Lecture 11

Resistive Transducer

Lecture11:ResistiveTransducer

Resistive transducer
The resistance of a transducer varies as the physical quantity varies (e.g. temperature or displacement) As values of R varies, value of V and i also varies Two basic devices for measurement of temperatures are RTD and thermistor

Lecture11:ResistiveTransducer

Resistive Transducer
a)Thermistor Semiconductor device The resistance value of the thermistor changes according to temperature Increase in temperature causes a decrease in resistance

Lecture11:ResistiveTransducer

 The relation between the temperature and the resistance

1 1 RT = RT 1 exp( ( )) T T1
RT: The resistance value at the temperature T T: The temperature [K] R1: The resistance value at the reference temperature T1: The reference temperature [K] typically, 25C is used : The coefficient of thermistor.
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FIGURE 4.5 Thermistor resistance versus temperature is highly nonlinear and usually has a negativeslope.

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Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Thermistor Characteristics
Sensitivity change in resistance 10% per 0C, for nominal resistance of 10k may change 1 k for 10C Construction semiconductor in various forms discs, beads, rods Range - -200C to 1000C Response time depends on quality of material Signal conditioning - bridge
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Thermistor: Construction and symbols

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Advantages: Low cost, small size High output voltage Fast response Disadvantages: Highly nonlinear Restricted to relatively low temperature

Lecture11:ResistiveTransducer

b) Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD) Electrical resistance is a function of metal temperature As temperature increases, the resistance increases Resistance temperature relationship: R = R0(1+ T )

with R = resistance of the conductor at temperature t0C R0 = ambience resistance (at reference point) = temperature coefficients of resistance T = difference between temperature at t and ambience
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FIGURE 4.2

Metal resistance increases almost linearly with temperature.

Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]

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Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Common Resistance Materials for RTDs: Platinum (most popular and accurate) Nickel Copper Balco (rare) Tungsten (rare)

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Sensitivity An estimate of RTD sensitivity is noted by value of Platinum 0.004/0C Nickel 0.005/0C For 100 platinum RTD, a change of 0.4 if temperature is changed by 10C Range Platinum RTD 100 to 6500C Nickel RTD 180 to 3000C Response time 0.5 to 5 s or more, slowness due to thermal conductivity
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 Temperature range (from -200 to 8500 C) Advantages: relatively immune to electrical noise and therefore well suited for temperature measurement in industrial environments More stable, have an output response that is more linear, more accurate Disadvantages: Expensive Very small fractional changes of resistance with temperature, bridge circuit is needed
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FIGURE 4.4:Note the compensation lines in this typical RTD signal4.4:Note signalconditioning circuit.

Curtis Johnson Lecture11:ResistiveTransducer 16 Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Signal conditioning Bridge circuit Compensation line in R3 leg is required Same resistance change due to RTD leg cause no net shift in the bridge null

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Dissipation Constant
RTD is a resistance, there is an I2R power dissipated by the device cause a slight heating effect, called selfheating Cause erroneous reading, therefore current of RTD must be kept low and constant to avoid self-heating Dissipation constant or PD is usually in the specs of RTD It relates power required to raise RTD 100 C For PD = 25mW/0C: If I2R power loses in RTD equal 25 mW, RTD will be heated 10C
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Dissipation constant (cont.)

Dissipation constant is specified under 2 conditions: free air and well-stirred oil bath Difference in capacity of medium to carry heat away from device The self-heating temperature rise can be found:

P T = PD T = temp rise of self-heating P = power dissipated by RTD from circuit in W PD = dissipation constant of RTD in W/0C
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Example 4.7
An RTD has 0=0.005/0C, R = 500 , and a dissipation constant of PD = 30mW/0C at 200C. The RTD is used in a bridge circuit such as that in previous Figure 4.4, with R1 = R2 = 500 and R3 a variable resister to null the bridge. If the supply is 10 V and RTD is placed in a bath at 00C, find the value of R3 to null the bridge

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Solution
Find RTD resistance at 00C without dissipation effect R = R0(1+ T ) =500(1+ 0.005(0-20)) RRTD = 450 Without considering self heating, for the bridge to null R3 = 450 (from R1R4 = R2R3) Self-heating effects?? Power dissipated from RTD P = I2R Calculate the current I from bridge
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Voltage supply V = 10V, R1 = R2 = 500 and R3 = a variable resistor to null the bridge

Current I is calculated:

I=

10 = 0.011A (500 + 450)

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Solution (cont.)
Therefore power dissipated in RTD: P = (0.01)2(450) = 0.054 W Find the temperature rise P = TPD Temperature rise:

Thus, RTD is not actually at bath temperature of 00C but at 1.80C Resistance of RTD R = R0(1+ T ) =500(1+ 0.005(1.8-20)) RRTD = 454.5 Therefore, bridge will null with R3 = 454.5
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0.054 T = = 1.80 C 0.030

c)Potentiometer Displacement sensor converts linear or angular motion into a changing in resistor Simple potentiometric displacement sensor Voltage divider:

RTH VD = 10V (3.5k + RTH )

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FIGURE 5.1

Potentiometric displacement sensor.

Curtis Johnson Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8e]

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

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Voltage E is applied to resistor with length L Measure displacement, generate output e (Ohms Law)

x e= E L

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Resistive Sensors - Potentiometers

Translational and Rotational

Potentiometers
Translational or angular displacement is proportional to resistance.

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Lecture11:ResistiveTransducer Taken from www.fyslab.hut.fi/kurssit/Tfy-3.441/

luennot/Luento3.pdf

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Advantages: Cheap, easy to use, adjustable Problem: Mechanical wear, friction in wiper, high electronic noise

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Example: The value of R is 100k and the maximum displacement is 2.0cm. If E = 9V and x is 1.5 cm, determine the value of output voltage e

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Solution

x e= E L
The output voltage e = 9V(1.5/2) = 6.75 V

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Example 4.8: A thermistor is to monitor room temperature. It has a resistance of 3.5k at 20C with a slope of 10%/C. It is proposed to use the thermistor in the divider of Figure below to provide a voltage of 5.0 V at 20C. Evaluate the effects of self-heating

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More on potentiometer

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Potentiometer
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The potentiometer on the MCBXC866 board connects to port 2, pin 6 (P2.6) for generating analog voltage to the on-chip ADC. The analog input is AIN6 and the voltage range is 0-5.0 VDC.
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Rotary Potentiometer
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100 K Potentiometer
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Potentiometer Foot Paddle

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The slide potentiometer changes its resistance linearly with position. The slide potentiometer has about 60 mm (2.3 inches) of travel, and a nominal resistance of 10k ohms 20%.
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System Components: PIC Microcontroller: Potentiometer: the potentiometer will control the rpm of the stepper motor. This setting will be read by the A-to-D on the PIC. Stepper Motor: Stepper Motor Controller:
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Motor Potentiometer Assemblies Motor Potentiometer Assemblies have become extremely popular with system designers. Today, Betatronix can supply the complete motor-pot assembly or mount the potentiometer to the motor at our facility.

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End of Lecture 11

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