INTERNAL COMBUSTION (I.C.

) ENGINES JET ENGINES (RAMJET,SCRAMJET, PULSEJET)

P.NEHA & T.DHANYASREE B.TECH II YEAR AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DUNDIGAL E-MAIL: ASHITA_27589@YAHOO.COM

ABSTRACT:
A jet engine is an air breathing internal combustion engine often used in high-speed aircraft. It is based on the principle of Newtons third law. in some common usage the term jet engine generally refers to an internal combustion duct engine which typically consists of an engine with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine(Brayton cycle) with the left over power providing thrust via a propelling nozzle. These types of jet engines are primarily used by jet aircraft for long distance travel.. The types of jet engines are 1.Turbojet 2.Turboprop 3.Turbofan 4.Ramjet 5.Scramjet 6.Pulsejet This paper presents a brief description of Ramjet, Scramjet & Pulsejet. Ramjet (Aerodynamic ram compression) does not consists of any rotating machinery .It is a very simple device. It uses the open Brayton cycle pulse jet (unsteady dynamic compression). It is a very simple form of I.C. engine based jet engine where combustion occurs in pulses. Due to the problem faced in Ramjet, the concept of supersonic combustion ramjet i.e. scramjet came into picture. The above mentioned jet engines helps to give high speed as well as over long distance giving better fuel efficiency then many other forms of transport. In jet engine applications, the work is in producing compressed air and combustion, which are then accelerated to provide reaction propulsion. It is used as aircraft engines for jet aircraft. They are also used for cruise missiles and unmanned airvehicles. They are used for fireworks, model rocketry space flight and military missiles. Jet engine converts thermal energy into useful work.

INTRODUCTION:
INTERNAL COMBUSTION:
An internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs in a combustion chamber inside and integral to the engine. In an internal combustion engine it is always the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases that are produced by the combustion.

JET ENGINE :
A jet engine is an air-breathing internal combustion engine often used on high speed aircraft. Jet engines like rocket engines use the reaction principle, in that they accelerate a mass (air and combustion products) in one direction and, from Newton's third law of motion, the engine experiences thrust in the opposite direction. Rocket engines use stored oxidizer to burn the fuel while jet engine use air. Air breathing gives higher performance in terms of thrust per unit of propellant used, and allows the highest endurance. Jet engines hold the current aircraft records of unrefueled distance (26,389.3 miles in 76 hours 45 minutes GlobalFlyer). Frank Whittle received the patent in 1930 for a jet engine. Hans von Ohain received the German patent in 1935. The first jet aircraft was the Heinkel He178 flown in 1939 with a von Ohain engine producing 4.9kN of thrust A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets and pump-jets. In general, most jet engines are internal combustion engines[1] but noncombusting forms also exist. In some common usage, the term 'jet engine' generally refers to an internal combustion duct engine, which typically consists of an engine with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine ("Brayton cycle"), with the leftover power providing thrust via a propelling nozzle. These types of jet engines are primarily used by jet aircraft for long distance travel. The early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use highbypass turbofan engines which help give high speeds as well as, over long distances, giving better fuel efficiency than many other forms of transport.

PRINCIPLE OF JET ENGINES:

Gas turbines are based on the Brayton cycle

BRAYTON CYCLE:
The Brayton cycle is the fundamental constant pressure gas heating cycle used by gas turbines. It consists of 0-2: isentropic compression 2-3: constant pressure heating 3-4: isentropic expansion 4-0: constant pressure cooling (absent in open cycle gas turbines)

A SHORT HISTORY OF JET ENGINES:

150 BC - An Egyptian philosopher and mathematician, Hero, invented a toy (Aeolipile) that rotated on top of a boiling pot of water. This caused a reaction effect of hot air or steam that moved several nozzles arranged on a wheel. This works when one understands the Third Law of Motion - Every action produces a reaction ... equal in force and opposite in direction. 1232 - Chinese began to use rockets as weapons. The invention of gun powder uses the reaction principle to move rockets forward. 1500 - Leonardo da Vinci drew a sketch of a device, the chimney jack that rotated due to the effect of hot gases flowing up a chimney. It looked like a device that used hot air to

rotate a spit. The hot air came from the fire and rose upward to pass through a series of fanlike blades that turned the roasting spit. 1629 - Giovanni Branca developed a stamping mill that used jets of steam to rotate a turbine that then, rotated to operate machinery. 1678 - Ferdinand Verbiest built a model carriage that used a steam jet for power. 1687 - Sir Isaac Newton announces the three laws of motion. These form the basis for modern propulsion theory. 1. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. 2. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors in this law. The direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 1791 - John Barber received the first patent for a basic turbine engine. His design was planned to use as a method of propelling the 'horseless carriage'. The turbine was designed with a chain-driven, reciprocating type of compressor. It has a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. 1872 - Dr. F. Stolze designed the first true gas turbine engine. His engine used a multistage turbine section and a flow compressor. This engine never ran under its own power. 1897 - Sir Charles Parson patented a steam turbine was used to power a ship. 1914 - Charles Curtis filed the first application for a gas turbine engine. 1917 - General Electric Company started a gas turbine division. Dr. Stanford A. Moss developed the GE turbo supercharger engine during W.W.I. It used hot exhaust gasses from a reciprocating engine to drive a turbine wheel that in turn drove a centrifugal compressor used for supercharging. 1920 - Dr. A. A. Griffith developed a theory of turbine design based on gas flow past airfoils rather than through passages. 1930 - Sir Frank Whittle in England patented a design for a gas turbine for jet propulsion. The first successful use of this engine was in April, 1937. His early work on the theory of gas propulsion was based on the contributions of most of the earlier pioneers of this field.

The specifications of the first jet engine were:

Airflow = 25 pounds/sec Fuel Consumption = 200/gal/h or 1300 lb/h Thrust = 1000 lb Specific Fuel consumption = 1300/1000 = 1.3 lb/lb/h

1936 - At the same time as Frank Whittle was working in Great Britain, Hans von Ohian and Max Hahn, students in Germany developed and patented their own engine design. 1939 (August) - The aircraft company Ernst Heinkel Aircraft flew the first flight of a gas turbine jet, the HE178. 1941 - Sir Frank Whittle designed the first successful turbojet airplane, the Gloster Meteor, flown over Great Britain. Whittle improved his jet engine during the war, and in 1942 he shipped an engine prototype to General Electric in the United States. America's first jet plane was built the following year. 1942 - Dr. Franz Anslem developed the axial-flow turbojet, Junkers Jumo 004, used in the Messerschmitt Me 262, the world's first operational jet fighter. After W.W.II the development of jet engines was directed by a number of commercial companies. Jet engines soon became the most popular method of powering the airplanes. In this we mainly deal with Ramjet ,Scarmjet,Plusejet.

RAMJET:
A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a stovepipe jet, or an athodyd, is a form of jet engine using the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor. Ramjets therefore require forward motion through the air to produce thrust. Ramjets require considerable forward speed to operate well, and as a class work most efficiently at speeds around Mach 3, and this type of jet can operate up to speeds of at least Mach 5. Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high speed use; such as missiles. They have also been used successfully, though not efficiently, as tip jets on helicopter rotors. Ramjets are frequently confused with pulsejets, which use an intermittent combustion, but ramjets employ a continuous combustion process, and are a quite distinct type of jet engine.

Picture of Ramjet

X-15

DESIGN:

A ramjet is designed around its inlet. An object moving at high speed through air generates a high pressure region in front and a low pressure region to

the rear. A ramjet uses this high pressure in front of the engine to force air through the tube, where it is heated by combusting some of it with fuel. It is then passed through a nozzle to accelerate it to supersonic speeds. This acceleration gives the ramjet forward thrust. A ramjet is sometimes referred to as a 'flying stovepipe', a very simple device comprising an air intake, a combustor, and a nozzle. Normally the only moving parts are those within the turbopump, which pumps the fuel to the combustor in a liquid-fuel ramjet. Solid-fuel ramjets are even simpler.

RAMJET TYPES:
Ramjets can be classified according to the type of fuel, liquid or solid; and the booster. In a liquid fuel ramjet (LFRJ) hydrocarbon fuel (typically) is injected into the combustor ahead of a flameholder which stabilises the flame resulting from the combustion of the fuel with the compressed air from the intake(s). A means of pressurising and supplying the fuel to the ramcombustor is required which can be complicated and expensive. A ramjet generates no static thrust and needs a booster to achieve a forward velocity high enough for efficient operation of the intake system. The first ramjet powered missiles used external boosters, usually solid-propellant rockets, either in tandem, where the booster is mounted immediately aft of the ramjet. Integrated boosters provide a more efficient packaging option since the booster propellant is cast inside the otherwise empty combustor. This approach has been used on solid. Ramjets always slow the incoming air to a subsonic velocity within the combustor.

APPLICATIONS:
Its simple engine is adaptable for mass production at relatively low cost. Its fuel consumption is compartively very large in aircraft propulsion or in missiles at low and moderate speeds. Ramjet is a very simple and doesnot have any moving part. It is very cheap to produce and require almost no maintainence. The specific fuel consumption is better than other gas turbine powerplants at high speed and high altitudes. Theoretically there seems to be no upper limit to the flight speed of the ramjet.

ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:
The compression of air is obtained by virtue of its speed relative to the engine ,the takeoff thrust is zero and it is not possible to start a ramjet without an external launching device. The engine heavily relies on the diffuser and it is very difficult to design a diffuser which will give good pressure recovery over a wide range of speeds. Due to high air speeds ,the combustion chamber requires flame holder to stabilise the combustion.

SCRAMJET:
A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is a variation of a ramjet distinguished by supersonic combustion. At higher speeds, it is necessary to combust supersonically to maximize the efficiency of the combustion process. Projections for the top speed of a scramjet engine (without additional oxidiser input) vary between Mach 12 and Mach 24 (orbital velocity). The scramjet engine is the key enabling technology for sustained hypersonic flight. Propelled by this special type of air-breathing jet engine, a highperformance hypersonic craft might even be able to fly into orbit.- a possibility first considered more than four decades ago. Recently, as the technology has matured and as the demand for more efficient Earth-to-orbit propulsion grows, scientists have begun seriously considering such systems for access to space.

Picture of Scramjet
A scramjet requires supersonic airflow through the engine, thus, similar to a ramjet, scramjets have a minimum functional speed. This speed is uncertain due to the low number of working scramjets, relative youth of the field, and the largely classified nature of research using complete scramjet engines.However, it is likely to be at least Mach 5 for a pure scramjet, with higher Mach numbers (between 7 and 9) more likely. Thus scramjets require acceleration to hypersonic speed via other means. A hybrid ramjet/scramjet would have a lower minimum functional A scramjet is a type of jet engine designed to operate at the high speeds typically associated with rockets. Its main difference from a rocket is that it collects air from the atmosphere to burn its fuel, rather than carrying an oxidizing substance on

board. More conventional jets (turbojets, turbofans and ramjets) share this characteristic but are unsuitable for the high speeds at which scramjets can operate. All scramjet engines have fuel injectors, a combustion chamber, a thrust nozzle and an intake, which compresses the incoming air. Sometimes engines also include a region which acts as a flame holder, although the high stagnation temperatures mean that an area of focused waves may be used, rather than a discrete engine part as seen in turbine engines A scramjet is reminiscent of a ramjet. In a typical ramjet, the supersonic inflow of the engine is decelerated at the inlet to subsonic speeds and then reaccelerated through a nozzle to supersonic speeds to produce thrust. This deceleration, which is produced by a normal shock, creates a total pressure loss which limits the upper operating point of a ramjet engine. Scramjets have few to no moving parts. Most of their body consists of continuous surfaces. With simple fuel pumps, reduced total components, and the reentry system being the craft itself, scramjet development tends to be more of a materials and modelling problem than anything else. A scramjet cannot produce efficient thrust unless boosted to high speed, around Mach 5, depending on design, it could act as a ramjet at low speeds.

PLUSEJET:
A pulse jet engine (or pulsejet) is a very simple form of internal combustion engine based jet engine where combustion occurs in pulses. A typical pulsejet comprises an air intake fitted with a one-way valve, a combustion chamber, and an acoustically resonant exhaust pipe. The valving is accomplished though the use of reed valves or, in a valveless pulse jet engine, through aerodynamics. Fuel in the form of a gas or liquid aerosol is either mixed with the air in the intake or injected into the combustion chamber. Starting the engine usually requires forced air and an ignition method such as a spark plug for the fuel-air mix. Once running,

the engine only requires an input of fuel to maintain a self-sustaining combustion cycle.

Picture of plusejet FUCTIONING: Pulse jet schematic. First part of the cycle: air intake , mixed with fuel . Second part: the valve is closed and the ignited fuel-air mix propels the craft. The combustion cycle comprises five or six phases: Induction, Compression, (in some engines) Fuel Injection, Ignition, Combustion and Exhaust. Starting at ignition within the combustion chamber, a high pressure is raised by the combustion of the fuel/air mixture. The pressurized gas from combustion cannot exit forward through the one way intake valve and so exits only to the rear through the exhaust tube. It is the inertial reaction of this gas flow that causes the engine to provide thrust, this force being used to propel an airframe or a rotor blade. The inertia of the traveling exhaust gas causes a low pressure in the combustion chamber. This pressure less than the inlet pressure (upstream of the one-way valve), and so the induction phase of the cycle begins. In the simplest of pulsejet engines this intake is through a venturi which causes fuel to be drawn from a fuel supply. In more complex engines the fuel may be injected directly into the combustion chamber. When the induction phase is complete a reflected high pressure wave from the tailpipe compresses the charge, which is ignited by residual heat from the previous cycle.

VALVED DESIGN:
There are two basic types of pulsejets. The first is known as a valved or traditional pulsejet and it has a set of one-way valves through which the incoming air passes. When the air/fuel is ignited, these valves slam shut which means that the hot gases can only leave through the engine's tailpipe, thus creating forward thrust.

VALVELESS DESIGN:
The second type of pulsejet is known as the valveless pulse jet. This name is really a misnomer. These engines have no mechanical valves, but they do have aerodynamic valves, which, for the most part, restrict the flow of gases to a single direction just as their mechanical counterparts. Indeed they have no mechanically moving parts at all and in that respect they are similar to a ramjet.

APPLICATIONS:
Pulsejets survive today in target drone aircraft, flying control line model aircraft, fog generators and home heating equipment. Some experimenters continue to work on improved design. It is highly suited for bombers like the German V-1. It is very simple device next to ramjet and is ligth in weight.It requires very small and occasional maintenance. It can run on almost any types of liquid fuels without much effect on the performance.It can also operate on gaseous fuel with a little modifications. Pulsejet engine is relatively cheap. The engines are difficult to integrate into manned aircraft design due to high fuel consumption, noise, and vibration. The biggest disadvantage is very short life of flapper valves and high rates of fuel consumption. The specific fuel consumption is as high as that of ramjet. The operational range of the pulsejet is also limited in altitude range. It has lower propulsive efficiency than turbojet engines.

ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:

CONCLUSION:
Jet engines, since their appearance in World War II, have literally revolutionized almost all aspects of aviation. Because of improvements in jet engines, aircraft continually fly faster, further, and carry more pay load. The reliability and longevity of jet engines has made air travel one of the safest and fastest expensive means of transportation.

REFERENCES:
Gas turbine by GANESAN. Introduction to flight by A.C.THERMODE.