DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY AT NJEDENGWA INVESTMENT AREA IN DODOMA REGION

By CHRISTIAN, Nicolaus

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: DR. RICHARD L. KIMWAGA

A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND WATER RESOURCES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM.

2011/2012

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this report, submitted to University of Dar es salaam, College of Engineering and Technology as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Civil Engineering and Water Resources has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other university. I also certify that the work described here is entirely my own except for excerpts and summaries whose sources are appropriately cited in the references.

This report may be made available within the university library and may be photocopied or loaned to other libraries for the purposes of consultation.

1st January 2012

Signature NICOLAUS, Christian 2008-04-03400

APPROVAL
This project entitled:

Design of water supply at Njedengwa Investment Area in Dodoma region

Submitted by:

NICOLAUS, Christian (2008-04-03400)

In requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering and Water Resources, College Of Engineering and Technology, his work has been found satisfactory and University of Dar es salaam has accepted this work under supervision of Dr. Richard L. Kimwaga.

Supervisor: Dr. Richard L. Kimwaga

Signature: .

Date

ABSTRACT
One of the most vital services to mankind is adequate water supply system, without which society cannot survive. Most of the urbanized and non-urbanized areas are facing the problem of inadequate water to fulfill their needs. The lack of adequate water supply systems is due to both poor design or/and implementation of water supply system, deterioration of aging water supply systems in older urbanized areas, and to the non-existence of adequate water supply systems in many areas. The same circumstance is observed where Njedengwa at Makulu ward in Dodoma region is planned to be developed to the level of a small township area which will comprises of both residential, commercial, and intuitions. So far in that area there is no any source or supply of water to be relied upon, something that is influencing the development of the area to take place immediately. In designing water supply for Njedengwa Investment Area, Makutopora basin which is the principal water source for Dodoma municipality both domestic and non-domestic (commercial and industrial use) has been selected as the water. In brief the Makutopora basin lies in Dodoma Region, and hydrologically within the Wami sub-Basin (Kinyasungwe sub-catchment) in the Wami-Ruvu Water Basin. There are total of 20 boreholes drilled for production purposes. Generally the yield capacity of the Makutopora aquifer is high compared to daily demand/pumping due to low capacity installed pump. The current water demand is estimated to be about 45,000m3/day against the current installed production capacity of about 40,000m3/day. This means that, by developing the Njedengwa area (whose theoretical population capacity has been calculated to be 320,000) without first boosting the water production capacity, it will increase the water supply deficit from 5,000m3/day to 37,000m3/day. Therefore along this project there is ongoing project which has been already planned and designed to boost up the current deficit to a satisfactory amount in which the pumping from wells is renewed i.e. reinstallation of high capacity pumps is now taking place then afterward the water will be pumped to Kisasa area in Dodoma region in which the extension to Njedengwa area is expected to take place so as to distribute water into Njedengwa area. These two projects are separate but dependant each other in reason that the Njedengwa Investment Area water supply is depending on the project to boost the pumping from the wells. After the completion, which is now about to finish, of project for overcoming demand deficit will mark the beginning of Njedengwa water supply implementation after design has completed.

3. INRODUCTION
Design of water supply systems for Njedengwa Investment Area is the project which is aiming at supplying water to a newly planned area with number activities which have been nominated as residential, commercial, and official activities. Njedengwa Investment Area is an area which has been monopolized by the company called Sinana Enterprises for the purpose of developing the area. The project has two phases, the first being the planning and design while the second one is implementation or simply construction of the project. I am going to put the center of attention specifically on planning and design of the project meanwhile the project for overcoming deficit is in progress. As a matter of fact the construction phase will take place after full completion of the deficit elimination project so I will not involve with construction of the project. However the following is going to be the center of attention throughout of the project design so as to accomplish the designed system which will be reliable in supplying water to consumer without bring inconveniencies such as inadequate demand, low or pressure, poor distribution system and many other inconveniencies which are the result of careless and poor design. One of the key elements is to design the extension of main from Kisasa area to Njedengwa Investment Area, followed by design of the storage tank in which the high lifting pump will be required. Raising main from pumping station to distribution system will also be designed then distribution system itself. To achieve the above goals there are several data to be collected and analyzed; and these are population of the area, per capita demand, non-domestic activities expected to take place within the area, topographical map of the area itself. I am going to give more emphasis about these on research and literature review chapter. Finally it is of no importance if t

4. PROBLEM OF STATEMENT Dodoma town is among the gradually expanding town in Tanzania regions. Municipality of Dodoma consists of 13 wards. In its program of expanding the town Dodoma municipality has decided to hand over the Njedengwa area which is within Makulu ward to Sinana Enterprises for the purpose of developing the area. The Njedengwa area consists has been planned of 11 land blocks with alphabetical names from A to L. It has been planned that the Njedengwa Investment area will comprise of commercial, residential apartments and a number of institutions. As a matter of fact no area can be nominated as developed without having a reliable infrastructure systems such as roads, convenient water supply and other utilities such power lines and telecommunication lines. So in developing this Njedengwa; two principal utilities, which are roads and water supply systems, must be given first consideration. Therefore in order to accomplish this priority the following general precedence which is planning, design and implementation/construction must be employed. In principle any design should be done so as to optimize the cost of investment. Consequently in design water supply at Njedengwa Investment Area the main constraint is that the desired demands are supplied with adequate head being maintained at withdrawal locations which in turn minimize capital investment plus energy costs, subjected to: (1) meeting hydraulic constraints (2) satisfying pressure requirement and then (3) achieve reliable water demand supply 5. OBJECTIVES 5.2 Main objective

The main aim of this project is to supply water to Njedengwa Investment Area which will provide an adequate demand to all the habitats within premises of Njedengwa Investment Area. That is to say the design is mainly aim at reaching Njedengwa Investment Area with a dependable water service which will be available at all designed working time; depending on the system option whether intermittent or continuous. 5.2 Specific objectives

To achieve the above main objective, specifically the following objectives must also be accomplished so as to make the project achievable and feasible. (1) Population estimation is of paramount in reason that it is the one which will give the design demand. The population estimation is expected to be done by

an assumption from Dodoma town population as it will be seen in proceeding chapters. On the other hand, population of the area must be projected to an acceptable a pre-decided design period say for 20 years which after then the following should be considered: to design an entirely new system or to reorganize the existing system. As it is expensive to replace the existing system with a new system after its design life is over, the attempt should be made to improve the carrying capacity of the existing system. Moreover, if the increase in demand is marginal, then merely increasing the pumping capacity and pumping head may suffice. Data acquisition and analysis must be then conducted to enable the design procedure. (2) After knowing the design demand the design of water supply systems may proceed. The systems will, at least, comprise the following; extension of main pipeline, storage tank, and distribution network. 6. SCOPE I have encompassed the project within the domain of planning and design only of which the achievements will be attained in the following approach: Literature review In fact, in order to concur the problem satisfactorily there must be a review of how the past problems similar to that in question have been solved. So to make a good design I will first make an overview of different alternatives which exists in dealing with the problem of water supply systems, thereby opting for the best alternatives to concur the problem. Data collection and analysis must be done to obtain the necessary input so as to give expected output of the design. On other hand, the planning process will be a bit short and brief meanwhile design will be the core part of the project after obtaining data.

7. METHODOLOGY

OBJECTIVE DATA NEEDED  Initial population (Pn)  Growth rate (k)  Number of years to be forecasted for.

DEMAND ESTIMATIO N

METHODOLOG DATA PROCESSING. Y  To extract  Arithmetic the Increase Method estimated value of  Determination of total future demand population  Avera expected ge initially daily from the deman planned d area.  Maxi  To employ mum Dodoma daily municipalit deman y growth d factor to the  Peak area hour (assumptio deman n) d

DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

 Topography of the area (contour map)  Elevations along the suggested routes  Design demand  Pipe sizes and materials relevance to the area climate and geologic formation

 Profiles of the entire system  Extension of pipeline  High lifting pump  Raising main  Storage reservoir  Flow hydraulics and network analysis.

 Plot of the profiles for the entire system  Evaluation of the survey data and conversion to useful information by using EPANET or WATERCAD software aid.  Nodal analysis, pumping and reservoir points identification

8. RESEARCH AND LITERATURE REVIEW

8.1 BACKGROUND The process of supplying water to community especially where domestic need is the predominant element there are number of ways which can be employed to successful supply water depending on what kind of the source, in terms of quantity and quality, is near to the area in question. For example in arid area where there is scarcity of surface water the water may be supplied through ground water, being the best source of potable water among the sources of potable water, ground is mostly used to supply community with potable water (deep-wells). On the other hand the water supply can be by using harvesting of rain water where there is an extensive rainfall per annum and this is done by constructing enough storage tank for collection of rain water during rain so as to be used during the drought season of the year, also people who are surrounded by fresh water bodies such as rivers, lakes and seas are lack enough to be supply with water by simply taking the water from those bodies either by gravity or pumping depending on the nature of the terrain. 8.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION In all of the above sources of water the need to optimum design is required to eliminate the failure of the system in near future after the design of the system. In general, water distribution systems can be divided into four main components: (1) water sources and intake, (2) treatment works and storage, (3) transmission mains, and (4) distribution network. The common sources for the untreated or raw water are surface water sources such as rivers, lakes springs, and man-made reservoirs and ground water sources such as bores and wells. The intake structures and pumping stations are constructed to extract water from these sources. The raw water is transported to the treatment plants for processing through transmission mains and is stored in clear water reservoir after treatment. The degree of treatment depends upon the raw water quality and finished water quality requirements. Sometimes, ground water quality is so good that only disinfection is required before supplying to consumers. The clear water reservoir provides a buffer for water demand variation as treatment plants are generally designed for average daily demand Water is carried over long distances through transmission mains. If the flow of water in transmission main is maintained by creating a pressure head by pumping, it is called a pumping main. On the other hand, if the flow in a transmission main is maintained by gravitational potential available on account of elevation difference, it is called gravity main. There are no intermediate withdrawals in a water transmission main. Similar to transmission mains, the flow in water distribution networks is maintained either by pumping or by gravitational potential. In a flat terrain, the water pressure in a large water distribution network is maintained by pumping; however, in steep terrain, gravitational potential maintains a pressure head in the water distribution system.

A distribution network delivers water to consumers through service connections. Such a distribution network may have different configurations depending upon the layout of the area. Generally, water distribution networks have a looped and branched configuration of pipelines, but sometimes either looped or branched configurations are also provided depending upon the general layout plan of the city roads depending upon the general layout plan of the city roads and streets. Urban water networks have mostly looped configurations, whereas rural water networks have branched configurations. On account of the high-reliability requirement of water services, looped configurations are preferred over branched configurations The cost being the main factor to influence the system for water supply to be designed depends upon proper selection of the geometry of the network. The selection of street layout adopted in the planning of the city is important to provide a minimumcost water supply system. The two most common water supply configurations of looped water supply systems are the gridiron pattern and the ring and radial pattern. 8.3 FLOW HYDRAULICS AND NETWORK ANALYSIS The flow hydraulics will generally be concerned with basic principles of flow such as continuity equation, equation of motion, and Bernoullis equation for close conduit. Another important area of pipe flows is to understand and calculate resistance losses and form losses due to pipe fittings (i.e. bends, elbows, valves, entrances, and reducers), which are the essential parts. Suitable equations for form-losses calculations are required for total head-loss computation as fittings can contribute significant head loss to the system. Analysis of pipe network is an integral part of the synthesis process of network because it is essential to understand or evaluate a physical system. Incase of single input system, the input discharge is equal to the sum of withdrawals. So in order to obtain input point discharges, pipe discharges, and nodal pressure heads the system has to be analyzed. Incase of a branched system, starting from a dead-end node and successively applying the node flow continuity relationship, all pipe discharges can be easily estimated. Once the pipe discharges are known, the nodal pressure heads can be calculated by applying the pipe head-loss relationship starting from an input source node with known input head. In a looped network, the pipe discharges are derived using loop head-loss relationship for known pipe sizes and nodal continuity equations for known nodal withdrawals. Ramalingam et al. (2002) published a brief history of water distribution network analysis over 100 years and also included the chronology of pipe network analysis methods. A number of methods have been used to compute the flow in pipe networks ranging from graphical methods to the use of physical analogies and finally the use of mathematical/numerical methods.

Darcy Weisbach and Hazen Williams provide the equations for the head loss computation through pipes. Liou (1998) pointed out the limitations of the Hazen Williamss equations, and in conclusion he strongly discouraged the use of the Hazen Williamss equation. He also recommended the use of the Darcy Weisbach equation with the Colebrook White equation. Swamee (2000) also indicated that the Hazen Williams equation was not only inaccurate but also conceptually incorrect. Brown (2002) examined the historical development of the Darcy Weisbach equation for pipe flow resistance and stated that the most notable advance in the application of this equation was the publication of an explicit equation for friction factor by Swamee and Jain (1976). He concluded that due to the general accuracy and complete range of application, the Darcy Weisbach equation should be considered the standard and the other should left for the historians. Considering the above investigations, only the Darcy Weisbach will be used throughout the project in pipe network analysis.

8.4 CHOICE BETWEEN PUMPING AND GRAVITY SYSTEMS On the topography having mild to medium, the choice between a pumping and gravity system slope is difficult without having an analytical methodology. The pumping system can be designed for any topographic configuration. On the other hand, a gravity system is feasible if the input point is at a higher elevation than all the withdrawal points. Large pipe diameter will be required if the elevation difference between input point and withdrawals is very small, and the design may not be economic in comparison with pumping system. Thus, it is essential to calculate elevation the critical elevation difference at which both pumping and gravity systems will have the same cost. 8.5 NETWORK SYTHESIS With the advent of fast Computer Aided Design (CAD) methods, conventional methods of water distribution network have been discarded. The conventional design practice in vogue is to analyze the water distribution system assuming the pipe diameters and the input heads and obtain the nodal pressure heads and the pipe link discharges and average velocities. The nodal pressure heads are checked against the maximum and minimum allowable pressure heads. The average pipe link velocities are checked against maximum allowable average velocity. The pipe diameters and the input heads are revised several times to ensure that the nodal pressure heads and the average pipe velocities do not cross the allowable limits. Such a design is a feasible design satisfying the functional and safety requirements. The main objectives of the synthesis of pipe network is to estimate design variables like pipe diameters and pumping heads by minimizing total system cost subject to a number of constraints. These constraints can be dived into safety and system

constraints. The safety constraints include criteria about minimum pipe size, minimum and maximum terminal pressure heads, and maximum allowable velocity. The system constraints include criteria for nodal discharge summation and loop headloss summation in the entire distribution system. Three options exist, depending on the nature of the project, in the process of design of pipe network systems. 8.5.2 designing an isolated subsystem A subsystem can be designed separately if it has a little interaction with the remaining system. Choosing an economic type (material) of pipes, adopting an economic size of gravity or pumping mains, adopting a minimum storage capacity of service reservoirs, and adopting the least-cost alternative of various available sources of supply are some examples that can be quoted to highlight this aspect. The design of water transmission mains and water distribution mains can be covered in this aspect. The water transmission main transports water from one location to another without any intermediate withdrawals. On the other hand, water distribution mains have a supply (input) point at one end and withdrawals at intermediate and end points. C6 and C7 describe the design of these systems. 8.5.2 Designing the system as a whole Most of the research work has been aimed at optimization of a water supply system as a whole. The majority of the components of a water supply system have strong intersection. It is therefore not possible to consider them as a separate unit during designing phase. The design problem of looped network is one of the difficult problems of optimization, and satisfactory solution methodology is in an evolving phase. For single-input supply C8 and C9. C10 11 8.5.2 dividing the area into a number of optimal zones for design

For this aspect, convenience alone has been the criterion to decompose a large network into subsystems. Of the practical consideration, certain guidelines exist to divide the network into a number of subnetworks. These guidelines are not based on any comprehensive analysis. The current practice of designing such systems is by decomposing or splitting a system into a number of subsystems. Each a subsystem is separately designed and finally interconnected at the ends for reliability considerations. The decision regarding the area to covered by each system depends upon the designers awareness. On the other hand, to design a large water distribution system as a single entity may have computational difficulty in terms of computer time and storage. Such a system can also be efficiency designed if optionally split into subsystems (Swamee and Sharma, 1990a). C12 for this

8.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATION The design considerations involve topographic features of terrain, economic parameters, and fluid properties. The essential parameters for network sizing are the projection of domestic/residential and non-domestic, per capita water consumption; peak flow factors; minimum and maximum pipe sizes; pipe materials; and reliability considerations. Beneath these parameters another design parameter is the selection of an optimal design period of a water distribution system. The water systems are designed for predecided time horizon generally called design period. For a static population, the system can be designed either for a design period equal to the life of the pipes sharing the maximum cost of the system or for the perpetual existence of the water supply system. On the other hand, for a growing population or water demand, it is always economic to design the system in stages and restrengthen the system after the end of every staging period. The design period should be based on the useful life of the component sharing maximum cost, pattern of the population growth or increase in water demand, and discount rate. The reliability considerations are also important for the design of water distribution system as there is a trade-off between cost of the system and system reliability.