALS# NA NA (Tanglefoot) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (trunk climbers); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use polybutene-based products only. Do not apply sticky materials directly on the trunk; use a 6- to 18-inch wrap under the sticky material to protect the tree from sunburn. Exercise caution in applying multiple applications (more than 3 or 4); watch for symptoms of bark cracking. Apply the sticky band high enough to avoid sprinklers, dust, and direct sunlight. Reactivate periodically by rubbing with a stick to remove dust. Check to ensure that hanging branches, sticks, weeds, etc. are not allowing ants access to trees. LIQUID BAITS (Must be used in approved bait station such as KM Ant Pro or constructed from an approved design [available online]). A. DISODIUM TETRABORATE# (Gourmet Liquid Ant Bait) 0 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (sugar-feeding ants): Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: as long as the bait station is filled; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: unknown COMMENTS: Approved for organic growers only. Add additional solution when bait station is empty.
Ants (12/10) 20
Common name (trade name) B.
Amount to Use (type of coverage)
R.E.I.+ (hours) 4
P.H.I.+ (days) 0
S-METHOPRENE (Tango) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (sugar-feeding ants); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: as long as the bait station is filled; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 7A IMIDACLOPRID (Vitis Liquid Ant Bait) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (sugar-feeding ants); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: as long as the bait station is filled; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A
C.
SOLID BAITS A. ABAMECTIN (Clinch bait) 0.011% 1 lb/acre 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (fire ants); Natural enemies: other ants PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6 COMMENTS: A corncob grit and soy oil bait. For use on all citrus varieties. Effective only against fire ants because they are attracted to the soy oil mixed with corncob grits bait. Apply when fire ants are most active during the season (especially early summer and fall) and when they are most active during the day (early evening and early morning when soil temperature is above 60F). Treatments are most effective if applied 2 days after an irrigation, when ant activity is at a maximum. Do not irrigate again until at least 24 hours after application. Do not apply if rainfall is anticipated with 46 hours after application. While Clinch can be broadcast using properly calibrated ground equipment to assure proper dosage and uniform distribution, spot applications at the location of the ant nest are preferred. Retreatment may be desirable after 34 months. B. PYRIPROXYFEN (Esteem Ant Bait) 0.5% 1.52 lb/acre 12 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (fire ants); Natural enemies: other ants PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 7C COMMENTS: A corncob grit and soy oil bait. For use on all citrus varieties. Effective only against fire ants because they are attracted to the soy oil mixed with corncob grits bait. Apply when fire ants are most active during the season (especially early summer and fall) and when they are most active during the day (early evening and early morning when soil temperature is above 60F). Treatments are most effective if applied 2 days after an irrigation, when ant activity is at a maximum. Do not irrigate again until at least 24 hours after application. Do not apply if rainfall is anticipated with 46 hours after application. While this bait can be broadcast using properly calibrated ground equipment to assure proper dosage and uniform distribution, spot applications at the location of the ant nest are preferred. Retreatment may be desirable after 34 months.
INSECTICIDAL SPRAYS A. CHLORPYRIFOS (Lorsban) 4E* 13% solution (38 fl oz/gal water) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Registered for ant control under a supplemental (24c) label when temperatures are warm and ants are most active. Apply by thoroughly spraying base of skirt-pruned tree trunks and ant nests on the ground. Repeat applications are needed; do not exceed 4 applications/year or 2.5 gal solution/acre. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre or 35 days for over 7 pt/acre and 28 days for ant control. . . . or . . . (Lorsban) 15G 6.7 lb/acre 24 28 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates); intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: Apply with ground equipment to control foraging ants and suppress mounds. Do not apply where weed growth or other obstructions would impede uniform coverage of the orchard floor. Do not apply more than 20.1 lb/acre/crop season. Ants (12/10) 21

+ # *
1
NA
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. Not applicable.
Ants (12/10) 22
APHIDS (12/10)
Scientific Names: Black citrus aphid: Toxoptera aurantii Cotton or melon aphid: Aphis gossypii Spirea aphid: Aphis spiraecola
The most common aphid on citrus in the coastal and intermediate districts of southern California is the spirea aphid. In the San Joaquin Valley, the cotton or melon aphid is the most commonly found aphid on citrus. The three species can be distinguished by color: spirea aphids are always green whereas the cotton aphid can range in color from yellow, to green, to dull black. A colony of cotton aphids is usually composed of several different color forms. Black citrus aphids are, as their name suggests, black.
DAMAGE
Aphids feed on buds and on the underside of leaves (mainly feather growth), causing leaves to curl toward the stem. Spirea aphid, black aphid and cotton/melon aphid can all transmit citrus tristeza virus. However, because the transmission rate is fairly low and insecticides are not very effective in preventing transmission of the virus, insecticidal control of aphids is not recommended.
MANAGEMENT
Aphids are generally not a problem on citrus except on young trees because their populations decline when the foliage hardens off. Natural enemies normally control aphid populations, and a spray is rarely warranted. Treatment of aphids to prevent transmission of tristeza virus has not been shown to be effective. Biological Control A number of coccinellid and syrphid predators, parasites, and fungal diseases usually keep aphid populations below damaging levels. A moderate aphid population (about 40% of growth flushes infested) can be considered beneficial on mature trees because aphids and their honeydew provide a good food source for natural enemies of other pests early in the season when other hosts are not available. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control is acceptable on organically managed citrus. Resistance Populations of cotton aphids in the San Joaquin Valley have been shown to have resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides. Treatment Decisions On newly established trees and on new growth flushes on mature trees, it is not uncommon for aphids to cause curling of leaves and produce honeydew. Treatment is usually not warranted because citrus can tolerate extensive leaf curling without yield effects.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. PYRETHRIN/ROTENONE (Pyrellin E.C.) Label rates (OC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A/21B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. 12 12 hours
Aphids (5/10) 23
Amount to Use (type of coverage)**
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
PYRETHRIN/ROTENONE (Pyrellin E.C.) Label rates (OC) 12 12 hours RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A/21B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 1.2 qt/100 gal (OC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on oranges, lemons, and grapefruit. Slurry the pyrethrin/rotenone material with oil before adding to spray tank.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** +
1
Aphids (5/10) 24
BEAN THRIPS (10/09)

Scientific Name: Caliothrips fasciatus
Adult bean thrips have a uniformly dark, grayish black body. Their forewings have two dark and two pale bands, and (visible under magnification) the legs and antennae are also banded light and dark.
DAMAGE
Bean thrips is a problem in the San Joaquin Valley and interior districts of southern California only because it may be considered a contaminant of the navels of navel oranges and so be of concern to some trading partners. Bean thrips migrates into groves in fall, when its weed hosts die or field crops it infests are harvested. Bean thrips enter the navel of oranges, where they overwinter and contaminate harvested fruit. This quarantined pest causes infested fruit to be fumigated with methyl bromide by some foreign countries. Bean thrips does not directly damage fruit or reproduce on citrus.
MANAGEMENT
Keep orchards and bordering areas free of weed hosts to reduce bean thrips movement to citrus fruit. Where host crops (alfalfa, beans, cotton, grape, lettuce, and tomato) are grown nearby, navels are at increased risk from contamination by bean thrips. Weed hosts include filaree, malva, prickly lettuce, Russian thistle, sowthistle, tree tobacco, and grasses, especially perennial grasses. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Protocols have been established for growers to export navel oranges free of bean thrips. For information on the protocol see the California Citrus Quality Council (CCQC) web site at http://www.calcitrusquality.org. Be sure to read over all of the conditions of the current protocol as it is revised yearly. As part of the protocol, fruit is examined for bean thrips by cutting it in the field within 30 days of harvest, 1 day before harvest, and in the packing house after harvest. Records must be kept at the packinghouse to show fruit cutting results. If bean thrips are found during orchard fruit cutting, the lot is ineligible for certification to Australia. Cutting fruit. When monitoring fruit on trees, collect oranges from the lower canopy of outer rows. To detect bean thrips, cut the fruit into thin slices, starting at the navel end of the fruit, until the fruit has been sliced up to the bottom of the navel. It is easier to spot the bean thrips if the orange slices are placed on a white or blue background. Examine the slices using magnification, such as a hand lens or a handsfree magnifier. Bean thrips are about 0.04 inch long (1 mm) and to the naked eye they appear blackish with banding. Be sure to differentiate the blackish bean thrips from small pieces of the fruit stamen, which are also dark in color. Citrus and western flower thrips may also occur in the navel, but they are usually yellowish except for the dark phase of western flower thrips, which are larger and more hirsute (longer, darker hairs) than bean thrips (see "Bean Thrips IdentificationSticky Cards"). Detecting adults. Green sticky traps have proven to be effective in detecting migrating adults. Hang the 3 x 4.5" traps in trees on one of the two outside rows of the block about 4 to 5 feet above ground (to minimize splash from irrigation and rainwater) on the side of the tree facing the outside of the block. If the outside row borders a dusty drive, use the second row from the outside of the block. Use 1 trap for every 5 acres with a minimum of 4 traps per block, one each on the north, south, east, and west sides of the block.
Bean Thrips (10/09) 25

BEET ARMYWORM (9/08)

Scientific Name: Spodoptera exigua
Larvae of the beet armyworm are dull green caterpillars with many fine, wavy, light-colored stripes down the back and a broader stripe along each side. They usually, but not always, have a dark spot on the side of the thorax above the second true leg. The adult is a small, mottled gray or dusky-winged moth. Females lay pale greenish or pinkish striated eggs in masses that are covered with white, cottony material.
DAMAGE
Beet armyworm is occasionally found on citrus feeding on foliage, but it rarely causes economic damage.
MANAGEMENT
As a minor pest of citrus, beet armyworm is rarely treated, in part because of natural enemies such as Hyposoter exiguae.
Beet Armyworm (9/08) 26

BLACK SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Saissetia oleae
Black scale is one of the soft scales. Female black scales reproduce without mating and lay 1,000 to 2,000 eggs over a period of 2 to 3 months, mainly during May and June and again from October through November in areas with two broods per year (cooler coastal regions). Crawlers move about for some time before settling on leaves. In the late second instar, a ridge develops on the scale's back and later expands into an H shape. After the second molt, young scales migrate to twigs where they grow rapidly and become nearly circular; their covers become dark mottled gray and leathery. Once egg laying starts, the covers become harder and darker and the H-shaped ridge often disappears.
DAMAGE
Black scale is a major citrus pest in southern California but occurs only occasionally on citrus in the San Joaquin Valley, mostly on grapefruit or on trees near olives. Feeding by black scale reduces tree vigor and can cause leaf or fruit drop and twig dieback. Excreted honeydew supports the growth of sooty mold.
MANAGEMENT
The black scale tends to be a problem in coastal, intermediate, and interior districts, where it is a cyclical pest that requires intervention every 5 to 10 years. If parasite activity is disrupted by ants, dust, or pesticides, a treatment or two may be necessary. Be sure to check scale populations for parasite emergence holes before treatment to prevent treating highly parasitized populations. Biological Control Several predators and parasites have been introduced against the black scale. Metaphycus helvolus is a parasitic wasp that provides substantial control of black scale in southern California. In addition to laying its eggs in the scale, the adult female parasite feeds on the body fluids of young scale. This parasite is more effective in coastal areas where overlapping scale generations provide susceptible stages for a longer time than in the interior regions. If available, M. helvolus can be released; this is best done in late summer or early fall. Parasites can also be introduced from other groves with high parasite populations by cutting branches with black scales (before emergence holes are present) and putting them in groves where parasite activity is low. If ants are present, control them. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and the use of organically approved oils, such as 440 oil PureSpray Green, are acceptable methods to use on an organically certified crop. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Watch for newly settled scales in late June or early July; an oil treatment is often sufficient for control. Apply oil as soon as possible after completion of major hatch but before the H formation (rubber stage) becomes apparent on young scale covers in September.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. METAPHYCUS HELVOLUS# 1,0002,000/acre/year NA NA RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (soft scales); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless broad-spectrum pesticides used; Natural enemies: none COMMENTS: Release a minimum of 1,000 adults/acre/year. Make releases of this parasitic wasp in late summer or early fall; it parasitizes only smaller stages of the scale. Must also control ants.
Black Scale (9/08) 27

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
NARROW RANGE OIL (92%UR) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (99%UR) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: To avoid phytotoxicity problems, see timings for California red scale. Apply higher rate of narrow range oil in July or Aug. only. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). The use of oil also speeds up the weathering and flaking off of honeydew and sooty mold from leaves and fruit. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 11.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. Apply as soon as practical after completion of major hatch. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Full or half rates of carbaryl or oil may be used. Reducing the rate of carbaryl increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 0.51 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14 ...or... 1216 lb/acre (LV) 40 days 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC) sprays. Only 1 application allowed for low-volume (LV) treatments. Low-volume application is available under a Special Local Needs permit and uses 100 gal/acre. Preferred timing is immediately postbloom before fruit becomes infested. May increase citrus red mite populations.
C.
D.
E.
F.
METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 0.5 lb/100 gal (TC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B . . . PLUS . . .
30 days
60

Common name (trade name)
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of methidathion increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb methidathion/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart. May increase citrus red mites. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. For lemons, do not exceed 10 lb/acre or apply more than once/season when tank mixed with oil. G. MALATHION 8 Spray 12 pt/100 gal (TC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. 24 7
H.
MALATHION 8 Spray 1 pt/100 gal (TC) 24 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. Not applicable.
** + * #
1
NA

BROAD MITE (5/10)

Scientific Name: Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Broad mites are often found in depressions on fruit where the females lay their eggs, which are dimpled, translucent, and covered in white speckles. These mites are so small you need a hand lens to see them. Broad mites are yellowish in color and adult females have a white stripe on the back.
DAMAGE
Broad mites feed on fruit and leaves, preferring young fruit up to about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter that are located on the inside of the canopy or on the inward facing side of outer fruit. Feeding results in scarred tissue that cracks as fruit grows, leaving a characteristic pattern of scars and new tissue. Although most feeding occurs on fruit, broad mites may also feed on young expanding leaves causing them to curl. This cupping and curling of leaves can appear similar to mild damage caused by glyphosate-Roundup applications.
MANAGEMENT
Broad mites are occasional pests of coastal lemons from late July through early October; infestations are enhanced by the presence of Argentine ants. This mite often occurs in conjunction with CITRUS RUST MITE, with the rust mite usually predominating in number. Populations of broad mite tend to be most severe in warm, humid conditions such as found in greenhouses. No treatment thresholds have been developed for broad mite in citrus. If high and increasing populations warrant treatment, use miticides with the least toxicity to predaceous mites.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. ABAMECTIN* (Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites & thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.251% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. WETTABLE SULFUR# 34 lb/100 gal (OC or IC) 24 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites and citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: Not available COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply as mites appear; avoid applications during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2 months of a previous oil spray or apply oil 60-90 days after a sulfur treatment. SPIRODICLOFEN (Envidor) 2SC see comments 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. Treatments without oil are more effective.
B.
C.
Broad Mite (5/10) 30

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) D. Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
FENPROXIMATE (Fujimite) 5EC 14 pt (OC or IC) 12 14 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use allowed under a Supplemental Label. DICOFOL (Kelthane MF) 4E 0.60.8 pt/100 gal (IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: un COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; do not apply during bloom. Can cause secondary outbreak of citrus red mite. Closed application system required with this material. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 912 pt/acre (OC or IC) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom and no more than 2 applications/year at least 30 days apart. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Rates greater than 8 pt/acre allowed only in Fresno, Tulare, Kern, Kings, Stanislaus, and Madera counties.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250-600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
E.
F.
** + # *
1
Broad Mite (5/10) 31

BROWN GARDEN SNAIL (9/08)

Scientific Name: Cantareus aspersus (= Helix aspersa)
The brown garden snail is about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter at maturity and has a distinct brown and gray color pattern. It is most active during the night and early morning when it is damp. In southern California, particularly along the coast, young snails are active throughout the year; in the San Joaquin Valley brown garden snails are active primarily in late winter and spring. Mature snails hibernate in the topsoil during winter. Snails are bisexual (hermaphroditic); all snails of reproductive age lay eggs up to six times during a season, depending on local climate and available moisture. After mating, they lay up to 80 eggs a month in shallow depressions in the topsoil. Eggs are white, spherical, and about 0.1 inch (3 mm) in diameter.
DAMAGE
The brown garden snail can cause extensive damage in orchards by feeding on ripe and ripening fruit, leaves of young trees, and in nurseries by feeding on young tree bark. Fruit damage appears as circular chewed areas in the rind. Damaged leaves have large chewed areas along the margins. Snails can cause severe problems in citrus orchards, where no-till weed control and sprinkler and low-volume irrigation create an ideal environment for snail development.
MANAGEMENT
Management of the brown garden snail is a multi-step process that involves pruning tree skirts to make it more difficult for snails to attack low-hanging fruit; banding tree trunks with copper foil or a basic copper sulfate slurry to prevent snails from climbing trees, and putting out poison bait or spraying the foliage to reduce their populations. Alternatively, growers can make releases of the predatory decollate snails, but this option should not be employed in groves where poison baits are used because baits kill both the pest and predator snails. Biological Control While not always consistently effective, the decollate snail, Rumina decollata, may reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years. The most effective way to manage brown garden snails while establishing the decollate snail is to combine skirt pruning and trunk banding with decollate snail releases. Decollate snails do not climb trees, thus they will not be affected by pruning or trunk banding. To establish the decollate snail, distribute about 8 to 10 decollate snails to the shady northeast skirt zone of every other tree in every other row. (If a shorter transition period is desired, release a larger number of snails per tree.) If there are not enough snails to release at this rate, a second method is to reduce brown garden snails by mechanical removal or with a poison bait program. Release the available decollate snails in a cluster of untreated core trees. After the colony grows, some of the snails can be transferred to other trees in the grove. Provide an unbaited buffer zone of at least two tree rows between the expanding colony and the baited areas or the decollate snail will feed on poison bait and die. When establishing decollate snails in a core area, provide supplemental food, such as rabbit pellets, and cover for them to hide under, such as old fertilizer bags. The best time to introduce decollate snails is when it is warm and damp (February through May); this snail will survive well in hot areas, but avoid introducing them during the hot, dry season as they must have moist soil conditions to move about effectively and to establish themselves. The rate of decollate snail dispersal depends on the amount of moisture present. Low-volume and sprinkler irrigation are most conducive to snail movement and development. Light supplemental irrigations may be desirable during the establishment of a colony. It is more difficult to establish decollate snails in groves that are irrigated by furrow. In addition to moisture, factors that may affect the decollate snails ability to become established in an orchard are the amount of canopy shading the soil (older trees have a larger canopy and thus provide greater shading) and soil texture (coarse sandy soils not only tend to hold less water than loamy soils but also are less preferred by the snails for burrowing).
Brown Garden Snail (9/08) 32

Cultural Control Prune tree skirts 24 to 30 inches above the ground before the rainy season and apply a barrier trunk treatment. Barrier trunk treatments can be made with a band of copper foil wrapped around the trunk, which repel snails for several years; with an annual application of a Bordeaux slurry that is painted around the trunk; or with an application of a sticky material that contains tribasic copper sulfate. The sticky material also reduces tree access by ants and Fuller rose beetle. Organically Acceptable Methods Skirt pruning, trunk banding, releases of decollate snails, and the use of ducks. Treatment Decisions Apply bait only to reduce snail populations to low levels before introduction of the decollate snail. Bait immediately following an irrigation or rainy period when the soil is wet and snails are active. The waiting period before the decollate snail can be released following a baiting program depends on soil moisture. Under sprinkler or low-volume irrigation, the toxins will break down faster than in drier soil, and a decollate snail release program can start in about 2 months. Bait is consumed most easily by snails if it is applied under trees, but unless snails are exposed to the sun and dry conditions, the bait will not be as effective. Snails move around a lot more under humid, moist conditions than under dry conditions. When it is humid and moist, place bait in a narrow strip in the middle between rows; under drier conditions, place bait closer to the ground that is moistened by irrigation. When snails are present in the trees, a foliar treatment may be necessary.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. RUMINA DECOLLATA# NA NA (Decollate Snail) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (brown garden snail); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless snail bait used; Natural enemies: none COMMENTS: May take several seasons to obtain control. These snails may be released only in the following California counties: Fresno, Kern, Imperial, Los Angeles, Madera, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Tulare, and Ventura. COPPER BANDS# NA NA RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (brown garden snail only); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: none COMMENTS: Use with skirt pruning. Affix a copper foil band around the tree trunk at a height of 12 feet above the ground. It is essential that the copper foil be affixed to the tree trunk with about an 8-inch overlap so it will slip and allow for trunk growth. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. COPPER SULFATE# Label rates 24 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (trunk climbers); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: none to short COMMENTS: Tree trunks can be banded with a slurry of basic copper sulfate with a small quantity of boiled linseed oil added as a sticker. Paint or spray it on the tree trunks in about a 4-inch-wide band. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. METALDEHYDE (Deadline) Pellet 2040 lb/acre 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (snails); Natural enemies: beneficial snails PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use higher rate for heavy infestation. 0
B.
C.
D.

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) E. Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
IRON PHOSPHATE (Sluggo) G Label rates 0 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (snails); Natural enemies: beneficial snails PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate COMMENTS: Apply using standard fertilizer granular spreader. If ground is dry, wet it before applying bait. Reapply as bait is consumed or at least every 2 weeks. Check with CCOF to determine if this product is acceptable for use on organically certified produce.
FOLIAR APPLICATION A. PHOSMET (Imidan) 70W 1-3 lb/acre (TC) 3 days 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects, mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: Use allowed under a 24(c) registration. Do not make more than two applications per season or use in combination with oils.
** + #
1
NA
TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. Not applicable.

BROWN SOFT SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Coccus hesperidum
Female brown soft scales lay a few eggs at a time during summer. Eggs hatch almost immediately and crawlers start to feed. Young scales move around until they are about half grown. They have mottled, yellowish, rounded shells. The young molt twice and reach maturity on leaves or twigs; they rarely move onto fruit. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Populations are usually highest from midsummer to early fall. Citricola scale, another soft scale that is similar to brown soft scale, may be found infesting the same trees, but because brown soft scales have multiple overlapping generations, colonies of this pest contain multiple life stages.
DAMAGE
Heavy feeding by the soft brown scale reduces tree vigor, kills twigs, and reduces yields. Sooty mold grows on excreted honeydew and may affect fruit grade. The honeydew also attracts ants, which interfere with the biological control of a number of pests.
MANAGEMENT
Management of brown soft scale focuses on preserving its natural enemies and controlling ants. Avoid the repeated use of organophosphates and carbamates, especially formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol), for the control of other pests; instead use sabadilla (Veratran), abamectin, or spinetoram (Delegate) to control citrus thrips and Bacillus thuringiensis or cryolite for orangeworms in spring. Individual treatment of this scale is rarely necessary. If natural enemies do not control the scales, a spot treatment with an oil spray is usually sufficient. In areas with citricola scale or black scale, populations of brown soft scale may be beneficial if they are not too large because their generations overlap and provide parasites with susceptible life stages to attack throughout the year, thus allowing parasite populations to build to larger levels. Biological Control A complex of Metaphycus spp. parasites attack brown soft scale. The most common of these is M. angustifrons in southern California. In addition, the lady beetles Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae, Chilocorus orbus, and C. cacti prey on brown soft scales. Ants will protect brown soft scale from parasitism and predation because they feed on the honeydew that soft scales produce. Maximizing parasitism by controlling and reducing ants is critical for brown soft scale control because pesticides are not very effective against this scale species. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and organically approved oils, such PureSpray Green (NR 440), are acceptable for use on an organically certified crop. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Monitor brown soft scale from June through October when disruption of biological control may be a problem. Check the level of parasitism by looking for parasite exit holes and for developing parasites within the scale body. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are not very effective in controlling this pest. Usually, reduction of these insecticides in combinations with ant control will resolve the brown soft scale problem.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR92%) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (UR99%) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: To avoid phytotoxicity problems, see timings for California red scale. Apply higher rate of narrow range oil in July or August only. Narrow range 440 spray oil (or higher) is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. Brown Soft Scale (9/08) 35
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) B. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4EC Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
0.50.75 pt/100 gal (TC) 5 days see comments ...or... 612 pt/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; however it may cause ridging on lemons. Apply thorough coverage spray in 1,2001,600 gal/acre; do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period or exceed 12 pt/acre/application or 15 pt/acre/year of chlorpyrifos; no more than 2 applications/fruit year, and no closer than 30 days apart. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not apply during Dec., Jan., or Feb. See label for additional restrictions. Rates greater than 8 pt/acre are allowed only in Fresno, Tulare, Kern, Kings, Stanislaus, and Madera counties. C. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 0.6 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May cause outbreaks of citrus red mite and citrus thrips. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/application. May cause outbreaks of citrus red mite and citrus thrips. . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of carbaryl increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 0.51 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14 ...or... 1216 lb/acre (LV) 40 days 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC) sprays. Only 1 application allowed for LV treatments. Low-volume application is available under a Special Local Needs permit. Preferred timing is immediately postbloom before fruit becomes infested. May increase citrus red mite populations.
D.
E.
Brown Soft Scale (9/08) 36

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) F. Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 0.5 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of methidathion increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb methidathion/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart. May increase citrus red mites. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. For lemons, do not exceed 10 lb/acre or apply more than once/season when tank mixed with oil. MALATHION 8 Spray 12 pt/100 gal (TC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. 24 7
G.
** + *
1
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Brown Soft Scale (9/08) 37

CALIFORNIA ORANGEDOG (5/10)

Scientific Name: Papilio zelicaon
The California orangedog, or black anise swallowtail, is a native butterfly that feeds on both perennial anise (sweet fennel) and citrus. During its development, the caterpillar changes from a mottled brown to a whitish green and bright green with yellow and black spots on each segment. Mature larvae are about 1.5 inch (3.7 cm) long. When disturbed, all larval stages stick out orange-colored scent glands and give off a strong odor.
DAMAGE
Orangedog caterpillars feed on tender citrus leaves, occasionally defoliating young trees but rarely causing economic damage in mature orchards.
MANAGEMENT
Management of California orangedog may occasionally be necessary in young orchards. Use selective (i.e., those that are toxic only to a narrow group of insects) insecticides to conserve populations of natural enemies. Biological Control Parasites are often highly effective in controlling California orangedog, especially the wasp Hyposoter sp. Cultural Control California orangedog prefers sweet fennel, which may be interplanted as a trap crop in strips with citrus and mowed regularly after the egg-laying peak in each generation. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological and cultural controls and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are organically acceptable methods. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions If treatment is needed for infestations of California orangedog on immature trees, Bacillus thuringiensis generally provides sufficient control.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# (various) Label rates (OC) 4 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Use lower rates for younger worms or smaller trees. Apply only during warm dry weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph. CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season.
B.
California Orangedog (5/10) 38

** + #
1
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
California Orangedog (5/10) 39

CALIFORNIA RED SCALE and YELLOW SCALE (12/09)

Scientific Names: California red scale: Aonidiella aurantii Yellow scale: Aonidiella citrina
California red scale and yellow scale are armored scales that are distributed throughout the citrus-growing regions of the state except in parts of the Coachella Valley where they are under an eradication program. The two species are difficult to distinguish by appearance. Yellow scale, however, is rarely found on mature wood of the tree whereas California red scale can be found on the wood as well as on fruit and leaves. Biologies and management tactics for California red scale and yellow scale are similar, but yellow scale is more easily controlled by natural enemies and, thus, less commonly found. Female scales have a roundish cover, about the size of the blunt end of a nail. The cover is firmly attached to the leaf, wood, or fruit substrate when the scales are molting or reproducing; they remain under this cover throughout their life. When mature, they produce 100 to 150 crawlers. Crawlers hatch and emerge from under the female cover at a rate of two to three per day. Crawlers move around to find a suitable place to settle and can be spread about by wind, birds, or picking crews. They settle in small depressions on twigs, fruits, or leaves and start feeding; soon after, a circular, waxy cover forms over their body. Midway through the second instar, females and males begin to develop differently. Males form an elongated cover while the female cover remains circular. The female molts twice, developing a concentric ring in the center of the waxy covering each time. Adult male scales are small, two-winged insects that emerge from the elongated scale covers after four molts. They live about 6 hours and their sole purpose is to mate. The number of male flights, along with the number of generations per year for this insect varies according to the growing region in the state and the weather but is generally about 4 flights per year.
DAMAGE
California red scales attack all aerial parts of the tree including twigs, leaves, branches, and fruit by sucking on the plant tissues with their long, filamentous mouthparts. Yellow scale attacks the plant in the same way, except that it is rarely found infesting twigs. Heavily infested fruit may be downgraded in the packinghouse and, if population levels are high, serious damage can occur to trees. Severe infestations cause leaf yellowing and drop, dieback of twigs and limbs, and occasionally death of the tree. Tree damage is most likely to occur in late summer and early fall when scale populations are highest and moisture stress on the tree is greatest.
MANAGEMENT
Management of California red scale and yellow scale varies according to location in the state and the other pests present in the orchard. Natural enemies can provide good control of California red scale in all regions of California except the Coachella Valley where it is under pesticide eradication. However, biological control tends to be easiest in the coastal areas and some inland districts of southern California because milder weather in these regions allows the overlap of generations, which provides susceptible host stages for parasitism year round. In the San Joaquin Valley, many red scale and yellow scale populations developed high levels of resistance to organophosphates and carbamates during the 1990s. Growers shifted to using Aphytis releases, oil treatments, or insect growth regulators for scale control. Where biologically based IPM is practiced, yellow scale is easily controlled by parasites and is not currently a problem, whereas California red scale continues to be a key pest. Augmentative releases of Aphytis melinus have been shown to be effective in controlling red scale, but this approach requires that broad-spectrum pesticide use (e.g., acetamiprid-Assail, Danitolfenpropathrin, or cyfluthrin-Baythroid for the control of pests such as citrus thrips and katydids in spring or citricola scale in summer) be minimized. Avoid multiple applications of these broad-spectrum insecticides using the information in these Guidelines to choose the most selective tactic available. Careful management of these two scales in the San Joaquin Valley may allow them to be managed by resident and augmented natural enemy populations. Biological Control The parasitic wasps, Aphytis melinus and A. lingnanensis (coastal areas) and Comperiella bifasciata (San Joaquin Valley), play an important role in controlling California red scale but their effectiveness depends on
California Red Scale and Yellow Scale (12/09) 40
careful monitoring and use of selective insecticides for other pests. Several insect predators also feed on California red scale including the lady beetles Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae, Chilocorus orbus, and C. cacti. To enhance the effectiveness of all natural enemies, use pesticides only when their need is indicated by careful monitoring, use the most selective insecticides available, and treat only portions of the orchard where red or yellow scale populations exceed the threshold. Parasite Releases. Releases of mass-reared Aphytis melinus parasites can be useful in groves with insufficient biological control. Keep in mind that pesticide residues on leaves may have a detrimental effect on released Aphytis parasites. Test for possible toxicity by putting ten to twelve 1-year-old twigs with leaves in a gallon jar with Aphytis parasites for 24 hours and checking their mortality. If more than 35% have died, residues are too high for Aphytis releases. Also, prepare a control jar filled with untreated leaves for comparison of Aphytis vigor. In the San Joaquin Valley, recommended release rates are 100,000 parasites per acre per year for orchards undergoing the transition to an integrated pest management program. Begin releases about March 1, making releases of 5,000 to 10,000 parasites per acre every 2 weeks with the objective of releasing 50% of the parasites during the critical spring period, 25% more in summer, and 25% more in fall. Suspend releases when second and third instar scale are not available (normally mid-June to midJuly). Continue releases through mid-November. Concentrate later releases in areas in the block known to have higher red scale densities. Once a grove has moved through the transition period (2 to 4 years), the total number of parasites released per acre may be reduced to 50,000 to 70,000. A suggested release method is to hold the release cup upright and tap it to release a few Aphytis at every sixth tree in every sixth row. In southern California where natural Aphytis populations are generally higher, releases are often not necessary or need to be made only infrequently; one to four releases of about 10,000 per acre at 2-week intervals in April and May should be sufficient in these areas. Annual Aphytis releases in southern California are needed in particular on young trees, on grapefruit and lemon trees, and in fall if biological control is not working effectively. Control ants, particularly the Argentine ant in southern California and the native gray ant in the San Joaquin Valley, because they disrupt red scale parasites. Excessive dust that coats the leaves and fruit, including dust from manure mulches as well as whitewash and kaolin clays interferes with parasitism and should be minimized or delayed until the end of the season when Aphytis has completed its work. In addition, fine, talc-sized particles of ash from nearby brush fires can also disrupt biological control. Watering roads and washing trees can help solve these problems. Heavy fogs, drizzle, or rain can also help by either removing dust and ash particles or causing them to adhere to the leaf surface. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and organically approved petroleum oil sprays (e.g. PureSpray Green [NR 440]), Aphytis releases, as well as postharvest high pressure washing in the packinghouse are acceptable for use on organically certified citrus. Resistance In the San Joaquin Valley, a number of populations of armored scale have been found to be resistant to the organophosphates chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) and methidathion (Supracide) and to the carbamate carbaryl (Sevin). Scales have not developed resistance to oil sprays or insect growth regulators (buprofezin Applaud), but observations indicate that resistance to pyriproxyfen (Esteem) may be developing. In orchards where resistance is a severe problem, avoid using organophosphates and carbamates, and instead release Aphytis melinus wasps or treat the orchard with buprofezin (Applaud), oil, pyriproxyfen (Esteem), or spirotetramat (Movento). Selectivity Oil is the most selective pesticide available for control of armored scale insects. Oil only kills natural enemies that it contacts and slightly suppresses beneficial mite populations. However, the residues do not persist and Aphytis wasps can be released soon after treatments. As with all insecticides, use oil only when needed because oil treatments will eliminate the younger scale instars and thus synchronize development of the scale population. This makes parasitism by Aphytis more difficult, because they prefer to deposit their eggs in third instar scale and after an oil treatment this stage may be absent for a period of time because their life cycle is about twice as fast as that of the red scale.
The insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen (Esteem) and buprofezin (Applaud) are safe for parasitic wasps, predatory mites, spiders, and lacewings but are quite toxic to vedalia beetles, which are needed for cottony cushion scale control. Spirotetramat (Movento) is very safe for parasitic wasps and vedalia beetles but is toxic to predatory mites. The organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are the least selective insecticides. If adult Aphytis wasps are placed in a jar with leaves that were sprayed in the field with the dilute rate needed for California red scale control, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) residues are toxic to adult Aphytis for 3 to 6 weeks, methidathion (Supracide) affects adults for 9 weeks, and carbaryl (Sevin) affects adults for 5 months after the treatment. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions In the San Joaquin Valley, citrus growers use pheromone traps to monitor male scale during the first (May), second (June-July), and fourth (Sept.-Oct.) flights of male scale. Degree-days are used to estimate when these flights are occurring. Generally, when an average of more than 1,000 scale are trapped during the fourth flight and fruit is infested with scale at harvest, treatment is planned for the next season. The goal is to maintain California red scale populations at levels that do not result in more than 10 scale per fruit at harvest. Pheromone cards are not reliable predictors of scale populations in Aphytis-release orchards, because Aphytis prefers to parasitize female scales and the male scale numbers can be very high when the female population is low. Pheromone cards are also not reliable predictors of red scale populations when insect growth regulators are used because the males are more sensitive to these insecticides than the females, and so the cards underestimate the scale population. Weekly pheromone trap monitoring. Select 5 to 6 orchards that have a known population of red scales to monitor every week so that you can determine when flights are occurring and time your sprays. Put out pheromone traps beginning in March before the 1st flight. Change the sticky cards weekly and the pheromone caps monthly through October. Use two to four pheromone traps per 10-acre block; add two traps for each additional 10 acres. Pheromone trap monitoring by flight. In the remaining orchards, use pheromone traps to determine areas of heavy scale infestation. Hang the traps with a fresh lure just before the predicted 1st, 2nd, and 4th flights: for the first flight this is March 1, for the second flight it is at 1,100 degree-days after the biofix of the first male flight, and the fourth flight at 3,300 degree-days from biofix. Use two to four pheromone traps per 10-acre block; add two traps for each additional 10 acres. Remove traps at the end of each flight and count scales (or estimate based on counting the scales inside the squares [20%] and multiplying by 5). Record results (example formavailable online). These traps will tell you which areas of the block have heavy infestations. If the 4th flight is heavy (more than 1,000 scales per card), and fruit is infested with scale at harvest, plan to treat during the next season. Examining fruit. In all orchards, whether Aphytis wasps are released or not, conduct visual inspections of citrus fruit once a month during August, September, and October. Walk around 20 trees in each quadrant of the block, and record the number of fruit examined along with the numberof fruit with noticeable patches (10 or more) of scales (example form available online). Calculate the percentage of fruit with more than 10 scale. Bin counts. At harvest, look at the fruit on the surface of at least 10 bins from areas throughout the block, and count the number of uninfested and scale-infested fruit. Calculate the percentage of fruit with scale. At the same time you can estimate the percentage of citrus thrips, katydid, cutworm, and peelminer-damaged fruit. Detailed evaluations of parasitism in Aphytis-release blocks. In orchards where biological control agents such as Aphytis and Comperiella wasps are used to control scale, visually monitor all stages of scales on twigs, fruit, and leaves in August, September, and October. Collect 10 scale-infested fruit (preferably from different areas of the block). Do not take more than one to two fruit per tree, avoiding trees in the outside rows.
Record the number of second- and third-instar red scales and the number of these that are parasitized (example form available online). To determine if a scale is parasitized, flip the cover over and search for Aphytis eggs, larvae, and pupae or Comperiella larvae and pupae. Calculate the percentage parasitism by dividing the number parasitized by the total number of 2nd and 3rd instar scales examined. If biological control is functioning properly, you should see percent parasitism increase from just a few percent in August to a high percentage in October. Guidelines for determining when parasitism is at sufficient levels vary growing region, cultivar, and whether or not fruit are sent to a packinghouse that employs high pressure washers to remove scale. In the San Joaquin Valley, effective biological control of California red scale and yellow scale is achieved if by mid- to late October more than 70% of the third-instar female scale are parasitized either by Aphytis or Comperiella. A good proportion (50%) of large second-instar females and second-instar males should also be parasitized. In interior southern California, if parasitization with Aphytis melinus is poor (e.g., by the end of September, monitoring reveals more than 15 to 20% healthy, unparasitized third-instar female scale), treatment is recommended. If parasitization is good (e.g., by late September to early October there is almost no survivorship of third-instar female scale and parasitism of second-instar male and female scale is greater than 50%), treatment is not required unless infestations by live scale reach 25 to 40% of the fruit. These thresholds can be increased as high pressure washers are used more frequently in citrus packinghouses to remove scale from fruit. In coastal areas, biological control of California red scale on oranges is complete and treatments are generally not required. Biological control of California red scale on lemons is substantial, but occasionally a treatment is required to reduce population levels. Maintain a few pheromone traps all year in key areas to determine when red scale flights are occurring and when to apply treatments. In orchards with California red scale populations on scaffold limbs, visually inspect fruit to determine if treatments are necessary, paying special attention to the presence of mature females (which indicates they have escaped parasitism). Generally, if parasitization is adequate, treat only if more than 15% of the fruit is infested. If parasitization is low, reduce the threshold to 10%. Insecticide treatments. Organophosphates and carbamates. Time organophosphate and carbamate insecticide sprays to treat the crawler stage, which peaks about 555 degree-days (accumulated above a 53F threshold) or about 1 to 3 weeks after the peak in the male flight. (For assistance in calculating degree-days, see "Degree-days" on the UC IPM Web site at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.) Optimal treatment timing varies from year to year because of temperature, but usually occurs in May (first generation) or July (second generation). An even more reliable method of timing organophosphate or carbamate treatments is to monitor for crawlers by wrapping sticky tape around 1-year-old branches (about 0.5 inch diameter) that have both gray and green wood and are infested with live female scales. Always back up pheromone trap count decisions with inspection of twigs, leaves, and fruit for female and immature scale. Insect growth regulators. Apply pyriproxyfen and buprofezin sprays after crawlers have completely emerged and become white caps because these insect growth regulators will kill the scale when it tries to molt to the next stage. Optimal timing for insect growth regulators is the second generation of scale (JuneJuly) in order to protect vedalia beetle during the time it is controlling cottony cushion scale (Feb.May). Lipid synthesis inhibitors. Make a foliar application of the systemic spirotetramat (Movento) between the second male flight (1100 DD after the first male flight) and the third male flight (2200 DD). The systemic action of Movento takes some time, but it is active against all scale stages so precision of treatment timing is not as important as application technique.

Oils. Oils can be effective against California red scale if coverage is thorough. They also have the advantage of being relatively less damaging to natural enemy populations than other insecticides. However, special care must be taken to avoid applying dilute applications of oil at times when it can damage fruit and leaves or reduce populations of natural enemies. Treatments after October 1 carry some risk of increasing frost damage. To avoid phytotoxicity and impact on yield, time oil sprays according to the following guideline:
Varieties1 Grapefruit Lemons Navels Valencias
1 2
Type of narrow range oil 415 or 440 415 or 440 415 440 or 455 415 440 or 455
Application times to avoid tree injury Central areas Southern areas July - Sept. Aug. - Oct. Aug. - Sept. Apr. - May or Sept. - Nov. July - Sept.2 Aug. - Sept.2 2 July - Aug. Aug. 2 July - Sept.2 July 15 - Sept. 2 2 July - Aug. Aug. 2
See labels for citrus varieties not listed. Treatment can also be made from Feb. 15 - 50% bloom, but to avoid tree injury at this time, use only the low concentration (1.2%).
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. APHYTIS MELINUS# 5,00010,000/release/acre RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (armored scales); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless broad-spectrum pesticide used; Natural enemies: none COMMENTS: In San Joaquin Valley, release a total of 50,000 to 100,000 parasites/acre/year for orchards in transition; 60,00070,000/year thereafter. In southern California and coastal areas, release a total of 10,000 40,000/year. If possible, make parasite releases at or just before a male flight so that the parasites can attack unmated female scales. B. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 99%) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Apply higher rate of narrow range oil in July or Aug. only. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. BUPROFEZIN (Applaud) 70DF 35-46 oz/acre (TC) 12 3 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (scales, whiteflies); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 16 COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Most effective if applied after peak emergence of the first generation of crawlers. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed white caps. Slowacting; this product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed until the next generation. No more than 2 applications/season and allow 60 days between applications. PYRIPROXYFEN (Esteem) 0.86 EC 16 oz/acre (TC or LV) 12 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (armored scale insects); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 7C COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Do not apply until the second generation of scale crawler activity (1800 DD after the biofix of first male flight). This is to allow the vedalia beetle time between March-June to eliminate cottony cushion scale populations. This application timing may not prevent scale from infesting fruit. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed whitecaps. This product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the populations is usually not observed until the next generation. No more than 1 application/season. California Red Scale and Yellow Scale (12/09) 44
C.
D.
Common name (trade name) E.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
SPIROTETRAMAT (Movento) 10 oz/acre (see comments) 24 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (mites, thrips, leafminers, aphids, armored scales); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply until just before the second generation of scale crawler activity. Apply in 500 gallons/acre for best activity. Allow 1-2 weeks for systemic movement through the plant. No more than 2 applications/season applied at least 21 days apart. Must be applied with an adjuvant to improve penetration. Do not apply before bloom, during bloom, or 10 days after petal fall. Toxic to predatory mites but nontoxic to Aphytis or vedalia beetles. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4EC 0.50.75 pt/100 gal (TC) 5 days see comments ...or... 612 pt/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates) RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and yellow scale and some Euseius tularensis populations in the San Joaquin Valley. MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; however, it may cause ridging in lemons. Apply thorough coverage spray in 1,2001,600 gal/acre; do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period or exceed 12 pt/acre/application or 15 pt/acre/year of chlorpyrifos; no more than 2 applications/fruit year, and no closer than 30 days apart. P.H.I. is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not apply during Dec., Jan., or Feb. See label for additional restrictions. Rates greater than 8 pt/acre are allowed only in Fresno, Tulare, Kern, Kings, Stanislaus, and Madera counties.
F.
G.
CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 11.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and some Euseius tularensis populations in the San Joaquin Valley. MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply when crawlers are present. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. Do not make more than one application/season. May increase citrus red mite populations. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and some Euseius tularensis populations in the San Joaquin Valley. MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short RESISTANCE: In some California red scale and yellow scale populations in the San Joaquin Valley to carbaryl. MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of carbaryl increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
H.

Common name (trade name) I. METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
1 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14 ...or... 1216 lb/acre (LV) 40 days 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and yellow scale populations in the San Joaquin Valley. MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC); only 1 application allowed for low-volume (LV) sprays. Low-volume application is available under a Special Local Needs permit. May increase citrus red mite populations. J. METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 0.5 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and yellow scale populations in the San Joaquin Valley to methidathion. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of methidathion increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Some California red scale population resistance in San Joaquin Valley. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb methidathion/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart. May increase citrus red mites. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. For lemons, do not exceed 10 lb/acre or apply more than once/season when tank-mixed with oil.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** + # *
1

CITRICOLA SCALE (10/09)

Scientific Name: Coccus pseudomagnoliarum
Citricola scale is a soft scale. Crawlers of the citricola scale appear from June through August. They settle primarily on the underside of leaves, but in severe infestations they also settle on the upper leaf surface and on twigs, rarely on fruit. Young scales are flat and almost translucent; they grow slowly over the course of the summer and fall, molting only once during that period. By November, immature scales turn a mottled dark brown color and begin migrating to twigs; this migration peaks in February and March. Once on twigs, they develop faster than they did on leaves and they turn a gray color. By late April, citricola scales molt and mature into the adult female stage. Females lay 1,000 to 1,500 eggs during the time from early May to early August. Eggs hatch after 2 to 3 days and crawlers move to leaves. There is only one generation a year, and there are no males. Brown soft scale, another soft scale that is similar to citricola scale, may be found in the same areas as citricola scale but it has multiple generations and its colonies are composed of mixed instars and adults.
DAMAGE
Citricola scale can be a serious pest of citrus in the San Joaquin Valley. A severe infestation may reduce tree vigor, kill twigs, and reduce flowering and fruit set. As they feed, citricola scale excrete honeydew, which accumulates on leaves and fruit. Sooty mold grows on honeydew and interferes with photosynthesis in leaves and causes fruit to be downgraded in quality during packing.
MANAGEMENT
Citricola scale is completely controlled by Metaphycus and Coccophagus parasites in southern California and is almost never seen. Even though these parasites are established in the San Joaquin Valley, biological control is not effective there, and treatments may be necessary in groves where broad-spectrum pesticides are not regularly used to control other pests. In groves practicing biologically based pest management (e.g., releasing Aphytis melinus for California red scale control), growers may consider withholding broadspectrum citricola sprays until Aphytis activity is over in the fall (e.g., late October or November). Biological Control Introduced and indigenous parasitic wasps, Metaphycus luteolus, M. stanleyi, M. nietneri, M. helvolus, and Coccophagus spp., control citricola scale in southern California. Several of these parasites occur in the San Joaquin Valley but are unable to control citricola scale except in groves near urban areas or in those with high populations of brown soft scale, which serves as an alternate host for the parasites when citricola scales are not in the stage that the parasite attacks. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and organically approved petroleum oil sprays, such as 440 oil PureSpray Green, are acceptable for use in organically managed orchards. Selectivity Oil is the most selective pesticide available for control of citricola scale. However, oil simply reduces the scales' overall numbers and in many cases must be applied 1-2 times every year. The organophosphates chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) and methidathion (Supracide) and the carbamate carbaryl (Sevin) are broad spectrum and toxic to most natural enemies. Chlorpyrifos can be selective if used at a low rate (2 pt/acre) and can more effectively reduce citricola scale than oil. A full rate of Lorsban (612 pt/acre) is not selective, but it can suppress densities so effectively that another spray is not needed for 2 to 3 years. The neonicotinoids imidacloprid (Admire, Nuprid) and acetamiprid (Assail) are fairly broad spectrum (i.e., toxic to most natural enemies) and will suppress citricola scale for one year. The insect growth regulator buprofezin (Applaud) is fairly selective, but toxic to vedalia beetles, and will suppress citricola scale for one year. The neonicotinoids should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards because they have no effect on cottony cushion scale, but they are highly toxic to the predatory vedalia beetle and can disrupt biological control of cottony cushion scale populations. Resistance In the San Joaquin Valley, a number of populations of citricola scale have been found to be resistant to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Thus, low rates of this insecticide would be ineffective and high rates only suppress citricola scale for a single year. Growers experiencing chlorpyrifos-resistant scale should use the other chemicals.
Citricola Scale (10/09) 47

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Citricola scale is very sensitive to organophosphates and carbamates (if not resistant) and generally does not become a problem until growers stop using these insecticides for control of other pests. Check for citricola scale at all times of the year when monitoring for other scales, but look especially closely at the twigs in April and at the underside of leaves in mid- to late August. Be sure to distinguish the citricola scale from brown soft scale. Brown soft scale has multiple generations and all stages will be present on leaves and twigs year round, whereas citricola scale has only one generation and is found on leaves only in the summer and fall, and the nymphs will be uniform in size. April-May sampling. Examine one 24-inch twig on the northeast side of 10 trees in each of four rows (for a total of 40 twigs) distributed throughout the orchard. On each twig count the number of scales and determine the average number of scales by dividing the total number in the sample by 40. If there is more than an average of one scale per twig and heavy production of sooty mold is occurring, the orchard may require an immediate treatment. If the population on twigs or leaves is observable but sooty mold is not a problem, then it is best to postpone treatments until fall when scales are small, positioned on leaves on the outside of the tree, and generally easier to control. August-September sampling. To sample for citricola scale in late summer, walk down four evenly spaced rows of the block. In each row, pick one leaf from the northeast corner of 25 trees. Examine the scale on the underside of the leaf to determine if they are alive or dead. Count the number of leaves in the 25-leaf sample that are infested with live scale (presence-absence sampling). Record results (example form available online). A treatment is warranted if one or more of the four rows has 13 or more leaves infested with live citricola scale in a 25-leaf sample. If 5 to 12 leaves are infested, the population is building and should be watched very closely. If four or fewer leaves are infested, then a treatment is not needed this season. Alternatively, count the number of nymphs on those 100 leaves (4 rows x 25 leaves) and if there are more than 0.5 nymphs per leaf then treatment is needed. Treatment Timing and Relative Efficacy. If resistance is not a problem, chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) is the most effective insecticide for citricola scale control, followed by acetamiprid (Assail), buprofezin (Applaud), imidacloprid (Admire), and lastly oil. Spring treatments. Assail is the only insecticide effective against adult scales in spring before petal fall. However, it is fairly broad spectrum and at this time of year only suppresses the females. Thus, it should not be used unless there is a severe problem that cannot wait until a summer treatment. Summer-fall treatments. Most foliar treatments are applied during August-September because at that time of year the female scales have died, the nymphs are small and located on the outside leaves of the tree, and temperatures are warm, which makes the insecticides more effective. Because citricola scale are very sensitive to organophosphates and carbamates, rates lower than those recommended for armored scale can be effective. Lower rates (2-3 pt chlorpyrifos [Lorsban]/acre) and delays in treatment until late October are suggested when parasites of California red scale need to be preserved. However, lower rates may result in a shorter period of control (1 year). Higher rates (6-12 pt chlorpyrifos [Lorsban]/acre) or application earlier in the season (August through September) are recommended if the population of citricola scale is very high or if California red scale must be controlled simultaneously. Recently, some populations of citricola scale have been determined to have resistance to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos (cross-resistance to methidathion and carbaryl is likely a problem as well). These populations are not controlled by low rates of chlorpyrifos and high rates only suppress the population for one year. In these situations, avoid using organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. The insect growth regulator buprofezin (Applaud) is fairly selective (toxic only to vedalia beetles) and will suppress citricola scale during the season that it is applied. The neonicotinoids imidacloprid (Admire, Nuprid) and acetamiprid (Assail) are fairly broad spectrum and will suppress citricola scale for one year. Admire and Nuprid are applied systemically in spring and the best use of Assail is in fall (SeptemberOctober) after natural enemies have completed their activities. Citricola scale populations grow more rapidly and survive the summer better when the San Joaquin Valley experiences a cool, wet spring. When these conditions occur, the higher rates and earlier applications (August) are more effective.

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. LIGHT-TO-MODERATE INFESTATION ONLY A. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (IC or TC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 99%) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (IC or TC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, navels, Valencias. Use higher rate for July or August applications only. To avoid phytotoxicity, use same treatment timings as given for oil sprays for California red scale in central California. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Do not apply oil until hatch is complete (late July to early August). Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. B. BUPROFEZIN (Applaud) 70DF 3546 oz/acre (IC or TC) 12 3 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (scales, whiteflies); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 16 COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Most effective if applied after peak emergence of the first generation of crawlers. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed white caps. Slowacting; This product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed until the next generation. No more than 2 applications/season and allow 60 days between applications.
MODERATE-TO-HEAVY INFESTATIONS A. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4EC Prebloom: 1 pt/100 gal (IC or TC) 5 days see comments Prebloom: 57 pt/acre (LV) Late summer: 26 pt/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) RESISTANCE: Some San Joaquin populations MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. In the prebloom period, use 1 pt/100 gal in 500 to 1,000 gal/acre; when using the low-volume treatment at this time, thorough coverage is essential. During late summer use 1.5 pt in 100 gal/acre (LV). Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not apply during Dec., Jan., or Feb. See label for additional restrictions.

IMIDACLOPRID (Admire Pro) 714 fl oz/acre 12 0 (Nuprid) 1.6F 1020 fl oz/acre 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (aphids, glassy-winged sharpshooters); Natural enemies: predatory beetles and parasites PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: intermediate RESISTANCE: None MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Apply to soil; remains effective 45 months. Moderately effective against nymphs and adults. Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees or trees irrigated by drip/ microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform distribution of water. Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once the irrigation system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time interval (generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in the treatment solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution has cleared all irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root zone but do not overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus orchards May July. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards. ACETAMIPRID (Assail) 70 WP 3.45.7 oz/acre (IC or TC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: None MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Residues last for 46 weeks. Apply in 300-1000 gal water/acre; use higher volume if insects are inside the canopy on the wood. Do not exceed 12.5 oz product/acre/season. Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment; apply only during late evening, night, or early morning. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards. METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 1 lb/100 gal (IC or TC) 30 days 14 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply after bloom or at least 14 days before harvest. No more than 2 applications/year at least 45 days apart. MALATHION 8 Spray 12 pt/100 gal (IC or TC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom. 24 7
C.
D.
E.
F.
CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (IC or TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence.


** + *
1
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250 to 600 gal water per acre. TC - Thorough coverage uses 750-2,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.

CITRUS BUD MITE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Eriophyes sheldoni
Citrus bud mite is very small, elongated and somewhat tapered at the posterior end, and has four legs at the front end near the mouth. Adult females lay about 50 eggs mostly in the bud scales of recent growth. Populations peak in summer, and summer and fall blooms are most likely to suffer damage.
DAMAGE
Citrus bud mite is primarily a pest of coastal lemons but in recent years has also been found in interior regions of southern California. The mites feed inside the buds, killing them or causing a rosettelike growth of the subsequent foliage and distortion of flowers and fruit, which may or may not reduce yield and/or fruit quality.
MANAGEMENT
Recent research has failed to show any consistent impact from bud mite feeding under current oil treatment regimes, especially in Lisbon lemons and is thought to be offset by the negative phytotoxic effects of oil. Research has also yet to be done to determine if abamectin plus oil treatments of bud mite are economically justified. To detect bud mites before damage occurs, check buds on green angular twigs from mid-spring to autumn. Collect one bud from each of 50 randomly chosen trees throughout the orchard. Dissect the buds under a microscope or use a 20X hand lens to determine the percent of buds infested with one or more live mites. As an alternative to dissecting buds, bud infestation can be estimated from infested fruit buttons. Collect one green fruit, about 1.25 to 2 inches in diameter, from 50 trees scattered throughout the orchard. Remove the button and record whether the button or the fruit beneath the button is infested with live bud mites. The relationship between fruit and bud infestations is not linear, but a fruit infestation of 15 to 20% indicates a bud infestation of about 45 to 50%. No bud mite threshold had been established; levels as high as 80% bud infestation have failed to cause consistent or predictable economic losses. If a reduction in bud mite populations is desired, apply treatments 2 to 3 months before the bloom that is to be protected.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. FENBUTATIN OXIDE* (Vendex) 50W 12 lb/acre (LV) 48 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415, 440) 10 gal/acre (LV) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Do not apply during bloom. To help prevent development of resistance, alternate with dilute oil sprays. Potential of phytotoxicity to leaves, especially if applied during hot weather. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
Citrus Bud Mite (9/08) 52

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
ABAMECTIN* (Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites and thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.251% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and persistence of insecticide. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply in 5001,000 gal/acre. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 99%) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Can apply anytime between March and Nov. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 0.5 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. COMMENTS: Addition of chlorpyrifos to dilute oil gives faster control than oil alone, but rate of control for subsequent applications will diminish as resistance develops. It also causes thrips outbreaks, especially if used early season, and may lead to ridging of fruit. Apply this material in Sept.-Oct. only if several pests, such as citrus rust mite, citrus thrips, and ants, need to be controlled in addition to citrus bud mite. Do not apply chlorpyrifos in combination with spray oil when temperatures are expected to exceed 95F (8590F in coastal areas). P.H.I. is 21 days for up to 7 pt of chlorpyrifos/acre or 35 days for rates above 7 pt/acre. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
C.
D.
**
+ *
1
Citrus Bud Mite (9/08) 53

CITRUS CUTWORM (5/10)

Scientific Name: Egira (Xylomyges) curialis
Of the cutworms, generally only citrus cutworm is an economic pest. Other species, most notably the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia, are occasionally found on citrus but rarely cause economic damage. Citrus cutworm has only one generation a year. The grayish citrus cutworm moths emerge from early January to the end of April, with peak emergence during March. After mating, female moths lay their round, milky-white eggs mainly on the upper side of new leaves in clusters of 40 to 225. In a few days eggs turn dark in color as larvae develop inside; they hatch in 5 to 10 days. Young larvae are usually light green in the first three instars and pinkish or brown in the fourth and fifth. All but the youngest larvae have a whitish stripe along each side of the body. The skin appears smooth to the naked eye; it does not have conspicuous hairs or tubercles. When disturbed, older larvae curl up and drop to the ground. Larvae mature in 3 to 6 weeks; the greatest number of larvae is usually found from mid-March to the first of May, but sometimes even later. Mature larvae drop to the ground and pupate in soil. Pupae remain dormant until the following spring.
DAMAGE
Damage by citrus cutworm can be substantial because they feed on young fruit. In addition, larvae of the citrus cutworm move around while feeding, usually taking a few bites from numerous leaves, blossoms, or fruit. Young larvae feed mostly on the edges of tender leaves; older larvae eat holes through leaves and blossoms and into fruit. A smaller number of citrus cutworms cause more damage than larger numbers of other caterpillars because they are larger and move throughout the tree during feeding. After petal fall, young fruit often have feeding scars; maturing fruit are rarely attacked.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus cutworm is not a pest in all orchards or every year, and populations have declined in the San Joaquin Valley with the shift from organophosphate insecticides to insect growth regulators for scale control and spinosad (Entrust, Success) for citrus thrips control. Natural enemies play a significant role in reducing cutworm numbers and their presence should be preserved by selecting the most specific (those that are only toxic to a narrow range of insects and mites) treatment materials. Treatments may be necessary during bloom and when fruit are young if monitoring indicates a need. Biological Control Two parasites attack citrus cutworm larvae and are highly effective in reducing the next year's population. Ophion sp., a parasitic wasp, attacks cutworms just before they are ready to mature. Parasitized larvae pupate in the soil where they are consumed by the parasite larvae. Another parasitic wasp, Banchus sp., also attacks cutworm larvae. In some groves, a fungal pathogen has been found to infect and kill up to 25% of the pupae. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use on organically certified citrus. Selectivity The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides, both the aizawai and kurstaki strains, are toxic only to caterpillar pests. The stomach poison cryolite is specific to foliage-feeding pests. These insecticides are relatively nontoxic to parasites that attack the caterpillars and to beneficial insects and mites that feed on other citrus pests. Broad-spectrum organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-Lorsban) and carbamates (methomylLannate) are disruptive to many of the beneficial insects and mites. Some populations of the beneficial mite, Euseius tularensis, show resistance to chlorpyrifos, so this is the least toxic of the broad-spectrum pesticides. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Male moths of citrus cutworm can be monitored using a synthetic female pheromone-treated lure in a bucket trap with a no-pest strip inside to kill the moths. One trap per 10-acre orchard is sufficient. Place
Citrus Cutworm (5/10) 54
the trap in the orchard on January 15 and check the bucket for moths each week. This trap can be used to predict when the larvae will emerge so that larval sampling begins at the right time and selective insecticide treatments can be applied when larvae are young. Using a lower developmental threshold of 46F and a biofix of the second week of consecutive moth flight in January, begin sampling for larvae at 250 degree days. You will see larvae emerging at about 350-400 degree-days after the biofix. Monitor larvae using a time search method (number of larvae per hour search) or by shaking the foliage into a sweep net. Before petal fall, the thresholds are 40 larvae per hour search and 10 to 15 larvae per 25 net shakes. During or after petal fall, the cutworm can cause more damage and the thresholds drop to 10 to 15 larvae per hour search and 3 to 5 larvae per 25 net shakes. Monitor orchards weekly from early to mid-April through post petal fall. The most critical period is late bloom until the end of petal fall when cutworm larvae are attracted to the small developing fruit. If populations begin to approach the threshold during this period, monitor twice weekly until the population pupates. Selective insecticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis or cryolite are slow acting because they are stomach poisons and require warm weather so that the larvae are actively feeding. These pesticides are most effective when applied about 400-500 degree-days after moths begin flying, when the population consists primarily of 1st and 2nd instar larvae.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. AIZAWAI# (various products) Label rate (OC) 4 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 . . . or . . . BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# (various products) Label rate (OC) 4 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph. CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger worms and larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 12 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days 21 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise.
B.
C.

Common name (trade name) D.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
CARBARYL* (Sevin) XLR Plus 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period. NALED (Dibrom) 8E 2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less/acre; 3 days for more than 1 pt. METHOMYL* (Lannate LV) 2.4 1.53 pt/acre (OC or A) 3 days 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects) Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 2.5 lb/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. 5
E.
F.
G.
** + * #
1

CITRUS FLAT MITE (5/10)

Scientific Name: Brevipalpus lewisi
The flat mite is a minor pest of citrus in the desert regions and interior valleys. The adult is much smaller than the citrus red mite, is flat, and often appears salmon colored but varies in color. The flat mite is usually a secondary invader, feeding on rind tissue damaged by leafhopper feeding, thrips feeding or oviposition, or wind.
DAMAGE
Citrus flat mite feeding results in a scabbing of the injury caused by thrips and leafhoppers, which would otherwise disappear as the fruit change color. The flat mite is fairly heat tolerant, so populations persist during the hot summer.
MANAGEMENT
No treatment thresholds have been established. Treat when high mite levels appear and monitoring for fruit scarring indicates a need.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. WETTABLE SULFUR# 60 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites and citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: Not available COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Oct. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2 months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 6090 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for use in the San Joaquin Valley. SPIRODICLOFEN (Envidor) 2SC see comments 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. Treatments without oil are most effective. DICOFOL (Kelthane MF) 4EC 0.4 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: un COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Closed application system required with this material. Can cause secondary outbreaks of citrus red mites. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100-250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
B.
C.
** + #
1
Citrus Flat Mite (1/11) 57

CITRUS LEAFMINER (1/11)

Scientific Name: Phyllocnistis citrella
Citrus leafminer is a very small, light colored moth that arrived in southern California from Mexico in 2000. Citrus leafminer has been moving northward in backyard and commercial citrus since that time and now infests citrus in southern and central California. Adult citrus leafminers are tiny moths about 2 mm long (less than 0.12 inch) with a wingspan of about 4 mm (or about 0.25 inch). They have silvery and white iridescent forewings with brown and white markings and a distinct black spot on each wing tip. Moths are most active from dusk to early morning and spend the day resting on the undersides of leaves, but are rarely observed. Soon after emerging from the pupal case, the female emits a sex pheromone that attracts males. Females lay eggs singly on the underside of leaves. Newly emerged leaflets (flush), particularly along the midvein, are the preferred oviposition site. Eggs hatch about 4-5 days after being laid and newly hatched larvae begin feeding immediately in shallow, meandering mines in the leaves. As a larva increases in size, the mine becomes more visible and larval excrement forms a thin, central frass trail within the mine. Larvae molt 4 times over a 1 to 3 week period. Mature larvae pupate within the mine, rolling the edge of the leaf and protecting the pupa with silk. The entire life cycle of the insect takes 2 to 7 weeks to complete, depending on temperature and weather conditions. The activities of citrus leafminer vary somewhat with location in the state because of differences in climatic conditions and flushing of citrus trees. In general, citrus leafminer is active from mid-summer through fall and early winter. The citrus peelminer, a small moth that attacks citrus, differs from citrus leafminer because its larval stages do not leave a frass trail in the mine, and it attacks stems and fruit rather than new flush leaves. Also, the peelminer pupa has decorative balls on its cocoon whereas leafminer pupae are found in the curled edge of a leaf and lack decorative balls.
DAMAGE
Citrus leafminer larvae feed by creating shallow tunnels, referred to as mines, in young leaves. It is most commonly found on citrus (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, grapefruit and other varieties) and closely related plants (kumquat and calamondin). The larvae mine the lower or upper surface of the leaves causing them to curl and look distorted. Mature citrus trees (more than 4 years old) generally tolerate leaf damage without any effect on tree growth or fruit yield. Citrus leafminer is likely to cause damage in nurseries and new plantings because the growth of young trees is retarded by leafminer infestations. However, even when infestations of citrus leafminer are heavy on young trees, trees are unlikely to die. In Florida, citrus leafminer creates openings that allow for entry of citrus bacterial canker into the tree resulting in infection. Citrus bacterial canker is not found in California. Annual surveys for citrus bacterial canker are conducted by the State of California, and other regulations are in place to exclude its introduction.
MANAGEMENT
Mature Citrus Orchards (more than 4 years old). While the new flush of mature trees may be heavily damaged by citrus leafminer and look unsightly, yield and tree growth of most varieties will be unaffected. Therefore, insecticide treatments are generally not needed for mature citrus orchards. The exception to this is coastal lemons, which have multiple growth flushes. Citrus leafminer damage weakens leaves, making them more susceptible to wind damage and other pests; studies are underway to determine if yield is also affected. Worldwide, citrus leafminer populations are fairly well controlled by parasitic wasps. However, citrus leafminer has only recently entered the state of California and parasites are not uniformly present or active in all regions where citrus leafminer has recently established. Whenever possible, do not spray citrus with broad-spectrum insecticides and avoid other practices that disrupt natural enemies whenever possible to encourage natural enemies. Citrus peelminer and leafminer share many of the same parasites including Cirrospilus and Pnigalio species. Young Citrus Orchards (less than 4 years old). Because citrus leafminer can retard the growth of young trees, apply insecticides to nursery citrus trees and new plantings of citrus. Imidacloprid (Admire or
Citrus Leafminer (1/11) 58
Nuprid) applied through the irrigation for young trees or to the soil of potted citrus provides the longest period of control (1 to 3 months). The length of control depends on tree spacing and soil and irrigation conditions. Time applications of Admire or Nuprid to protect periods of flushing. Foliar insecticides suppress citrus leafminer for shorter periods of time (several weeks) compared to Admire or Nuprid. Foliar treatments are effective for only 2 to 3 weeks because citrus leafminer adults lay eggs on new flush growth that was not present at the time of treatment. Oil has been shown to work as a temporary oviposition deterrent in nursery settings but should be used with care to avoid phytotoxicity. Diflubenzuron (Micromite) is effective primarily against eggs and larval stages. Cultural Control Citrus leafminer moths are attracted to new flush of citrus trees. Avoid pruning live branches more than once a year, so that the cycles of flushing are uniform and short. Once the leaves harden, the pest will not be able to mine the leaves. Do not prune off leaves damaged by citrus leafminer because undamaged areas of the leaves continue to produce food for the tree. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer at times of the year when leafminer populations are high and flush growth will be severely damaged. Vigorous shoots known as water sprouts often develop on branches and above the graft union on the trunk of mature trees. These shoots grow rapidly and produce new leaves for a prolonged period of time. Where citrus leafminer is a problem, remove water sprouts that might act as a site for the moths to lay eggs (oviposition). Always remove suckers, the vigorous shoots that grow from the trunk below the graft union, because they originate from the rootstock and do not produce desirable fruit. Monitoring Traps baited with a pheromone (insect sex attractant) are available for citrus leafminer and are a useful tool for determining when moths are flying and depositing eggs. Hang a trap containing the pheromone inside a citrus tree at about chest height during March through November. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for maintaining the trap, such as the frequency with which pheromones should be replaced. Use one pheromone trap per 5 acres. Check the traps weekly for moths. Citrus leafminer moths may be captured in traps almost any time during the growing season. However, this species is most abundant when citrus is flushing in the summer and fall months. These traps will help you determine when male flights are occurring and when to time insecticide applications if they are needed. Ovicides such as oil or diflubenzuron (Micromite) should be applied during peak flights of moths.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES A. IMIDACLOPRID (Admire Pro) 714 fl oz/acre 12 0 (Nuprid) 1.6F 1020 fl oz/acre 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (aphids, glassy-winged sharpshooters); Natural enemies: predatory beetles and parasites PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: An important treatment for nurseries and the first two years after citrus is planted. Apply to soil; remains effective 1 to 3 months. Moderately effective against mining larvae. Requires 3 to 4 weeks for uptake into mature citrus and less in smaller trees. Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees or trees irrigated by drip/microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform distribution of water. Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once the irrigation system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time interval (generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in the treatment solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution has cleared all irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root zone but do not overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus orchards 1 month before trees begin to flush. Allows most natural enemies to survive, except vedalia beetles. Do not use where cottony cushion scale is a problem. Citrus Leafminer (1/11) 59
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
THIAMETHOXAM (Platinum) 811 fl oz/acre 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (sucking insects); Natural enemies: most natural enemies PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Do not apply during pre-bloom or during bloom when bees are actively foraging. Avoid drift to blooming crops or ground cover. Highly toxic to bees through direct exposure and by contact with residue.
FOLIAR INSECTICIDES A. CHLORANTRANILIPROLE (Altacor) 34.5 oz/acre 4 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (some sucking insects; primarily caterpillars); Natural enemies: parasitic wasps PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 28 COMMENTS: Make no more than 3 applications per season and do not apply more than 0.2 lbs a.i. of chlorantraniliprole containing products/acre/crop/season. For best results apply 100150 gal water/acre. B. METHOXYFENOZIDE (Intrepid) 2F 612 fl oz/acre 4 NA RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: few PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 18 COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing trees only (including nurseries). Use allowed under a Supplemental Label. ABAMECTIN* (Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites & thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE 415 OIL 1% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. Comments: Apply in 50200 gal water/acre. Do not apply prebloom, during bloom, in nurseries, or on nonbearing trees. To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Use ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Apply no more than 1 application of abamectin plus oil/season. ACETAMIPRID (Assail) 70WP 1.72.9 oz/acre (OC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Can be used on nursery stock for commercial plantings. Repeat applications of any neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid-Assail: imidacloprid-Admire, Provado) can lead to resistance to all neonicotinoids. Alternate neonicotinoids with an insecticide that has a different mode of action Group number to help delay the development of resistance.
C.
D.

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%) (415, 440) 1% (OC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 99%) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1% (OC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Oils will kill eggs laid on leaves, but have only a mildly suppressive effect on larvae. DIFLUBENZURON* (Micromite) 80 WSG 3.1256.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because Micromite is effective primarily against the egg stage of the leafminer. There is a limit of 6.25 oz per 90 day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Suppresses citrus leafminer for several weeks. . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE 415 OIL 0.51.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because Micromite is effective primarily against the egg stage of the leafminer. There is a limit of 6.25 oz per 90 day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Suppresses citrus leafminer for several weeks. AZADIRACHTIN (Neemix 4.5) 47 oz/acre (OC) 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (whiteflies, aphids, leafminers, caterpillars); Natural enemies: few PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Short residual, requires repeated applications every 14-21 days.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Not applicable; registered for nonbearing trees only.
F.
G.
** +
1
* NA

CITRUS PEELMINER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Marmara gulosa
Citrus peelminer is a pest of susceptible citrus varieties in the Coachella and San Joaquin valleys. The San Joaquin Valley strain is genetically related to a strain from Mexico and probably arrived on infested fruit during 1998-99. Adult moths deposit eggs on stems and fruit of citrus and neighboring crops. A small larva hatches from the egg and begins feeding on the rind of the fruit just below the egg shell. As the larva grows, it molts four to seven times and mines the stem or fruit creating a winding tunnel that grows wider as the larva gets larger. Just before pupation, the larva changes to a pink form with spinning mouthparts. The pink stage larva leaves the mine and spins a flat cocoon on a twig, leaf, or fruit. It decorates the cocoon with silk balls and then pupates. There is no overwintering stage; the insect continues development throughout the year, but the length of a generation is shorter during warm temperatures. There are 6-8 generations a year occurring at about monthly intervals from May to November. The citrus leafminer, a small moth that attacks citrus, differs from citrus peelminer because its larval stages leave a frass trail in the mine and it attacks only new flush leaves rather than stems and fruit. The leafminer pupa is found in the curled edge of a leaf and lacks the decorative balls that the peelminer creates.
DAMAGE
Larvae form mines on the surface of the fruit. Grapefruit, pummelo, and certain smooth-skinned navel varieties (Fukumoto, Atwood, TI) are most susceptible to damage, but the peelminer can attack any variety. Susceptible varieties can suffer 5-80% fruit damage, while nonsusceptible varieties rarely experience more than 3% damaged fruit. Under heavy infestations, peelminers will mine the leaves, but this is rare. Damage to fruit is cosmetic but one mine can render it unacceptable for fresh market. This pest can attack many different crops: grapes, cotton, beans, stone fruits, nuts, ornamentals (willows and oleander), various vegetables, and weeds. Susceptible varieties of citrus are at higher risk for damage if located next to crops where peelminer populations build up (cotton and beans). Because citrus peelminer is usually not an economic problem in the neighboring crops, it is rarely controlled in those crops. When those crops reach maturity and begin to dry, the moths emerge and move into neighboring citrus.
MANAGEMENT
Future management of this pest will likely rely primarily on biological control and cultural practices unless an effective pesticide can be found. Pesticides are only somewhat effective against peelminer because of the difficulty in obtaining good spray coverage of the fruit and penetration of the pesticides into the mines. The moths prefer to lay eggs on fruit that is low and on the inside of the tree, which is the hardest fruit to reach with sprays. Biological Control There are many native parasites that attack peelminer to a limited extent. One native eulophid wasp, Cirrospilus coachellae, can control peelminer populations in the Coachella Valley and research is currently in progress to determine if it can overwinter and provide control in the San Joaquin Valley. Parasites pupate in the mine and can be seen through the epidermis as small, black pupae surrounded by black dots (fecal material). Evidence of past parasite activity are exit holes near the remains of pupae. Longterm control of this pest will likely be biological. The recent arrival of citrus leafminer to California may assist with biological control of peelminer because they share many of the same natural enemies. Cultural Control Avoid planting susceptible citrus varieties such as Fukumoto oranges, grapefruit, and pummelos. Locate plantings of these susceptible varieties away from neighboring crops such as cotton and grapes that could be a source of peelminer. If cotton is grown next to a susceptible citrus variety, then Bt cotton should be used or an insecticide can be mixed with the defoliant to reduce the number of moths emerging from the cotton. Treatment Decisions While citrus peelminer is sensitive to a number of different insecticides, it is difficult to control with insecticides because it attacks the inside low fruit (difficult to reach with sprays), the larval stage is protected by the mine, and it has 6 to 8 generations. Development of a pheromone trap is underway to improve treatment timing.
Citrus Peelminer (9/08) 62
Studies have shown that the lower developmental threshold of citrus peelminer is 55F. The biofix of first flight in noncitrus host crops usually occurs between the 3rd week of March and early April. From that point on, every 580 degree-days, the peelminer completes a generation. There are 7 potential flights in the San Joaquin Valley and 9 potential flights in the Coachella Valley. Hot summer temperatures tend to stop development of the peelminer. The first two flights of citrus peelminer attack noncitrus hosts such as the stems of walnuts, willows, oleander, and various weeds. The third flight of moths finds the pummelo and grapefruit varieties suitable for attack and the 4th or 5th flight begins to attack susceptible navel orange varieties. A treatment strategy is to use degree-days to estimate the timing of the flights that will attack a citrus variety and apply three treatments of insecticides at monthly intervals to control the first three flights that could potentially deposit eggs on citrus fruit. For example, pummelo and grapefruit growers would treat flights 3, 4, and 5, while navel growers would treat flights 5, 6, and 7. Diflubenzuron (Micromite) is effective primarily against the egg stage; time sprays of this insecticide to peaks in moth flights. Multiple applications of one-third or one-half rates of diflubenzuron are more effective than a single high rate. Addition of an adulticide such as chlorpyrifos or a pyrethroid (fenpropathrin-Danitol or cyfluthrin-Baythroid) to the diflubenzuron treatment helps somewhat. However, these insecticides are fairly broad spectrum and may cause flare ups of other citrus pests because they destroy natural enemies.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. DIFLUBENZURON* (Micromite) 80 WGS 26.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because it only kills the egg stage of the peelminer. There is a limit of 6.4 oz per 90-day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Use allowed under a FIFRA 2(ee) recommendation. DIFLUBENZURON* (Micromite 80 WG) 26.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because it only kills the egg stage of the peelminer. There is a limit of 6.4 oz per 90 day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Use allowed under a FIFRA 2(ee) recommendation. . . . PLUS . . . CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 2 pt/acre (OC) 5 days 21 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. . . . or . . . FENPROPATHRIN* (Danitol) 2.4 EC 21.33 fl oz/acre (OC) 24 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects and mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: Apply in 50200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. To reduce the potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or if feasible, only every 2 to 3 years. Do not apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas and do not apply more than 21.33 fl oz/acre/year. . . . or . . . Citrus Peelminer (9/08) 63
B.
CYFLUTHRIN* (Baythroid) 2 6.4 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates) RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations in the San Joaquin Valley MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: Only a single application may be made per crop season. To reduce the potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or, if feasible, only every 2 to 3 years. Do not apply within 25 feet of lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes, or natural ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish farm ponds.
** + *
1
OC - Outside coverage uses 100-250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Citrus Peelminer (9/08) 64

CITRUS RED MITE (5/10)

Scientific Name: Panonychus citri
Adult female citrus red mites are oval and globular; the male is smaller and has a tapered abdomen. Each female lays 20 to 50 eggs at a rate of 2 to 3 a day, depositing them on both sides of leaves. The life cycle from egg to egg may be as short as 12 days during warm weather. Populations increase in spring, late summer, and early fall in response to new growth; citrus red mites prefer to feed on fully expanded young leaves but will also infest fruit.
DAMAGE
On leaves, citrus red mite feeding results in a pale stippling visible primarily on the upper surface of the leaf. In severe infestations, the stippling enlarges to dry necrotic areas (commonly called mesophyll collapse). Eventually, leaves may drop and twigs dieback. Stippling or silvering also occurs on green fruit but usually disappears when fruit change color. If large populations feed on nearly mature fruit, the silvering may persist. High populations can also cause fruit sunburn if hot weather is occurring. During fall Santa Ana winds, low levels of citrus red mite can cause a blasting or burning of foliage and leaf drop in coastal and southern California growing areas.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus red mite is more of a problem when trees are water stressed and conditions are hot and dry. Research on San Joaquin Valley navels and coastal lemons showed citrus can tolerate much higher populations than previously thought and treatment is not normally required in healthy orchards under a biologically based IPM program. Populations tend to be heavier in spring and fall, especially in orchards where natural enemies are destroyed by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides such as formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) or methidathion (Supracide). Monitor orchards and use narrow range selective miticides whenever possible. Biological Control Predaceous mites, predaceous insects, and a virus are important in regulating citrus red mite populations. The most important natural enemy is the predaceous mite (Euseius tularensis). These beneficial mites can establish their populations before citrus red mites are numerous because they have alternate food sources (pollen, citrus thrips larvae, leaf sap, nectar, and honeydew). They mainly attack immature stages of the citrus red mite. The female of both species is about the same size as the female citrus red mite but is pearshaped, shiny, and translucent. Predator eggs are clear, oval, and about twice the size of citrus red mite eggs. Eggs hatch and develop into adults in about 8 days. Other predators of the citrus red mite include a small black lady beetle (Stethorus picipes), a predaceous dustywing (Conwentzia barretti), and the sixspotted thrips (Scolothrips sexmaculatus). In addition, a disease caused by a virus specific to citrus red mite is widespread in citrus-growing areas. The disease becomes epidemic under warm, moderately dry conditions when mite populations are high and can rapidly reduce the mite population. Symptoms of virus-infected mites include stiff movements, legs curled under the body, and subsequent disintegration of the body. If diseased mites are mounted on a slide and examined under a polarizing microscope, internal crystals that shine in the polarized light are evident. Besides predators and the virus, hot temperatures (above 90F) and low humidity also reduce citrus red mite populations. Cultural Control Mites increase their reproduction on water-stressed trees. Good irrigation reduces red mite outbreaks. Water roads to limit dust buildup, which also promotes mites. Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural and biological controls and petroleum oil sprays are acceptable on organically managed citrus. Selectivity Miticides available for controlling citrus red mite (bearing orchards only) include acequinocyl (Kanemite), dicofol (Kelthane), fenbutatin oxide (Vendex), hexythiazox (Onager), oil, propargite (Omite),
Citrus Red Mite (5/10) 65
pyridaben (Nexter), and spirodiclofen (Envidor). For nonbearing orchards only, bifenazate (Acramite) and etoxazole (Zeal) can be used. Of these miticides, some are more selective than others. Acequinocyl, bifenazate, fenbutatin oxide, and oil have the least effect of all on natural enemies, including predatory mites, but they also provide a shorter period of control of pest mites. Dicofol, etoxazole, hexythiazox, propargite, pyridaben, and spirodiclofen are of intermediate selectivity because they impact both pest mites and predatory mites for up to 6 weeks but have minimal impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus, which help control caterpillars, scale, thrips, and other pests. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions In February in the San Joaquin Valley, survey each orchard to determine if mites are present. Scan several leaves per tree at various sites, and use a hand lens to check a few leaves for eggs and immatures. In southern California and coastal areas, depending on the local situation, consider monitoring beginning in late summer. Monitoring in the San Joaquin Valley. In March, or as soon as mites are detectible, begin monitoring by collecting a total of 100 fully expanded leaves from throughout the orchard. Select leaves from just inside the shady region of the tree. Using this sample: Determine the average number of pest mites per leaf by dividing the total number of mites found by 100. Count the number of active stages of predatory mites and calculate the average number of predatory mites by dividing the total number of predatory mites by 100. Note the presence of virus-infected citrus red mites. Repeat this sampling about every 2 weeks until red mite numbers decline below 1 per leaf and petal fall has occurred. Keep records of your monitoring results (example form available online). In San Joaquin Valley navel oranges, economic loss will not occur if citrus red mite densities do not exceed eight mature females/leaf by 2 to 4 weeks after petal fall. Vigorous, well-irrigated trees can tolerate more. Low-to-moderate populations are considered to be beneficial as they provide food for natural enemies. High temperatures and virus reduce mite populations in June and July and no treatment is generally required during summer. In orchards where nonselective pesticides have destroyed natural enemies, treatments may be required in spring to prevent excessive mite populations at petal fall. Use the application times listed in the following table when applying oil sprays. Monitoring in southern California and coastal areas. Spring and summer populations of citrus red mite generally do not require regular monitoring or treatment. Fall populations can be very damaging in conjunction with the Santa Ana winds if naturally occurring control is upset by nonselective pesticides or dust. About every 2 weeks in late summer, monitor orchards as described above for the San Joaquin Valley. Consider applying a treatment before Santa Ana conditions if there are more than eight to ten citrus red mites per leaf. In southern California and coastal areas, spring and summer populations of citrus red mite do not require treatment, but fall populations can be very damaging in conjunction with the Santa Ana winds if naturally occurring control is upset by nonselective pesticides or dust. Begin monitoring orchards in late summer, and consider applying a treatment before Santa Ana conditions if there are more than eight to ten citrus red mites per leaf. Use of Oils Extensive research on the use of oil sprays against various mite and scale insects has resulted in the development of recommendations that use specific rates and timing of treatments on different varieties of citrus in different regions of California in order to achieve expected pest control and limit the potential for leaf or fruit drop or fruit damage as a result of phytotoxicity. The narrow range 415, 440, and 455 oils were specifically developed for use in California to limit these concerns. Precautions for using petroleum spray oils are listed at the beginning of this guideline. Because mites are on the outside of the tree and sprayed with outside coverage, risks of phytotoxicity from oil are less than with a scale application. For additional information, see Managing Insects and Mites with Spray Oils, UC ANR Publication 3347.
Type of oil (coverage)** NR 415 (IC, OC)
Varieties Grapefruit Lemons Navels Valencias
Central areas July - Sept. Aug. - Sept. July - Sept.1 July - Sept.1
Application times to avoid tree injury Southern areas Aug. - Oct. Coastal: Apr. - Jun and/or Sept. - Dec. Interior: Apr. - May and/or Sept. - Nov. Aug. - Sep.1 Aug. - Oct.1 Mar. - Nov2 Mar. - Nov.2 Sept. - Oct.1 Mar. - Nov.1,2 Aug. - Oct. Coastal: May - June and/or Sept. - Dec. Interior: Apr. - May and/or Sept. - Nov. Aug.1 Aug.1
NR 415 (LV)
Grapefruit Lemons Navels Valencias Grapefruit Lemons Navels Valencia
NR 440 and 455 (IC, OC)
Mar. - Nov.2 Mar. - Nov. or 21 days before picking2 Aug. 15 - Sept. and as needed during prebloom1 Mar. - Nov.1,2 Aug. - Sept. Aug. - Sept. July - Aug.1 July - Aug.1
**
LV Low volume uses 20 to 100 gal water per acre. Do not use when temperatures will exceed 95F (85 to 90F on coast). OC Thorough coverage uses 100 to 250 gal water per acre, depending on tree size. IC Intermediate coverage uses 250 to 600 gal water per acre. Treatment can also be made from Feb. 15 - 50% bloom, but to avoid tree injury at this time, use only the low concentration (1.2%). Do not apply Dec.-Feb. following subfreezing temperatures during the previous week or when subfreezing temperatures are anticipated during the following 2 weeks.
1 2
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. NONBEARING TREES ONLY A. BIFENAZATE (Acramite) 50WS 0.751 lb/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing orchards only. Do not apply more than once per year. B. ETOXAZOLE (Zeal) 23 oz/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 10B COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing orchards only. Do not apply more than once per year.
1 year
1 year

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
BEARING TREES A. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 99%) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (92 or 99% UR) (415) 620 gal/acre (LV) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus red mite) Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. B. ACEQUINOCYL (Kanemite) 15SC 2131 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 20B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, and lemons only. Apply by ground using 100-250 gal water/acre. Do not use less than 100 gal water/acre. Do not apply more than 62 oz/acre/season. Allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. HEXYTHIAZOX (Onager) 1224 oz/acre (OC or IC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: short to intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 10A COMMENTS: Do not apply more than once per year. 12 28
C.
D.
PYRIDABEN (Nexter) WSB Label rates (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: When this material was used during April and May in the San Joaquin Valley and thrips were abundant, there was an increase in scarring damage caused by thrips. Do not apply more than twice/year. FENPROXIMATE (Fujimite) 5EC 14 pt (OC or IC) 12 14 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use allowed under a Supplemental Label.
E.

Common name (trade name) F.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
PROPARGITE (Omite) CR 7.510 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12C COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons. Do not apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material does not work well in cool weather. . . . or . . . (Omite)* 30W COMMENTS: For oranges and grapefruit. Check with county ag. commissioner to determine if there is a current Special Local Needs permit for southern California areas. Apply from Oct. 1 to petal fall. Ground application only. Be sure temperatures are below 95F. No more than 2 applications/fruit year at least 21 days apart. Do not apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material does not work well in cool weather. FENBUTATIN OXIDE* (Vendex) 50WP 0.240.5 lb/100 gal (OC or IC) 48 7 ...or... 3 lb/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher rates during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4 lb/acre/season.
G.
H.
SPIRODICLOFEN (Envidor) 2SC see comments 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. DICOFOL (Kelthane MF) 4E 0.8 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate RESISTANCE: In some citrus red mite populations. MODE OF ACTION: un COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use on nonresistant mites only; resistance has been reported in the San Joaquin Valley. Closed application system required with this material. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
I.
** + *
1

CITRUS RUST MITE (Silver Mite) (5/10)

Scientific Name: Phyllocoptruta oleivora
This pest is known as the rust mite on oranges and the silver mite on lemons. It is an occasional pest in coastal areas of southern California and is a problem in some years in inland southern California growing areas. Citrus rust mite is about the same size as a bud mite and requires a hand lens to view; it is deeper yellow in color than the bud mite and wedge shaped. A generation may be completed in 1 to 2 weeks in summer, but development slows or stops in winter, depending on temperature.
DAMAGE
The rust mite feeds on the outside exposed surface of fruit that is 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) or larger. Feeding destroys rind cells and the surface becomes silvery on lemons, rust brown on mature oranges, or black on green oranges. Rust mite damage is similar to broad mite damage, except that somewhat larger fruit are affected. Most rust mite damage occurs from late spring to late summer.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus rust mite tends to occur together with BROAD MITE but usually in greater numbers. Both species thrive in warm, humid conditions. Monitor rust mite from early spring through summer. On orange trees, look for rust mites on young foliage in early spring; by late spring, most of the population will be on fruit. On lemon, rust mites are mostly on fruit throughout the season. To identify previous infestations, check outside fruit for scarred rind tissue. To assess current season levels, examine small green fruit on the inside of the canopy. A 10X to 15X hand lens is necessary to identify these minute mites. They usually feed in protected places, such as the stylar end of the fruit. When populations are high, the mites move over the entire fruit. No effective natural enemies are known, but general mite predators feed on rust mites at times. Once you find one or more infested fruit and if rust mites were a problem the previous year, watch the orchard closely. Threshold levels depend on last year's rust mite problems and current market conditions. If the population increases quickly or if scarring appears, a treatment is generally required. In some cases, the infestation is localized and a spot treatment may be sufficient for control.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. SPIRODICLOFEN (Envidor) 2SC 13 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: Works by contact with the mite so thorough coverage is important. Only one application per season allowed. DIFLUBENZURON* (Micromite) 80WGS 6.25 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 21 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 COMMENTS: Not registered for use on lemons. ABAMECTIN* (Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites and thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6 . . . PLUS . . . Citrus Rust Mite (Silver Mite) (5/10) 70
B.
C.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.25% 4 when dry MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and persistence of insecticide. RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply in 50200 gal water/acre. To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. D. MICRONIZED SULFUR# (Thiolux 80%) 20 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (mites, citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: unknown COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply in any spray containing oil or within 21 days of a previous oil spray. May lead to citrus red mite or mealybug flareups. WETTABLE SULFUR# 4560 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites and citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: unknown COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Nov. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures or within 2 months of a previous oil spray. Do not apply oil 6090 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for use in the San Joaquin Valley. FENPROXIMATE (Fujimite) 5EC 14 pt (OC or IC) 12 14 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use allowed under a Supplemental Label. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 9-12 pt/acre (OC to IC) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.25% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and persistence of insecticide. COMMENTS: Addition of chlorpyrifos to dilute oil gives faster control than oil alone, but rate of control for subsequent applications will diminish as resistance develops. It also causes thrips outbreaks, especially if used early season, and may lead to ridging of fruit. Apply this material in Sept.-Oct. only if several pests, such as citrus bud mite, citrus thrips, and ants, need to be controlled in addition to citrus bud mite. Do not apply chlorpyrifos in combination with spray oil when temperatures are expected to exceed 95F (8590F in coastal areas). Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt of chlorpyrifos/acre or 35 days for rates above 7 pt/acre. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest.
E.
F.
G.
** +
Citrus Rust Mite (Silver Mite) (5/10) 71


* #
1
Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Citrus Rust Mite (Silver Mite) (5/10) 72

CITRUS THRIPS (9/08)

Scientific Name: Scirtothrips citri
Adult citrus thrips are small, orange-yellow insects with fringed wings. During spring and summer, females lay about 25 eggs in new leaf tissue, young fruit, or green twigs; in fall, overwintering eggs are laid mostly in the last growth flush of the season. Overwintered eggs hatch in March about the time of the new spring growth. First-instar larvae are very small, whereas second-instar larvae are about the size of adults, spindleshaped, and wingless. They feed actively on tender leaves and fruit, especially under the sepals of young fruit. Third- and fourth-instar (propupa and pupa) thrips do not feed and complete development on the ground or in the crevices of trees. When adults emerge, they move actively around the tree foliage. Citrus thrips do not develop below 58F (14C). They can produce up to eight generations during the year if the weather is favorable. When monitoring citrus thrips, you must be able to distinguish them from flower thrips, which feed on flower parts but do not damage citrus. Shortly after petal fall, immature flower thrips can be seen moving around young fruit, but they soon pupate and adults disperse to other plants, consequently they are only concentrated in citrus orchards for a short period in spring. For more information on distinguishing citrus thrips from other thrips, see UC ANR Publication 3303, Integrated Pest Management for Citrus, 2nd edition.
DAMAGE
Citrus thrips is of greatest economic importance on San Joaquin navel oranges, desert citrus, and coastal lemons. On fruit, the citrus thrips punctures epidermal cells, leaving scabby, grayish or silvery scars on the rind. Second-instar larvae do the most damage because they feed mainly under the sepals of young fruit and are larger than first instars. As fruit grow, damaged rind tissue moves outward from beneath the sepals as a conspicuous ring of scarred tissue. Fruit are most susceptible to scarring from shortly after petal fall until they are about 1.5 inch (3.7 cm) in diameter. Thrips damage is higher on fruit located on the outside canopy where fruit is also susceptible to wind damage and sunburn.
MANAGEMENT
Citrus thrips populations can vary greatly from year to year. Monitor to determine if treatments are needed in a particular year. Navel oranges are more susceptible to damage than are Valencia oranges, which often do not require treatment. Treatment of young, nonbearing trees in a grove is not recommended except in severe cases. Although the citrus foliage is often heavily damaged by citrus thrips, healthy trees can withstand the damage and frequent treatments can lead to the development of insecticide resistance, making control of thrips on fruit more difficult in later years. Citrus thrips is less of a problem in orchards that receive minimal broad-spectrum pesticide treatments than in orchards that are heavily treated. Because of pesticide-induced hormoligosis (i.e. stimulation of thrips reproduction), thrips populations tend to increase after treatments with organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, foliar neonicotinoids, and the miticide pyridaben (Nexter). Biological Control A number of natural enemies attack citrus thrips, including the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis, spiders, lacewings, dustywings, and minute pirate bugs. Some controversy exists regarding the degree of citrus thrips control afforded by E. tularensis populations; they provide some control but are also a very good "indicator" species, giving an indication of the level of general natural enemies present in an orchard. Citrus thrips population levels are aggravated when broad-spectrum pesticides are used, probably because of both a reduction in natural enemy levels and pesticide-induced hormoligosis. In some years, when citrus thrips densities are excessively high, no amount of E. tularensis or other natural enemies in combination with selective pesticides can keep citrus thrips below an economic threshold. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control is acceptable for use in organically managed orchards as well as sprays of the Entrust formulation of spinosad with an organically approved oil.
Citrus Thrips (9/08) 73
Resistance Citrus thrips has a history of rapidly developing resistance to chemicals that are used repeatedly and frequently for its control. For example, resistance to dimethoate and formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) has developed in a number of citrus thrips populations in the San Joaquin and Coachella valleys; cyfluthrin (Baythroid) and fenpropathrin (Danifol) resistance has appeared in several groves in Kern County. With the limited number of pesticides available for control of citrus thrips now and in the foreseeable future, it is wise to monitor citrus thrips levels carefully, to limit treatments only to populations that are causing or are expected to cause significant levels of fruit scarring (treatments to prevent foliar damage are not recommended), and to time and apply treatments optimally so that reapplications are not required. Although citrus thrips disperse a good deal, citrus thrips resistance problems are often localized. Thus, growers using repeated applications for citrus thrips control are most likely to experience resistance problems at a later date. Selectivity The botanical insecticide sabadilla (Veratran) and spinetoram (Delegate), spinosad (Success or Entrust) and abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.) are relatively nontoxic to beneficial insects and mites. The broadspectrum organophosphate (dimethoate), carbamate (formetanate hydrochlorideCarzol), and pyrethroids (cyfluthrinBaythroid, fenpropathrin-Danitol) insecticides are toxic and fairly persistent against both beneficial mites and beneficial insects and disrupt biological control. Monitoring Check young fruit for immature thrips and monitor the undersurface of inside foliage for predaceous mites. Monitor from petal fall until fruit is greater than 1.5 inches in diameter. For oranges, the monitoring time is about 6 to 8 weeks in spring. For lemons, monitor June through October. Monitoring fruit for citrus thrips. Select trees that are three to four rows in from the outside edge of the block. Sample 25 young fruit from each corner of the block for a total of 100 fruit. Take only one to two healthy, dark green fruit from outside, sunny branches of each tree. Look for thrips on the stem end of the fruit under the calyx. Count fruit as infested only if it has one or more wingless first-or second-instar nymphs (ignore pupae and adults). Record the total fruit infested with immature citrus thrips and calculate the percentage of infested fruit (example form available online). On very susceptible varieties, such as San Joaquin Valley navels, monitor fruit at least twice a week after petal fall, and continue monitoring as long as susceptible fruit is on the tree. Monitoring predatory mites. Examine the underside of twenty 5-leaf terminals with fully expanded leaves from shady areas of the canopy (a total of 100 leaves), and count the number of adult predatory mites. Calculate and record the average number of predatory mites per leaf (example form available online). A minimum of 0.5 predatory mites per leaf is needed to assist with biological control of citrus thrips. Treatment Decisions Treatment thresholds vary by growing region, cultivar, beneficial mite populations, and the type of miticide that will be applied. A significant factor affecting threshold levels is whether the orchard is sheltered from wind damage (lower threshold) or has a history of outside fruit scarring from seasonal winds (higher threshold). As fruit get larger, treatment thresholds go up. Less susceptible varieties, such as Valencia oranges, may not require monitoring or treatment. Sabadilla (Veratran), spinetoram (Delegate), spinosad (Entrust, Success), or abamectin (Agri-Mek, etc.) are recommended to avoid severe mortality of natural enemies. Sabadilla is a stomach poison that contains sugar or molasses as a bait and must be consumed by the thrips in order to be effective. When a treatment of sabadilla, spinetoram, spinosad, or abamectin is planned, beneficial mite populations are considered significant if you have more than 0.5 predators per leaf. Just after petal fall, treatment thresholds are as follows: Valencia oranges10% of fruit sampled with one or more immature citrus thrips and few predators present, or 20% infested in the presence of significant levels of beneficial mites; navel oranges5% of fruit sample infested and few predators present, or 10% infested with significant levels of beneficial mites. Raise these thresholds as fruit grow. Dimethoate, formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol), cyfluthrin (Baythroid), and fenpropathrin (Danitol) are contact poisons and are most effective when applied shortly before the majority of citrus thrips hatch (when 5% or less of the fruit are infested with first instar citrus thrips). On very susceptible varieties, such as San Joaquin Valley navel oranges, monitor fruit at least twice a week after petal fall. Less susceptible
varieties such as Valencia oranges may not require treatment. Optimal timing of these contact materials is usually shortly after petal fall but can be delayed depending on weather and on thrips development. If an application of dimethoate, formetanate hydrochloride, cyfluthrin, or fenpropathrin is planned, the threshold is 1 to 5% infested fruit on navel oranges. Do not treat citrus thrips prebloom or after fruit exceed 1.5 inches in diameter, unless severe populations are present. Because of the continuous fruiting nature of coastal lemons, a treatment threshold of between 10 to 20% infested fruit is used, depending on whether the orchard is sheltered from wind damage (lower threshold) or has a history of outside fruit scarring from seasonal winds (higher threshold). When monitoring indicates a treatment may be needed, it is essential to properly time and apply a treatment in order to reduce the likelihood of a second treatment being needed, and thus reduce the longterm development of resistance. Apply the treatment using outside coverage (OC) by reducing spray blower wind velocity. Ground application is more effective than air application and 200 gallons per acre is more effective than lower or higher gallonage, except with the sugar or molasses bait treatments using sabadilla. Because of their smaller size, coastal lemon trees receive adequate control with an aerial application. Firm data on optimal gallonage with sugar baits are not available, but some growers believe that lower gallonage is more effective because the sugar concentration is increased. Don't apply sabadilla and a sugar bait just before or during periods of heavy dew, fog, or drizzle. Such weather conditions cause the sugar bait to separate from the toxin, rendering the treatment ineffective.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. SABADILLA (Veratran D) 1020 lb/acre PLUS up to 24 when dry 10 lb sugar in 50200 gal (OC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus thrips); Natural enemies: predatory thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: very short; Natural enemies: very short COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Acidify water in the spray tank to a pH of 4.5 before adding sabadilla; use citric acid or other approved acidifying agents. Most effective if substantial numbers of predators such as the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis are present. Sabadilla is a short residual stomach poison; time application of this material to coincide with mid-hatch. Most effective during warm weather; in cool weather thrips don't feed well on bait and it degrades with time. Use higher rates with more dilute applications. Do not combine with fertilizers because this reduces feeding by the thrips on the bait. Ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Don't apply during periods of heavy dew, fog, or drizzle. B. SPINETORAM (Delegate) WG 3-6 oz/acre (OC) 4 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (thrips, orangeworms, katydids); Natural enemies: predatory thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL# (415) 0.25-1% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply to citrus nurseries or to citrus in greenhouses. Most effective if substantial numbers of predators such as the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis are present. Time application to coincide with early to mid-hatch (see the thresholds listed above). To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application, and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Use ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Repeated applications will result in citrus thrips resistance. For resistance management purposes, do not apply Mode of Action Group 5 insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) more than twice a year. Do not apply more than a total of 12 oz/acre/crop.

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) C. Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
SPIROTETRAMAT (Movento) 2SC 8-10 fl oz/acre (OC) 24 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (mites, thrips, leafminers, aphids, armored scales); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: short (except via leaf or host feeding) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL# (415) 0.25-1% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Most effective if substantial numbers of predators such as the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis are present. Time application to coincide with early to mid-hatch (see the thresholds listed above). To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application, and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95F, or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Use ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage unless the treatment is also intended for red scale control, in which case intermediate coverage and 500 or so gpa might be best. Must be applied with oil or an adjuvant to improve penetration. Do not apply before bloom, during bloom, or 10 days after petal fall. Repeated applications will result in citrus thrips resistance. For resistance management purposes, do not apply more than once a year (i.e., do not apply in spring for citrus thrips management and in summer for red scale). SPINOSAD (Entrust) 80WP# 3 oz/acre (OC) 4 1 (Success) 2SC 4-6 fl oz/acre (OC) 4 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (thrips, orangeworms, katydids); Natural enemies: predatory thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL# (415) 0.25-1% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Most effective if substantial numbers of predators such as the predaceous mite Euseius tularensis are present. Time application to coincide with early to mid-hatch (see the thresholds listed above). To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application, and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Use ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Repeated applications will result in citrus thrips resistance. For resistance management purposes, do not apply Mode of Action Group 5 insecticides (spinetoram and spinosad) more than twice a year. Do not apply more than a total of 29 fl oz of Success/acre/crop or 9 oz of Entrust, and do not apply to citrus nurseries or to citrus in greenhouses. ABAMECTIN* (Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites and thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.25-1% 4 when dry MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short
D.
E.

COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply in 50250 gal water/acre. Do not apply in citrus nurseries. To avoid potential phytotoxicity of oil to the fruit, do not apply 30 days before or after a sulfur application and do not apply to small fruit (less than 1 inch in diameter) on a day when the ambient temperature has or is expected to exceed 95F or when the relative humidity has or is expected to drop below 20%. Most effective if substantial numbers of predators such as the predaceous mite, Euseius tularensis, are present. Time application to coincide with early to mid-hatch (see the thresholds listed above). Use ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. Repeated applications will result in citrus thrips resistance. Apply no more than 1 application of abamectin plus oil/season. F. CYFLUTHRIN* (Baythroid) 2E 6.4 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates) RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations in the San Joaquin Valley MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: Only a single application may be made per crop season. To reduce the potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or, if feasible, only one application every 2 to 3 years. Do not apply within 25 feet of lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes, or natural ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish farm ponds. FENPROPATHRIN* (Danitol) 2.4 EC 21.33 fl oz/acre (OC) 24 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects and mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations in the San Joaquin Valley MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: Apply in 50200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. To reduce the potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year or, if feasible, only one application every 2 to 3 years. Do not apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas and do not apply more than 21.33 fl oz/acre/year. FORMETANATE HYDROCHLORIDE (Carzol) 92SP 11.25 lb/acre (OC) see comments see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long, unless washed off RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines, tangelos, and grapefruit. No more than one application can be made/season. Apply at the beginning of hatch; less effective if resistance has developed. Do not apply after fruit reach a diameter of one inch. If unharvested grapefruit and Valencia oranges are present from the previous crop, an application may be made to the new crop. However, a preharvest interval of 30 days must be observed for the unharvested crop. R.E.I. is 10 days for weeding and propping; 16 days for harvesting, thinning, topping, and pruning. Ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. DIMETHOATE (Dimethoate 400) 4EC 1 qt/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 48 15 ...or... in 20 gal (A) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, tangerines. No more than 2 applications on mature fruit. Apply at the beginning of hatch. Less effective if resistance has developed. Ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage. . . . or . . .
G.
H.
I.

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS Common name (trade name) (Dimethoate 2.67) Amount to Use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
23 pt/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 48 15 ...or... in 20 gal (A) COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, tangerines. No more than 2 applications on mature fruit. Apply at the beginning of hatch. Less effective if resistance has developed. Ground application at 3 mph with reduced wind velocity so as to achieve outside coverage.
** + # *
1
A - Aircraft applications 5-20 gal/acre OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.

COTTONY CUSHION SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Icerya purchasi
The most distinguishing feature of the cottony cushion scale female is the fluted cottony egg sac that she secretes. About 600 to 800 eggs are laid in the sac. Hatching occurs within a few days in summer, but can take up to 2 months in winter. Newly hatched nymphs are red with dark legs and antennae. First and second instar feed on twigs and leaves, usually along the veins. Third instars and adults are found mainly on branches and the trunk, rarely the fruit. Third instars are covered with a thick, cottony secretion that disappears after they molt. Adult females settle and begin to form the white, elongated egg sac. Males are rare and females can reproduce without mating. There are three generations a year.
DAMAGE
Cottony cushion scales extract plant sap from leaves, twigs, and branches, thus reducing tree vigor. If infestations are heavy, leaf and fruit drop can occur along with twig dieback. The scale secretes honeydew, which promotes the growth of sooty mold.
MANAGEMENT
The cottony cushion scale was a major pest of citrus in the 1880s. Efforts at controlling this pest resulted in one of the earliest and most impressive examples of classical biological control (where natural enemies are imported from the pest's native country and introduced in areas to which it has spread). Today, infestations occur in the San Joaquin Valley because of the temporary destruction of the natural enemies by insecticide treatments such as pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and insect growth regulators. If you encounter cottony cushion scale, look for its natural enemies. Insecticide treatments are usually not necessary unless the use of broad-spectrum insecticides has decimated vedalia beetle populations. Biological Control Two natural enemies effectively control cottony cushion scale. The vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis, was introduced from Australia in the early 1890s. The adult and larva feed on all stages of the scale. Female beetles lay eggs underneath the scale or attached to the egg sac. Young larvae move into the egg mass and feed on eggs. Older stage larvae feed on all scale stages. For more information about the life cycle of the cottony cushion scale and the vedalia beetle, see UC ANR Publication 8051, Stages of Cottony Cushion Scale and its Natural Enemy, the Vedalia Beetle. The parasitic fly, Cryptochaetum iceryae, was also introduced from Australia and is a very effective parasite of this scale in coastal areas. The fly deposits its eggs inside the scale body. Upon hatching, parasite larvae feed on the scale body and pupate within the remains of the scale. Control ants if they are tending cottony cushion scale because they can significantly disrupt natural enemy activity. Cultural Control Cottony cushion scale like moist, cool conditions and do well in citrus trees with dense canopies. Open the tree by pruning the interior of the canopy to remove suckers, dead branches, and crossing limbs, especially in mandarin and grapefruit varieties. Also in young trees, pruning the lower scaffold area can help. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological and cultural control are acceptable for use on an organically certified crop. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Early spring monitoring. Monitor cottony cushion scale by examining 25 trees in the orchard. Spread the branches apart and look into the interior of the tree for adult female cottony cushion scale during MarchApril. If you find an infestation, also look for vedalia beetle stages (red eggs or larvae of the vedalia beetle) on the white egg sac of the adult scales or vedalia pupal cases attached to leaves. The vedalia beetle is the best method of controlling cottony cushion scale. Vedalia beetles grow very rapidly (they can complete four generations in the time it takes cottony cushion scale to complete one generation) and consume large numbers of cottony cushion scale eggs and nymphs in a very short amount of time. When vedalia beetles arrive in an orchard, they can control a serious cottony cushion scale problem in 4 to 6 weeks. Insecticides are often not as effective as vedalia beetle and are disruptive to the natural enemies needed for other pests. If you have vedalia beetle stages present, then it will most likely control cottony cushion scale, as
Cottony Cushion Scale (9/08) 79
long as you do not disrupt it with pesticides (pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and insect growth regulators are toxic to vedalia). If vedalia does not arrive naturally in an infested orchard by the end of March, it is critical to find stages of this beetle from another source and release them in April in order to give them enough time (6 weeks) to build their numbers and control cottony cushion scale. As few as 20 vedalia adults or larvae can be used to establish a population in an orchard. Vedalia beetles are very sensitive to heat and halt egg production and larval development when San Joaquin Valley daily temperatures exceed 90F (usually in June). Thus, if the release is made after April, there is often not enough time for the vedalia beetle population to exert full control of the scales before hot weather and pesticide applications reduce their effectiveness. June monitoring. If vedalia beetles do not arrive early enough or establish well enough, or an insecticide treatment for another pest eliminates the vedalia beetle, a treatment using buprofezin (Applaud), an organophosphate (malathion, methidathion), or a carbamate (carbaryl) may be warranted. Monitor cottony cushion scale by examining 25 trees in the orchard, spreading branches apart and looking into the interior of the tree. Count the number of live adult female scales (make sure they are alive by pulling apart the scale bodies - they should have liquid inside) per 2 foot branch. If the number of live adult female scale exceeds 4 per branch, a treatment is warranted. In the San Joaquin Valley, cottony cushion scale can become a serious problem in spring after use of broadspectrum insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids for citrus thrips and worm control. This is because these pesticides kill the vedalia beetle during the period when it is most actively feeding and reproducing on cottony cushion scale (MarchJune). The vedalia beetle will often recover from these sprays and control cottony cushion scale infestations by early summer. Of greater concern is the effect of insect growth regulators (IGRs) such as pyriproxyfen (Esteem) and buprofezin (Applaud) for California red scale control and neonicotinoids (imidacloprid-Provado and Admire and acetamiprid-Assail) for citricola scale and glassy-winged sharpshooter control. Insect growth regulators prevent vedalia beetle from completing pupation and emerging as adults; pyriproxyfen also prevents the beetle eggs from hatching. Neonicotinoids kill vedalia beetles when they contact the residues or feed on cottony cushion scale that have taken up the insecticide systemically. The residues from pyriproxyfen, buprofezin, and imidacloprid can last more than 5 months. A sign that IGRs are killing vedalia beetles is the presence of dead vedalia beetle pupae on the outside leaves of trees. IGRs will also kill the cottony cushion scale pest, but they kill it very slowly. The orchards that experience the worst cottony cushion problems are not the orchards that are sprayed with IGRs, because the IGRs kill the cottony cushion scale as well as the California red scale. The worst cottony cushion scale outbreaks are in neighboring orchards because the spray drift from the treated orchard kills the vedalia beetle but not the cottony cushion scale. The neonicotinoids do not have any effect on cottony cushion scale. In coastal areas, the parasitic fly can usually be observed parasitizing cottony cushion scales. The emerging parasite leaves an exit hole in the mummified scales. Ants are attracted to the honeydew excreted by this scale but do not interfere greatly with its biological control.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. VEDALIA BEETLES# NA NA RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (cottony cushion scale); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: none COMMENTS: No commercial insectaries are currently rearing vedalia beetles; finding them in one orchard and moving them to another is the best method of establishing vedalia in an orchard. During Feb.-April, simply collect vedalia adults, pupae, or any stages that you can find, and move them into the problem orchard. Place the vedalia on top of a cottony cushion scale infestation in the branches of a tree in several trees in the orchard; they should spread on their own from there. If the conditions are right, one early release of 25 vedalia individuals/10 acre block should be sufficient, but more is always better. They can be moved into a cottony cushion-infested orchard any time of the year, but they seem to do their best in early spring, especially when the population of cottony cushion scale consists mostly of very large female scale, which is the preferred stage for feeding and egg-laying. When the vedalia beetle consumes all of the cottony cushion scale, it will fly away in search of more food. Cottony Cushion Scale (9/08) 80
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
BUPROFEZIN (Applaud) 70DF 2.142.86 lb/acre (TC) 12 3 (Applaud) 70W 2.12.84 lb/acre (TC) 12 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (scales, whiteflies); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 16 COMMENTS: Insect growth regulator; works best for low-to-moderate populations. For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Most effective if applied after peak emergence of the first generation of crawlers. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed white caps. Slow-acting; This product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed until the next generation. No more than 2 applications/season and allow 60 days between applications. MALATHION 8 Spray 12 pt/100 gal (TC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom period. 24 7
C.
D.
METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 0.5 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC). May increase citrus red mite populations.
14
E.
CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 11.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: Some California red scale and some Euseius tularensis populations in the San Joaquin Valley. MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations.
TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. Not applicable.
** + # *
1
NA
Cottony Cushion Scale (9/08) 81

EUROPEAN EARWIG (9/08)

Scientific Name: Forficula auricularia
The introduced European earwig (family Forficulidae) is the most common of several earwig species that can occur in citrus. Adults are about 0.75 inch long, reddish brown, and have a pair of prominent tail appendages that resemble forceps. Most species have wings under short, hard wing covers, but earwigs seldom fly. Immature earwigs resemble small, wingless adults. Earwigs feed mostly at night and hide during the day. Common hiding places include bark crevices, mulch, topsoil, protected (touching) plant parts, and under trunk wraps. Females lay masses of 30 or more eggs in soil. Nymphs are whitish and remain in soil until their first molt, after which they darken and begin searching for food. Earwigs generally have one or two generations a year. They can be active year round.
DAMAGE
Earwigs feed on dead and living insects and insect eggs, other organisms, and on succulent plant parts. Earwigs occasionally damage buds and leaves on young or newly grafted trees. They can be especially problematic on trees with trunk wrappers or cardboard guards. The cause of damage can be difficult to distinguish from that of other chewing pests that hide during day and feed at night, including brown garden snail, Fuller rose beetle, and June beetles.
MANAGEMENT
If you suspect that earwigs are causing damage, lift and shake or sharply tap any trunk wrappers and look for earwigs dropping to the ground, where they quickly scurry for cover. Alternatively, place a folded newspaper or burlap bag near the base of several trees with chewed foliage. Check these traps or earwig hiding places the next morning. Remove trunk wrappers where pests hide when wraps are no longer needed, thereby reducing earwig populations. Earwigs rarely are abundant enough to warrant chemical treatment, except on young trees bordering uncultivated areas. If trunk wrappers cannot be removed and treatments are needed, the preferred method is to apply an insecticidal bait or broad-spectrum insecticide (such as a pyrethroid or organophosphate) directly into the trunk wrapper. This can be done with a measuring scoop for bait products or with a handgun for liquid products. Foliar applications of insecticides, such as with an air blast sprayer, are not highly effective against earwigs, although some mortality will occur if the applications are made at night while some earwigs are feeding on the tree canopy.
European Earwig (9/08) 82

FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER (5/10)

Scientific Name: Archips argyrospila
Larvae of the fruittree leafroller are green caterpillars that are somewhat flattened and have shiny black heads. The caterpillars tie or roll leaves or blossoms together with silken threads and feed inside these nests. Older caterpillars construct a new nest frequently, often daily. Mature caterpillars pupate inside nests or in thin cocoons on branches or the trunk. Moths emerge about 8 to 12 days later; after mating, females lay egg masses on twigs in the upper part of trees. Eggs overwinter and start hatching in the middle of March; there is only one generation a year.
DAMAGE
Fruittree leafrollers can occasionally cause damage in spring by feeding on newly set fruit or on ripening Valencias, navels, or grapefruit. Early in spring, young larvae feed mostly on new growth flushes, often resulting in curled leaf terminals. In situations where most of the new flush is consumed (e.g., weak or drought stressed trees with little flush), larvae will tie leaves to fruit and bore inside; this injury provides entry sites for secondary decay organisms, and fruit will drop within 1 to 2 weeks.
MANAGEMENT
Fruittree leafroller is a minor pest. Monitor for fruittree leafroller in spring at the same time as citrus cutworm, but count the two species separately. Natural enemies generally are helpful in reducing this pest, and treatments are rarely necessary. Biological Control Natural enemies include general predators that prey on small larvae, and Trichogramma spp. that parasitize the eggs. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use in organically certified crops. Selectivity The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides (Dipel, Javelin, Cutlass, and MVPII) are toxic only to caterpillar pests. The stomach poison cryolite is specific to foliage-feeding pests. These insecticides are relatively nontoxic to parasites that attack the caterpillars and beneficial insects and mites that feed on other citrus pests. The broad-spectrum organophosphates (Lorsban) and carbamates (Lannate) kill many of the beneficial insects and mites in citrus groves. Some populations of the beneficial mite, Euseius tularensis, show resistance to chlorpyrifos (Lorsban), so this is the least toxic of the broad-spectrum pesticides. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions To monitor fruittree leafroller eggs, establish one or two permanent observation trees per site at five locations per block. Before the middle of March, check twigs and small branches thoroughly in the upper one-third of the tree for gray to brown, flat egg masses. To monitor caterpillars, search the outer canopy of the south and east side of four trees at each sampling site. Spend about 2 to 5 minutes per tree and count all the live leafroller caterpillars. Carry out this procedure in five locations per block. Record the number of worms per unit time and calculate the average number of larvae per hour search. Caterpillars can also be monitored with an L-shaped 1/4 square meter (20 x 20 inches) PVC pipe counting frame to count the number of infested vs. noninfested terminals. Be sure to open nests and count only nests that contain a live worm. Begin counts once a week when the spring feather-leaf flush appears or the first fruittree leafroller caterpillar is seen. Take one sample from the NE corner of 20 randomly selected trees in a diagonal through the block. When mature fruit are present and 20% or more of the new flush terminals are infested with a live worm, watch carefully for leaves being attached to mature fruit. The potential for damage to mature fruit is greatest at this point. The 20% threshold corresponds to a time search number of about 400 worms per hour. If worms are close to pupating, increase the threshold, especially if fruit is not present. Most larvae pupate before petal fall and treatments are usually not needed.
Fruittree Leafroller (5/10) 83
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# (various) Label rate (OC) 4 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 12 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre. CARBARYL* (Sevin) XLR Plus 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period. NALED (Dibrom) 8E 2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to honey bees; do not use during bloom. Restricted entry interval is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt. METHOMYL* (Lannate LV) 2.4 1.53 pt/acre (OC) 3 days 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to honey bees; do not use during bloom.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Common name (trade name) G.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 2 lb/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to honey bees; do not use during bloom.
A - Aircraft applications 5-20 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** + # *
1

FULLER ROSE BEETLE (5/10)

Scientific Name: Asynonychus godmani
Adult Fuller rose beetles are brown, flightless snout beetles and are all females that reproduce without mating. They can be distinguished from two other snout beetles that occur in California citrus groves but do not cause damage: viewed from the top the Fuller rose beetle head and bulging eyes are different than the cribrate weevil, which has a teardrop-shaped head with closely spaced eyes, and viewed from the side the Fuller rose beetle's snout is less sharply pointed to the ground than that of the vegetable weevil. The Fuller rose beetle has one generation a year. Eggs are laid in a mass of several dozen on fruit, especially underneath the button or in cracks and crevices in the tree. When eggs hatch, larvae drop to the ground and live in the soil where they feed on roots of citrus for 6 to 10 months. They pupate in the soil and the adults emerge 1.5 to 2 months later. Adults are flightless and reach the canopy by climbing up the trunk or branches that touch the ground or vegetation.
DAMAGE
The beetle itself does not generally cause economic damage in citrus but the presence of eggs on fruit exported to Japan used to be a quarantine concern. Since Fuller rose beetle has been found in Japanese citrus groves, this is no longer a concern. Fuller rose beetle adults feed along the margins of citrus leaves, creating notches and leaving a characteristic sharp, ragged appearance. Normally, they are not a concern except on topworked trees where the beetles will feed on new buds or if a young tree is planted in a mature grove and beetles concentrate their feeding on the new growth of that tree.
MANAGEMENT
If management of Fuller rose beetles is necessary (i.e., should it become a quarantine concern in other countries), there are three primary strategies: (1) skirt pruning with trunk treatment; (2) preharvest foliar sprays, or (3) season-long suppression with foliar sprays for 1.5 to 2 years. Use skirt pruning and trunk treatment in orchards with a history of Fuller rose beetle. As an alternative, one or two preharvest foliar sprays may be applied to prevent exported fruit from being infested with viable eggs. Biological Control The egg parasite, Fidiobia citri, can parasitize up to 50% of each egg mass. Parasitized eggs are a dark gold color and they may persist long after unparasitized eggs have hatched. Cultural Control If Fuller rose beetle has been a problem in your orchard in the past, the best strategy is to prevent the flightless adults from reaching the canopy by using skirt pruning and trunk treatments. Skirt prune trees 24 to 30 inches above the ground to prevent adults from reaching the canopy and apply sticky material to the trunk. Sticky material can be expected to last 2 to 10 months, depending on wash-off by sprinklers and the amount of dirt and leaf contamination. Sticky material will also control ants, and if it contains tribasic copper sulfate, it is effective against brown garden snail as well. Some concern has been expressed regarding the application of sticky polybutene materials directly to the trunk of citrus trees, especially if multiple applications are applied to the same area of the trunk. The sticky material can be applied on top of a tree wrap but this is both laborious and expensive. Trials to date have failed to show serious phytotoxicity (minor bark cracking has been seen in a very small number of cases) except in situations where damage is associated with sunburni.e., where the banded area is exposed to direct sunlight (especially a concern on topworked trees or on young trees which have a very thin cambium layer and are more susceptible to damage). On young or topworked trees, apply sticky materials only on top of a tree wrap to protect the tree from sunburn. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological and cultural controls, including the application of sticky materials are acceptable organic methods.
Fuller Rose Beetle (5/10) 86

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions If Fuller rose beetle damage occurs in an orchard, sample for adults from July to November by shaking or beating branches onto a sheet or tray. If beetles are found, sample fruit for egg masses, especially in the areas where adult feeding damage has been found. Sample a minimum of 500 fruit in a 10 acre block (5 fruit per tree from 10 trees per acre). Select fruit from chest height from a different quadrant of the canopy. Clip the stem 2 inches from fruit, then hold the stem and twist off the button. Look for egg masses on the underside of the button end and on the fruit where it was covered by the button. If the fruit is to be shipped to Japan, infestation levels should be less than one fruit infested with a viable, unhatched egg per 1,000 fruit sampled at harvest. Treat 600 degree-days (accumulated above 51F lower threshold) before harvest. (For assistance in calculating degree-days, see Degree-days on the UC IPM Web site at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.) This can range from 1 to 4 months, depending on the weather. During cool weather, retreatment may be necessary.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. STICKY POLYBUTENE MATERIALS# 2- to 4-inch band RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (trunk climbers); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use polybutene-based products only. Do not apply sticky materials directly on the trunk of young or topworked trees where the treated area is exposed to the sunin these cases, use a 6- to 18-inch wrap under the sticky material to protect the tree from sunburn. Exercise caution in applying multiple applications (more than 3 or 4)watch for symptoms of bark cracking. Apply the sticky band high enough to avoid sprinklers, dust, and direct sunlight. Reactivate periodically by rubbing with a stick to remove dust. Check to ensure that hanging branches, sticks, weeds, etc. are not allowing Fuller rose beetles access to trees. CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 20 lb/acre (IC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96WP 20 lb/acre (IC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill Fuller rose beetles. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 1.2 lb/100 gal in 250-750 gal 12 (Sevin) XLR Plus 1 qt/100 gal in 250-750 gal 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not exceed 25 lb/acre/application of Sevin 80S or 20 qt/acre/application of Sevin XLR Plus. 5 5
B.
C.
** + # *
1
IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Fuller Rose Beetle (5/10) 87

GLASSY-WINGED SHARPSHOOTER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Homalodisca vitripennis (= H. coagulata)
Glassy-winged sharpshooter is in the same insect family as leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). The glassy-winged sharpshooter feeds, reproduces, and is often abundant on a variety of host plants including agricultural crops (citrus and grapes) and a large number of ornamental plants. Glassy-winged sharpshooter was introduced into southern California in the late 1980s. Its current distribution in agricultural areas is southern California and Kern and Tulare counties. The glassy-winged sharpshooter continues to spread slowly northward in the Central Valley. Infestations that have appeared in various other counties in central and northern California have been eradicated or suppressed. The glassy-winged sharpshooter is a large insect compared to other leafhoppers. Adults are about 0.5 inch long and are generally dark brown to black when viewed from the top or side. The abdomen is whitish or yellow. The head is brown to black and covered with numerous ivory to yellowish spots. These spots are helpful in distinguishing glassy-winged sharpshooters from smoke-tree sharpshooters, which have light-colored wavy lines on the head. Females lay their eggs in masses of about 5 to 15 in the lower leaf surface of young, fully developed leaves. When it is first laid, the egg mass appears as a greenish blister on the leaf. The female covers the leaf blister with a secretion that resembles white chalk and is more visible than the leaf blister. Nymphs hatch in 10 to 14 days and proceed to feed on the leaf petioles or small stems. The glassy-winged sharpshooter has two generations per year in California. In late winter and early spring, adults become active. Citrus is an especially attractive egg-laying host during late March through April and again in late June through August. The first generation of glassy-winged sharpshooter become adults by mid-June, and the number of young adults continues to increase through July and August. Glassy-winged sharpshooter will overwinter in citrus as well as weeds, ornamentals, and various trees.
DAMAGE
Glassy-winged sharpshooter feeds on the nutrient-poor xylem of the plant and must consume copious amounts of fluid in order to gain enough nutrition to grow and reproduce. Consequently, the adults and nymphs excrete large amounts of liquid while feeding, which gives the fruit and foliage a whitewashed appearance. Extremely high populations of glassy-winged sharpshooter have been shown to reduce fruit quality and yield of coastal lemons and Valencias in southern California. In recent years, however, very high populations are rarely seenlikely because of increased parasite activity. Currently, treatments are applied primarily to reduce sharpshooter populations that might move to grapes or to disinfest citrus trees before harvest. The glassy-winged sharpshooter is a serious pest of grapes because it acts as a vector of the strain of Xylella fastidiosa that causes Pierce's disease in vineyards. It also vectors the strain that causes oleander leaf scorch in oleander. The bacteria multiply and block the water-conducting system of the plant causing water stress and eventual plant death. There is no known cure for the disease. Because many glassywinged sharpshooters overwinter in citrus, citrus acts as a source of sharpshooters for neighboring vineyards. Glassy-winged sharpshooter has been reported as a vector of the Xylella fastidiosa strain of bacteria that causes citrus variegated chlorosis; however, this disease has not yet been found in the U.S.
MANAGEMENT
To protect vineyards in uninfested areas of the state, quarantine regulations are in effect to slow the spread of glassy-winged sharpshooter from southern California and parts of Tulare and Kern counties northward. Kern County and Tulare citrus orchards in the glassy-winged sharpshooter-infested areas must be disinfested of glassy-winged sharpshooter before citrus fruit can be harvested and shipped to uninfested regions such as northern Tulare County packinghouses. Nursery citrus trees must be treated before they can be shipped to uninfested areas. In infested areas of the state, citrus orchards with significant yellow sticky card trap catches of glassy-winged sharpshooters are treated to bring the overall population levels down and reduce the threat of sharpshooters in nearby vineyards. Although biological
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter (5/10) 88
control agents are being released in urban areas, current management primarily involves treatment with insecticides because of the threat of Xylella to the grape industry. Biological Control Biological control is an organically acceptable method of reducing populations of this pest. However, at this time, it may not provide sufficient reduction of glassy-winged sharpshooter populations for areawide suppression programs. The egg parasitic wasp, Gonatocerus ashmeadi, is commonly found wherever glassy-winged sharpshooter occurs in California. In the southern and coastal areas of California a closely related species, Gonatocerus walkerjonesi, can be a very effective parasite in the late summer, when the second generation of eggs are deposited. Parasitized glassy-winged sharpshooter eggs are easily recognized by a tiny, round hole at one end of the egg through which the adult parasite emerged. Neither G. ashmeadi nor G. walkerjonesi, however, are normally present at high levels during the first generation of glassy-winged sharpshooter egg laying. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control is an organically acceptable method of reducing populations of this pest. Selectivity Pyrethrins are selective because they are extremely short-lived but they are limited in their efficacy. Systemic imidacloprid (Admire) is the next most selective insecticide because it only affects vedalia and other predatory beetles. The foliar neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and methomyl are highly toxic to most natural enemies. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Glassy-winged sharpshooter insecticide treatments are only recommended in citrus for one of two reasons: to suppress glassy-winged sharpshooters in the orchard in order to reduce the risk to neighboring grape vineyards or to disinfest fruit just before harvest. Different insecticides are recommended for each purpose. Insecticide treatments should be avoided where possible because of their potential for disrupting biological control of citrus pests. Glassy-winged sharpshooter suppression. An insecticide treatment in citrus may be needed to reduce overall numbers so that there are fewer glassy-winged sharpshooters to vector Xylella in neighboring grapes. When the weather is cool (winter, early spring), glassy-winged sharpshooter is best monitored in citrus by beating branches of 20 citrus trees per 10-acre block and counting the number of glassy-winged sharpshooter adults and nymphs that fall onto the sheet. An average of more than one per tree is considered a potential threat to neighboring vineyards. During the warmer weather, especially when egg masses are present during April and JuneAugust, it is easier to conduct a timed search. During a 3 to 5 minute examination of each of 20 trees per 10-acre block, count the number of nymphs, adults, and live egg masses observed. Infestations of more than one mobile stage (nymph or adult) and more than one egg mass per tree are considered significant. Disinfestation of trees just before harvest. The other reason for insecticide control of glassy-winged sharpshooters in citrus is to disinfest trees immediately before harvest so that fruit can be shipped from a generally infested region (such as southern California or Kern County) to an uninfested area (such as northern Tulare County) for packing. To detect mobile stages of glassy-winged sharpshooter, stuff citrus foliage into a sweep net, shake vigorously, and inspect the contents of the net. If any live, mobile glassywinged sharpshooter stages are found, a treatment is needed. Treatment should be as close to harvest as the preharvest interval and restricted entry interval allow (this interval is noted in the treatment table as the minimum days before harvest). Glassy-winged sharpshooter is a very mobile pest and can rapidly move into the treated orchard from untreated areas as soon as insecticide residues begin to break down.

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. PESTICIDES FOR SUPPRESSION A. IMIDACLOPRID (Admire Pro) 714 fl oz/acre 12 0 (Nuprid) 1.6F 1020 fl oz/acre 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (aphids, glassy-winged sharpshooters); Natural enemies: predatory beetles and parasites PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Apply to soil; remains effective 45 months. Moderately effective against nymphs and adults. Requires 34 weeks for uptake into mature citrus to begin to kill the sharpshooter nymphs and adults; does not kill eggs. Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees or trees irrigated by drip/microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform distribution of water. Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once the irrigation system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time interval (generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in the treatment solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution has cleared all irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root zone but do not overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus orchards just before bloom (March) or after petal fall (MayJuly). Repeat applications of any neonicotinoid insecticide (acetamiprid-Assail; imidacloprid-Admire, Provado) can lead to resistance to all neonicotinoids. Alternate neonicotinoids with an insecticide that has a different mode of action to help delay the development of resistance. B. PYRETHRIN/PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE (Pyrenone Crop Spray) 1012 oz/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 12 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: very short; Natural enemies: very short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A/ COMMENTS: Very short residual insecticide. Will kill nymphs and adults. Fairly compatible with natural enemies because of its short residual. Do not apply through any type of irrigation system. CYFLUTHRIN* (Baythroid) 2E 1.63.2 oz/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: No more than 6.4 oz/acre can be applied/year. Treatments applied for citrus thrips will help to reduce glassy-winged sharpshooter nymphs and adults. If pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin) are used to treat glassy-winged sharpshooters during the months when citrus thrips are present (generally March to October), they can select for citrus thrips resistance. Therefore, it is recommended that the total number of applications of any pyrethroid on citrus (for all pest species) be limited to a single application per season. FENPROPATHRIN* (Danitol) 2.4 EC 21.33 fl oz/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 24 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects and mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: Apply in 50200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. Effective in killing nymphs and adults, but residues last for only 24 weeks. If pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin) are used to treat glassy-winged sharpshooters during the months when citrus thrips are present (generally March to October), they can select for citrus thrips resistance. Therefore, it is recommended that the total number of applications of any pyrethroid on citrus (for all pest species) be limited to a single application per season. Do not apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas. Do not apply more than 21.33 oz of product/acre/year.
C.
D.

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
ACETAMIPRID (Assail) 70WP 1.7-2.9 oz/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Effective in killing nymphs and adults as well as preventing nymphs from emerging from egg masses. Residues last for 4-6 weeks. Do not exceed 12.5 oz product/acre/season. Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment; apply only during late evening, night, or early morning. Apply in a minimum flushed spray of 100 gal/acre by ground. Repeat applications of any neonicotinoid insecticide (acetamiprid-Assail; imidacloprid-Admire, Provado) can lead to resistance to all neonicotinoids. Alternate neonicotinoids with an insecticide that has a different mode of action to help delay the development of resistance.
PESTICIDES FOR DISINFESTATION OF TREES JUST BEFORE HARVEST A. METHOMYL* (Lannate) LV 1.53 pt/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 3 days 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects) Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: Will kill nymphs and adults but not eggs. Short residual. Effectiveness of treatment is reduced if neighboring blocks are untreated and adults fly in. International maximum residue limits of 1 ppm have been established for citrus fruit. Do not make more than 4 applications/crop. B. CYFLUTHRIN (Baythroid) 2E 1.63.2 oz/acre in 100200 gal (OC) 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: No more than 6.4 oz/acre can be applied/year. International maximum residue limits have not been established for Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Malaysia, and Australia. If pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin) are used to treat glassy-winged sharpshooters during the months when citrus thrips are present (generally March to October), they can select for citrus thrips resistance. Therefore, it is recommended that the total number of applications of any pyrethroid on citrus (for all pest species) be limited to a single application per season.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** + *
1

GRASSHOPPERS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Devastating grasshopper: Melanoplus devastator Valley grasshopper: Oedaleonotus enigma
Grasshoppers (order Orthoptera) are robust, elongate insects with winged adults that are good flyers. Commonly they are brown, gray, green, or yellowish insects with greatly enlarged hind-leg femurs adapted for jumping. Grasshoppers have relatively short antennae, which distinguishes them from crickets, katydids, and other Orthoptera, which have long antennae. Most species of grasshopper overwinter as eggs and have only one generation a year. Adults live and feed for 2 to 3 months, during which females typically deposit elongate pods of about 20 to 100 eggs in the topsoil of undisturbed areas. Eggs hatch when soil warms in spring. The nymphs feed on most any species of nearby green plant, molting five or six times before becoming adults. Nymphs and adults readily move. Each individual typically feeds on several different plants. As vegetation is consumed or dries when the rainy season ends, grasshoppers migrate to succulent plants. Adults, sometimes in a large swarm, can fly several miles a day. Nymphs readily jump, walk, or are carried by wind. Grasshopper populations vary from year to year. Grasshoppers become more numerous after warm, moist springs produce abundant vegetation in uncultivated areas, favoring grasshopper survival. Conversely, parasites and bacterial, fungal, and protozoan diseases can cause grasshopper populations to crash. Many grasshoppers are eaten by arboreal predators such as birds and robber flies (family Asilidae) and soil-dwelling egg predators such as blister beetles (Meloidae).
DAMAGE
Grasshoppers become economic pests when young tree foliage is extensively chewed by large numbers of insects migrating from unmanaged vegetation. Mature trees are not harmed by grasshopper feeding.
MANAGEMENT
Do not take control action based solely on damage. Caterpillars, earwigs, Fuller rose beetle, June beetles, and snails also chew leaves. Some management methods vary depending on the cause. Where abundant, grasshoppers can be observed during the day feeding openly and flying or jumping among plants. Grasshoppers can be difficult to manage once large numbers move onto young trees. If you believe grasshoppers may become a problem, monitor for them in uncultivated areas near young trees. Before adjacent vegetation dries or is cut, consider applying insecticide combined with bait or spraying border areas to kill grasshoppers before they migrate and start to damage crops.
Common name (trade name) Amount to use (type of coverage)** R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to the impact on natural enemies and honey bees and environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. MALATHION 8 49 pt/acre (OC) 24 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: An organophosphate (Group 1B)1 insecticide. COMMENTS: Only treat infested trees to avoid destroying natural enemies of mites, loopers, scales, and other potential secondary pests.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment until harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Modes of action are important in preventing the development of resistance to pesticides. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action is assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** +
Grasshoppers (9/08) 92
GREENHOUSE THRIPS (5/10)

Scientific Name: Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
Adult greenhouse thrips are tiny, black insects with whitish to translucent wings folded back over their thorax and abdomen. Legs are also a whitish color. This species is parthenogenic (i.e., reproduces without mating), and males are rarely found. Adult females insert eggs into the leaf or fruit surface. Just before hatching, egg blisters, which denote where the eggs are, develop and can be seen with a hand lens. Nymphs are whitish to slightly yellowish in color and produce a globule of fecal fluid at the tip of their abdomen. These globules of fluid increase in size until they fall off and another one begins to form, resulting in a characteristic spotting of the infestation area with black specks of fecal material. The globules serve as deterrents to predators. The propupa and pupa are also whitish to slightly yellow. Neither pupal stage feeds, but remains among the feeding congregation of thrips. All stages of this thrips are sluggish and the adults rarely fly. There are generally from five to six generations per year along coastal southern California. Greenhouse thrips prefer moderate coastal temperatures and humidity. In general, periods of stressful temperatures such as very cold winters or hot dry Santa Ana wind conditions will result in high mortality of all active stages. Temperatures below freezing or above 100F cause significant mortality, particularly if they occur over several days.
DAMAGE
Greenhouse thrips has historically been of greatest economic importance on coastal avocados. However, it is not unusual for coastal Valencia oranges to sustain significant damage from this pest when a mild winter is followed by mild spring and summer conditions. Lemons are also occasionally attacked. Navel oranges are generally not attacked because they are grown too far inland from the moderating effects of the ocean. Greenhouse thrips suck out the contents of epidermal cells on leaves and fruit, including the chlorophyll or pigment, causing cells to turn pale in color. The injury is most likely to be found where two or more fruits are in contact, for this is where the thrips tend to congregate. Consequently, heavier than normal crops may exacerbate greenhouse thrips damage by providing the thrips with more places to congregate. Affected areas on fruit and leaves take on a dirty, spotted appearance as thrips continue to deposit darkened droplets of liquid excrement while feeding. Congregations of greenhouse thrips expand their feeding area out from the initial feeding point, leaving an ever increasing area of tissue devoid of pigment. Although no actual scars or leaf deformities develop, as is the case with citrus thrips feeding, greenhouse thrips feeding injury can result in a degrading of fruit.
MANAGEMENT
Greenhouse thrips is best managed by occasional inoculative releases of parasitic wasps, early harvest, and the selection of insecticides that do not destroy natural enemies. Biological Control Only one effective natural enemy is known to attack greenhouse thrips. The minute larval parasite Thripobius semiluteus, which was introduced from Brazil and Australia in the mid-1980s, has been successfully established on greenhouse thrips in many coastal avocado orchards. Parasitized thrips larvae appear swollen and the sides of their body are more parallel than tapered as in the case of healthy thrips larvae. The immobile parasite pupae appear black among the colonies of translucent, unparasitized thrips. The intermittent nature of thrips populations in coastal citrus makes it difficult to have sustained biological control in citrus without occasional inoculative releases of this parasite, but Thripobius is no longer produced and sold by commercial insectaries. Parasites either move into the orchard on their own or must be located in nearby avocado orchards and relocated to the citrus.
Greenhouse Thrips (5/10) 93

Other less effective natural enemies are known, including an egg parasite, Megaphragma mymaripenne, and three predatory thrips species, Franklinothrips orizabensis, F. vespiformis, and Leptothrips mali, also known as the black hunter. Cultural Control Greenhouse thrips feeding injury is cumulative over the season, so planning for an early harvest in severely affected areas of citrus production can minimize the amount of damage. In addition, because much of the greenhouse thrips population resides on the fruit, it is removed from the orchard at harvest. An early harvest strategy can thus reduce the crop-to-crop overlap time and minimize the greenhouse thrips movement to (and resultant damage of) the following year's crop. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and early harvest are organically acceptable methods. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions If the locations of previous years' infestations have been marked, check these areas in late March or during April to determine the potential for damage in the current year. Greenhouse thrips populations tend to occur within the most moderate microclimatic areas of the orchard, which are consistent from one year to the next. Carefully inspect fruit where it contacts other fruit or foliage for signs of initial feeding injury. If thrips populations are present, they are generally more easily found by early to mid-May. At this time light economic damage has already occurred. There is no established threshold except to know that without the intervention of extreme weather conditions or successful biological control, feeding populations of greenhouse thrips will enlarge along with the damaged areas on the fruit rinds. Generally, only 25 thripsweeks (1 thrips-week = one thrips feeding for 1 week) are necessary to produce a damaged area about 1 inch in diameter. This could be five thrips feeding for 5 weeks or 25 thrips feeding for 1 week or some other similar product of feeding time and numbers of thrips. Areas of feeding injury that are larger than 1 inch in diameter are readily seen on the fruit packing line and rejected from top grade. Thrips populations may be treated in spring with pyrethrin. Use of a pyrethrin is recommended to avoid severe mortality of natural enemies. Sabadilla, commonly used for citrus thrips, is not as effective. Greenhouse thrips are easily killed by organophosphates, such as malathion and chlorpyriphos (Lorsban), applied to control scale. Generally if thrips are present in lemons when a spring scale treatment is applied, this will be sufficient for the season. The addition of an oil helps the insecticide reach the eggs, which are located just below the plant cuticle. Where parasites have been introduced for thrips or other orchard pests, only use organophosphates for spot treatments, or avoid them completely. On Valencia oranges outside coverage should be sufficient to protect most of the fruit, while on lemons a full coverage treatment may be necessary to protect inside canopy fruit.
When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to impact on natural enemies and honey bees as well as environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. PYRETHRIN/PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE (Pyrenone Crop Spray) 612 oz/acre (OC) 12 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: very short; Natural enemies: very short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A/ COMMENTS: Because there is no residual, repeat application may be needed in 23 weeks and control may be only partial.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** +
1
Greenhouse Thrips (5/10) 94

KATYDIDS (5/10)
Scientific Names: Forktailed bush katydid: Scudderia furcata Angularwinged katydid: Microcentrum retinerve
Katydids resemble grasshoppers but have long antennae. Nymphs are wingless and have black and white banded antennae. Females of the forktailed katydid lay gray, oval, flat eggs in leaves where they have been feeding. Nymphs appear in April and May and take 2 to 3 months to mature. Angularwinged katydids are larger than forktailed katydids, have broader wings and have a humpback appearance both as nymphs and as adults. Females lay their gray, oval eggs in two overlapping rows on twigs and leaves. Katydids have only one generation a year.
DAMAGE
Of the two species feeding on citrus, only the forktailed katydid causes economic damage. This species feeds on young fruit at petal fall with subsequent buildup of scar tissue and distortion of expanding fruit. Katydids take a single bite from a fruit and then move to another feeding site on the same or nearby fruit. In this way, a few katydids can damage a large quantity of fruit in a short time. They also eat holes in leaves and maturing fruit, creating injury that resembles damage by citrus cutworm. The angularwinged katydid is less abundant than the forktailed katydid and feeds only on leaves.
MANAGEMENT
With the reduced use of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, katydids have become more numerous. Larger instars are not well controlled by cryolite or spinosad. Biological Control A number of parasitic wasps will attack katydid eggs, however, they are generally not effective enough to prevent damaging levels from developing. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and the Entrust formulation of spinosad are organically acceptable methods. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Monitor for katydids starting in April. Before petal fall, they will be feeding on the newly expanding leaf flush. A timed search (3 minutes per tree) of 20 trees can be used to estimate their numbers. Approach the tree slowly, because katydids have excellent eyesight and will hide behind leaves if they see you coming. Look for damaged leaves, and search the foliage around the damaged area for katydids. There is no treatment threshold for katydids; however, if you detect leaf feeding and can find one or more per tree in a timed search then it is probably time to treat. If treatments of diflubenzuron (Micromite) or cryolite are planned, put them on before petal fall because they are slow acting. Micromite does not kill the katydid until it tries to molt (10 days) and cryolite is a stomach poison that slowly kills the katydid over several days. After petal fall, katydids can do a lot of damage in a short amount of time, so killing them quickly is important. If they are found at this time, many growers add a low rate of chlorpyrifos or a low rate of a pyrethroid to the citrus thrips spinosad treatment. The reduced rate of the organophosphate or pyrethroid helps to preserve natural enemies needed for other pests.
Katydids (5/10) 95
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill katydids. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. DIFLUBENZURON* (Micromite) 80 WG 3.1256.25 oz/acre (OC) 12 21 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing treatments for peaks in moth flights is important because it only kills the egg stage of the peelminer. Apply by ground application using 50-200 gallons of water per acre. Do not apply more than 6.4 oz per 90 day period or 18.75 oz per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of bodies of water. Use allowed under a FIFRA 2(ee) recommendation. NALED (Dibrom) 8E 12 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and tangerines. Apply at petal fall. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4EC 28 oz/acre (A) 5 days see comments ...or... 28 oz/acre (OC) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. No more than 2 applications/year with at least 30 days between applications. Do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre. E. DIMETHOATE 4 0.52 pt/acre (OC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and tangerines. 48 15
B.
C.
D.
Katydids (5/10) 96
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
CYFLUTHRIN* (Baythroid) 2E 6.4 fl oz/acre (OC) 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate (low rates), long (high rates) RESISTANCE: In some citrus thrips populations in the San Joaquin Valley MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: Only a single application may be made per crop season. To reduce the potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year. Do not apply within 25 feet of lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes, or natural ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish farm ponds. FENPROPATHRIN* (Danitol) 2.4EC 21.33 fl oz/acre (OC) 24 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects and mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3A COMMENTS: Apply in 50200 gal water/acre. Use only on citrus trees 3 years or older. To reduce the potential for resistance, make a total of only one pyrethroid application (for all pest species) per year. Do not apply in the vicinity of aquatic areas, and do not apply more than 21.33 fl oz/acre/year.
A - Aircraft applications 5-20 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
G.
** + *
1
Katydids (5/10) 97
LOOPERS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Citrus looper: Anacamptodes fragilaria Cabbage looper: Trichoplusia ni
Loopers occur in most citrus-growing areas, usually together with other orangeworms. The larvae have no prolegs in the middle of the body and therefore move in a characteristic looping or measuring fashion. The female moth lays about 100 pale green, spherical eggs singly on leaves; there are several generations a year.
DAMAGE
Looper larvae mainly consume new growth flushes, but also feed on blossoms and young fruit; they rarely damage mature fruit. Very young larvae typically feed on lower leaf surfaces along the leaf margin. Mature larvae, which are about 1.5 inch (3.7 cm) long, eat holes in leaves or consume them entirely.
MANAGEMENT
Loopers have many natural enemies, including Apanteles sp. Treatment for loopers on citrus is rarely required.
Loopers (9/08) 98
MEALYBUGS (9/08)
Scientific Names: Citrus mealybug: Planococcus citri Citrophilus mealybug: Pseudococcus calceolariae Longtailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus Comstock mealybug: Pseudococcus comstocki
Mealybugs are soft, oval, flat, distinctly segmented, and covered with a white, mealy wax that extends into spines (filaments) along the body margin and the posterior end. The species differ mainly in the thickness and length of the waxy filaments. Citrus mealybug, the most common species, has a pinkish body that is visible through the powdery wax. The filaments around its margins are not appreciably longer at the posterior end. The Comstock mealybug primarily occurs on lemons in the San Joaquin Valley and has a thicker wax cover than the citrus mealybug. In addition, it has two spines at the posterior end, about one-quarter the length of the body. The other two mealybug species are usually not a problem in citrus because they are kept at low population levels by parasites. Female mealybugs lay several hundred eggs on the leaves, fruit, or twigs; eggs for some of the species are laid in cottony egg sacs. Newly hatched nymphs are light yellow and free of wax, but soon start to excrete a waxy cover. There are two to three overlapping generation a year. Mealybugs are often found between clusters of grapefruit, especially in groves tended by ants.
DAMAGE
Mealybugs extract plant sap, reducing tree vigor, and excrete honeydew, which gets on plant surfaces and provides a surface upon which sooty mold grows. If a cluster of mealybugs feeds along a fruit stem, fruit drop can occur. Damage is most severe in spring and fall.
MANAGEMENT
Mealybugs are primarily managed by conserving their natural enemies and reducing ant populations and dust problems. Treatment is rarely required. Biological Control Parasites provide good control of the citrophilus, longtailed, and Comstock mealybugs if they are not destroyed by treatments for other pests. Native predators include lady beetles, lacewings, and syrphid flies. An introduced predator of the citrus mealybug, the mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, is a voracious feeder of the pest in both the larval and adults stages. Its larvae resemble a mealybug but are about twice as large as the adult citrus mealybug females. The adult is a small beetle with dark brown wing covers and a light brown head and prothoraic shield. Because Cryptolaemus does not survive the winter well, it can be purchased from commercial insectaries in early spring and released in orchards where citrus mealybugs were a problem the previous year. Release about 500 Cryptolaemus per acre. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control, including the release of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, is acceptable in organically managed citrus groves. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions If a heavy population of mealybugs must be reduced quickly, a treatment can be applied, but release Cryptolaemus about 2 weeks after to reestablish biological control.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. CRYPTOLAEMUS MONTROUZIERI# (Mealybug destroyer) 500/acre NA NA RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mealybugs); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate, does not survive winters well; Natural enemies: none COMMENTS: Release in early spring in orchards where citrus mealybugs were a problem the previous year. Mealybugs (9/08) 99
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 0.75 pt/100 gal (TC) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or make second application within 30 days; do not exceed 2 applications or 12 pt/acre/year. Preharvest interval is 21 days up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. . . . PLUS . . . (optional) NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 1.21.4% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest dosage of oil for July or Aug. applications. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502000 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/. Not applicable.
** + #
1
NA
Mealybugs (9/08) 100

OMNIVOROUS LEAFROLLER (5/10)

Scientific Name: Platynota stultana
The larva of the omnivorous leafroller resembles other tortricid caterpillars, especially the orange tortrix, but it has white tubercles at the base of the bristles on its sides and back. Early instars have a black head and prothoracic shield; later instars have a light brown head and prothoracic shield. The larvae roll and tie leaves together or to fruit with silken threads. When mature they pupate inside the rolled leaves within a cocoon. Adult female moths lay overlapping eggs in clusters that resemble fish scales on the upper surface of leaves and on fruit. There are five to six generations a year, depending on temperatures.
DAMAGE
Omnivorous leafroller is only rarely a pest of citrus in the San Joaquin Valley and in interior and intermediate districts of southern California. In spring, small larvae spin webs and feed on new foliage. Later in the season they tie leaves to fruit and feed under the buttons, leaving ring scarring similar to that of citrus thrips. In summer and fall, they tie leaves to ripening fruit and feed on the rind.
MANAGEMENT
Omnivorous leafroller is generally managed when monitoring for other pests from spring though fall indicates a treatment is necessary. Use selective (toxic to only a narrow group of insects) insecticides to preserve populations of natural enemies. Biological Control Several parasites attack the larva of the omnivorous leafroller. The most common are a tachinid fly, Erynnia tortricis, and an eulophid wasp, Elachertus proteoteratis. Trichogramma spp. attack the eggs. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use on organically managed citrus. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions If it appears that omnivorous leafroller is present in the grove, monitor in the south and east quadrants of trees. In spring, look for small larvae under sepals when you monitor for citrus thrips. During summer, less frequent monitoring may be sufficient but check to see if parasites are effective. A higher number of larvae can be tolerated in spring, when they feed on young leaves, than in fall, when they are more likely to damage ripening fruit. Keeping this qualification in mind, a control action threshold of about 30 larvae per hour of search can be used.
Common name Amount to Use R.E.I.+ P.H.I.+ (trade name) (type of coverage)** (hours) (days) The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# (various) Label rate (OC) 4 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph. CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. Omnivorous Leafroller (5/10) 101
B.
Common name (trade name) C.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 12 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre. CARBARYL* (Sevin) XLR Plus 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period. NALED (Dibrom) 8E 2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. Restricted entry interval is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt. METHOMYL* (Lannate LV) 2.4 1.53 pt/acre (OC or A) 3 days 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 2.5 lb/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. 5
D.
E.
F.
G.
** + * #
1
Omnivorous Leafroller (5/10) 102

ORANGE TORTRIX (5/10)

Scientific Name: Argyrotaenia (=citrana) franciscana
The larva of the orange tortrix is a greenish to straw-colored caterpillar with a straw-colored head and prothoracic shield. The major distinguishing characteristic between orange tortrix and omnivorous leafroller caterpillars is that the small mounds at the base of the bristles on the side and back of the omnivorous leafroller are white, whereas on the orange tortrix they are not. Orange tortrix larvae feed inside nests spun around plant parts. The larvae pupate in dense cocoons inside the nests and adult moths emerge in 8 days to 3 weeks, depending on temperature. Females moths lay 50 to 150 eggs on smooth surfaces such as stems, fruit, and the upper surface of leaves. In coastal areas, orange tortrix may have more than three generations a year, whereas in intermediate districts it has two or three. It is not a problem in the Central Valley.
DAMAGE
Orange tortrix is primarily a pest on Valencias and navel oranges in southern California. First generation orange tortrix larvae feed on leaves. Second generation larvae appear when the growth is hardening off and move preferentially to young fruit and feed around the button. This feeding causes only superficial scars. Later generations feed among clusters of ripening fruit, eating holes into the rind that allow decay organisms to enter; the fruit usually drops within 1 to 2 weeks.
MANAGEMENT
Orange tortrix is generally managed by monitoring throughout spring and summer and treating when necessary. Use selective (toxic to only a narrow group of insects) insecticides to preserve populations of natural enemies. Biological Control Several parasites and predators attack orange tortrix. The most common parasites are two wasps, Apanteles aristoteliae and Exochus sp. These wasps lay their eggs in tortrix larvae and the parasites develop within. Apanteles pupates in a white cocoon outside the dead larvae, whereas Exochus pupates inside the larva and emerges through a round exit hole. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable for use in organically managed citrus orchards. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions While orange tortrix larvae should be monitored throughout spring and summer, the period from May through July is especially important. At 7- to 10-day intervals, look for orange tortrix and evidence of parasitism mainly on the south and east quadrants of trees. If 15 larvae are found per hour of search on oranges and grapefruit, or 30 larvae per hour of search on lemons, a treatment may be warranted, depending on the level of parasitism.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# (various) Label rate (OC) 4 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph.
Orange Tortrix (5/10) 103

CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 12 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days for over 7 pt/acre. CARBARYL* (Sevin) XLR Plus 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period. NALED (Dibrom) 8E 2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt. METHOMYL* (Lannate LV) 2.4 1.53 pt/acre (OC or A) 3 days 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 2.5 lb/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. 5
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
** + # *
1
A - Aircraft applications 5-20 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Orange Tortrix (5/10) 104

PINK SCAVENGER CATERPILLAR (9/08)

Scientific Name: Pyroderces rileyi
The pink scavenger caterpillar occurs sporadically in the coastal areas of San Diego, Orange, and Ventura counties. When fully grown, larva are much smaller than other orangeworms. Pink scavenger caterpillars have light brown heads, black mouthparts, a dark brown prothoracic shield, and a dark pinkish abdomen.
DAMAGE
On orange and lemon trees, the caterpillar is mainly a scavenger, feeding on dry or decaying fruit, dead floral parts, and sooty mold. Look for it mainly among fruit clusters and under sepals. During summer, larvae may feed on the rind of ripe Valencias, often near the stem end or on the sides of fruit in a cluster. The feeding is usually superficial and does not cause appreciable damage. In a few cases, serious damage has occurred similar to that caused by orange tortrix. A heavy infestation may result in fruit drop or decaying fruit during storage.
MANAGEMENT
Treatment is rarely needed.
POTATO LEAFHOPPER (9/08)

Scientific Name: Empoasca fabae
The potato leafhopper is a potential pest of citrus in some areas, especially in groves near tomato fields, cotton fields, or pastures in the San Joaquin Valley. It is a green, slender insect with bristlelike antennae and rows of spines along its hind legs. It breeds in large numbers on wild plants and field crops. During late summer and fall, the leafhoppers may migrate to citrus groves to spend the winter in the shelter of the trees.
DAMAGE
The potato leafhopper feeds on fruit by puncturing rind cells, causing yellowish to light brown, roundish scars on fruit. The scars are particularly apparent on green fruit and resemble thrips oviposition scars except they are more clustered and do not have darkened centers.
MANAGEMENT
Leafhoppers are not a problem every year. In addition, they do not remain in the orchard long. Usually by the time they are detected, the leafhoppers are already gone; a preventive treatment is best if there is a history of problems with this pest. A yellow, sticky card, such as the one used for the California red scale, or traps can be used to help determine if leafhoppers are present. If you apply a Bordeaux spray in fall against brown rot and Septoria, you may want to add some additional hydrated lime to repel leafhoppers. Because this is a preventive treatment, it must be made before migration into the grove occurs.
When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to impact on natural enemies and honey bees as well as environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. HYDRATED LIME# 1530 lb/100 gal (OC) 0 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (leafhoppers); Natural enemies: interferes with searching ability of many natural enemies PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long COMMENTS: For use on all varieties.
OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce.
** + #
Pink Scavenger Caterpillar (9/08) and Potato Leafhopper (9/08) 105 Illustrated version at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.citrus.html
PURPLE SCALE (9/08)

Scientific Name: Lepidosaphes beckii
Purple scale is one of the armored scales. The cover of the adult female purple scale resembles a mussel shell in shape. The immature male cover is shorter and much narrower than the female cover. Mature males are winged insects that search out the immobile females. After mating, females lay 40 to 80 eggs under the cover. After egg hatch, crawlers emerge from under the cover and settle on branches, twigs, leaves, or fruit and begin to form their covers. They are covered with a mass of waxy threads until about half grown; at that time a brown cover with a purplish tinge forms. Purple scales prefer the cooler, shady parts of trees; temperatures above 80F (27C) greatly reduce a population. Two generations occur between May and October and a third may be partially completed before cold weather starts.
DAMAGE
Purple scale is an occasional pest in certain coastal areas where the mild climate and humid conditions favor its buildup. It attacks all parts of the tree. Its feeding causes yellowish halos to develop on leaves; on young fruit the feeding sites remain green. When populations are high, defoliation and twig dieback can occur; this usually takes place in limited patches on the lower north side of trees.
MANAGEMENT
Parasites usually provide good control of purple scale. Biological control may require supplementary treatment at times, especially on dusty trees next to dirt roads. Biological Control The most effective purple scale parasite is Aphytis lepidosaphes, a parasitic wasp that is generally distributed in areas where purple scale occurs. This parasite develops externally on the body of immature scales under the scale cover. Because this parasite is not commercially available, conserve naturally occurring populations of this beneficial in the grove. If treatments are necessary, during August and September either spot treat (i.e., treat only those trees with high populations of purple scale) or treat every fourth to sixth row at a 4- to 6-week intervals if the entire grove is infested. This will assist in preserving natural enemies. Several predators including the twicestabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus spp., and the Australian lady beetle, Rhyzobius (Lindorus) lophanthae, are important. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and organically acceptable oil sprays are acceptable for use on organically certified citrus. Treatment Decisions If a treatment is needed, it may be sufficient to spot treat (i.e., treat only those trees with high populations of purple scale) with an oil spray or wash dusty trees with water. Oil sprays for the California red scale also control the purple scale.
Common name Amount to Use R.E.I.+ P.H.I.+ (trade name) (type of coverage)** (hours) (days) The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 92%) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (UR 99%) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (TC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Apply higher rate of narrow range oil in July or Aug. only. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. Purple Scale (9/08) 106
Common name (trade name) B. CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4EC
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
0.50.75 pt/100 gal (TC) 5 days see comments ...or... 612 pt/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties; however, it may cause ridging in lemons. Apply thorough coverage spray in 1,2001,600 gal/acre; do not apply during daylight hours of bloom period or exceed 12 pt/acre/application or 15 pt/acre/year of chlorpyrifos; no more than 2 applications/fruit year, and no closer than 30 days apart. Preharvest interval is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. Do not apply during Dec., Jan., or Feb. See label for additional restrictions. Rates greater than 8 pt/acre are allowed only in Fresno, Tulare, Kern, Kings, Stanislaus, and Madera Counties. C. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 11.2 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 0.4 lb/100 gal (TC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of carbaryl increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Some California red scale population resistance in San Joaquin Valley; also resistance in some Euseius tularensis populations. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 25 lb/acre/crop. May increase citrus red mite populations. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 1 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 14 ...or... 1216 lb/acre (LV) 40 days 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart for dilute (TC) sprays. Only 1 application allowed for low-volume sprays, which are available under a Special Local Needs permit. May increase citrus red mite populations.
D.
E.
Purple Scale (9/08) 107

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
METHIDATHION* (Supracide) 25WP 0.5 lb/100 gal (TC) 30 days 60 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.51.4% 4 when dry MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects; also improves translaminar movement and insecticide persistence. RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Reducing the rate of methidathion increases survival of natural enemies. Reducing the rate of the oil reduces the risk of phytotoxicity, especially in warmer growing areas of the state. Do not apply during bloom or exceed 40 lb methidathion/acre/season or 2 applications/fruit year, 45 days apart. May increase citrus red mites. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. For lemons, do not exceed 10 lb/acre or apply more than once/season when tank mixed with oil.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** + *
1
Purple Scale (9/08) 108

SIXSPOTTED MITE
(5/10) Scientific Name: Eotetranychus sexmaculatus
Sixspotted mite is a minor pest on citrus in some coastal growing areas. It is somewhat smaller than the twospotted mite, lemon yellow, and usually has three pairs of black spots. Populations tend to be heaviest in spring and early summer when temperatures are cool and a generation takes 3 to 4 weeks to complete.
DAMAGE
Sixspotted mites feed along the midrib or larger veins on the underside of citrus leaves. They form small colonies and cover themselves with protective webbing. A depression develops where a colony has settled and becomes apparent as a slight bulge on the upper leaf surface. The infested area may turn pale to yellow, and the leaves often become distorted. Leaf drop may occur with few mites present.
MANAGEMENT
These mites are generally kept under control by predaceous mites and sixspotted thrips. In areas protected from Santa Ana winds, this mite may occasionally require treatment.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. WETTABLE SULFUR# 4560 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites and citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: unknown COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Oct. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2 months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 6090 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for use in the San Joaquin Valley. NARROW RANGE OIL (92% UR) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (99% UR) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (OC or IC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (92 or 99% UR) (415) 620 gal/acre (LV) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus red mite) Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval.
B.
Sixspotted Mite (5/10) 109

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
ACEQUINOCYL (Kanemite) 15SC 2131 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 20B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, and lemons only. Apply by ground using 100-250 gal water/acre. Do not use less than 100 gal water/acre. Do not apply more than 62 oz/acre/season. Allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. HEXYTHIAZOX (Onager) 1224 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: short to intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 10A COMMENTS: Do not apply more than once per year. 28
D.
E.
PYRIDABEN (Nexter) WSB Label rates (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: When this material was used during April and May in the San Joaquin Valley and thrips were abundant, there was an increase in scarring damage caused by thrips. Do not apply more than twice/year. SPIRODICLOFEN (Envidor) 2SC see comments 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. FENBUTATIN OXIDE* (Vendex) 50WP 0.240.5 lb/100 gal (OC or IC) 48 7 ...or... 3 lb/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher rates during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4 lb/acre/season.
F.
G.
H.
DICOFOL (KELTHANE MF) 4EC 0.4 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: un COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Closed application system required with this material. Can cause secondary outbreaks of citrus red mites. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** + # *
1
Sixspotted Mite (5/10) 110

TEXAS CITRUS MITE

Scientific Name: Eutetranychus banksi
(5/10)
Texas citrus mite is a sporadic pest of citrus in the inland valleys of California. Adult mites are tan-tobrownish green with dark green to black spots on the upper side of the body. Males are more slender than females and have much longer legs. Females have a more round-to-oval shape and are somewhat flatter than citrus red or Yuma spider mite. All stages of mites, including eggs, tend to be located along the midrib and lateral veins. Eggs are somewhat flat and disklike, are not a uniform color, and range from yellow when laid to a reddish brown before hatching. In the San Joaquin Valley, Texas citrus mite can sometimes be found in low populations in spring, especially following insecticides such as formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) or methidathion (Supracide) that disrupt biological control. Populations of this mite decrease in summer but increase from September through December. When weather becomes cold and wet, which usually equates to the first overnight period of dense Valley fog, populations decrease again.
DAMAGE
Texas citrus mite feeds primarily on leaves and can cause significant stippling and leaf drop; significant leaf drop can lead to fruit drop. In the San Joaquin Valley damage is usually limited to early harvested navels where a combination of warm temperatures in fall and deficit irrigation (used to induce increases in sugar levels) allow mites to thrive. Damage often begins in the tops of trees and progresses downward as harvest approaches. Leaf drop from Texas citrus mite is unique because the leaf blade falls to the ground while the petiole remains in the tree. Leaf drop can result in sunburning of fruit, dropped fruit, and reduced photosynthesis.
MANAGEMENT
In the San Joaquin Valley watch for Texas citrus mite in fall on early harvested navels or in spring following treatments of broad-spectrum insecticides. Treat if small amounts of defoliation begin to occur in the outer canopy at the top of trees and cold, wet weather is not anticipated for a period of weeks. Miticides are very effective against Texas citrus mite. Biological Control Texas citrus mite is naturally controlled by predators of other mites such as the sixspotted thrips (Scolothrips sexmaculatus), the spider mite destroyer (Stethorus picipes), minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.) and a predatory mite, (Euseius tularensis). Cultural Control Adequate irrigation and dust control will reduce the impact of Texas citrus mite. Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural and biological controls and certain petroleum oil sprays are organically acceptable methods. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions In the San Joaquin Valley, check for Texas citrus mite during spring if broad-spectrum insecticides such as formetanate hydrochloride (Carzol) or methidathion (Supracide) have been used. Treat if significant amounts of leaf drop occur. In fall look for Texas citrus mite from September through December on trees that bear early harvested fruit, especially navels. Treat if leaves in the outer canopy at the tops of trees begin to defoliate, and cold weather is not anticipated for a period of several weeks. Treatments are not needed if defoliation is limited to the leaves on the extremities of the fall flush that will naturally freeze or be pruned off during winter. No official treatment thresholds exist. Texas citrus mite is highly susceptible to all miticides labeled for control of citrus red mite and can be controlled with relatively low volumes of water because of to its tendency to be located on newer leaves in the outer tree canopy.
Texas Citrus Mite (5/10) 111
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. NARROW RANGE OIL (92%UR) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (OC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (99% UR) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (OC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (92 or 99% UR) (415) 620 gal/acre (LV) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus red mite) Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Low-volume may be preferable. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. ACEQUINOCYL (Kanemite) 15SC 2131 oz/acre (OC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 20B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, and lemons only. Apply by ground using 100-250 gal water/acre. Do not use less than 100 gal water/acre. Do not apply more than 62 oz/acre/season. Allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. PYRIDABEN (Nexter) WSB Label rate (OC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: When this material was used during April and May in the San Joaquin Valley and thrips were abundant, there was an increase in scarring damage caused by thrips. Do not apply more than twice/year. FENPROXIMATE (Fujimite) 5EC 14 pt (OC or IC) 12 14 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use allowed under a Supplemental Label. WETTABLE SULFUR# 4560 lb/acre (OC) 24 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites and citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: unknown COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Oct. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2 months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 6090 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for use in the San Joaquin Valley. Texas Citrus Mite (5/10) 112
B.
C.
D.
E.
Common name (trade name) F. FENBUTATIN OXIDE* (Vendex) 50WP
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
0.240.5 lb/100 gal (OC) 48 7 ...or... 3 lb/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher rates during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4 lb/acre/season.
** + # *
1
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
Texas Citrus Mite (5/10) 113

TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE

Scientific Name: Tetranychus urticae
(5/10)
All stages of the twospotted spider mite overwinter in protected places on the tree, such as the navel of navel oranges, under the button, and where fruit touch. If the weather is mild, mites continue to feed and reproduce during winter. Activity increases in late spring and peaks in summer. Spider mites first appear on the underside of leaves and when heavy populations build up, also on the upperside of leaves and on fruit. They cover leaves and fruit with a conspicuous webbing. Eggs are spherical and translucent when first laid, becoming opaque before hatching. Immature mites molt three times before becoming adults; under ideal conditions, a generation can be completed in 7 days.
DAMAGE
Light infestations result in yellow or brown spots between leaf veins. Clusters of dried, brown leaves and profuse webbing indicate a heavy infestation, which if compounded by water stress, could result in leaf and fruit drop.
MANAGEMENT
The twospotted spider mite is an occasional pest on citrus, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley. Its damage potential varies from year to year and is related to water stress and heat. Monitor for twospotted spider mite year round and treat with the most selective miticide to preserve populations of natural enemies. Biological Control A number of predators provide substantial control of twospotted spider mites. These include the sixspotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus, the spider mite destroyer, Stethorus picipes, minute pirate bugs, Orius spp., and the beneficial mite, Euseius tularensis. Cultural Control Adequate irrigation will reduce the impact of spider mite feeding. Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural and biological controls and certain petroleum oil sprays (such as PureSpray Green [NR 440]) are organically acceptable methods. Selectivity Miticides available for controlling twospotted spider mite in bearing orchards include abamectin (AgriMek, etc.), acequinocyl (Kanemite), dicofol (Kelthane), fenbutatin oxide (Vendex), fenproximate (Fujimite), hexythiazox (Onager), oil, propargite (Omite), pyridaben (Nexter), spirodiclofen (Envidor); in nonbearing orchards, bifenazate (Acramite) and etoxazole (Zeal) can be used. Of these miticides, some are more selective than others. Acequinocyl, bifenazate, fenbutatin oxide, and oil have the least effect of all on natural enemies, including predatory mites, but they also provide a shorter period of control of pest mites. Dicofol, etoxazole, hexythiazox, propargite, pyridaben, and spirodiclofen are of intermediate selectivity because they impact both pest mites and predatory mites for up to 6 weeks but have minimal impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus, which help control caterpillars, scale, thrips, and other pests. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions In the San Joaquin Valley, check for twospotted mites when you monitor citrus red mite in late winter and early spring. Continue monitoring twospotted mite occasionally during summer and more closely in late summer and fall. Look for yellow-brown spots on foliage, particularly in the last growth flush, indicating feeding by twospotted spider mites. High populations in summer and fall may require treatments, but thresholds have not been established.
Twospotted Spider Mite (5/10) 114

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. NONBEARING TREES ONLY A. BIFENAZATE (Acramite) 50 WS 0.751 lb/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing orchards only. Do not apply more than once per year. B. ETOXAZOLE (Zeal) 23 oz/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 10B COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing orchards only. Do not apply more than once per year.
1 year
1 year
BEARING TREES A. NARROW RANGE OIL (92% UR) (415, 440) 1.21.4% (OC) 4 when dry . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (99% UR) (415, 435, 440, 455) 1.21.4% (OC) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Use highest rate for July or August applications. Narrow range 440 (or higher) spray oil is preferable in the Central Valley during warmer months because of greater persistence, but risk of phytotoxicity increases unless using products with 99% unsulfonated residues (UR). Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. . . . or . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (92 OR 99% UR) (415) 620 gal/acre (LV) 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (citrus red mite) Natural enemies: predatory mites. PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Contact including smothering and barrier effects. COMMENTS: Higher amounts of oil are for larger trees or for warmer times of the year to increase persistence. Caution: Serious hazards are associated with oil treatments to green lemons because of phytotoxicity after sweating; check label for preharvest interval. B. ACEQUINOCYL (Kanemite) 15SC 2131 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 20B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, and lemons only. Apply by ground using 100-250 gal water/acre. Do not use less than 100 gal water/acre. Do not apply more than 62 oz/acre/season. Allow a minimum of 21 days between applications.

R.E.I.+ (hours) 12
P.H.I.+ (days) 28
HEXYTHIAZOX (Onager) 1224 oz/acre (OC or IC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: short to intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 10A COMMENTS: Do not apply more than once per year.
D.
PYRIDABEN (Nexter) WSB Label rates (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: When this material was used during April and May in the San Joaquin Valley and thrips were abundant, there was an increase in scarring damage caused by thrips. Do not apply more than twice/year. FENPROXIMATE (Fujimite) 5EC 14 pt (OC or IC) 12 14 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use allowed under a Supplemental Label. SPIRODICLOFEN (Envidor) 2SC see comments 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. ABAMECTIN* (Agri-Mek, etc.) 10 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (citrus thrips, mites, leafminers); Natural enemies: predatory mites & thrips PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 6 . . . PLUS . . . NARROW RANGE OIL (415) 0.251% 4 when dry RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (unprotected stages of insects/mites); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION: Improves translaminar movement and persistence of insecticide. COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Most effective in the spring when the trees are flushing. FENBUTATIN OXIDE* (Vendex) 50WP 0.250.5 lb/100 gal (OC or IC) 48 7 ...or... 3 lb/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use higher rates during cool weather periods. Do not apply more than 1600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 6 lb/acre/season.
E.
F.
G.
H.

Common name (trade name) I.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
PROPARGITE (Omite) CR 10 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate RESISTANCE: In some twospotted spider mite populations. MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12C COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons. Do not apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. Do not apply to resistant mites. . . . or . . . (Omite)* 30W 7.510 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28 COMMENTS: For oranges and grapefruit. Check with county ag. commissioner to determine if there is a Special Local Needs permit for southern California areas. Apply from Oct. 1 to petal fall. Ground application only. Be sure temperatures are below 95F. No more than 2 applications/fruit year at least 21 days apart. Do not apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. Do not apply to resistant mites. DICOFOL (Kelthane MF) 4E 0.8 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate RESISTANCE: In some twospotted spider mite populations. MODE OF ACTION: un COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Use on nonresistant mites only; resistance has been reported in the San Joaquin Valley. Closed application system required with this material. Can cause secondary outbreaks of citrus red mites. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
J.
** + *
1

WESTERN TUSSOCK MOTH

Scientific Name: Orgyia vetusta
(5/10)
Western tussock moth has one generation a year. Overwintered eggs hatch about the time the spring growth flush is expanding. Larvae of the western tussock moth are distinctive: young larvae are black with long bristles; maturing larvae have numerous red and yellow spots and four median dorsal tufts of light gray hair. Mature larvae spin their cocoons and pupate mainly on scaffold branches and trunks. Adults emerge from late April through July and, after mating, wingless females lay 125 to 300 eggs each in a single egg massusually on the empty pupal case.
DAMAGE
Western tussock moth infestations are occasionally a problem in southern California and in foothill orchards in the San Joaquin Valley. A heavy infestation of this pest may destroy all new spring growth. The larva may also eat into newly set or young fruit. The damage is similar to that of katydids, grasshoppers, and citrus cutworm.
MANAGEMENT
Western tussock moth is generally managed by monitoring in spring and treating when necessary. Use selective (those listed with a narrow range of activity) insecticides to preserve populations of natural enemies. Biological Control A dermestid egg predator, Trogoderma sternale, is common in some areas of southern California as is a small parasitic wasp, Telenomus californicus. Organically Acceptable Methods Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis are acceptable on organically certified citrus. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Look for egg masses or larvae of western tussock moth in spring to determine the population level before damage occurs. If you find an average of one healthy egg mass per tree, economic loss may occur. Treat after 90% of the eggs have hatched. If you monitor larvae, about 100 larvae an hour of search warrants treatment.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ssp. KURSTAKI# (various) Label rates (OC) 4 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (caterpillars); Natural enemies: none PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: none MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 11 COMMENTS: Can be used during bloom. Timing is important because of short residual period. Apply only during warm weather to control young, actively feeding worms. Use reduced wind velocity and drive 3 mph. CRYOLITE (Prokil Cryolite) 96 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 (Kryocide) 96 WP 820 lb/acre (OC) 12 15 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: intermediate (foliage feeders such as worms, katydids, and Fuller rose beetle); Natural enemies: few, if any PERSISTENCE: Pests: long, unless washed off by rain; Natural enemies: none to short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: Check label for variety. Use higher rate for larger trees. Slow-acting stomach poison that may take several days of warm weather to kill worms. Use reduced wind velocity and a speed of 3 mph. Do not exceed 90 lb/acre/season. Western Tussock Moth (5/10) 118
B.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
CHLORPYRIFOS* (Lorsban) 4E 12 qt/acre (OC or A) 5 days see comments RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates); Natural enemies: short (low rates), intermediate (high rates) MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Do not apply more than twice/fruit year or make applications less than 30 days apart. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. P.H.I. is 21 days for up to 7 pt/acre and 35 days above 7 pt/acre. CARBARYL* (Sevin) XLR Plus 2 qt/acre (OC) 12 5 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. During the bloom period, apply from 1 hour after sunset until 2 hours before sunrise. XLR Plus formulation is less toxic to honey bees than the 80S formulation when direct application to bees is avoided, and the spray residues have dried. Check with your local county agricultural commissioner regarding application restrictions during the bloom period. NALED (Dibrom) 8E 2 pt/acre (OC) see comments 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1B COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. R.E.I. is 2 days for 1 pt or less; 3 days for more than 1 pt. METHOMYL* (Lannate LV) 2.4 1.53 pt/acre (OC or A) 3 days 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, lemons, oranges, tangerines, and tangelos. Apply as needed, except during daylight hours of the bloom period. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. CARBARYL* (Sevin) 80S 2.5 lb/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1A COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material is hazardous to bees. Do not apply during bloom. 5
D.
E.
F.
G.
** + * #
1
Western Tussock Moth (5/10) 119

WHITEFLIES
(9/08) Scientific Names: Woolly whitefly: Aleurothrixus floccosus Citrus whitefly: Dialeurodes citri Bayberry whitefly: Parabemisia myricae Ash whitefly: Siphoninus phillyreae
Whiteflies are tiny, flying insects that derive their name from the mealy white wax covering their wings and body. While adult whiteflies are similar in appearance, the immature stages are more distinctive. The pupa and other immature stages of the woolly whitefly are covered with curly, waxy filaments and are exclusively found on the undersides of leaves; pupae of the bayberry whitefly have a clear wax fringe around the body margin; pupae of the citrus whitefly have a distinctive Y-shape on their backs; and pupae of the ash whitefly have a thick band of wax down the back and a fringe of tiny tubes, each with a liquid droplet at the end.
DAMAGE
Whiteflies suck phloem sap, which in some cases can cause leaves to wilt and drop when populations are large. However, the primary concern with whiteflies is the honeydew they produce. Honeydew excreted by nymphs collects dust and supports the growth of sooty mold; large infestations blacken entire trees, including fruit, as well as attract ants, which interfere with the biological control of whiteflies and other pests.
MANAGEMENT
Chemical treatment of whiteflies is generally not necessary; exceptions are usually limited to where biocontrol has been severely disrupted. Enhance biocontrol by avoiding nonselective insecticides for other pests and by controlling sugar-feeding ants. Biological Control Several natural enemies attack the immature stages of whiteflies and provide partial to complete biological control when undisturbed by ants, dust, or insecticide treatment. Conserve natural enemies by controlling other pests with the least disruptive materials available and by controlling sugar-feeding ants. Cultural Control Alternate row pruning to provide refuge for parasites may provide some benefits. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Inspect for whitefly throughout summer by looking for immature stages on the undersides of leaves directly above areas with honeydew and/or sooty mold. Consider treatments if honeydew and sooty mold contamination of fruit reaches levels that are not tolerable. Treatments specifically targeting whitefly are usually not needed because usually at least one neonicotinoid (e.g., Assail, Admire, Nuprid, Provado) or insect growth regulator (e.g., Esteem, Applaud) that will suppress whiteflies has already been used one or more times on most citrus orchards to control scale and sharpshooter pests. No official treatment thresholds for whitefly exist.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. ACETAMIPRID (Assail) 70 WP 3.45.7 oz/acre (TC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: broad (many insects); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: long RESISTANCE: None MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Residues last for 46 weeks. Apply in 300-1000 gal water/acre; use higher volume if insects are inside the canopy on the wood. Do not exceed 12.5 oz product/acre/season. Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment; apply only during late evening, night, or early morning. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards. Whiteflies (9/08) 120
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
BUPROFEZIN (Applaud) 70DF 2.142.86 lb/acre (TC) 12 3 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (scales, whiteflies); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 16 COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Most effective if applied after peak emergence of the first generation of crawlers. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed white caps. Slowacting; This product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the population is usually not observed until the next generation. No more than 2 applications/season and allow 60 days between applications. IMIDACLOPRID (Admire Pro) 714 fl oz/acre 12 0 (Nuprid) 1.6F 1020 fl oz/acre 12 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (aphids, glassy-winged sharpshooters); Natural enemies: predatory beetles and parasites PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: intermediate RESISTANCE: None MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 4A COMMENTS: Apply to soil; remains effective 45 months. Moderately effective against nymphs and adults. Pre-wet soil before treatment is applied. Very toxic to bees; do not apply during bloom because bees may be drawn to irrigation water. For optimum uptake, apply to newly planted trees or trees irrigated by drip/ microsprinkler/low-pressure irrigation systems. Emitters must provide even, uniform distribution of water. Lightly pre-wet soil for several hours before application to break soil surface tension. Once the irrigation system reaches operating pressure, inject the treatment into the system over a calculated time interval (generally 2 hours) to allow uniform distribution throughout the system. The use of a dye marker in the treatment solution is recommended to determine when lines are clear of the treatment. Once the solution has cleared all irrigation lines and emitters, continue irrigation to move the insecticide into the active root zone but do not overirrigate or cause runoff. Wait 24 hours before subsequent irrigations. Apply in citrus orchards May July. Toxic to vedalia beetle and should not be used in cottony cushion scale-infested orchards. PYRIPROXYFEN (Esteem) 0.86 EC 16 oz/acre (TC or LV) 12 1 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (armored scale insects); Natural enemies: predatory beetles PERSISTENCE: Pests: long; Natural enemies: long MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 7C COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Toxic to vedalia beetles. Do not apply until the second generation of scale crawler activity (1800 DD after the biofix of first male flight). This is to allow the vedalia beetle time between March-June to eliminate cottony cushion scale populations. This application timing may not prevent scale from infesting fruit. Apply after the crawlers have settled down and formed whitecaps. This product does not kill the scale until they molt, so decline of the populations is usually not observed until the next generation. No more than 1 application/season.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. TC - Thorough coverage uses 7502,000 gal water or more/acre, depending on tree size. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
C.
D.
** +
1
Whiteflies (9/08) 121

YUMA SPIDER MITE
(5/10) Scientific Name: Eotetranychus yumensis
Yuma spider mite, is a sporadic pest of citrus in the inland valleys of California. It is similar in shape to the citrus red mite but is light straw to dark pink colored and is much more shiny in appearance. It lays spherical, peach-colored eggs within substantial amounts of webbing on the underside of leaves and sometimes fruit. In the Coachella and Imperial valleys, Yuma spider mite occurs on grapefruit and lemons and is most numerous in winter and late spring. In the southern San Joaquin Valley, it is primarily found on mandarins during summer.
DAMAGE
Yuma spider mite feeds by using its mouthparts to pierce and drink fluids from plant cells. Feeding on leaves causes discoloration and in severe cases defoliation. Feeding on the surface of green fruit causes a stippled and bleached appearance, though in all but severe cases the fruit colors up normally.
MANAGEMENT
Generally damage from Yuma spider mites is not severe enough to warrant treatment. In severe situations it can be controlled with sulfur, oil, or other miticides. Biological Control Sixspotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus, is an effective predator of Yuma spider mite. Other general predators of citrus red mite, such as the spider mite destroyer (Stethorus picipes), minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.), and a predatory mite (Euseius tularensis) also likely play a role in suppression of Yuma spider mite. Cultural Control Adequate irrigation and dust control will reduce the impact of Yuma spider mite. Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural and biological controls and certain petroleum oil sprays are organically acceptable methods. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions In the San Joaquin Valley, check for Yuma spider mite in mandarins during July and August. Look for stippling of leaves and fruit that is associated with large amounts of webbing. On bearing trees, treat if fruit stippling is sufficient to inhibit proper fruit coloring and beneficial organisms are not already reducing mite densities. On young trees treat if leaf drop appears eminent. In the Coachella and Imperial valleys, treat if needed to prevent leaf drop. Yuma spider mite can be controlled with sulfur during the period between October and March 15, or with miticides during the remainder of the year.
The following materials are listed in order of usefulness in an IPM program, taking into account efficacy and impact on natural enemies and honey bees. When choosing a pesticide, also consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. NONBEARING TREES ONLY A. BIFENAZATE (Acramite) 50 WS 0.751 lb/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: un COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing orchards only. Do not apply more than once per year.
1 year
Yuma Spider Mite (5/10) 122

R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days) 1 year
ETOXAZOLE (Zeal) 23 oz/acre (OC) 12 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 10B COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing orchards only. Do not apply more than once per year.
BEARING TREES A. ACEQUINOCYL (Kanemite) 15SC 2131 oz/acre (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 20B COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, and lemons only. Apply by ground using 100-250 gal water/acre. Do not use less than 100 gal water/acre. Do not apply more than 62 oz/acre/season. Allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. B. HEXYTHIAZOX (Onager) 1224 oz/acre (OC or IC) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: short to intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 10A COMMENTS: Do not apply more than once per year. 12 28
C.
PYRIDABEN (Nexter) WSB Label rates (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: When this material was used during April and May in the San Joaquin Valley and thrips were abundant, there was an increase in scarring damage caused by thrips. Do not apply more than twice/year. FENPROXIMATE (Fujimite) 5EC 14 pt (OC or IC) 12 14 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21A COMMENTS: Do not make more than 2 applications/season and allow 14 days between applications. Use allowed under a Supplemental Label. SPIRODICLOFEN (Envidor) 2SC see comments 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 23 COMMENTS: Make no more than 1 application/crop season. Application rate is 12-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when horticultural spray oil is not used, and 18-20 fl oz/acre (OC or IC) when it is. WETTABLE SULFUR# 60 lb/acre (OC or IC) 24 0 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites and citrus thrips); Natural enemies: most PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: unknown COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Apply from Nov. thru May when monitoring indicates a need. Do not apply more than 6 lb/100 gal water. Do not apply during or preceding high temperatures. Do not apply sulfur within 2 months of a previous oil spray, and do not apply oil 6090 days after a sulfur treatment. Not recommended for use in the San Joaquin Valley.
D.
E.
F.

Common name (trade name) G.
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
PROPARGITE (Omite) CR 7.510 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12C COMMENTS: For use on oranges, grapefruit, lemons. Do not apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material does not work well in cool weather. . . . or . . . (Omite)* 30W 1015 lb/acre (OC or IC) 42 days 28 COMMENTS: For oranges and grapefruit. Check with county ag. commissioner to determine if there is a Special Local Needs permit for southern California areas. Apply from Oct. 1 to petal fall. Ground application only. Be sure temperatures are below 95F. No more than 2 applications/fruit year at least 21 days apart. Do not apply within 40 days of an oil application, but oil may be applied 30 days or more after propargite. This material does not work well in cool weather. FENBUTATIN OXIDE* (Vendex) 50WP 0.240.5 lb/100 gal (OC or IC) 48 7 ...or... 3 lb/acre (LV) RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: short; Natural enemies: short MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12B COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. This material does not work well in cool weather and requires higher rates during these periods. Do not apply more than 1,600 gal dilute spray/acre or use more than 4 lb/acre/season.
H.
I.
DICOFOL (Kelthane MF) 4E 0.8 pt/100 gal (OC or IC) 12 7 RANGE OF ACTIVITY: Pests: narrow (mites); Natural enemies: predatory mites PERSISTENCE: Pests: intermediate; Natural enemies: intermediate MODE OF ACTION: un COMMENTS: For use on all varieties. Closed application system required with this material. Can cause secondary outbreaks of citrus red mites. Do not exceed 6 pt/acre.
LV - Low-volume uses 20100 gal water/acre. OC - Outside coverage uses 100250 gal water/acre. IC - Intermediate coverage uses 250600 gal/acre. Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Rotate chemicals with a different mode-of-action Group number, and do not use products with the same mode-of-action Group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance. For example, the organophosphates have a Group number of 1B; chemicals with a 1B Group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a Group number other than 1B. Mode of action Group numbers are assigned by IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee). For additional information, see their Web site at http://www.irac-online.org/.
** + * #
1

Diseases ALTERNARIA ROT

Pathogen: Alternaria citri (9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Alternaria rot is a fungal disease that affects mainly navel oranges and lemons. Fruit infected with Alternaria change color prematurely. The decay is softer on lemons than on oranges. Infections typically occur in the grove; disease often doesn't develop until after harvest, and most damage occurs during storage. On navel oranges, the disease is also called black rot, and results in dark brown to black, firm spots or areas at the stylar end or in the navel. If you cut the fruit in half, you can see the rot extending into the core.
COMMENTS ON THE DISEASE
There are many strains of the pathogen Alternaria citri. The strain that causes Alternaria rot is a nontoxinproducing strain. Toxin-producing strains that produce other diseases of citrus have not been reported in California. Strains on mandarin causing brown spot have been referred to as A. alternata pv. citri.
MANAGEMENT
Healthy, good quality fruit are more resistant to Alternaria rot than stressed or damaged fruits, especially oranges with split navels. Preventing stress can reduce the incidence of splitting and Alternaria rot. Stylar-end infections generally occur on cultivars with poorly formed navels. Preharvest fungicide treatments are usually ineffective. Delaying harvest until infected fruit have fallen has been used as a strategy to prevent inadvertent inclusion of infected fruit in the harvested crop. However, unaffected fruit should be harvested at optimum maturity. Postharvest treatments with imazalil, 2,4-D, or both have provided some control. The growth regulator 2,4-D delays senescence and thereby restricts colonization of the host.
Alternaria Rot (9/08) 125

ANTHRACNOSE
SYMPTOMS
(9/08) Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Symptoms of anthracnose on citrus include twig dieback, premature leaf drop, dark staining on fruit and postharvest fruit decay. Dying leaves and twigs become covered with dark fungal spores by which the pathogen spreads. Anthracnose may blemish the rind tissue of mature Valencia and navel oranges, grapefruit, and occasionally lemon. The disorder affects mainly fruit on stressed trees with old, dead wood.
The anthracnose fungus usually infects weakened twigs. The disease is most common during springs with prolonged wet periods and when significant rains occur later in the season than normal. During wet or foggy weather, anthracnose spores drip onto fruit, where they infect the rind and leave dull, reddishto-green streaks on immature fruit and brown-to-black streaks on mature fruit (tear stains). Anthracnose tearstain often occurs with Septoria spot. The Septoria fungus itself and possibly certain environmental conditions may also cause tearstaining. The stain cannot be washed off, but the disorder is generally not severe enough to require preventive actions. Certain conditions, however, such as applications of insecticidal soaps, which damage the protective wax on the fruit peel, can increase the severity of this disease.
MANAGEMENT
If treatment appears to be necessary, make applications in fall that are directed at the whole tree. Good coverage is important.
Common name (trade name) Amount to Use R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. AZOXYSTROBIN (Abound) 2F 1215.5 fl oz 4 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Quinone outside inhibitor (11) 0
B.
ZINC SULFATE/COPPER SULFATE/HYDRATED LIME# (3-2-6-100) 1025 gal/tree see comments see comments MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges, and lemons. Apply in 100 gal water from Oct.Dec. or just after first rain. In the Central Valley increase the amount of hydrated lime to 20 lb for the control of leafhoppers, if populations of this pest are high; if populations are low, use the 6 lb rate. Hydrated lime helps prevent copper toxicity under certain environmental conditions. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix.
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode of action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode of action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode of action Group number.
+ #
1
Anthracnose (9/08) 126

ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT

Pathogen: Armillaria mellea
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Armillaria root rot, also known as oak root fungus, can occasionally damage and kill citrus trees. Symptoms may not develop until after the disease is well established. The first symptoms of Armillaria root rot are poor growth or dieback of shoots, small yellowing leaves, and premature leaf drop. The fungus spreads by root contact or through rhizomorphs (black strings of fungal mycelia), which can grow short distances through the soil and contact and penetrate citrus roots. The pathogen invades the roots and crown, eventually girdling the crown region and destroying the entire root system. From the infection site the fungus invades lateral roots and the crown region, where it spreads as white mycelial plaques in the cambium region between the bark and wood. This distinguishes Armillaria from other wood-rotting fungi, which grow on the outer surface of the bark. In late fall and winter, Armillaria often forms clusters of mushrooms at the base of infected trees a few days after a rain.
Armillaria root rot fungus is native to California's woody plants and affects many tree crops planted on hillsides, in former riverbeds, floodplains, and on other areas subject to overflow. The fungus can survive for many years in dead or living roots of fruit and nut trees, and on ornamental and native tree species. The disease often occurs along former streambeds and near creeks where the soil is moist and where dead roots or stumps harboring the fungus may be buried in the soil. The fungus requires cool, moist soil conditions for development and spread; it is therefore rarely a problem in desert areas.
MANAGEMENT
Management of Armillaria root rot relies primarily on preventing infection of new trees. Once infection is apparent, it is very difficult to save a tree. Avoid planting in a site likely to be infested with Armillaria. If there are infected trees in your orchard, remove them completely, including the roots, and let the trees dry thoroughly before disposing of them. Also remove the neighboring, apparently healthy trees; once symptoms appear on a tree, the disease has probably already spread to the roots of the surrounding trees. To prepare infested sites for replanting, remove stumps and roots of the diseased tree. Destroy roots larger than 0.5 to 1 inch (1.22.5 cm) in diameter and fumigate the site.
When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A.
+
SODIUM TETRATHIOCARBONATE* (Enzone)
Label rates
4 days
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use.
Armillaria Root Rot (9/08) 127

BACTERIAL BLAST (CITRUS BLAST)

Pathogen: Pseudomonas syringae
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae usually start as black lesions in the leaf petiole and progress into the leaf axil. Once the petiole is girdled, leaves wither, curl, and eventually drop. Entire twigs may die back. The damage is most severe on the south side of the tree, which is exposed to the prevailing winter winds. Diseased areas are covered with a reddish brown scab. Infections result in small black spots on the fruit.
Bacterial blast, also known as citrus blast or black pit, is restricted mainly to citrus growing areas in the Sacramento Valley where wet, cool, and windy conditions during winter and spring favor development and spread of the blast bacterium. Leaves and twigs of oranges and grapefruit and the fruit of lemon are most susceptible to infection. The bacterium infects small injuries caused by thorn punctures, wind abrasions, or insect feeding.
MANAGEMENT
Preventive treatment against bacterial blast alone is generally not economical, but sprays against brown rot or Septoria may provide some protection against bacterial blast. Certain cultural practices can reduce the incidence of bacterial blast. Cultural Control Planting windbreaks and using bushy cultivars with relatively few thorns help prevent wind injury; pruning out dead or diseased twigs in spring after the rainy period reduces the spread of the disease; and scheduling fertilization and pruning during spring or early summer prevents excessive new fall growth, which is particularly susceptible to blast infection. Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural controls and copper and Bordeaux sprays are acceptable for use in organically managed citrus groves. Treatment Decisions In the Sacramento Valley where blast is an annual problem, apply treatments each year at the onset of cool, wet periods.
Common name Amount to Use R.E.I+ P.H.I.+ (trade name) (hours) (days) When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. BORDEAUX# (10-10-100) 1025 gal/tree see comments MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: Apply from Oct.Nov., before the first rain. On mandarin trees, apply after fruit is picked to avoid undesirable residue. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. For information on making Bordeaux mixture, see UC IPM Pest Note: Bordeaux Mixture, ANR Publication 7481, available online. Be sure to follow label directions as well. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the most restrictive label of those products used in tank mix. FIXED COPPER# Label rates 24 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products.
B.
+ #
1
Bacterial Blast (Citrus Blast) (9/08) 128

BOTRYTIS DISEASES AND DISORDERS (9/08)

Pathogen: Botrytis cinerea
SYMPTOMS
The Botrytis pathogen commonly infects tissue through injuries and forms gray, velvety mats of sporulating tissues. Infected twigs may die back several inches. Infected blossoms often result in increased fruit drop and in injuries to the developing fruit. These fruit injuries are evident as ridges on mature fruit that result in a lower graded crop during marketing. The name "gray mold" is used to describe the disease when it occurs as fruit decay during postharvest storage.
Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous fungus that causes disease on twigs, leaves, blossoms, and fruit of citrus in areas with prolonged wet and cool conditions. Generally, the organism is a minor pathogen of citrus; lemons are infected more commonly than other citrus crops.
MANAGEMENT
General preventive measures, such as avoiding mechanical injury, protecting against frost and brown rot, and pruning regularly to improve air movement may help reduce the incidence of Botrytis diseases. Treatments with copper and benzimidazole fungicides before rain or fog may help to reduce the blossom and fruit phases of the disease. Under prolonged cool, wet environmental conditions, frequent treatments are required and these may not be economical. Postharvest treatments may be required in wet years to prevent fruit decay during storage and marketing.
When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. PREHARVEST (BLOSSOM AND FRUIT INJURIES) A. FIXED COPPER# Label rates 24 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: Where danger of copper injury is severe, apply in a mixture with 0.331 lb of hydrated lime per lb of dry copper fungicide. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. POSTHARVEST (GRAY MOLD FRUIT DECAY) A. FLUDIOXONIL (Graduate) 16-32 oz NA NA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phenylpyrrole (12) COMMENTS: Use as a dip, drench, flood, or spray. See label for dilution rates. For maximum control, treat once before and once after storage; do not make more than two applications. B. PYRIMETHANIL (Penbotec) 400SC Label rates MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Anilinopyrimidine (9) NA NA
#
1
NA
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode of action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode of action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode of action Group number. Not applicable.
Botrytis Disease and Disorders (9/08) 129

BROWN ROT
SYMPTOMS
(9/08) Pathogen: Phytophthora spp. Symptoms appear primarily on mature or nearly mature fruit. Initially, the firm, leathery lesions have a water-soaked appearance, but they soon turn soft and have a tan to olive brown color and a pungent odor. Infected fruit eventually drop. Occasionally, twigs, leaves, and blossoms are infected, turning brown and dying.
Brown rot is caused multiple species of Phytophthora when conditions are cool and wet. Brown rot develops mainly on fruit growing near the ground when Phytophthora spores from the soil are splashed onto the tree skirts during rainstorms; infections develop under continued wet conditions. Fruit in the early stage of the disease may go unnoticed at harvest and infect other fruit during storage.
MANAGEMENT
Brown rot management relies on prevention. Pruning tree skirts 24 or more inches above the ground can significantly reduce brown rot. One spray of copper fungicide between October and December before or just after the first rain may provide protection throughout the wet season. When rainfall is excessive, you may have to repeat the spray in January or February. Spray the skirts to about 4 feet above ground. Spraying the ground underneath the trees also reduces brown rot infections.
When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. FIXED COPPER# Label rates 24 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: Where danger of copper injury is severe, apply in a mixture with 0.331 lb of hydrated lime per lb of dry copper fungicide. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. ZINC SULFATE/COPPER SULFATE/HYDRATED LIME# (3-2-6-100) 1024 gal/tree see comments see comments MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges, and lemons. Mix in 100 gal water. Apply from October through December, or just before or after first rain. Conveniently packaged, neutral copper zinc spray-dried materials to give equivalent metal content (0.60.8 lb of metallic copper/100 gal water) may also be used if 4 oz of casein spreader-sticker are added/100 gal water. More concentrated formulations of some materials may be applied at low volumes. Where danger of copper injury is severe, these products may be modified to make them safer by adding 0.331 lb of hydrated lime per/lb of dry copper fungicide. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix. BORDEAUX# (3-4.5-100) 1024 gal/tree see comments see comments MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: For use on lemons, oranges, and grapefruit where there is no history of copper injury. Mix in 100 gal water. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. For information on making Bordeaux mixture, see UC IPM Pest Note: Bordeaux Mixture, ANR Publication 7481, available online. Be sure to follow label directions as well. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix.
B.
C.
Brown Rot (9/08) 130

Amount to Use
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
FOSETYL-AL (Aliette) 80WDG 5 lb/acre 12 30 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phosphonate (33) COMMENTS: For use on all susceptible citrus. Apply in 100 gal/acre; spray to wet when conditions favor disease development. Do not exceed 4 applications of this product/year.
+ #
1
Brown Rot (9/08) 131

DOTHIORELLA GUMMOSIS
SYMPTOMS
(9/08) Pathogen: Botryosphaeria ribis (anamorph Dothiorella gregaria) Dothiorella gummosis can cause leaves and twigs on scattered branches or the entire tree to decline and die with fruit and leaves remaining attached. Portions of trunks or branches will have dead outer bark located over a sunken canker. The dead bark may exude gum; the cambial layer of wood underneath the bark may be brown to yellowish. The canker may spread up and down the cambium in grooves with some faint, shallow, yellowish brown discoloration of the underlying wood. Dothiorella gummosis can cause rapid decline and death of a tree. Young trees are especially susceptible if the affected tissue is not removed. Often the dead bark remains attached to the tree so tightly that it is not immediately obvious that it is dead. This dead bark has a more grayish cast than healthy bark.
Unlike dry root rot, discoloring of bark by the pathogen is lighter and infected bark may ooze dark liquid. On the surface, Dothiorella cankers may have a grayish cast with dead bark that remains tightly attached.
MANAGEMENT
A minor disease, Dothiorella gummosis is usually associated with a wound or injury.
Dothiorella Gummosis (9/08) 132

DRY ROOT ROT

Pathogen: Fusarium solani
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
The general symptoms of dry root rot are similar to those caused by Phytophthora species and other agents that damage the roots or girdle the trunk. These include reduced vigor, dull green leaf color, poor new growth, and twig dieback. If extensive root damage occurs, the leaves suddenly wilt and dry on the tree. The disease usually starts in larger roots and spreads into the crown. Patches or large areas of bark on the underground portion of the crown show a moist, decay, which later dries and adheres to the wood. In some cases, dry bark may also be seen aboveground. The wood below the dead bark is hard, dry, and stained grayish brown to purple. Unlike Phytophthora gummosis, dry root rot does not produce gumming, and the lesion extends deep into the wood. The initial infection may occur at planting or at any time during the life of the tree, but aboveground symptoms may only appear several years after the initial infection when the crown region has been girdled. Once the crown region is girdled, the tree collapses.
Dry rot organisms often infect a tree through the crown or larger roots that have been injured by Phytophthora fungi, mechanical injury, gophers, or root burn caused by a large overdose of fertilizers, herbicides, or nematicides. All common rootstocks are susceptible to dry root rot. Although the disease is normally a chronic problem and generally only affects a few scattered trees in a grove, it can develop into an epidemic in some orchards. It is caused by Fusarium solani infecting major roots and the root crown. Fusarium solani typically is a saprophytic fungus that develops in dead and dying wood. The development of dry rot is not well understood, but tree stress and other injuries are believed to predispose the tree, allowing Fusarium solani infection to develop into a pathogen that eventually kills infected trees.
MANAGEMENT
Good orchard management, especially careful irrigation, is essential for preventing dry rot. If the soil around the tree crowns and roots is saturated for long periods of time, the chances for injury and subsequent fungal infection increase. When establishing furrows, provide berms along the trees so that the crowns are protected from the water. Adjust sprinklers so that water does not hit the trunks. During cultural operations, avoid injury to the underground portions of the crown, especially during the cool and wet season. Follow label instructions for applying fertilizers, herbicides, and nematicides at recommended rates to avoid causing phytotoxicity and burning root tissue when excessive amounts of these materials are used. Before fertilizing young trees, wait at least 6 weeks after planting or until the trees show new growth. Check regularly for signs of Phytophthora root rot or vertebrate damage that may provide entry sites for dry root rot. If you suspect a dry root rot infection, dig all the way around the tree because the decay may be underneath the crown roots or on one or more of the main lateral roots. You may be able to slow the spread of the disease by exposing the crown region and allowing it to dry. Prune the tree skirts and remove the soil from the crown region. Correct any adverse soil conditions, such as poor drainage. Remove trees that have become unproductive because of severe infection. No effective chemical treatments are available.
Dry Root Rot (9/08) 133

EXOCORTIS
SYMPTOMS
(9/08) Pathogen: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) The characteristic symptom of exocortis is the shelling of susceptible rootstocks. The viroid kills the bark, which dries, cracks, and may lift in thin strips. Droplets of gum often appear under the loose bark.
Exocortis is of minor importance in California today because strict regulations on budwood sources have kept new plantings largely free of this viroid disease. Exocortis is widespread in older plantings, but it is a mild disease that causes only moderate stunting and limited loss of production. The viroid is easily spread on infected budwood and contaminated propagation tools. Infected trees rarely die, but growth is stunted and productivity slowly declines. Among the commonly used rootstocks, trifoliate is most affected by exocortis.
MANAGEMENT
It is best to remove infected trees from the orchard because pruning clippers and saws can transmit exocortis unless thoroughly disinfected with hypochlorite (bleach); heat does not kill the viroid.
LEMON SIEVE TUBE NECROSIS

SYMPTOMS
(9/08)
Lemon sieve tube necrosis is an inherited disorder of lemon trees in coastal areas. Eureka budlines and Frost Lisbon lemons are affected. In some areas the disease is less severe, and in the San Joaquin and Coachella valleys, lemon sieve tube necrosis does not result in noticeable decline. Trees with lemon sieve tube necrosis go through a cyclic decline. About 4 or 5 years after planting, the older food-conducting sieve tubes near the bud union die. Several years later, younger sieve tubes also die, severely restricting food transport to the roots. Many feeder roots die, fruit ripen prematurely, shoots grow poorly, and some leaves turn yellow and drop. The dieback stimulates new cambium and phloem production, and the tree recovers temporarily. Once the new sieve tubes also become necrotic, the decline process starts again. Only a microscopic analysis can reveal the collapsed sieve tubes.
MANAGEMENT
Only certain budlines are affected by this inherited disorder. Eureka lemons that have this disorder could potentially die in 8 to 15 years. Before planting this variety, obtain the most recent recommendations from your farm advisor.
Exocortis (9/08) and Lemon Sieve Tube Necrosis (9/08) 134

PHYTOPHTHORA GUMMOSIS
Pathogen: Phytophthora spp.
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
An early symptom of Phytophthora gummosis is sap oozing from small cracks in the infected bark, giving the tree a bleeding appearance. The gumming may be washed off during heavy rain. The bark stays firm, dries, and eventually cracks and sloughs off. Lesions spread around the circumference of the trunk, slowly girdling the tree. Decline may occur rapidly within a year, especially under conditions favorable for disease development, or may occur over several years.
Phytophthora fungi are present in almost all citrus orchards. Under moist conditions, the fungi produce large numbers of motile zoospores, which are splashed onto the tree trunks. The Phytophthora species causing gummosis develop rapidly under moist, cool conditions. Hot summer weather slows disease spread and helps drying and healing of the lesions. Secondary infections often occur through lesions created by Phytophthora. These infections kill and discolor the wood, in contrast to Phytophthora infections, which do not discolor wood.
MANAGEMENT
Management of Phytophthora gummosis focuses on preventing conditions favorable for infection and disease development. All scion cultivars are susceptible to infection under the right environmental conditions. Cultural Control Plant trees on a berm or high enough so that the first lateral roots are just covered with soil. Correcting any soil or water problems is essential for a recovery. In addition to improving the growing conditions, you can halt disease spread by removing the dark, diseased bark and a buffer strip of healthy, light brown to greenish bark around the margins of the infection. Allow the exposed area to dry out. You can also scrape the diseased bark lightly to find the perimeter of the lesion and then use a propane torch to burn the lesion and a margin of 1 inch (2.5 cm) around it. Recheck frequently for a few months and repeat if necessary. Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural controls and copper treatments are acceptable for use on organically certified citrus. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions Late stages of Phytophthora gummosis are distinct, but early symptoms are often difficult to recognize. Yet early detection and prompt management actions are essential for saving a tree. If 50% or more of a trunk or crown region on a mature tree is girdled, it may be more economical to replace the tree than to try to control the infection. When establishing a new orchard, carefully check the lower trunk and rootstock of new trees for any symptoms of gummosis before you plant. When trees are wrapped in burlap, open and inspect a representative sample (at least 10% of the trees). When planting or replanting in soil infected with Phytophthora, or when a susceptible rootstock has to be used, fumigation may be helpful. Inspect your orchard several times a year for disease symptoms. Look for signs of gumming on the lower trunk and crown, and for soil buildup around the crown; do not allow bud unions to get buried. Wrappers on young trees should be lifted or removed for inspection. When you detect gum lesions, check soil and drainage conditions. Systemic fungicides can control Phytophthora gummosis and copper sprays can be used to protect against infection.
Phytophthora Gummosis (9/08) 135

Amount to Use
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. PREPLANT FUMIGATION A. METAM SODIUM* 75100 gal/acre ...or... (Vapam, Metam Sodium) 16 fl oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy) 48 0 COMMENTS: Apply with 612 inches of water. Do not plant for at least 45 days. Fumigants such as metam sodium are a prime source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are a major air quality issue. Fumigate only as a last resort when other management strategies have not been successful or are not available. CHLOROPICRIN* 400500 lb/acre 48 0 ...or... 16 oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy) COMMENTS: Use low rate on sandy loam and high rate on heavier soils or high clay. Inject 79 inches, 1218 inches apart, and tarp immediately. Do not plant for at least 3 months.
B.
POSTPLANT A. COPPER# Label rates 24 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: Use neutral, spray-dried, 1 package copper spray materials stirred into water to make consistency of house paint. Apply as paint or spray on trunk and crown right after excision of diseased bark; treat excised area and lower trunk. Can also be used as a protectant on trees where risk of gummosis is high. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. B. FOSETYL-AL (Aliette) 80WDG 2.55 lb/5 gal water 12 30 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phosphonate (33) COMMENTS: Spray or paint on trunk when disease occurs or conditions favor disease development. Use higher rate if trunk lesions are present. Thoroughly wet the lesion. If no lesion is present, wet the trunk from the ground up to a height of 2 feet. Do not exceed 4 applications of fosetyl-al/year. MEFENOXAM (Ridomil Gold) SL 1 qt/3 gal water 48 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phenylamide (4) COMMENTS: Use when disease occurs. Spray the surface of trunks to cover lesions thoroughly. Can be applied up to 3 times/year, but do not make soil and trunk applications of mefenoxam to the same tree during the same cropping season and do not apply more than 1.5 gal/treated acre/year.
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Acceptable for use on organically grown produce. Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode of action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode of action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode of action Group number.
C.
+ * #
1
Phytophthora Gummosis (9/08) 136

PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT

Pathogens: Phytophthora citrophthora and P. parasitica
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Phytophthora root rot causes a slow decline of the tree. The leaves turn light green or yellow and may drop, depending on the amount of infection. The disease destroys the feeder roots of susceptible rootstocks. The pathogen infects the root cortex, which turns soft and separates from the stele. If the destruction of feeder roots occurs faster than their regeneration, the uptake of water and nutrients will be severely limited. The tree will grow poorly, stored energy reserves will be depleted, and production will decline. Disease symptoms are often difficult to distinguish from nematode, salt, or flooding damage; only a laboratory analysis can provide positive identification.
Phytophthora species are present in most citrus groves. They can survive adverse conditions as persistent spores in the soil. During moist conditions, large numbers of motile zoospores, which can swim in water for short distances, are produced. Zoospores are the infective agents that are carried in irrigation or rainwater to the roots. Phytophthora citrophthora is a winter root rot that also causes brown fruit rot and gummosis. Phytophthora citrophthora is active during cool seasons when citrus roots are inactive and their resistance to infection is low. Phytophthora parasitica is active during warm weather when roots are growing.
MANAGEMENT
Management of Phytophthora root rot involves the use of resistant rootstocks, irrigation management, fungicides, and fumigation. Cultural Control Provide adequate soil drainage and avoid over irrigation. If destruction of feeder roots is minimal, corrective action may include increasing irrigation intervals, switching to alternate middle row irrigation or a different irrigation system such as minisprinklers, and installing subsoil tiles. Resistant Rootstocks When replanting or establishing new plantings, choose resistant rootstocks where possible, but also consider tolerance to other diseases, nematodes, and cold. The most tolerant rootstocks are trifoliate orange, swingle citrumelo, citrange, Alemow, and sour orange. Organically Acceptable Methods Cultural controls and the use of resistant rootstocks are acceptable management methods in an organically managed citrus grove. Monitoring and Treatment Decisions If a tree growing on susceptible rootstock looks stressed, dig up some soil and check the feeder roots. Sample P. parasitica during July through September, and P. citrophthora during January through March. Phytophthora populations of greater than 15 to 20 propagules per gram of root zone soil may warrant treatment. When planting or replanting in soil infested with Phytophthora, or when susceptible rootstock has to be used, fumigation may be feasible if no other adverse conditions persist.
Phytophthora Root Rot (9/08) 137

Amount to Use
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. PREPLANT A. METAM SODIUM* 75100 gal/acre 48 0 ...or... (Vapam, Metam Sodium) 16 fl oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy) COMMENTS: Apply with 612 inches of water. Do not plant for at least 45 days. Fumigants such as metam sodium are a prime source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are a major air quality issue. Fumigate only as a last resort when other management strategies have not been successful or are not available. CHLOROPICRIN* 400500 lb/acre 48 0 ...or... 16 oz/tree (8 ft diameter canopy) COMMENTS: Use low rate on sandy loam and high rate on heavier soils or high clay. Inject 79 inches, 1218 inches apart, and tarp immediately. Do not plant for at least 3 months. 11.5 fl oz/100 gal water for soil drench ...or... (Ridomil Gold) SL 12 qt/acre for soil surface spray 48 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phenylamide (4) COMMENTS: For citrus in nurseries: Apply at planting and at 3-month intervals during growing seasons. As a drench, apply 100250 gal mixture/1000 ft of row on an area wide enough to cover the root system. As a soil surface spray, apply as a broadcast or banded surface spray to seedbeds, liners, or bedded stock in sufficient water to obtain uniform coverage of the root system. For use on resets or new plantings: Apply at planting and up to 3 applications at 3-month intervals to coincide with root growth flushes during the growing season. As a drench, apply 5 gal mix around tree base within the watering ring. As a soil surface spray, apply in sufficient water to obtain coverage of the soil surface wetted by irrigation. Apply spray to the soil surface beneath the tree canopy. Follow immediately with an irrigation sufficient to wet the soil to 1 ft. FOSETYL-AL (Aliette) 80WDG 5 lb/100 gal/acre 12 365 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phosphonate (33) COMMENTS: For use on trees in nurseries only. Apply in 100 gal water/acre to susceptible varieties as a foliar spray when conditions favor the disease. Trees should be treated at time of planting. Spray to wet. Do not exceed 4 applications/year or 20 lb/acre/year. 12 qt/acre ...or... (Ridomil Gold) SL 0.751.5 fl oz/1000 sq ft 48 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phenylamide (4) COMMENTS: Apply 23 times/year to coincide with flushes of root growth. Apply in a banded surface spray under tree canopy. Up to 3 applications may be made/year. MEFENOXAM (Ridomil Gold) GR Label rates 48 0 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phenylamide (4) COMMENTS: Treat in March-April followed by 1 or 2 applications at 3-month intervals to coincide with root flushes; rate depends on tree size and the number of applications/year. Apply 0.51 inch water after application.
B.
NONBEARING TREES A. MEFENOXAM
B.
BEARING TREES A. MEFENOXAM
B.

Amount to Use
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
FOSETYL-AL (Aliette) 80WDG 5 lb/acre 12 30 MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Phosphonate (33) COMMENTS: Apply to susceptible varieties as a foliar spray when conditions favor the disease. Spray to wet. Do not exceed 4 applications or 20 lb/acre/year. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated citrus groves.
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Group numbers are assigned by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) according to different modes of actions (for more information, see http://www.frac.info/). Fungicides with a different group number are suitable to alternate in a resistance management program. In California, make no more than one application of fungicides with mode of action Group numbers 1, 4, 9, 11, or 17 before rotating to a fungicide with a different mode of action Group number; for fungicides with other Group numbers, make no more than two consecutive applications before rotating to fungicide with a different mode of action Group number.
+ *
1

PSOROSIS
SYMPTOMS
(9/08) Pathogens: Citrus psorosis ophiovirus Infected trees, mostly orange and grapefruit, slowly decline; main scaffold branches die and trees become unproductive. The most distinguishing field symptom is scaling and flaking of the bark on the scion. Symptoms, including interveinal yellow flecking on young leaves, may appear in fall. During early stages, patches of bark on the trunk or scaffold branches show small pimples or bubbles, which later enlarge and break up into loose scales. Gumming often appears around the margins of a lesion. In advanced stages, deep layers of bark and the wood become impregnated with gum and die.
Psorosis is a graft transmissible disease, caused by a virus, most often found in old citrus plantings. It is transmitted in infected budwood or possibly with contaminated grafting tools. Occasionally, the disease spreads through root grafting from an infected to a healthy tree. Seeds of some citrange cultivars are known carriers of the disease.
MANAGEMENT
As with other graft transmissible diseases, the use of disease-free budwood is the major method for preventing damage from psorosis. The Citrus Clonal Protection Program provides budwood free of major diseases to nurseries and growers. Where an old tree shows symptoms, scrape away the infected bark area to stimulate the formation of wound callus, which results in temporary recovery. Generally, a psorosis-infected tree will be less productive than healthy trees, and replacement is the best option.
Psorosis (9/08) 140

SEPTORIA SPOT
Pathogen: Septoria citri
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Early symptoms of Septoria spot appear as small, light tan to reddish brown pits on fruit, 0.04 to 0.08 inch (1 to 2 mm) in diameter, which usually do not extend beyond the oil-bearing tissue. Advanced lesions are blackish, sunken, extend into the albedo (white spongy inner part of rind), and are up to 0.8 to 1.2 inch (20 to 30 mm) in diameter. Dark brown to black fruiting bodies often develop in these lesions, which usually do not extend beyond the oil-bearing tissue. The spots are much more conspicuous after the fruit has changed from green to yellow or orange. Small spots may develop into large, brown blotches during storage or long-distance transportation. Septoria citri may also cause similar spotting on leaves or twigs that are weakened by frost or pests.
The Septoria fungus causes spotting of Valencia oranges, late season navel oranges, and occasionally of lemons and grapefruit. It occurs in the San Joaquin Valley and interior districts of southern California during cool, moist weather. Infections begin when Septoria conidia are transported throughout the tree by rainfall. The spores germinate with additional moisture from rain or dews and commonly infect cold-injured fruit tissue and mechanical injuries. The damage to the rind lowers the grade of the fruit and results in culling. Septoria spot may be confused with copper injury and other abiotic and biotic agents.
MANAGEMENT
Apply a preventive copper spray in late fall or early winter, just before or after the first rain. In years with heavy rainfall, additional applications may be necessary. For California oranges (Navels and Valencias) shipped to Korea: Make the first spray between October 15 and November 30. 1. Use a minimum of 2.5 lb metallic zinc equivalent per acre and a minimum of 1.65 lb metallic copper equivalent per acre. When using 1.65 lb copper equivalent use a minimum of 2 lb hydrated lime, and when using 4 lb copper equivalent, use a minimum of 4 lb hydrated lime. 2. Apply as a dilute application with a minimum of 400 gallons per acre. 3. Higher rates of zinc, copper, and lime may be used as local conditions warrant but do not exceed manufacturer's label rates. 4. Bordeaux sprays also meet the preharvest requirements for exporting oranges to Korea. Use a minimum of 3.3 lb metallic zinc, 1.65 lb metallic copper, and 20 lb hydrated lime in no less than 400 gallons per acre. Mix in following order: zinc, then copper, followed by lime. Cover the entire tree canopy, skirt sprays are not acceptable.
When choosing a pesticide, consider the general properties of the fungicide as well as information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. FIXED COPPER/ZINC SULFATE/HYDRATED LIME# see comments see comments MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: Use rates under MANAGEMENT for oranges to be exported to Korea. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Use the restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix.
Septoria Spot (9/08) 141

Amount to Use
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
ZINC SULFATE/COPPER SULFATE/HYDRATED LIME# (3-2-6-100) 1025 gal/tree see comments see comments MODE OF ACTION GROUP NAME (FRAC NUMBER1): Multi-site contact (M1) COMMENTS: For use on grapefruit, oranges, and lemons. Apply in 100 gal water from Oct.Dec. or just before or after first rain. In the Central Valley increase the amount of hydrated lime to 20 lb for the control of leafhoppers, if populations of this pest are high; if populations are low, use the 6 lb rate. Hydrated lime helps prevent copper toxicity under certain environmental conditions. Use rates under MANAGEMENT for oranges to be exported to Korea. For information on making Bordeaux mixture, see UC IPM Pest Note: Bordeaux Mixture, ANR Publication 7481, available online. Be sure to follow label directions as well. For tank mixes, observe all directions for use on all labels, and employ the most restrictive limits and precautions. Never exceed the maximum a.i. on any label when tank mixing products that contain the same a.i. Not all copper compounds are approved for use in organic production; be sure to check individual products. Use the restricted entry interval and preharvest interval of the product with the most restrictive label of those used in the tank mix.
+ #
1
Septoria Spot (9/08) 142

STUBBORN DISEASE
Pathogen: Spiroplasma citri
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Stubborn disease is endemic in the warm inland growing areas, where it affects primarily sweet orange, grapefruit, and tangelo trees. The disease is more of a problem in young orchards than in mature groves. The pathogen is a phytoplasma, which is spread by leafhopper (primarily beet leafhopper) feeding, and by grafting and budding. Treatment of leafhoppers in the field does not prevent the spread of the mycoplasma. The most obvious symptoms of stubborn-infected trees are a low yield of abnormally small fruit, the absence of fruit, and the stunted, feathery growth of the canopy. The leaves are small and grow upright close to the stems. Symptoms are typically similar to zinc deficiency. The trees usually develop unseasonal growth flushes and blossoms. The few fruit produced remain small and are lopsided. The best way to see the off-centered navel and uneven sides is to cut a fruit in half. Certain other fruit symptoms may appear. Depending on the ripening stage of the fruit, you may see stylar end greening; the blossom end of the fruit remains green while the stem end becomes colored. Fruit of seedy cultivars have dark-colored, small seeds aborted early in their development. The fruit may have an insipid or bitter flavor; on some cultivars, they also become acorn shaped. If young trees are infected, the entire tree may remain small and unproductive. If mature trees become infected, a single branch may show symptoms, and the disease may or may not spread slowly throughout the tree.
Stubborn disease is often difficult to diagnose, especially in the early stages of disease development when symptoms are subtle or when other disorders are present. Severity of symptoms may vary among citrus species. Trifoliate and trifoliate hybrids, as well as lemons and limes, appear more tolerant. Stubborn disease does not kill trees, but stunts growth and inhibits fruit production. Because hot, dry weather favors the development and spread of the stubborn pathogen, it has become a problem in the San Joaquin and desert valleys.
MANAGEMENT
Management of stubborn disease focuses on preventing the disease and avoiding its spread. Preventative measures mainly apply to nursery practices, such as maintaining stubborn-free mother trees for budwood. Grafting budwood onto indicator seedlings or culturing leaf and fruit samples in the lab can determine the presence of the stubborn organism. No commercial laboratories, however, are currently equipped to carry out these tests. In an established orchard, observe the trees carefully for any signs of stubborn disease in late fall or early winter. A sparse crop, a useful diagnostic symptom, becomes apparent as fruit color changes to orange. Map or flag the trees suspected of being infected and recheck the orchard several times during the year to confirm your diagnosis. Cultural Control When planting an orchard, obtain trees from an area that does not have a high incidence of stubborn disease. Replace diseased and unproductive trees. Topworking is not advisable because the pathogen moves freely between the scion and rootstock.
Stubborn Disease (9/08) 143

TRISTEZA DISEASE COMPLEX

Pathogen: Tristeza virus
(9/08)
SYMPTOMS
Tristeza virus is spread through budding and grafting or by aphids feeding on citrus. The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, is the vector for all tristeza isolates (types) found in California; it does not however, transmit all isolates equally well. Susceptible rootstock/scion combinations infected with the virus show symptoms similar to those caused by other diseases that injure the roots or girdle the crown. Trees infected with tristeza show light green foliage, poor growth flushes, and some leaf drop. The trees may produce a heavy crop of smaller fruit because the girdling at the bud union prevents starch transport to the roots. Feeder roots die from the periphery inward. Diseased young trees bloom early and abundantly and begin producing fruit 1 to 2 years before healthy trees.
Tristeza diseases, including quick decline, seedlings yellows, and stem pitting are different syndromes caused by different isolates of the tristeza virus. They differ in their virulence and their reaction to different scion cultivar and to the rootstock upon which the scion is growing. Tristeza is widespread throughout southern California, but so far the concerted efforts of various groups have maintained tristeza at very low levels in the San Joaquin and desert valleys.
MANAGEMENT
Management of the tristeza complex depends largely on preventive measures, such as using tolerant rootstocks and tristeza-free propagation material. However, because of the insect vector, disease spread cannot be prevented completely. Symptoms of tristeza become more apparent during the hot summer months when increased water needs cannot be met by the declining root system. Observe quarantine restrictions to avoid spreading tristeza. No plants or plant parts should be shipped from infected southern California districts to areas where tristeza is not present or is localized, such as the San Joaquin or Coachella valleys. Cultural Control When grafting or topworking, use only certified, virus-free budwood. The Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP) provides virus-free and true-to-type bud lines to nurseries and growers in California. Contact your county agricultural commissioner's office for listings of nurseries participating in the CCPP program. Virus-free and true-to-type budwood is also available from the University of California; contact your local farm advisor for more information. In southern California, where tristeza is widespread, you may want to remove infected trees only when they become unproductive.
Tristeza Disease Complex (9/08) 144

Nematodes
(1/09)
Scientific Names: Citrus nematode: Tylenchulus semipenetrans Sheath nematode: Hemicycliophora arenaria
Plant parasitic nematodes are microscopic, unsegmented roundworms that live in soil and plant tissues and feed on plant roots. The predominant species parasitic on citrus in California is the citrus nematode. This nematode is reported to be present in most citrus orchards and in all soil types. It also parasitizes grape, lilac, olive, and persimmon. Citrus nematode attacks roots by burrowing its anterior end deep inside the root cortex while the posterior end remains outside in the soil. The sheath nematode is less widespread than the citrus nematode; it has been found on citrus in the Coachella Valley and on some native desert plants. However, it has a broad host range and thrives well at high temperatures and at low moisture levels.
DAMAGE
Damage caused by a citrus nematode infestation depends on the age and vigor of the tree, density of the nematode population, and susceptibility of the rootstock. Mature trees can tolerate a considerable number of these nematodes before showing lack of vigor and decline symptoms. Susceptible trees planted in lightly infested soil may grow for many years without apparent damage and then decline slowly. Resistant rootstocks generally do well even in heavily infested soils. If, however, a heavily infested orchard site is replanted with a susceptible rootstock without soil fumigation, the roots of the young trees will soon be heavily parasitized, tree growth will be stunted, and fruit production reduced. This condition is also referred to as the citrus replant problem. The damage is greater when trees are predisposed by other factors such as Phytophthora root rot and water stress. Sheath nematodes feed on root tips and may reduce root growth and vigor of trees.
SYMPTOMS
The symptoms described below are typical of a nematode problem but are not diagnostic, because they could result from other causes as well. Aboveground symptoms of nematode damage are lack of vigor, twig dieback, decline in growth, and reduced fruit size and yield. Nematode infestations may occur without inducing any aboveground symptoms. Belowground symptoms of a citrus nematode infestation include poor growth of feeder roots and soil adhering to roots giving them a dirty appearance. Sheath nematode causes swelling (galling) of root tips.
FIELD EVALUATION
To make management decisions, it is essential to know the nematode species present and their population estimates. If a previous orchard or crop had problems caused by nematodes that are also listed as pests of citrus, population levels may be high enough to cause damage to the ensuing citrus crop. If nematode species have not previously been identified, take soil samples and send them to a diagnostic laboratory for identification. Monitoring Before planting or replanting a citrus orchard, obtain a professional soil analysis; the analysis will help you determine the potential for nematode damage and plan a management strategy. In an established orchard, a soil analysis will confirm visible symptoms that may be present. Some laboratories collect samples, or you may have to do it yourself. To collect samples before planting, visually divide the orchard into sampling blocks representing differences in soil texture, drainage pattern, or cropping history. In an established orchard irrigated by sprinklers or furrows, collect soil and root samples at the drip line of trees that show symptoms and samples from adjacent, healthy looking trees for comparison. In drip-irrigated orchards, take samples around emitters where feeder roots are most abundant. The soil should not be too dry or too wet.
Nematodes (1/09) 145

You can sample fallow land at any time of year. The best time to sample an established orchard is March through April, so that measures can be taken, if necessary, to protect the spring growth flush of the roots. In loamy soils, sampling down to 24 inches is sufficient; in sandy soils, take samples to a depth of 36 inches. Use a soil auger, Viehmeyer tube, or shovel. A soil auger (3 inches in diameter) is convenient for depths to 24 inches in sandy soils. To sample deeper than 60 cm, a Viehmeyer tube is recommended to reduce the soil volume taken. The tube can easily be hammered down to 48 inches; however, the amount of roots collected will be much smaller than with a soil auger. From each sampling block, collect 10 to 20 cores or subsamples. Combine the subsamples, mix thoroughly, and pour the soil and roots into durable plastic bags or other moisture-proof containers. Seal tightly and place bags in the shade until you have taken the last sample. Attach labels providing name and address, location of the orchard, sample block, soil texture, cropping history, and notable symptoms and, if possible, rootstock and soil and air temperature; this information is critical for a meaningful analysis. Send or deliver the samples to the lab as soon as possible. Ship them in a cardboard box insulated with newspaper, or in a styrofoam ice chest. If any delay occurs, keep the samples in a cool place (41 to 50F). Most labs extract nematode juvenile from soil samples using the Baermann funnel or the elutriation/flotation method. The method used and often the extraction efficiency is reported together with the results. Larval counts arc generally sufficient for estimating relative infestation levels. Extracting females from the citrus roots, however, is more accurate, especially when checking the success of a chemical treatment at the end of the season when larval counts are usually low because of low temperatures. Interpreting Soil Analysis Although it will vary greatly with soil moisture, soil type, and temperature, the number of nematodes in the soil, as determined by soil analysis, can give some indication about the damage potential of an infestation. Samples cannot provide an accurate prediction of yield at the end of the season because many other factors, including alternate bearing habit of citrus and other pest problems, may influence yield. The table below shows the average number of juveniles and females at different sampling times; different soil types are not taken into account. The table gives a rough estimate of low, medium, and high populations. A preplant treatment is recommended at all levels when replanting an orchard with either a tolerant or a susceptible rootstock. At low levels in an established orchard, a treatment is not economical, but you should continue sampling at least once a year to see if the population remains low. At medium levels, treatment may be advantageous if the site has a history of nematode damage. At high levels, a treatment can prevent substantial reduction in fruit size and yield, but healthy, vigorous trees can often tolerate high populations without apparent damage. In both cases successful treatment requires precise and repeated applications. Available postplant nematicides are expensive; you have to weigh treatment costs and age and condition of the orchard as well as projected crop loss. Rating of Population Levels of the Citrus Nematode Juveniles and Females as Determined by Soil Analysis1 Population level Low Medium high
1
Juveniles (per 500 g soil) Feb. - Apr. May-July <2000 <4000 >5000 >8000 >12,000 >18,000
Females (per 1 g roots) Feb.-Apr. May-June <100 <300 >400 >700 >1100 >1400
Samples taken at 2 ft. depth with Viehmeyer tube; extraction with Baermann funnel; nematode numbers adjusted to 100% extraction efficiency; < = less than, > = greater than. One gram (g) of soil equals approximately 1 cc, but varies with soil moisture.
The number of females per unit of feeder roots is more representative of the damage potential to the tree than the number of free juveniles in the soil. If the population of females exceeds the medium level, tree growth and fruit production are likely to be reduced.

MANAGEMENT
Cultural. Good sanitation practices are essential to avoid nematode infestations. Use certified nematodefree material for planting. Rotation with annual crops for 1 to 3 years before replanting citrus helps to reduce citrus nematode populations. Rootstock selection. Using a resistant rootstock is recommended whether or not nematodes are present. Trifoliate orange is known to be tolerant to citrus nematode. Troyer citrange is also resistant to citrus nematode, but this nematode has resistance-breaking biotypes that may develop on this rootstock after a period of time, thus increasing its susceptibility. Sweet orange, Trifoliate orange, grapefruit, Thompson seedless grape, and cotton are reported to be resistant to sheath nematode, making its management relatively easy. Chemical. If the site was previously infested with nematode pests of citrus, preplant fumigation may be necessary to reduce nematode population levels. When replanting a citrus orchard, a preplant treatment is recommended even if a resistant rootstock is used. Trees planted on fumigated orchard sites are generally known to have improved growth and yields compared to those on nonfumigated sites. In established orchards, treat when sampling indicates more than 400 female citrus nematodes are present in 1 gram of roots in February to April or more than 700 in 1 gram of roots during May and June.
Common name Amount/Acre (trade name) Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
PREPLANT A. METAM SODIUM* 75 gal 48 NA (Vapam, Sectagon) COMMENTS: Metam sodium can effectively control nematodes if applied properly, but it does not penetrate plant roots below 3 ft deep and it is difficult to deliver 45 feet down from the surface. Before applying this material, thoroughly cultivate the area to be treated to break up clods and deeply loosen the soil. After cultivation and about 1 week before treatment, preirrigate the field with 68 acre-inches of water in flood irrigation in basins. When metam sodium is applied, uniformly add it at 75 gal/acre to 6-8 acre-inches of water. After treatment, do not plant for 30 days, or 60 days if soil is high in organic matter or cold (below 50F). A broad-spectrum material that controls weeds, soil fungi, and soil insects as well as nematodes. Metam sodium is a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but its reactivity with nitrous oxides to form ozone is currently reported to be minimal. However, metam sodium emissions are toxic if allowed to accumulate in a closed environment. Fumigate only as a last resort when other management strategies have not been successful or are not available. B. 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE* (Telone C35 CA, Telone II) Label rate 5 days NA COMMENTS: See label for application procedures. The soil must be dried for this product to effectively disperse into the soil profile. Fumigants such as dichloropropene are a prime source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which react with nitrous oxides during warm months to increase ozone concentrations. Reductions of ozone concentrations, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley and Ventura, is a major concern. Fumigate only as a last resort when other management strategies have not been successful or are not available.
POSTPLANT A. OXAMYL* (Vydate L) 14 qt 48 7 COMMENTS: Apply by metering into flood irrigation water or into drip irrigation systems. Do not apply more than 4 qt/acre in any 30-day period. See product label for additional information on use.
+ * NA Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Not applicable.

Plant Growth Regulators

GENERAL INFORMATION
(9/08)
The plant growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), gibberellic acid (GA3), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) are registered for preharvest use on California citrus crops. 2,4-D is used mainly to delay and reduce unwanted fruit abscission (fruit drop), GA3 is used mainly to delay senescence (overripening), and NAA is used to promote abscission of excess fruit (thinning to increase the size of the remaining fruit) and to inhibit the growth of suckers on the trunk. In order to be effective, plant growth regulators must be absorbed by plant tissue. Good spray coverage is essential and climatic conditions that favor absorption (warm and humid conditions) are therefore desirable. Consider such factors as tree size, canopy density, location of fruit, and type of spray equipment when deciding how much spray material will be required to achieve good coverage. Apply all spray materials uniformly to the fruiting canopy. Be advised that plant growth regulators are potent compounds and care is warranted in their use. Both 2,4-D and GA3 seem to be compatible with urea, potassium foliar sprays, zinc and manganese micronutrient sprays, and neutral copper sprays, but the timing of growth regulator applications may not coincide with the best time for nutrient sprays. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). 2,4-D is used to control preharvest fruit drop, increase fruit size (oranges, grapefruit, mandarin, and mandarin hybrids), and to control leaf and fruit drop following an oil spray. When you use 2,4-D to reduce drop of mature fruit, apply the compound before (preferably shortly before) fruit drop becomes a problem, but far enough ahead of flowering to minimize undesirable effects that 2,4-D would otherwise have on the spring cycle of growth. For navel oranges, October through December sprays are common. October, however, may be too early to effectively reduce fruit drop if conditions favor it (e.g., warm winter, protracted harvest). January sprays may be somewhat risky, especially when environmental factors favor an earlier-than-usual spring flush of growth. For mature grapefruit and 'Valencia' orange trees, 2,4-D can be applied to control drop of mature fruit or as a dual-purpose spray (to control mature fruit drop and to improve fruit size for the next year's crop). Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent coverage. In general, 'Valencia' orange is more responsive than grapefruit to fruit-sizing sprays. For mandarin and mandarin hybrids, 2,4-D fruit sizing sprays are applied 21 to 35 days after 75% petal fall. Recommendations are also included in these guidelines for the use of 2,4-D in pesticide oil sprays to counteract leaf and fruit drop caused by the oil. Precautions when using 2,4-D Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas, alfalfa, lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species. If 2,4-D is applied shortly before or during a flush of growth, vegetative and reproductive growth may be damaged. This may result in lower fruit production, especially if the spring flush is affected. The effectiveness of 2,4-D for controlling fruit drop is enhanced by oil and decreased by calcium hydroxide (calcium hydrate, hydrated lime). The magnitude of the oil enhancement and the magnitude of the reduction caused by calcium hydroxide are not sufficiently understood to permit any extrapolation of University of California recommendations or product label instructions. Do not vary from label rates. Application of 2,4-D as a fruit-sizing spray can cause fruit dryness in mandarin and mandarin hybrids that tend to be less juicy, e.g., 'Nules' Clementine or in orchards prone to granulation. Older recommendations and product labels specified 2,4-D dosages in terms of concentration (ppm or mg/liter). Because current spray volumes vary widely, University of California recommendations and current labels specify the amount of product per acre rather than ppm or mg/liter. If applied properly (i.e., if coverage is adequate and if the spray deposit does not dry rapidly), an application of a particular per-acre dosage of 2,4-D has the potential to be effective for controlling mature fruit drop
General Information (9/08) 148
and for delaying fruit senescence when applied at spray volumes of 100 to 750 gallons per acre. Lower-volume applications (100 gal/acre) are less forgiving of imprecise spraying than are highervolume applications (500 gal/acre). Success with 2,4-D applications to improve fruit size requires excellent coverage and wetting; low-volume applications are not known to be effective. In general, surfactants (wetting agents) help achieve good spray coverage. Many surfactant formulations are available in the marketplace. Some can cause rind blemishes on citrus fruit, so you need to find a suitable surfactant for citrus, whether through direct experimentation or by contacting an experienced citrus pest control operator. Gibberellic acid (GA3). The purpose of applying GA3 to citrus trees in California is to delay fruit senescence. Make applications while the fruit are still physiologically young, but are approaching maturity. GA3 can have a negative effect on flowering and thus on production for the following year, especially if it is applied much later than specified on the current label or in these guidelines. It delays changes in rind color, an effect that can be considered either desirable or undesirable. For example, if you apply GA3 to navel orange trees while the fruit still have green rinds, delayed coloring will have a negative effect on your ability to harvest and market the fruit early in the season. In contrast, this effect is desirable for late-harvested fruit because it delays rind senescence, which results in fruit that are paler in color than the deeper-colored fruit from untreated trees. GA3 applications amplify the re-greening of 'Valencia' oranges. This is considered undesirable and can be minimized if you apply the compound no later than the date specified on the label or in these guidelines. GA3 application may result in leaf drop, which can be severe, especially when it is applied to navel orange trees that are under heat or water stress. When this happens, the tree may also suffer twig dieback. By including 2,4-D in the GA3 spray, you may be able to reduce this kind of damage. There is little need for delaying fruit senescence on young trees. This plus the possibility of excessive leaf drop argue against applying GA3 to young citrus trees. Recommendations are also included in these guidelines for using GA3 to delay lemon and lime fruit maturity, to delay aging and rind softening of tangerine (mandarin) hybrids, and as a fruit-setting agent for clementine mandarin. Precautions when using GA3 GA3 is slowly hydrolyzed by water and rapidly converted into an inactive isomer in highly alkaline solutions. Protect liquid and powder formulations from moisture and do not add GA3 to highly alkaline spray mixtures. Although GA3 seems to be stable in solutions up to pH 11 for short periods of time (2 hours), its activity is diminished rapidly at the high pH values found in Bordeaux and whitewash mixtures. As a general rule, do not expose GA3 to solutions higher than pH 8. Values below pH 8 may provide greater stability for GA3 and better absorption by plant tissue. Older recommendations and product labels specified GA3 dosages in terms of concentration (ppm or mg/liter). Because current spray volumes vary widely, University of California recommendations and current labels specify the amount of product per acre rather than ppm or mg/liter. If applied properly (i.e., if coverage is adequate and if the spray deposit does not dry rapidly), an application of a particular per-acre dosage of GA3 will have the potential for controlling mature fruit drop and for delaying fruit senescence when applied at spray volumes of 100 to 750 gallons per acre. Lower-volume applications (100 gal/acre) are less forgiving of imprecise spraying than are higher-volume applications (500 gal/acre). In general, surfactants (wetting agents) help achieve good spray coverage. Many surfactant formulations are available in the marketplace. Some can cause rind blemishes on citrus fruit, so you need to find a suitable surfactant for citrus, whether through direct experimentation or by contacting an experienced citrus pest control operator. Research has shown that a suitable organosilicone adjuvant such as Silwet L-77 can increase the efficacy of GA3 applied to navel orange trees. Two cautions are in order: increased efficacy also means increased risks of negative effects, such as excessive leaf drop and twig die-back from GA3; and rind blemishes have been reported from relatively high adjuvant concentrations. (Note: Silwet L-77 has a good rind blemish safety record at a concentration of 0.025%, v/v, active ingredient basis.) Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). NAA can be a very effective fruit-thinning agent for certain types of citrus. A different formulation is registered for sucker control. For fruit thinning, label rates are 100 to 500 ppm. Within this concentration range, an application may result in inadequate to excessive thinning. In
general, inadequate thinning occurs from the lowest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on the day of application and several days thereafter are relatively low (~85F [29C]). Excessive thinning generally occurs from the highest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on the day of application and several days thereafter are relatively high (~100F [38C]). In addition, excessive thinning can occur when NAA is applied to unhealthy or water-stressed trees. Heavy application of NAA, 1.15% liquid concentrate, to inhibit sucker growth on tree trunks, may result in tree damage. Trees should be nonbearing. Do not apply after September 1. Precautions when using NAA Success with NAA as a fruit-thinning agent requires excellent coverage and wetting; low-volume applications are not known to be effective. In general, surfactants (wetting agents) help achieve good spray coverage. Many surfactant formulations are available in the marketplace. Some can cause rind blemishes on citrus fruit, so you need to find a suitable surfactant for citrus, whether through direct experimentation or by contacting an experienced citrus pest control operator.

PREHARVEST FRUIT DROP CONTROL WITH 2,4-D

Variety Amount to Use (g a.e./a = grams acid equivalent/acre) Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used.
(3/10)
Time
CAUTION: Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas, alfalfa, lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species. 2,4-D has a 12 hour restricted entry interval. A. NAVEL ORANGES* 30 g a.e./a in water spray Sept.Nov. . . . or . . . 15 g a.e./a in water spray Dec.Jan. . . . or . . . 45 g a.e./a in hydrated lime spray Sept.Nov. COMMENTS: The 45 g/a treatment applied in hydrated lime (whitewash) is inferior to 30 g/a applied in water. This is important during long harvest seasons. The preferred Oct.Nov. treatment is a 30 g/a water spray applied 3 days before or 3 days after whitewash. October through December sprays are commonly used and are generally effective. However, September, in particular, and October, as well, may be too early to provide good control when conditions favor fruit drop (warm winter, protracted harvest, etc.). On the other hand, January sprays may be somewhat risky, especially when environmental factors favor an earlier-thanusual spring flush of growth. More than one application of 2,4-D may be appropriate. For example, consider adding 6 to 18 g/a in a water spray containing gibberellic acid (GA3) followed by up to 30 g/a in a November water spray. The 2,4-D in the GA3 spray may reduce the GA3-induced leaf and fruit drop and will provide some help with mid- to late-season mature fruit drop. However, the 2,4-D applied with the GA3 early in the season will not provide adequate mid- to late-season control of mature fruit drop in most years. VALENCIA ORANGES* 15 g a.e./a in water spray see comments below COMMENTS: If the desired response is to reduce drop of mature fruit and minimize effects on size or quality of next year's fruit, apply when fruit of the following crop is at least 0.5 inch (13 mm) in diameter. May be used as a dual purpose spray in spring for both mature fruit drop control and to improve fruit size of the new crop. See the section on INCREASING FRUIT SIZE. This treatment also reduces fruit stem dieback. GRAPEFRUIT* (summer fruit drop) (winter fruit drop) 30 g a.e./a in water spray see comments below
B.
C.
45 g a.e./a in hydrated lime spray Oct.Nov. . . . or . . . 30 g a.e./a in water spray Oct.Jan. COMMENTS: If the desired response is to reduce drop of mature fruit and minimize effects on size or quality of next year's fruit, apply when fruit of the following crop is at least 0.75 inch (19 mm) in diameter. May be used as a dual purpose spray in spring for both mature fruit drop control and to improve fruit size of the new crop. See the section on INCREASING FRUIT SIZE. The 45 g/a treatment applied in hydrated lime (whitewash) is inferior to 30 g/a applied in water. This is important during long harvest seasons. The preferred winter fruit-drop control treatment is a 30 g/a water spray applied 3 days before or 3 days after whitewash. January sprays may be somewhat risky, especially when environmental factors favor an earlierthan-usual spring flush of growth. Grapefruit may require special spray application techniques to achieve coverage of interior fruit. These treatments also reduce fruit stem dieback. D. LEMONS* 15 g a.e./a in water spray Oct.Dec. COMMENTS: Apply a single treatment. Applications to coastal lemons are risky because of their everbearing nature. TANGELOS and OTHER CITRUS HYBRIDS* 30 g a.e./a in water spray COMMENTS: Apply a single treatment.
*
E.
Sept.Nov.
Note: (1) Do not apply to trees less than 6 years old. (2) Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. (3) Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated area during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. (4) Use an isopropyl ester formulation of 2,4-D containing 3.34 or 3.36 lb of acid equivalent/gallon. These formulations provide about 1520 g acid equivalent/gal, 12 g acid equivalent/fl oz, 402 g acid equivalent/liter, or 0.402 g acid equivalent/ml. An example for 30 g acid equivalent/acre: (30g) /(0.402 g/ml) = 75 ml. Thus, 30 g would be contained in 75 ml or 2.5 fl oz of formulation. Apply this to 1 acre in volumes up to 500 gal. (Added to 500 gal it would be a 16 ppm solution). If spray volumes exceed 500 gal/acre, follow restrictions specified on the label.
Preharvest Fruit Drop Control with 2,4-D (3/10) 151

INCREASING FRUIT SIZE WITH 2,4-D

Variety
(3/10)
Time
Amount to Use (g a.e./a = grams acid equivalent/acre) Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used.
CAUTION: Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas, alfalfa, lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species. 2,4-D has a 12 hour restricted entry interval. A. VALENCIA and NAVEL ORANGES* 23 g a.e./a in water spray 3/161/4 inch (56 mm)
. . . or . . . 30 g a.e./a in water spray 1/41/2 inch (613 mm) . . . or . . . 38 g a.e./a in water spray 1/25/8 inch (1316 mm) . . . or . . . 45 g a.e./a in water spray 5/83/4 inch (1619 mm) COMMENTS: Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent coverage. May cause an increased roughness of the rind. For Valencia oranges, also controls mature fruit drop and may slightly delay granulation in new crop. For navel oranges, may decrease fruit splitting. B. GRAPEFRUIT* 23 g a.e./a in water spray 1/43/8 inch (69 mm) . . . or . . . 30 g a.e./a in water spray 3/85/8 inch (916 mm) . . . or . . . 38 g a.e./a in water spray 5/83/4 inch (1619 mm) . . . or . . . 45 g a.e./a in water spray 3/41 inch (1925 mm) COMMENTS: Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent coverage. Also controls mature fruit drop. MANDARIN and MANDARIN HYBRIDS* 40 g a.e./a in water spray 2135 days after 75% petal fall COMMENTS: Specific use is covered by EPA SLN No. CA-040027. Fruit-sizing sprays require excellent coverage, minimum of 500 gallons per acre. Valid until withdrawn, suspended, or canceled by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the manufacturer, the 24(c) registrant, or the California Department of Pesticide Registration. CAUTION: Application of 2,4-D can cause fruit dryness in mandarin and mandarin hybrids, causing them to be less juicy; e.g., 'Nules' Clementine or in orchards prone to granulation.
Note: (1) Do not apply to trees less than 6 years old. (2) Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. (3) Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated area during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 12 hours. (4) Use an isopropyl ester formulation of 2,4-D containing 3.34 or 3.36 lb of acid equivalent per gallon. These formulations provide about 152 g acid equivalent/gal, 402 g acid equivalent/liter, 0.402 g acid equivalent/ml, or 12 g acid equivalent/fl oz. An example for 30 g acid equivalent/acre: (30g) /(0.402 g/ml) = 75 ml. Thus, 30 g would be contained in 75 ml or 2.5 fl oz of formulation. Apply this to 1 acre in volumes up to 500 gal. A minimum of 500 gal per acre is recommended for mature trees, which results in a 16 ppm 2,4-D solution).
C.
Increasing Fruit Size with 2,4-D (3/10) 152

LEAF AND FRUIT DROP CONTROL FOLLOWING AN OIL SPRAY (9/08)

Variety Amount to Use Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. CAUTION: Avoid 2,4-D spray drift to susceptible plants, which include cotton, grapes, roses, beans, peas, alfalfa, lettuce, ornamentals, and all broadleaf species. 2,4-D has a 12 hour restricted entry interval. A. ALL 2.2 ml 2,4-D isopropyl ester formulation/gal oil COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used in pesticide oil sprays to counteract leaf drop and fruit drop caused by the oil. Gives some degree of preharvest fruit drop control but because of the long time span between most pesticide oil sprays and the onset of mature fruit drop, the 2,4-D/oil spray may not give adequate mature fruit drop control, especially if the per acre 2,4-D dosage is less than 24 grams acid equivalent (60 ml of a formulation containing 3.34 or 3.36 lb of 2,4-D/gal). Under these conditions, an aqueous 2,4-D preharvest spray may be needed. If the 2,4-D/oil spray occurs within 34 months of the fruit drop period, and if the per acre dosage was at least 24 grams, no additional 2,4-D should be applied. If the fruit drop period will occur 46 months after the 2,4-D/oil spray was applied, apply an aqueous spray at about 50% of recommended rates for preharvest fruit drop control. If the fruit drop period will occur more than 6 months after the 2,4-D/oil spray, apply full rates recommended for preharvest fruit drop control. Apply to trees 6 years and older. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest.
Leaf and Fruit Drop Control Following an Oil Spray (9/08) 153
DELAYING FRUIT SENESCENCE WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) (9/08)

Variety Amount to Use (g a.e./a = grams acid equivalent/acre) Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. Time
NAVEL ORANGES* 1040 g a.i./a in water spray see comments below COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to reduce rind staining, water spot, and sticky rind (delayed aging and softening of rind). Apply in Sept.Nov. to groves that will be harvested later than Feb. 15 (San Joaquin Valley) or later than Mar. 1 (southern California). Preferred application time is 2 weeks before color break. If delayed coloring cannot be tolerated, apply after marketable color has developed. In both cases, there will be delayed rind aging but when it is applied after color has developed, considerable aging will have already occurred, resulting in less potential delay in aging. The effect of the later spray may be inadequate to provide the desired protection. Do not apply in mixtures containing lime or other caustic materials that produce a pH higher than 8.0 (see caution on E.2). Make application at least 3 days before or 3 days after whitewash (hydrated lime) and avoid January applications as they may decrease subsequent production. Treatment with GA3 probably lowers intensity of puffy rind and fruit appears to be less susceptible to postharvest decay and mechanical injury. GA3 may result in a minor amount of leaf and fruit drop. Occasionally, leaf drop and fruit drop is excessive. When this happens, twig dieback can occur. Including 2,4-D in the GA3 spray may reduce these negative effects. There is little need for delaying fruit senescence on young trees. This plus the possibility of excessive leaf drop argue against the application of GA3 to young trees. VALENCIA ORANGES* 4080 g a.i./a Aug.Sept. COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to reduce rind creasing and delay aging and softening of rind. Apply at an early stage of fruit development. Application at a later stage may lead to more regreening than is acceptable. Some regreening or slower color development should be expected in the target crop and some increased regreening of mature fruit, if present, may occur. To improve coverage, high spray volumes (500 gallons) are encouraged. TANGERINE (MANDARIN) 2040 g a.i./a see comments below HYBRIDS* COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to delay rind aging and softening and to reduce puffiness of rind. Apply about 2 weeks before color break, but only to groves where early harvest will not occur as this treatment delays coloring; satisfactory color should not be expected until late January. Later GA3 applications may produce undesirable results: applications made during coloring may result in unacceptable variations in rind color and applications made after coloring may cause preharvest rind staining to occur. Do not apply in whitewash or other caustic materials that produce a high pH (see caution on E.2). LEMONS* 1020 g a.i./a Oct.Dec. (nondesert areas) COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to delay fruit maturity. Apply when target crop is 1/2 to 3/4 full size and still green. Reduces the number of small tree-ripe fruit and delays flowering, which shifts second year crop toward summer. LIMES* 20 g a.i./a Sept.Oct. (nondesert areas) COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Used to delay rind coloration. Apply when target crop is 1/2 to 3/4 full size and still green. Use amount given for large mature trees and less for smaller trees.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Delaying Senescence With Gibberellic Acid (GA3) (9/08) 154

FRUIT SET WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3)

Variety
(9/08)
Time
Amount to Use (g a.i./a = grams active ingredient/acre) Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. CLEMENTINE MANDARIN 18 g a.i./a in water spray
Make 1 to 2 applications between 50% petal fall and 3 weeks after petal fall COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Use a dilute spray with sufficient spray volume for adequate coverage of tree canopy. Do not apply mixtures of materials that produce a pH higher than 8.0 (see precautions under Plant Growth Regulators-General Information).
Fruit Set With Gibberellic Acid (GA3) (9/08) 155

FRUIT THINNING WITH NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID (NAA)

Variety Amount to Use Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. ORANGES, TANGERINES (MANDARINS), TANGELOS and TANGORS 100500 mg/liter (100500 ppm) Time
(9/08)
When fruitlets are 3/163/4 inch (520 mm) diameter
COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 24 hours. Make only 1 application per year. Within the specified concentration range, inadequate to excessive thinning may occur. In general, inadequate thinning occurs from the lowest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on the day of application and several days thereafter are relatively low (~85F [29C]). Excessive thinning generally occurs from the highest label rate when maximum daytime temperatures on the day of application and several days thereafter are relatively high (~100F [38C]). In addition, excessive thinning can occur when NAA is applied to unhealthy or water-stressed trees. Do not use on varieties where both young fruit and fruit close to maturity are present on the tree. Do not apply within 150 days of harvest. Use either the ammonium salt or the potassium salt formulation of NAA.
Fruit Thinning With Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (9/08) 156

SUCKER CONTROL WITH NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID (NAA)

Variety Amount to Use Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. A. NONBEARING CITRUS Time
(9/08)
Direct application of the undiluted see comments below formulation (1.15% ethyl 1- naphthaleneacetate) COMMENTS: Restricted entry interval (REI): 12 hours. Use ethyl 1- naphthaleneacetate to control sprouting from scaffold limbs, sprouting from trunks, and sprouting from rootstocks. See label regarding details. Results of research conducted in California and Florida suggest that applications should be made before or during early sprout growth. Heavy application may result in tree damage. In Florida, growers are cautioned not apply after Sept. 1. Use may inhibit sprouting desired for tree recovery following freeze.
Sucker Control with Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) (9/08) 157

Weeds
INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT
(9/08) Weeds in citrus orchards compete with trees for nutrients, water, and light. Weeds also cause problems by contributing to arthropod pest problems, interfering with cultural operations, and increasing frost hazard. Competition from weeds is damaging to citrus trees when they are young because it slows tree growth and increases their susceptibility to insect and disease damage. Weeds around tree trunks may create a favorable environment for pathogens that infect the trunk and roots as well as provide shelter for field mice. However, as trees grow older, the tree canopies shade part of the orchard floor and reduce weed growth. Weed competition with mature trees can be more serious in drip- or microsprinklerirrigated orchards because tree roots are concentrated in a smaller area than in furrow irrigation. Careful management and good sanitation help limit weed infestations. To prevent the spread of weeds, make sure that irrigation canals and ditchbanks are free of weeds and weed seeds. Provide good drainage because high moisture in areas such as furrow bottoms, at furrow ends, and around stand pipes favors weed growth. Where furrow irrigation is used on slow draining soils, use shorter furrows or establish lateral furrows halfway into the tree rows to reduce the time water stands in the furrows. Discourage weed seedling establishment by letting the top 2 or 3 inches of soil dry completely between furrow or sprinkler irrigations. Do not allow weeds around the orchard perimeter to mature and produce seeds. Herbicides can provide effective control of most weeds in a citrus orchard, facilitating irrigation and other cultural operations. Herbicides also create a relatively weed-free orchard floor with less frost hazard during winter because of the warming influence of the bare ground. However, certain problems are associated with total reliance on herbicides. In orchards planted on slopes, complete weed control creates bare orchard floors that are prone to soil erosion. On certain sites, an orchard floor devoid of vegetation can become compacted and a silty surface layer may develop, impeding water penetration into the soil profile. Repeated shallow cultivation or the application of mulch may be needed to address these problems. If a particular herbicide is used repeatedly, species that are not susceptible to the herbicide may thrive and become dominant. In addition, repeated use of the same herbicide may lead to the development of herbicide resistance. Therefore, herbicide rotation is an important strategy in integrated weed management in citrus orchards.
MONITORING
To effectively manage vegetation, you must know the weed species present and their abundance and location in the orchard. Conduct a survey at least twice a year, in late winter and in summer, and keep records of your observations. Pay special attention to perennials and check fence rows and ditch banks. A map can be helpful in locating trouble spots infested with perennials or resistant species, moist areas favoring weed growth, or sources of reinfestation from surrounding land. Record results from your winter survey (example form available online) and summer survey (example form available online) and keep them as part of your permanent orchard records. Monitoring information collected over several years is invaluable in determining changes in weed species and adjusting management tactics.
WEED MANAGEMENT BEFORE PLANTING
Weed management starts before the orchard is planted. Site preparation is an important part of an orchard weed management program. In spring, survey the site for the weed species present and then disc the weeds under and level any irregularities in the grade, especially when planning furrow irrigation. Perennials on the site, such as johnsongrass or bermudagrass, are easier and less expensive to control before you plant the trees. Established johnsongrass and bermudagrass can be destroyed by repeated discings in summer; the disced and exposed rhizomes and stolons will dehydrate. Or, during early fall when the perennials are still flowering, treat with glyphosate; repeat the treatment in spring to kill regrowth, and disc 2 to 3 weeks later to expose the root system to drying. Before or after planting, usually in spring, a preemergent herbicide can be incorporated over the entire site or into 4- to 6-foot-wide strips where the trees are planted. Herbicides such as trifluralin (Treflan), oryzalin (Surflan), oxyfluorfen (Goal), and napropamide (Devrinol) can be safely used around young citrus trees. A preemergence application usually controls germinating seedlings throughout the summer.
Integrated Weed Management (9/08) 158
A given dosage of preemergent herbicide may be more toxic to trees in sandy soils or soils low in organic matter. Follow all label precautions carefully. Carefully calibrate and check the functioning of spray equipment. Weeds that escape the preemergence treatment are often treated with postemergent herbicides. During summer, spot-treat summer annuals and perennials; such treatments are especially necessary in moist areas.
WEED MANAGEMENT IN NEWLY PLANTED ORCHARDS
Once trees are planted, disturb the soil as little as possible if you plan no-till management. For furrow irrigation, establish one or two narrow furrows along the planted trees. Perennial grasses can be controlled with sethoxydim (Poast) or fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade). Glyphosate (Roundup) suppresses nutsedges, bermudagrass, and perennial broadleaf weeds. To avoid injury to the trees, be sure not to spray citrus foliage or trunks with this herbicide. Although wrappers help to protect tree trunks from herbicides, they should not be relied on. Regular preemergence and postemergence treatments during the establishment years remove much of the competition by weeds and facilitate irrigation and other cultural practices. Synthetic fabric mulches that are resistant to UV degradation can be placed around the base of the tree. These fabrics allow moisture to penetrate but prevent weeds from emerging. Install fabric in a 4 x 4 foot square, centered around the tree. Use anchoring staples or nails to hold fabric in place. Woven fabrics last at least 5 years. Use in conjunction with tree wraps to prevent the fabric from contacting tree trunks because heat injury to the bark is possible.
WEED MANAGEMENT IN ESTABLISHED ORCHARDS
A ground cover is maintained in some citrus orchards, mainly in northern California and on hilly terrain. A ground cover of resident vegetation or a sown cover crop prevents soil erosion and improves water penetration and soil structure. Some ground covers can be managed by complete mowing or by mowing the row middles while keeping a strip along the tree rows free of weeds with herbicides. Repeated mowing favors the establishment of perennial weeds, which are deep rooted and more competitive with citrus than annuals. Weeds are rarely managed in citrus with regular cultivation. Tillage destroys the feeder roots of citrus trees that are responsible for absorbing nutrients, water, and oxygen in the top soil. Disease organisms may enter through root systems that have been injured by tillage. Discing contributes to soil erosion, especially on sloping land, and to soil compaction. If the soil is dry, cultivation creates dust, which interferes with biological control of insect and mite pests. Discing may also increase the weed population by bringing buried seeds to the surface or spreading rhizomes, tubers, or stolons throughout the orchard. In established orchards, weed management has to be adjusted to the irrigation method used. In orchards irrigated by furrows, weeds are a particular problem in furrow bottoms and at furrow ends where high moisture and extensive leaching of herbicides allow weeds to grow. Where herbicides are applied with cluster nozzles, one side of the furrow is in the shadow of the spray stream and remains untreated. Under a low-volume irrigation scheme, the permanently wet zone around emitters of sprinkler heads favors weed growth and promotes the breakdown of soil-residual herbicides. Preemergent herbicides are used to control germinating weed seed; they do not control established plants. Spray preemergent herbicides onto the soil just before an irrigation or rainfall, so that the water carries the chemical into the soil where the weed seeds germinate. Preemergent herbicides can provide control for up to a year, depending on the solubility of the material, adsorption of the material to soil, weed species, and dosage applied. Leaching from the soil is more extensive on sandy than on clay soils. Prolonged moist conditions during heavy winter rains, in furrow bottoms, or around low-volume emitters during irrigation favor breakdown and leaching of herbicides. Bromacil (Krovar) leaches more rapidly than simazine (Princep), diuron (Karmex), and napropamide (Devrinol) and is thus less effective under frequent, low-volume irrigation. Splitting a treatment into two or more sequential applications can prolong the control provided by the herbicides. Postemergent herbicides are used on established weeds. They act either by contact or by translocation throughout the plant. Contact herbicides, such as paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon), kill those parts of the plant that are actually sprayed, making good coverage and wetting essential. A single spray kills susceptible annual weeds; retreatment is necessary if regenerating perennials are present or if annual weeds reestablish themselves from seeds. Translocating herbicides, such as glyphosate (Roundup), move into the plant to kill it. Complete coverage of the plants with translocated herbicides is not necessary.
Integrated Weed Management (9/08) 159
SPECIAL WEED PROBLEMS
(9/08)
YELLOW and PURPLE NUTSEDGE. Yellow and purple nutsedge appear similar to grasses but have leaves that are triangular in cross-section, whereas grass leaves are round. The flowers resemble those of grasses. Yellow nutsedge flowers are yellow in color, while purple nutsedge flowers are purple. Yellow and purple nutsedge are easily distinguished from each other by looking at their tubers. Yellow nutsedge tubers are nearly round and somewhat smooth. Purple nutsedge tubers are oblong and very rough and scaly. Purple nutsedge tubers are linked together by rhizomes (underground stems), whereas yellow nutsedge tubers are found only at the ends of rhizomes. Tubers of both species have three to seven buds that are capable of forming a new plant. Nutsedge plants develop from sprouts on a tuber; the sprout forms a bulb just under the soil surface. Leaves then grow from the basal bulb. Populations of these two weeds can be reduced by applications of glyphosate at or before the five-leaf stage. If sprayed after this point, the plant may be killed, but it has already formed new tubers that can form new plants. Glyphosate kills the leaves and basal bulb, but the herbicide rarely travels down to the tuber in sufficient amounts to kill the tuber. The tuber's three to seven buds can resprout, necessitating careful attention so that retreatment of the orchard takes place before new tuber formation. Because purple nutsedge is able to sprout from tubers deeper in the soil than the ones yellow nutsedge sprouts from, it is not as well controlled with MSMA. JOHNSONGRASS. Johnsongrass can grow from either seed or rhizomes. Johnsongrass is a perennial grass with erect, usually solid stems that grow 2 to 8 feet tall. The seeds have a red to purple tint and remain viable in the soil at least 5 years. Johnsongrass is controlled by repeated tillage during the dry summer months. However, the soil must be fairly dry; otherwise the rhizome buds may sprout. Rhizomes as small as 1 inch in length can sprout if they don't lose more than 60% of their initial weight to drying. After flowering, reserves are sent to the roots making this stage an excellent one to treat in order to reduce the underground portion of the plant using a translocated herbicide such as glyphosate.
Special Weed Problems (9/08) 160

COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF WEEDS

Common Name barley, hare barnyardgrass bermudagrass bindweed, field bluegrass, annual bromegrasses burclover, California canarygrass chickweed, common cockleburs crabgrass, large cudweeds dallisgrass eveningprimrose, cutleaf fescue, red fiddlenecks filarees fleabane, hairy foxtails goosefoot, nettleleaf groundcherries groundsel, common henbit horseweed johnsongrass knotweeds lambsquarters, common lettuce, prickly lovegrasses mallow, little (cheeseweed) miner's lettuce morningglory, annual mullein, turkey mustards nettle, burning nightshades nutsedge, purple nutsedge, yellow oat, wild pigweeds pineapple-weed polypogon, rabbitsfoot puncturevine purslane, common radish, wild redmaids (desert rockpurslane rocket, London ryegrass, Italian sandburs shepherd's-purse sowthistles speedwells sprangletops spurge, spotted sweetclovers thistle, Russian witchgrass
(9/08)
Scientific Name Hordeum leporinum Echinochloa crus-galli Cynodon dactylon Convolvulus arvensis Poa annua Bromus spp. Medicago polymorpha Phalaris canariensis Stellaria media Xanthium spp. Digitaria sanguinalis Gnaphalium spp. Paspalum dilatatum Oenothera laciniata Festuca rubra Amsinckia spp. Erodium spp. Conyza bonariensis Setaria spp. Chenopodium murale Physalis spp. Senecio vulgaris Lamium amplexicaule Conyza canadensis Sorghum halepense Polygonum spp. Chenopodium album Lactuca serriola Eragrostis spp. Malva parviflora Claytonia perfoliata Ipomoea spp. Croton (=Eremocarpus) setigerus Brassica spp. Urtica urens Solanum spp. Cyperus rotundus Cyperus esculentus Avena fatua Amaranthus spp. Chamomilla suaveolens Polypogon monspeliensis Tribulus terrestris Portulaca oleracea Raphanus raphanistrum Calandrinia ciliata Sisymbrium irio Lolium multiflorum Cenchrus spp. Capsella bursa-pastoris Sonchus spp. Veronica spp. Leptochloa spp. Euphorbia (=Chamaesyce) maculata Melilotis spp. Salsola tragus Panicum capillare
Common and Scientific Names of Weeds (9/08) 161

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WINTER WEEDS TO HERBICIDE CONTROL

ANNUAL WEEDS barley, hare bluegrass, annual bromegrass canarygrass burclover, California cudweeds fiddlenecks filarees henbit miner's lettuce mustards nettle, burning oat, wild polypogon, rabbitsfoot radish, wild redmaids (desert rockpurslane) rocket, London ryegrass, Italian shepherd's-purse sowthistles sweetclovers N = no control P = partial control BRO* = bromacil (Hyvar) CAR = carfentrazone (Shark) CLE1 = clethodim (Select Max) DIU* = diuron (Karmex) DIQ1 = diquat (Reglone) EPT1 = EPTC (Eptam)
1
(9/08)
PREEMERGENCE POSTEMERGENCE BRO* DIU* EPT1 FLM ISO1 NAP NOR* ORY OXY1 PEN1 SIM* THI TRI CAR CLE1 DIQ1 FLU1 GLY MSM*1 OXY1 PAR* SET C C C C P C C C C C C C C C C C C C C P P C C C C C C C C C C C C P C C C C C C C C C C C C N P C C C P N C C C N C P C P C N P C P P C C C C C C P C P P C C C C C C C C C P C C C C P C C C P C P P C C N N P C N C P C C C C C C C P C C P C C C C C C C C P C C C C C N N C C P C N P P C N C N C N N N P P P P C N C C C C C C P P C C P P C C C C C C C N C N C P N P N P C P N N P P N P C C C C C C C C N P P C P P C C C C C C C C P C C C C C C N N C P P C N P P C N C N C N N N N N N N C P C N C N P N C C C N N N N N N N N C N N N C N N N P P P C C C C C P P C P C C C N N C N N N N N N N N C C N N N N N N C C C C C C C P C C C C C C C C C C C C C SET SIM* THI TRI N C P N N N N N N N N N N P N P N N N N N P P N N P P C C C C C P N P P C C N P P P C C C C P C C P C C C C P C P C C C C C P C N N N N N N N N N N N C C N N N N N N
C = control FLM FLU1 GLY ISO1 MSM*1 NAP
= no information = flumioxazin (Chateau) = fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade) = glyphosate (Roundup) = isoxaben (Gallery) = MSMA = napropamide (Devrinol)
NOR* ORY OXY1 PAR* PEN1
= norflurazon (Solicam) = oryzalin (Surflan) = oxyfluorfen (Goal) = paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon) = pendimethalin (Prowl)
= sethoxydim (Poast) = simazine (Princep) = thiazopyr (Visor) = trifluralin (Treflan)
Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. For use on nonbearing citrus only.
Susceptibility of Winter Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08) 162

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SPRING/SUMMER WEEDS TO HERBICIDE CONTROL

(9/08)
ANNUAL WEEDS barnyardgrass chickweed, common cockleburs crabgrass, large cudweeds eveningprimrose, cutleaf fleabane, hairy foxtails goosefoot, nettleleaf groundcherries groundsel, common horseweed knotweeds lambsquarters, common lettuce, prickly lovegrasses mallow, little (cheeseweed) morningglory, annual mullein, turkey nettle, burning nightshades pigweeds pineapple-weed polypogon, rabbitsfoot puncturevine purslane, common sandburs sowthistles speedwells sprangletops spurge, spotted thistle, Russian witchgrass PERENNIAL WEEDS bermudagrass (seedling) bermudagrass (perennial) bindweed, field (seedling) bindweed, field (perennial) dallisgrass (seedling) dallisgrass (perennial) johnsongrass (seedling) johnsongrass (perennial) nutsedge, yellow nutsedge, purple PREEMERGENCE POSTEMERGENCE BRO* DIU* EPT1 FLM ISO1 NAP NOR* ORY OXY1 PEN1 SIM* THI TRI CAR CLE1 DIQ1 FLU1 GLY MSM*1 OXY1 PAR* SET P C C P C C C C C C C C C C C P C C C C C C C C C C P P C N P C C N N P N C C C P C C C C C C C P C C C C N C C C C C P C N C C C C C P C C C N N N N C N N C N N N C N N N C C N C P C C C C C C P C C C N N C C C P C C C C C N P N P C C N N N C N C N P P C C C C C C C C C C P C C C C C C C C C P P C C P N N N C N N N C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C N N C C N N N N N N C C C C C P N C C N C N C C C C P P N P N C C C P C C C C C N P C C N N N C N C N N N P C C P C N P P C C P P C P P P P C P C C P C C C P P P C C P C P C P P N N N C C P P C C N C N P N C C N N N C C N C P P N P N C N C P C C N P C P P C C N P N C N C C N N P P P P N P P N C C P C C C P C C C C C P P C N C P P P C N N N N N N N N N C C N C N P N C C N N N C C C P N N N C N P C N C P P C N P N C N C N N N P C C N C C N N C C C C C C C N P C N C C C C P P C N C C N N C N P N C N C N C N N N C C C C P C C P C C C C P P P C C N C N P N C C P N N C C N C N C N P N C N C P C C N P C N P C C N C P C N N N N N N P P N P N C P N C C C P N N N N P N N N N N N N N N C N N C N N N C N N N N N N N C N N N N N N N C N N N N N N N C C P N N P N C C N N P C C C C C P P C C C C P C C P C P P P C C C C P C N N P P P N P N P N P P SET SIM* THI TRI C N N C N N N C N N N N N N N C N N C N N N N C N N C N N N N N P P N N N N C N N N C C N C C C C C C C C C C C C C P C C C C C C C N C C C C C C C C C C C P C C C C P P N C P C N N N P N P N N N N N P N P N N P N N N P P P N N N N N P N N N N C C C N C P N P C P P P P N P C P P C C N C C P C C N P C N C P P N C N P P C N C N N N P C N C C C C C C C C C P P C C N P P C C C C C P C P C C C C P C P N P N N N C N N N C N N C N N N C N N N N N N N N N N N N N N C N N N N N N N C P N N C C C N N
N = no control P = partial control C = control = no information BRO* = bromacil (Hyvar) FLM = flumioxazin (Chateau) NOR* = norflurazon (Solicam) CAR = carfentrazone (Shark) FLU1 = fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade) ORY = oryzalin (Surflan) CLE1 = clethodim (Select Max) GLY = glyphosate (Roundup) OXY1 = oxyfluorfen (Goal) DIU* = diuron (Karmex) ISO1 = isoxaben (Gallery) PAR* = paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon) DIQ1 = diquat (Reglone) MSM*1 = MSMA PEN1 = pendimethalin (Prowl) EPT1 = EPTC (Eptam) NAP = napropamide (Devrinol) Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. *
1
= sethoxydim (Poast) = simazine (Princep) = thiazopyr (Visor) = trifluralin (Treflan)
For use on nonbearing citrus only.
Susceptibility of Spring/Summer Weeds to Herbicide Control (9/08) 163

HERBICIDE TREATMENT TABLE

(9/08)
R.E.I.+ (hours) P.H.I.+ (days)
Amount/Acre
When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to environmental impact. Not all registered pesticides are listed. Always read label of product being used. BEFORE PLANTING Preemergence A. TRIFLURALIN 0.51 lb a.i. (Treflan) 12 NA WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 COMMENTS: Broadcast preplant incorporated. Plant tree roots below treated soil. Do not place treated soil near roots during planting. Controls many annuals and is helpful on perennial weeds. Useful for helping eradicate johnsongrass before planting. Residual period: 212 months. Postemergence A. GLYPHOSATE 13.8 lb a.i. (Roundup, etc.) 4 NA WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 COMMENTS: Apply with a controlled applicator or with low-pressure flat fan nozzles. For annual weed control use 1 lb a.i./acre in 1040 gal water. Apply to young annuals or vigorously growing perennials in flowering stage. Some perennials require the 3.8 lb a.i./acre rate for control. May be used on young weeds in strip followed by planting into the dead weeds. New weeds usually do not establish for a month or more because of the no-till effect. Do not use more than 9.625 lb a.i./year. B. FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL 0.1250.375 lb a.i. (Fusilade DX) 12 NA WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 COMMENTS: Apply to actively growing grasses when they are 28 inches in height. Use lower rates for smaller grasses. Add a crop oil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant according to the label for the amount of water (540 gal/acre) added. For bermudagrass apply to 4- to 8-inch runners; for johnsongrass apply before boot stage. CLETHODIM 0.0730.12125 lb a.i. (Select Max) 24 NA WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 COMMENTS: Apply to actively growing grasses. Use lower rate for barnyardgrass, foxtails, and panicums before grasses are over 4 inches tall. Use medium rate for crabgrasses before they are over 4 inches tall. Use higher rates (0.0960.12125 lb a.i./acre) for goosegrass, lovegrass, ryegrass, and sprangletop before grasses are over 6 inches tall.
C.
NEWLY PLANTED ORCHARDS (nonbearing trees) Preemergence A. ISOXABEN 0.660.9975 lb a.i. (Gallery T & V) 12 1 year WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 21 COMMENTS: Wait until soil has settled around transplant to apply. Requires irrigation to activate unless 0.5 inches of rain has fallen within 21 days after application. Used only where broadleaf weeds are expected; does not control grasses or nutsedges. Apply in at least 10 gal/acre of water. B. NAPROPAMIDE 4 lb a.i. (Devrinol) 50DF 12 35 WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 2060 gal water/acre. Must be incorporated within 7 days of application or sprinkler irrigated. Needs to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have emerged. Residual period: 410 months. Residual control reduced under frequent, low-volume drip or microsprinkler irrigation.
Herbicide Treatment Table (9/08) 164

Amount/Acre
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
ORYZALIN 26 lb a.i. 24 NA (Surflan) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 2060 gal water/acre. If rain does not occur within 21 days after application, sprinkle irrigate with 0.52 inches water. May be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds are present. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Chemigation with oryzalin is possible, see label for instructions. Residual period: 410 months. OXYFLUORFEN 1.22 lb a.i. 24 1 year (Goal 2XL) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing citrus only. Apply to the soil surface. At least 0.25 inches water must be received within 34 weeks after application for effective incorporation and control. Do not disturb soil following treatment or poor control will result. Residual period 4-10 months. PENDIMETHALIN 23.96 lb a.i. 24 1 year (Prowl EC) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Treatments are most effective when adequate rainfall or irrigation is received within 21 days after application. Do not apply to newly transplanted trees until ground has settled and no cracks are present. Contact with leaves, shoots, or buds may deform plant tissue. EPTC 2.13 lb a.i. 12 1 year (Eptam) 7E WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 8 COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing orange, grapefruit, and lemon. Immediately incorporate herbicide with tree hoes or rotary hoes. Provides short-term residual control (46 weeks). FLUMIOXAZIN 0.188-0.376 lb a.i. 12 1 year (Chateau) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 COMMENTS: For use on nonbearing trees only. Do not apply to trees established less than one year unless protected from spray contact. Best control is achieved when irrigation or rainfall follows within 21 days of application. Do not make a sequential application within 30 days of the first application. Can be mixed with other pre- or postemergent herbicides. It will not provide adequate control of emerged weeds unless mixed with a postemergent herbicide. Residual period: 3-6 months.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Postemergence A. CARFENTRAZONE 0.0240.031 lb a.i. 12 3 (Shark) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 COMMENTS: Use no more than 0.124 lb a.i./acre/season. A spray adjuvant is required, and ammonium sulfate added at 10-15 lb/100 gal may improve control. Ph of spray solution should be 5-8. Apply to weeds less than 4 inches tall. Control is improved during warm, dry weather. Use nozzles and procedures that provide thorough weed coverage. B. CLETHODIM 0.090.12125 lb a.i. 24 1 year (Select Max) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Apply to actively growing grasses. Use lower rate for barnyardgrass, foxtails, and panicums before grasses are over 4 inches tall. Use medium rate for crabgrasses before they are over 4 inches tall. Use higher rates (0.12125 lb a.i./acre) for goosegrass, lovegrass, ryegrass, and sprangletop before grasses are over 6 inches tall. DIQUAT 0.3750.5 lb a.i. 24 1 year (Reglone) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 22 COMMENTS: Add a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v. Apply in 20-60 gal water/acre with thorough weed coverage to weeds less than 4 inches tall. Control is improved during warm, dry weather.
C.

Amount/Acre
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTYL 0.250.375 lb a.i. 12 1 year (Fusilade DX) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Apply to actively growing grasses when they are 28 inches in height. Use lower rates for smaller grasses. Add a crop oil concentrate or a nonionic surfactant according to the label for the amount of water (540 gal/acre) added. For bermudagrass apply to 4- to 8-inch runners; for johnsongrass apply before the boot stage. GLYPHOSATE 0.54 lb a.i. (Roundup, etc.) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 4 NA
E.
COMMENTS: Apply with a controlled applicator or with low-pressure, flat fan nozzles. For annual weed control use 1 lb/acre in 1040 gal water. Apply to young annuals or vigorously growing perennials in flowering stage. Some perennials require the 4 lb/acre rate for control. May be used on young weeds in strip followed by planting into the dead weeds. New weeds usually do not establish for a month or more because of the notill effect. Hairy fleabane and horseweed can be controlled if in seedling stage. Do not use more than 9.625 lb a.i./year. F. MSMA 1.99 lb a.i. 12 0 WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 17 COMMENTS: Apply to trees no more than 1 year old. Apply to yellow nutsedge with fewer than 5 leaves in 60 gal water/acre. Multiple applications may be needed. Air temperature around 85F is best for maximum activity. OXYFLUORFEN 0.51 lb a.i. 24 1 year (Goal 2XL) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing citrus only. Apply to weeds under 4 inches tall. If grasses and some broadleaf weeds are present, mix with paraquat or glyphosate. PARAQUAT* 0.30.9 lb a.i. 24 0 (Gramoxone Inteon) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 22 COMMENTS: Apply when weeds are less than 4 inches tall. Repeat applications as new growth occurs. Do not apply directly to foliage or trunk of tree. For protection, use tree wraps around trunk. Use a nonionic surfactant at 0.5% volume by volume (v/v). SETHOXYDIM 0.280.46875 lb a.i. 12 15 (Poast) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 COMMENTS: Apply to actively growing grasses that are 28 inches tall. Controls annual grasses (except annual bluegrass, bromes, and fescues) that are actually growing and not water stressed. Use Dash HC spray adjuvant at 1 pt/acre or crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre. Do not apply more than 1.875 lb a.i./season.
G.
H.
I.
ESTABLISHED ORCHARD Preemergence A. BROMACIL 3.26.4 lb a.i. 12 0 (Hyvar) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5 COMMENTS: Use low rates on sand and loamy sand soils. Rates of 44.8 lb a.i./acre can be applied to sandy loam soils and higher rates to silt loam and clay loam soils. Split application and apply 4050% of the total herbicide in fall with the remainder in spring just before weeds emerge or soon after weed emergence. Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection Areas. If bromacil has been found in groundwater in your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide Monitoring Zone (PMZ), and there may be restrictions on its use. Do not use in the Imperial, Coachella, or Palo Verde valleys.

Amount/Acre
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
DIURON 2.43.2 lb a.i. 12 0 (Karmex DF, Direx) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 7 COMMENTS: Direct to the soil under trees that are at least 3 years of age. A split application can be made with 4050% of the total applied in fall and the remainder applied in spring. Do not apply more than 3.2 lb a.i./season. Diuron is sometimes combined with other preemergent herbicides to broaden the spectrum of weeds controlled. These combination treatments frequently use lower rates of diuron. Do not use on soils with less than 1% organic matter. Do not use in Imperial, Coachella or Palo Verde valleys. Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection Areas. If diuron has been found in groundwater in your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide Monitoring Zone (PMZ), and there may be restrictions on its use. Residual period: 812 months. NAPROPAMIDE 4 lb a.i. 12 35 (Devrinol) 50DF WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 15 COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 2060 gal water/acre. Must be incorporated within 7 days after application or sprinkler irrigated. Needs to be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds have emerged. Residual period: 410 months. Residual control reduced under frequent, low-volume drip or microsprinkler irrigation. NORFLURAZON 13.93 lb a.i. 12 30 (Solicam DF) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 12 COMMENTS: Apply to soil as a directed spray from fall to early spring under trees established for at least 2 years. Apply in at least 20 gal water/acre. Chemigation with norflurazon is possible in citrus, see label for instructions. Can help reduce low to moderate nutsedge populations. Residual period: 612 months. Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection Areas. If norflurazon has been found in groundwater in your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide Monitoring Zone (PMZ), and there may be restrictions on its use. Do not use in the Imperial, Coachella, or Palo Verde valleys. ORYZALIN 26 lb a.i. 24 0 (Surflan) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 COMMENTS: Apply to the soil surface in 2060 gal water/acre. If rain does not occur within 21 days after application, sprinkle irrigate with 0.52 inches of water. May be combined with a postemergent herbicide if weeds are present. The higher rates give the longest soil residual. Usually used at 4 lb a.i./acre. Chemigation with oryzalin is possible, see label for instructions. Residual period: 410 months. SIMAZINE 24 lb a.i. 12 0 (Princep) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 5 COMMENTS: For use in grapefruit, lemon and orange groves. Apply to the soil under trees older than 1 year. Make 1 application per year or split the application between fall and spring. Use the high rate for heavy soils. Simazine is frequently used in combination with other preemergent herbicides. On light soils, simazine often is used at rates of 0.51 lb a.i./acre. Do not use on gravel, sand, or loamy sand soils. If an irrigation is applied immediately after application, limit water to 0.5 inch. Considered to be a ground water contaminant and requires a use permit within Ground Water Protection Areas. If simazine has been found in groundwater in your area, your area may be designated a Pesticide Monitoring Zone (PMZ), and there may be restrictions on its use. Do not use in the Imperial, Coachella, or Palo Verde valleys. Residual period: 812 months. THIAZOPYR 0.51 lb a.i. 12 90 (Visor) 2E WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 COMMENTS: For grapefruit and orange only. Apply to the soil during winter. For best control of nutsedge species apply in early to midwinter. Residual period is 58 months.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

Common name (trade name) H.
Amount/Acre
R.E.I.+ (hours)
P.H.I.+ (days)
TRIFLURALIN 0.51 lb a.i. 12 0 (Treflan, etc.) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 3 COMMENTS: For use in nonbearing and bearing orchards. Apply as a directed spray and mechanically incorporate, taking care not to injure the tree. Residual period: 212 months.
Postemergence A. CARFENTRAZONE 0.0240.031 lb a.i. 12 3 (Shark) 0.52 lb WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 14 COMMENTS: Use no more than 0.124 lb a.i./acre/season. A spray adjuvant is required and ammonium sulfate added at 10-15 lb/100 gal may improve control. Ph of spray solution should be 5-8. Apply to weeds less than 4 inches tall. Control is improved during warm, dry weather. Use nozzles and procedures that provide thorough weed coverage. B. GLYPHOSATE 0.54 lb a.i. 4 1 (Roundup, etc.) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 9 COMMENTS: Avoid application to open wounds. Do not apply directly to fruit. Glyphosate is effective at low gallonage and is effective applied with a controlled droplet application. See label instructions to use for chemical mowing. PARAQUAT* 0.30.9 lb a.i. 24 0 (Gramoxone Inteon) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 22 COMMENTS: Do not apply directly to foliage or fruit. Use a nonionic surfactant at 0.5% volume by volume (v/v). SETHOXYDIM 0.280.46875 lb a.i. 12 15 (Poast) WSSA MODE OF ACTION GROUP NUMBER1: 1 COMMENTS: Apply when grasses are less than 4 inches tall. Controls annual grasses (except annual bluegrass, bromes, and fescues) that are actually growing and not water stressed. Do not apply more than 1.875 lb a.i./acre/season.
Restricted entry interval (R.E.I.) is the number of hours (unless otherwise noted) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing. Preharvest interval (P.H.I.) is the number of days from treatment to harvest. In some cases the REI exceeds the PHI. The longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest. Permit required from county agricultural commissioner for purchase or use. Group numbers are assigned by the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) according to different modes of action. Although weeds may exhibit multiple resistance across many groups, mode of action numbers are useful in planning mixtures or rotations of herbicides with different modes of action. For more information, see http://www.hracglobal.com. Not applicable.
C.
D.
*
1
NA

Vertebrates
MANAGING VERTEBRATES IN CITRUS
(9/08) Citrus orchards provide food and shelter for vertebrate pests that can cause significant damage by feeding on fruit and on tree bark and shoots, which can stunt growth or kill trees. Some pests will chew or destroy flexible irrigation lines and emitters. Other pests will dig holes through the soil surface, thereby channeling surface irrigation water to undesired areas. Food safety also becomes an issue if pest residues come into contact with the fruit. The major vertebrate pests are pocket gophers, California ground squirrel, and blacktailed jackrabbit. Occasional pests include coyotes, voles, roof rats, wild hogs, deer, and starlings. Manage your orchards in order to keep pest populations at low levels so that significant damage does not occur. Before planting, remove vertebrate pests and destroy habitats (such as burrows) within the orchard boundaries. Preventive measures cost less and are more successful before planting when one can easily see the pests or their habitats. Be aware of the orchard's location, as vertebrate pests can easily reinvade if the orchard is adjacent to rangeland, water ways, or unmanaged areas. It is much easier to manage vertebrate pests by implementing controls on the orchard's perimeter versus inside the orchard. Baiting, fencing, fumigating burrows, shooting, and trapping are easier and usually more effective if employed before you plant the orchard instead of after. Where feasible, deep plow and disc to destroy burrows, disperse or kill resident populations, and reduce the risk of reinvasion by pocket gophers, voles, and (to a lesser extent) ground squirrels. Management programs for vertebrate pests involve 4 basic steps: 1. Correctly identify the pest species using damage signs, burrows or habitat, tracks, feces, etc. 2. Alter the habitat where feasible to make the area less favorable to the pest species. 3. Implement appropriate control for the orchard and time of year, taking early action and using due consideration for the environment and non-target species. 4. Establish a monitoring system so as to detect re-infestation and help determine when additional control measures are needed. A successful pest management program requires good records and regular monitoring. Some vertebrate pest populations can easily "explode" because of high reproductive rates and abundant food. Keep a record of the management procedures you use and their effectiveness. Good records will help you plan and improve future control strategies. For most vertebrates, there is more than one control option for reducing populations and damage. The following table summarizes the various control measures appropriate for the common vertebrate pests of citrus. Details on how to use these controls are given in the individual pest sections.
Control Measures Tree Fencing guards Frightening X X X X X X X X X X X2 X X X X X X X3 X X X
Pest deer eastern fox squirrel ground squirrel pocket gophers rabbits rats voles coyote wild hog starlings
1 2 3
Habitat modification
Trapping
Baiting
Shooting X X X X
1
Fumigating
X X
X X
X X X
During hunting season or with a permit. Cottontails are relatively easy to trap. Jackrabbits are difficult to trap, but trapping may be useful. Permitted only for jackrabbits. Adapted from Salmon and Lickliter 1984. Wildlife Pest Control Around s Gardens and Homes. UC ANR Publication 21385. Managing Vertebrates in Citrus (9/08) 169
Pesticides Available for Controlling Vertebrates. Follow label directions carefully and understand the hazards when using fumigants. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for current product registrations and the latest information on legal pesticide use, including current information on restrictions that apply to pest control activities in order to protect endangered species.
Baits Pest ground squirrels pocket gophers rabbits roof rats voles *
1 2
Multiple-dose anticoagulants X X X1 X X
Strychnine* X2
Zinc phosphide* X X X X
Fumigants Aluminum Gas phosphide* cartridges X X X
Restricted materials, which require a permit from the county agricultural commissioner before possession or use. Use only for jackrabbits, not cottontail. Considered the most effective material for pocket gopher control.
Endangered Species Guidelines. Many citrus orchards are located within the range of one or more federally or state-protected endangered vertebrate species. Species likely to be of concern when using traps or poison bait include the San Joaquin kit fox and several species of rare kangaroo rats. If you use burrow fumigants in the San Joaquin Valley and the surrounding foothills, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard is a concern as this insect feeder seeks shelter in rodent burrows. Special guidelines apply to the use of certain traps, fumigants, and toxic baits for vertebrate pest control in these areas. Modification of ground squirrel bait stations to exclude protected species is one common practice. Other typical guidelines restrict broadcast applications of bait, limit the percentage of active ingredient in baits, prohibit fumigation at certain locations or during some times of the year, and require that applications be supervised by someone trained to avoid harming endangered species. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for the latest maps that show the ranges of endangered species and for current information on restrictions that apply to pest control activities in your area. More information on endangered species regulations is also available at the DPR Web site (www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/endspec/index.htm)
Managing Vertebrates in Citrus (9/08) 170

COYOTES
(9/08) Scientific Name: Canis latrans
Coyotes are usually brownish gray in color and weigh about 20 to 45 pounds. They have adapted to a wide variety of habitats, including suburbs of many cities.
DAMAGE
Coyotes do feed on some citrus pests, including rodents and rabbits. Damage to orchards is caused when they chew on flexible irrigation lines and when they enlarge the burrows of other animals, such as ground squirrels.
MANAGEMENT
If coyotes are causing damage, they can be shot or trapped using specific snares and traps. They are classified as a nongame animal, so no permit is required. It is good advice to alert your local California Fish and Game (CDFG) office if you decide to use shooting or trapping, especially if you have neighbors in close proximity. In some CA counties, the Agricultural Commissioner has trappers who can assist with the trapping. All traps must be tagged with a trap identification number from CDFG. In some instances coyote dens may be gassed, but this may only be done by county agricultural commission staff or U.S. Department of AgricultureWildlife Service staff.
Coyotes (9/08) 171

DEER
(9/08) Scientific Name: Odocoileus hemionus
Mule deer, including the subspecies called black-tailed deer (O. hemionus columbianus), can be serious pests when trees are young. Deer occur in many foothill and coastal orchards and sometimes in the Central Valley near riparian habitats.
DAMAGE
Young trees can be severely stunted, deformed, or killed when deer browse on new shoots. Bucks occasionally break limbs off of smaller trees or injure the bark when they use trees to rub the velvet off their antlers. Deer feeding on older trees seldom causes significant damage.
MANAGEMENT
If deer are causing significant damage, deer-proof fencing provides the most effective and lasting control. Fencing also substantially reduces crop theft and vandalism. Fencing is costly, but if you are planting orchards where deer and uninvited people are likely to present continuing problems, it will likely pay for itself in the long run. Monitoring Deer feed mostly at night. To confirm their presence, look for tracks and fecal pellets in the vicinity of damaged trees. Deer hooves are split, pointed at the front and more rounded at the rear, and are about 2 to 3 inches long. The appearance of droppings varies, but commonly each fecal pellet is oblong, somewhat pointed at one or both ends, and 0.25 to 0.5 inch long. You may also use spotlights to check for deer at night. Fencing Fencing is most effective for excluding deer when it is put in place before you plant the orchard. Fences must be at least 7 feet high in order to exclude deer. On sloping terrain, an 8-foot or taller fence may be necessary. Woven wire fences are used most often in California. Electric fences and mesh fences made of polypropylene are also used. Your choice of fence will be influenced by the potential severity and cost of deer damage, how long you expect to require protection, and the topography of the area. When encountering a fence, a deer will try to go under first, through second, and over last; keep these priorities in mind when building fences. Woven Wire Fences. A fence made of woven wire exclude deer if the fence is tall enough. You can use a 6-foot (1.8 m) fence of woven wire with several strands of smooth or barbed wire along the top to extend the height to 7 or 8 feet. Be sure the fence is tight to the ground or deer will crawl under. Check the fence periodically to make sure it is in good repair and that no areas have washed out, allowing deer to crawl under the fence. Smaller-mesh fencing installed and properly buried along the bottom of the taller fence will exclude rabbits as well as deer. Wire mesh cylinders around individual trees may be effective where only a few new trees are being planted in a location subject to deer damage. Make the cylinders at least 6 feet tall and large enough in diameter to keep deer from reaching over them to eat the foliage. Secure the cylinders with stakes so they cannot be tipped over. Electric Fences. Electric fencing is less expensive to install than woven mesh fencing but it costs more to maintain. High-tensile wire is the best choice, as it is more resilient than other types; it can absorb the impact of deer, falling limbs, and farm equipment without stretching or breaking. Use a high-voltage, low-impedance power source that provides sufficient voltage to repel deer while being less likely to short out when vegetation touches the wires. Control vegetation around the base of the fence; in wet weather, contact with wet foliage can drain enough voltage from the fence to render it ineffective. Other Controls Habitat management usually is not feasible for deer control because deer travel long distances to reach food. Repellents may offer some protection to tree foliage, at least for a short time, but they must be reapplied after rains or as new foliage emerges. Noisemaking devices may be effective for a few days, but deer will quickly grow accustomed to them. If only a few deer are involved, having someone patrol newly planted orchards at night with a spotlight to frighten deer away may prove effective, though expensive. The California Department of Fish and Game can issue depredation permits to allow you to shoot deer when they are causing damage. This may be necessary if a deer gets inside a fenced orchard and is not able to escape. Shooting will not solve a serious deer problem; it may, however, prevent damage long enough to allow you to construct a fence.
Deer (9/08) 172
EUROPEAN STARLINGS
Scientific Name: Sturnus vulgaris
(9/08)
Starlings are dark colored birds with light speckling on the feathers and about the size of a robin. They have a wide habitat range but prefer areas with trees.
DAMAGE
Large flocks of starlings may choose to roost in citrus orchards. If their excrement or droppings contact the fruit, it will cause unsightly blemishes and may transmit diseases.
MANAGEMENT
Frightening devices can be used successfully, especially when several techniques are used in combination that make noise and are visual. Start using these tools early, before the birds become "attached" to the site. Then, keep using the tools until the birds leave. These devices include shooting, pyrotechnics (such as shellcrackers), recorded distress calls, cannons or noise-makers, sprays of water, etc. Starlings may also be trapped using a modified Australian crow trap.
European Starlings (9/08) 173

GROUND SQUIRRELS
(9/08) Scientific Name: Spermophilus beecheyi
The adult California ground squirrel has a head and body 9 to 11 inches long. Its somewhat bushy tail is about as long as its body. The fur is mottled dark and light brown or gray. Ground squirrels live in colonies that may grow very large if left uncontrolled. They are active during the cooler times on hot days and are usually most active in morning and late afternoon. Each ground squirrel burrow system can have several openings with scattered soil in front. Individual ground squirrel burrows may be 5 to 30 feet long, 2.5 to 4 feet below the surface, and about 4 to 6 inches in diameter. Burrows provide the ground squirrels a place to retreat, sleep, hibernate, rear their young, and store food. Ground squirrels often dig their burrows along ditches and fence rows and on other uncultivated land. When uncontrolled, they frequently move into orchards and dig burrows beneath the trees. The California ground squirrel can be active throughout the year in coastal areas of southern California. Especially in hot locations, adult ground squirrels become temporarily dormant (aestivate) when food is scarce or temperatures are extreme, primarily in late summer. Winter hibernation and summer aestivation are more typical among ground squirrels in inland areas where temperature variations are more extreme. Regardless of location, young squirrels tend to be active all summer. Squirrels that do hibernate generally emerge around January when weather begins to warm. In late winter and spring, they feed on green vegetation but switch to seeds and fruit in late spring and early summer as the vegetation dries up. Females have one litter, averaging 8 young, in spring. Young squirrels emerge from their burrow when about 6 weeks old; they do not aestivate their first summer, and most do not hibernate during their first winter.
DAMAGE
Ground squirrel damage is most prevalent in orchards adjacent to uncultivated areas where squirrels are not controlled. Ground squirrels gnaw fruit and bark and girdle trunks and scaffold limbs. They occasionally chew plastic irrigation lines and their burrows can contribute to soil erosion.
MANAGEMENT
The type of direct control action needed for ground squirrels depends primarily on their activity patterns and feeding preferences during the time of year when control action is taken. The choice of tactics is also influenced by the location of the infestation and the number of squirrels present. Watch for signs of squirrel activity within the orchard, especially the appearance of burrows, during routine orchard activities. Check the perimeter of the orchard at least once a month during the times of year when squirrels are active. Midmorning usually is the best time of day for observing squirrels. For indepth information on managing ground squirrels, see Best Management Practices for California Ground Squirrel Controlat http://groups.ucanr.org/GSBMP/. Monitoring To make it easier to monitor and help limit the buildup of their populations, remove brush piles, debris, and stumps in and around the orchard. Ground squirrels quickly occupy abandoned burrow systems. If feasible, after controlling squirrel infestations outside your orchard use thorough cultivation or deep plowing to destroy burrow entrances and help slow the rate of reinvasion. Keep records of when squirrels emerge from hibernation. Record the approximate number of squirrels you see and the location and number of burrows. As soon as you see squirrels or burrowing activity within or adjacent to the orchard, be prepared to take action. Select the control method best suited for the time of year. The most effective time to control ground squirrels is in early spring when adults have emerged from their burrows but before they reproduce. For best control then, use burrow fumigation about 3 weeks after the first squirrels emerge from hibernation. Because squirrels feed almost exclusively on green vegetation early in the season, poisoned grain baits are generally not effective until late spring or early summer. Trapping can be used year round but is most effective when populations are small.
Ground Squirrels (9/08) 174
Treatment Decisions Treatment options for ground squirrels include the use of fumigants (gas cartridges and aluminum phosphide) and baiting with multiple-dose anticoagulants or zinc phosphide. Zinc phosphide and aluminum phosphide are restricted use materials that require a permit from the County Agricultural Commissioner for purchase or use. Fumigants. Fumigation can be very effective against ground squirrel populations. The best time to fumigate is late winter or early spring when the squirrels are active and soil is moist. Fumigation is not effective when squirrels are hibernating or aestivating: at those times, they seal off their burrows. When the soil is dry, fumigation is much less effective because more of the fumigant escapes from burrows through cracks in the soil. When using a fumigant, make sure to treat all active burrow systems in and around the orchard. Recheck all areas a few days after fumigation and re-treat any that have been reopened. For safety's sake, do not fumigate burrow systems that are adjacent to buildings or may open under structures. A relatively easy way to fumigate is with the use of gas cartridges. Use one or two cartridges for each burrow that shows signs of activity. A large burrow system may require more than two. Quickly shove the ignited cartridges into the burrow using a shovel handle or stick and seal the burrow entrance with soil. Watch nearby burrow entrances; treat and seal any that begin to leak smoke. The larger and more complex the burrow system, the more smoke it takes to be effective. Baits. Poison bait is usually the most cost-effective method for controlling ground squirrels, especially for large populations. Bait consists of grain or pellets treated with a poison registered for ground squirrel control. To be effective, the bait must be used at a time of year when ground squirrels are feeding on seeds and will readily accept baits such as in late spring or early summer. In fall, squirrels store a lot of the seed instead of eating them, so it may require more bait to control the population. Before you use baits, place a small amount of untreated grain near burrows in the morning and check in the late afternoon to see if the squirrels have taken it (this ensures that nocturnal animals have not eaten the grain). If the grain is taken during the day, proceed with baiting. If it is not taken, wait several days or a week and try again. Remember: bait is not effective unless it is eaten by the target pest. When using poison baits, make sure to follow label directions carefully to reduce hazards to nontarget species. Anticoagulant baits. Multiple-dose anticoagulant baits can be applied in bait stations, as spot treatments near burrows, or broadcast over larger infested areas. Check the label to make sure that the bait you plan to use is registered for the method or bait station you intend to use. For a multiple-dose bait to be effective, animals must feed on it over a period of several days. Various kinds of bait stations are commonly used; all are designed to let squirrels in but to exclude larger animals. Special types of stations must be used within the ranges of the San Joaquin kit fox or endangered kangaroo rats to ensure that these species are excluded. Consult you local agricultural commissioner or the DPR Web site online (at www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/endspec/) for the latest recommendations on use of poison baits in areas that are within the range of endangered species. Place bait stations near runways or burrows and secure them so they cannot easily be tipped over. If squirrels are moving into the orchard from adjacent areas, place bait stations along the perimeter of the orchard where squirrels are invading, one station every 100 feet. Use more stations when the number of squirrels is high. Check bait stations daily at first, then as often as needed to keep the bait replenished. If bait feeding is interrupted, the bait's effectiveness will be greatly decreased. Make sure to pick up any bait that spills and to replace bait that is wet or moldy. Successful baiting usually requires 2 to 4 weeks. Continue to supply bait until feeding ceases and you observe no squirrels; then properly dispose of unused bait. When specified on the label, anticoagulant baits can be applied as spot-treatments, which are economical and effective for small populations. Reapply according to label directions to make sure there is no interruption in exposure to the bait. Scattering the bait takes advantage of the ground squirrels' natural
foraging behavior and minimizes risks to nontarget species that are not as effective at foraging for seeds. Never pile the bait on the ground because piles increase the hazard to livestock and certain nontarget wildlife. After treatment, pick up and dispose of any carcasses whenever possible to prevent secondary poisoning of dogs or other scavengers. Burial is a good method for disposal as long as the carcasses are buried deep enough to discourage scavengers. Do not touch dead animals. Assess the potential hazard to humans, livestock, and nontarget wildlife before you use baits; if it is risky, use another method for ground squirrel control. Traps. Trapping controls small populations any time of year when squirrels are active. Trapping is especially effective from mid-spring through fall. Ground squirrel traps include Conibear traps and modified gopher box traps. Conibear traps. Conibear kill traps are usually placed unbaited in the burrow entrance, where squirrels are trapped as they pass through. Trap effectiveness can be increased by putting a tunnel of roofing paper (24 inches long) at the entrance of the burrow. The squirrel will mistake the light at the end of the tunnel for the burrow opening and run full speed through the trap. The tunnel also minimizes any sun reflection off the metal trap. If you are using this type of trap within the range of the San Joaquin kit fox, you must place the trap in a covered box with an entrance no larger than 3 inches wide to exclude the fox, or you must spring the traps at dusk and reset them again in the morning. Modified gopher box traps. Modified box traps consist of a pair box traps that have been joined together by removing the backs, connecting the two traps with wire mesh, and them to a board. The traps are baited with foods such as almonds, barley, melon rinds, oats, or walnuts. Place bait in traps well behind the trigger or tied to the trigger without setting the traps for several days, until the squirrels become used to taking the bait. Then put in fresh bait and set the traps. Place traps so that nontarget animals are not likely to be caught. For example, place traps inside a larger box with openings no larger than 3 inches wide, just large enough to allow ground squirrels to enter.

POCKET GOPHERS
(9/08) Scientific Name: Thomomys spp.
Adult pocket gophers are 6 to 8 inches long with stout brown, gray, or yellowish bodies and small ears and eyes. They rarely are seen above ground, spending most of their time in a tunnel system they construct 6 to 18 inches beneath the soil surface. A single burrow system can cover several hundred square feet. It consists of main tunnels with lateral branches used for feeding or for pushing excavated soil to the surface. Gophers are extremely territorial; except for females with young, you rarely find more than one gopher per burrow system. The conspicuous, fan-shaped soil mounds over tunnel openings are the most obvious sign of gopher infestation. These tunnel openings are almost always closed with a soil plug. Gophers feed primarily on the roots of herbaceous plants. They may also come aboveground to clip small plants within a few inches of their burrow and pull vegetation into the burrow for feeding. Gophers breed throughout the year on irrigated land, with a peak in late winter or early spring. Females bear as many as three litters each year. Once weaned, the young travel to a favorable location to establish their own burrow system. Some take over previously vacated burrows. The buildup of gopher populations in the orchard is favored by extensive weed growth or the presence of most cover crops, especially perennial clovers and legumes.
DAMAGE
Pocket gophers can be serious pests, primarily in young orchards. While herbaceous cover crops are their preferred food, pocket gophers will also feed on the bark of tree crowns and roots. When cover crops or weeds dry up, gophers bark feeding may become extensive enough to girdle and kill young trees or reduce the vigor of older trees. Damage to trees is always underground and usually not evident until the trees show signs of stress. Gophers sometimes gnaw on plastic irrigation lines.
MANAGEMENT
Take action as soon as you see any signs of gopher activity in the orchard. For infestations that cover a limited area, use traps or hand-applied poison bait. Trapping and hand-baiting can be used at any time of year, but they are easier when the soil is moist and not dry and hard. In addition to control within orchard, consider controlling gophers in adjacent areas, thus reducing the potential for further gopher problems. Monitoring The best times to monitor for gophers are after irrigation and when mound building peaks in the fall and spring. Monitor monthly in spring, paying close attention to orchard perimeters to determine whether gophers are invading the orchard. Monitor more closely in weedy areas such as roadsides and in young orchards with extensive weed growth or ground covers. This type of vegetation is more likely to support gophers, and low-growing vegetation makes signs of burrowing activity harder to see. Look for darkercolored mounds, which indicate newly removed soil. Treatment Decisions Treatment options for pocket gophers include the use of baiting with multiple-dose anticoagulants, strychnine, or zinc phosphide, trapping, or fumigating with aluminum phosphide. Strychnine, zinc phosphide, and aluminum phosphide are restricted use materials that require a permit from the County Agricultural Commissioner for purchase or use. Baits. While multi-dose anticoagulents are available for gopher control, single-dose acute baits are generally the most effective. Bait must be applied below ground. For small infestations or where the use of a mechanical burrow builder is not feasible, use a probe to find the main tunnel next to a fresh mound or between two fresh mounds. Once you find the main tunnel, drop bait into the burrow and then put a board, dirt clod, stone, or other cover over the hole to keep out light and prevent soil from falling onto the bait. Place bait in two or three places along the tunnel.
Pocket Gophers (9/08) 177
This hand-application method can be used for single-dose or multiple-dose baits. Reservoir-type hand probes designed to deposit single-dose baits are available. Bait application is faster with these devices because they eliminate the need to stop and place the bait by hand. For infestations that cover a large area, a mechanical burrow builder is effective and economical. This device is pulled behind a tractor to make artificial gopher tunnels into which it places bait. Use of a mechanical burrow builder may be feasible in situations such as unplanted borders or between widely spaced young trees, if the terrain is relatively level and the soil is not too rocky. Traps. Traps are effective against small numbers of gophers but are labor intensive and therefore relatively expensive to use. You can use either a pincer-type or a box-type kill trap. To place traps, probe near a fresh mound to find the main tunnel, which usually is on the lower side of the mound. The main tunnel usually is 8 to 12 inches deep, and the probe will drop quickly about 2 inches when you find it. Place two traps in the main tunnel, one facing each direction. Be sure to anchor the traps to a stake with wire. After placing the traps, cover the hole to keep light out of the tunnel. If there is no evidence that a gopher has visited the trap within 48 hours, move it to a new location. Fumigants. Fumigants such as gas cartridges are not effective because gophers quickly seal off their tunnels when they detect the smoke or poison gases. Aluminum phosphide* can be effective if applied underground into tunnels during a time of year when soil is moist enough to retain the toxic gas, typically in late winter to early spring. Carefully follow all label directions and safety instructions.
Pocket Gophers (9/08) 178

RABBITS
(9/08) Scientific Names: Black-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus californicus Cottontail and Brush Rabbits Sylvilagus spp.
A jackrabbit is a hare about the size of a large house cat. It has very long ears, short front legs, and long hind legs. Jackrabbits live in open areas of the Central Valley, coastal valleys, and foothills. They make a depression underneath bushes or other vegetation where they remain secluded during the day. Jackrabbit young are born fully haired, with open eyes, and become active within a few hours. Cottontail and brush rabbits are smaller than jackrabbits and have shorter ears. They nest where thick shrubs, woods, or rocks and debris provide dense cover. Their young are born naked and blind and stay in the nest for several weeks. Rabbits are active all year. Jackrabbits prefer trees bordering open areas, such as grassy fields and rangeland. Cottontail and brush rabbits prefer orchards near brushy habitats, ravines, riparian areas, and woodlands favored by these species.
DAMAGE
Rabbits and hares can severely damage young trees by chewing bark off the trunk and clipping off low branches to eat buds and young foliage. Rabbits may also gnaw drip irrigation lines. They often live outside of orchards, moving in to feed from early evening to early morning. They damage trees primarily in winter and early spring, when other sources of food are limited.
MANAGEMENT
Prevent damage in a citrus orchard with proper fencing or tree guards. Baiting, shooting, or trapping (depending on the species and the size of the population) are also control options. Monitoring Periodically examine young trees for rabbit damage. If you find damage, look for droppings and tracks that indicate rabbits as the cause. Voles also chew the bark from the trunk, but the bark damage caused by rabbits extends higher on the tree and the tooth marks are distinctly larger. If you find damage, monitor the orchard perimeters in early morning or late evening to see where the rabbits are entering and to get an idea of how many rabbits are involved. You can also estimate the number of rabbits at night by using a spotlight, which produces readily observed "eye shine." Once the trees are 4 or 5 years old, rabbits usually do not present a serious problem. Fencing Rabbit-proof fencing prevents damage to young orchards. Make the fence at least 3 feet tall using woven wire or poultry netting with a mesh diameter of 1 inch or less. Bend the bottom 6 inches of mesh at a 90degree angle and bury it 6 inches deep, facing away from the orchard, to keep rabbits from digging under the fence. If you are building a fence to exclude deer, and rabbits are a potential problem, it is a good idea to add rabbit-proof fencing along the bottom. Unless you are already building a deer fence, the cost of a rabbit fence may be prohibitive for a large orchard when you are only going to need it for a few years. Individual tree guards are a good alternative. Tree Guards Tree guards are useful when planting new orchards or replanting trees in established orchards. Cylinders made from wire mesh or some hard plastics provide the best protection against rabbits. Cardboard or heavy paper can also be used, but rabbits may chew through these. Make the cylinders at least 2.5 feet tall to keep jackrabbits from reaching foliage and limbs by standing on their hind legs. Secure the tree guards with stakes or wooden spreaders. Use smaller-mesh wire and bury the bottom few inches of the cylinder if you also need protection against voles. Baiting Poison baits may be practical for controlling large numbers of jackrabbits or for jackrabbits that are damaging trees over a large area. Baits are not registered for use on cottontail or brush rabbits. Before
Rabbits (9/08) 179
baiting, consult the county agricultural commissioner for restrictions related to endangered species. Follow label directions carefully. Multiple-dose baits for jackrabbit control must be placed in bait stations specifically designed for rabbits. Place bait stations containing bait near trails and secure them so they cannot easily be tipped over. Use as many stations as necessary to ensure that all jackrabbits have easy access to bait, spacing them 50 to 200 feet apart along the perimeter where jackrabbits are entering the orchard. Inspect the bait stations every morning for the first several days to keep bait supplies replenished; it may take this long before the jackrabbits become accustomed to feeding at the stations. Increase either the amount of bait in the stations or the number of stations if all the bait is consumed in a single night. Replace any bait that becomes wet or moldy. It usually takes 2 to 4 weeks or more before results are seen with multiple-dose baits. Continue baiting until feeding ceases and you no longer observe any jackrabbits. Make sure to take precautions to prevent domestic animals and wildlife from having access to the bait. Dispose of unused bait properly at the end of the baiting program. Bury the rabbit carcasses on a regular basis. Other Methods Shooting, applying repellents, and trapping may provide effective control for small populations of rabbits, or may be used to temporarily reduce damage until other measures such as fences or tree guards are installed. You can shoot all types of rabbits if they are causing damage to your orchard and if shooting is allowed in your area. If only a small number of rabbits is involved, shooting may be all that is necessary to prevent significant damage while the trees are young. For best results, patrol the orchards at dusk and early in the morning. Repellents sprayed on foliage or painted on trunks may temporarily prevent rabbit damage. Labels specify the proper application timing. Repeat applications as needed to protect new growth and to replenish any repellent that is washed off by rain or sprinkler irrigation. Suitable live-catch or kill traps can provide effective control for small populations of cottontail or brush rabbits. Trapping generally is ineffective against jackrabbits because they do not readily enter traps.
Rabbits (9/08) 180

ROOF RATS
(9/08) Scientific Name: Rattus rattus
The roof rat, sometimes called the black rat, is a common vertebrate pest in citrus orchards. It builds leaf and twig nests in citrus trees or nearby trees or it can nest, in debris piles or thick mulch on the ground. This agile, sleek rat has a pointed muzzle and tail that is longer than the body and head combined. Be sure to identify the species of rat present to avoid killing nontarget or protected species. Be aware that endangered native kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) and the riparian woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes riparia) resemble pest rats, but are protected by law. Unlike the hairless, scale-covered tail of roof rats, the tails of kangaroo rats and the riparian woodrat are covered with fur. The riparian woodrat is active mostly during the day, and its tail is somewhat shorter than the combined length of its body and head. A kangaroo rat's tail is noticeably longer than its body and head combined. Kangaroo rats are nocturnal, but unlike Norway rats and roof rats, which move on all four legs, kangaroo rats hold their front legs off the ground and travel by hopping on their hind legs.
DAMAGE
Rats gnaw on electrical wires, wooden structures, and fruit on trees. After harvest, they damage fruit in bins by chewing it and leaving excrement. Rats are active throughout the year, and mostly at night.
MANAGEMENT
Reduce shelter and nesting sites of rats. Eliminate debris and wood piles. Store materials neatly and off the ground. Thin and separate non-crop vegetation around orchards where feasible. Baits and rat-sized snap traps placed in trees are the most effective control measures. Rats are wary, tending to avoid baits and traps for at least a few days after their initial placement. Fasten traps to limbs and bait them with sweet fruit or nut meats, but do not set the traps until after bait is readily eaten. Secure anticoagulant wax blocks in a bait station before placing in trees on limbs 6 feet or more above the ground. Placing the wax blocks in a bait station will prevent chunks of the anticoagulent wax from dropping to the ground and creating a hazard. Be aware that certain types of single-dose rat baits for use inside buildings are not labeled for use outdoors in orchards; these are hazardous to wildlife and should not be used.
Roof Rats (9/08) 181

VOLES (MEADOW MICE)

Scientific Name: Microtus spp.
(9/08)
Voles, voles, also called meadow mice, are larger than house mice but smaller than rats. Compared to deer mice, however, voles have a more robust body, less obvious ears, and a relatively shorter tail. Voles' ears are at least partly obscured by the hair in front of them and voles' tails are about one-half to onequarter the length of their head and body combined. Deer mice have relatively large and prominent, fleshy ears and their tail is more than 70% the length of their head and body. Voles are active both day and night and all year round. Females bear several litters each year, with peaks of reproduction in spring and fall. Populations go through cycles, climaxing every 4 to 7 years and then declining fairly rapidly. Grasses and other dense ground covers provide food and cover that favor the buildup of vole populations. You can recognize vole activity by the presence of narrow runways in grass or other ground cover, connecting numerous shallow burrows with openings about 1.5 inches in diameter. Voles seldom travel far from their burrows and runways.
DAMAGE
Voles can be a particular problem where dense vegetation or cover crops grow around the base of trees. Voles damage trees by feeding on bark around the root crown, and sometimes they chew holes in irrigation lines. Small trees are most susceptible to being completely girdled and killed by voles. Large trees are susceptible to damage, for instance after severe pruning, when sufficient light penetrates the tree canopy for vegetation to grow near trunks, but vole damage to large citrus trees is uncommon and rarely kills the tree.
MANAGEMENT
Vegetation management and the proper use of trunk guards on young trees usually keep damage to a minimum. Bait (either multiple anticoagulants or zinc phosphide) can control populations that reach harmful levels. Zinc phosphide is a restricted use material that requires a permit from the County Agricultural Commissioner for purchase or use. Monitoring Starting in midwinter, monitor monthly for active runways in cover crops or weedy areas. Look for fresh vole droppings and short pieces of clipped vegetation, especially grass stems, in runways. Look for burrow openings around the bases of orchard trees. If you find burrows, remove the soil from around the base of the tree and look for bark damage. Voles usually start chewing on bark about 2 inches below the soil line and then move upward to about 2 to 4 inches aboveground. If you do not check carefully, you may not notice damage until late spring or summer, when it may be too late to prevent significant injury to the trees. Make sure to monitor ditch banks, fence rows, roadsides, and other areas around the orchard where permanent vegetation favors the buildup of vole populations. Habitat Management Voles travel only a few feet from their burrows, so any destruction of vegetation will make the area less favorable to them. Use a hoe, herbicides, or other methods to keep an area reaching about 3 feet out from trunks free of vegetation. If you maintain ground cover or resident weeds in the row middles, keep it mowed fairly short to be less attractive to voles. A vegetation-free zone 30 to 40 feet wide between the orchard and adjacent areas helps reduce the potential for invasion by voles, but such a wide area is rarely practical. Bare soil borders may be undesirable where off-site movement of contaminated soil and water must be prevented with a vegetative border to filter runoff. Tree Guards Use wire or plastic trunk guards to protect young trees from voles and rabbits. An effective guard can be a 24-inch-tall cylinder made of 0.25- or 0.5-inch mesh hardware cloth that is of sufficient diameter to allow several years' growth without crowding the tree. Bury the guards' bottom edge several inches below the soil surface if possible to discourage voles from burrowing beneath them. Plastic, heavy cardboard, or other fiber materials can also be used to make trunk guards. These materials are less
Voles (Meadow Mice) (9/08) 182
expensive, also provide sunburn protection, and are more convenient to use; however, they provide less protection against vole damage since the voles can chew through them. Regularly check underneath any tree guards for evidence that voles are burrowing underneath them to gnaw on the tree trunk, looking also for the presence of other pests such as snails. Good weed control around trunks improves the effectiveness of trunk guards. Baiting If you find damaging infestations or population increases within the orchard, poison baits can greatly reduce the vole population. Baiting can also reduce populations in adjacent areas before they have a chance to invade the orchard. Single- and multiple-dose baits are available, but there may be baiting restrictions in some areas to protect endangered species. It is extremely important to understand and follow the label directions for use. For small infestations, scatter the bait in or near active vole runways and burrows according to the bait's label directions. For larger areas and where the bait label permits it, you can make broadcast applications. In non-cropland, apply bait in fall or spring before the voles' reproduction peak. Bait acceptance will depend on the amount and kind of other food available. Other Controls Trapping is not practical for voles because so many individuals have to be controlled when they are causing problems in commercial orchards. Fumigation is not effective because of the shallow, open nature of vole burrow systems and the large number of voles. Repellents are not considered effective in preventing damage.
Voles (Meadow Mice) (9/08) 183

WILD PIGS
(9/08) Scientific Name: Sus scrofa
Wild pigs include both domestic swine that escaped captivity and wild boar. Wild pigs are commonly found near in the foothill areas, and they prefer areas of dense brush. During periods of hot weather, they will "wallow" in water or moist soil.
DAMAGE
Wild pigs will feed on insects and underground vegetation. This "rooting" behavior can disrupt parts of the orchard floor. Pigs will also create large uneven basins or wallows in moist soil during hot weather. Both rooting and wallows can disrupt the application of irrigation water. If a pig gets tangled up in flexible irrigation equipment, it will pull it out. Pigs can eat lower fruit on the tree.
MANAGEMENT
Wild pigs are considered game animals and fall under the jurisdiction of CA Department of Fish and Game. Pigs can be trapped or shot, but this requires a depredation permit. In some CA counties, the Agricultural Commissioner has trappers who can assist. Fencing can be done but is expensive. Frightening devices can be used for a temporary solution.
Wild Pigs (9/08) 184

This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management.
PRECAUTIONS FOR USING PESTICIDES

Pesticides are poisonous and must be used with caution. READ THE LABEL BEFORE OPENING A PESTICIDE CONTAINER. Follow all label precautions and directions, including requirements for protective equipment. Apply pesticides only on the crops or in the situations listed on the label. Apply pesticides at the rates specified on the label or at lower rates if suggested in this publication. In California, all agricultural uses of pesticides must be reported. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for further details. Laws, regulations, and information concerning pesticides change frequently. This publication reflects legal restrictions current on the date next to each pest's name. Legal Responsibility. The user is legally responsible for any damage due to misuse of pesticides. Responsibility extends to effects caused by drift, runoff, or residues. Transportation. Do not ship or carry pesticides together with food or feed in a way that allows contamination of the edible items. Never transport pesticides in a closed passenger vehicle or in a closed cab. Storage. Keep pesticides in original containers until used. Store them in a locked cabinet, building, or fenced area where they are not accessible to children, unauthorized persons, pets, or livestock. DO NOT store pesticides with foods, feed, fertilizers, or other materials that may become contaminated by the pesticides. Container Disposal. Dispose of empty containers carefully. Never reuse them. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Consult your county agricultural commissioner for correct procedures for handling and disposal of large quantities of empty containers. Protection of Nonpest Animals and Plants. Many pesticides are toxic to useful or desirable animals, including honey bees, natural enemies, fish, domestic animals, and birds. Crops and other plants may also be damaged by misapplied pesticides. Take precautions to protect nonpest species from direct exposure to pesticides and from contamination due to drift, runoff, or residues. Certain rodenticides may pose a special hazard to animals that eat poisoned rodents. Posting Treated Fields. For some materials, restricted entry intervals are established to protect field workers. Keep workers out of the field for the required time after application and, when required by regulations, post the treated areas with signs indicating the safe re-entry date. Check with your county agricultural commissioner for latest restricted entry interval. Preharvest intervals. Some materials or rates cannot be used in certain crops within a specified time before harvest. Follow pesticide label instructions and allow the required time between application and harvest. Permit Requirements. Many pesticides require a permit from the county agricultural commissioner before possession or use. When such materials are recommended, they are marked with an asterisk (*) in the treatment tables or chemical sections of this publication. Processed Crops. Some processors will not accept a crop treated with certain chemicals. If your crop is going to a processor, be sure to check with the processor before applying a pesticide. Crop Injury. Certain chemicals may cause injury to crops (phytotoxicity) under certain conditions. Always consult the label for limitations. Before applying any pesticide, take into account the stage of plant development, the soil type and condition, the temperature, moisture, and wind. Injury may also result from the use of incompatible materials. Personal Safety. Follow label directions carefully. Avoid splashing, spilling, leaks, spray drift, and contamination of clothing. NEVER eat, smoke, drink, or chew while using pesticides. Provide for emergency medical care IN ADVANCE as required by regulation.
ANR NONDISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICY STATEMENT FOR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS REGARDING PROGRAM PRACTICES
The University of California prohibits discrimination or harassment of any person on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, pregnancy (including childbirth, and medical conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth), physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or service in the uniformed services (as defined by the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994: service in the uniformed services includes membership, application for membership, performance of service, application for service, or obligation for service in the uniformed services) in any of its programs or activities. University policy also prohibits reprisal or retaliation against any person in any of its programs or activities for making a complaint of discrimination or sexual harassment or for using or participating in the investigation or resolution process of any such complaint. University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the Universitys nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin Street, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607, (510) 987-0096.
Precautions for Using Pesticides (9/08) 185

Australia 2008 Boscalid Pyraclostrobin UC-IPM-Citrus-Manual Pag27

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Australia 2008 Boscalid Pyraclostrobin UC-IPM-Citrus-Manual Pag27

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UC IPM Pest Management Guideline

Contents (Dates in parenthesis indicate when each topic was updated)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines CITRUS

About this publication

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Citrus Year-Round IPM Program Annual Checklist (7/08)

Supplement to UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Citrus

Prebloom activities (January through March)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Prebloom activities (continued)

Bloom activities (April)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Bloom activities (continued)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Petal fall activities (late April through May)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Petal fall activities (continued)

Fruit development activities (June through September)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Fruit development period (continued)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Fall activities (October through December)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Fall activities (continued)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Pesticide application checklist

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Planting site selection

Planting method (e.g. planting high)

Weed and border vegetation control

Continued on next page . . .

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Cultural and Other Management Practices, continued

Irrigation amount, frequency, and method

Pathogen-free nursery stock

Planting site selection

Planting method (e.g. planting high)

Weed and border vegetation control

Cultural and Other Practices that Affect Pests (9/08) 2

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

TIMINGS FOR KEY CULTURAL AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (9/08)

Timings for Key Cultural and Management Practices (9/08) 3

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

WHEN TO MONITOR PESTS AND NATURAL ENEMIES (9/08)

Continued on next page . . .

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

When to Monitor for Pests and Natural Enemies (9/08) 5

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Continued on next page . . .

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

SELECTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES AND MITICIDES (1/11)

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines - CITRUS

Persistence against natural enemies

intermediate low rates-short high rates-intermediate

parasitic wasps most natural enemies

intermediate low rates-short high rates-intermediate

none none to short none to short

intermediate, does not survive winters well intermediate

none most natural enemies

none low rates-intermediate high rates-long intermediate

dimethoate (Dimethoate) disodium tetraborate Continued on next page . . .

intermediate (katydids, peelminer, leafminer, grasshoppers) broad (many insects)