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INTRODUCTION
In-house, there is presently a wide variety of networks, each optimized for transporting a particular set of services [voice telephony, radio over fiber (RoF), etc.]. The lack of a common network infrastructure hampers the introduction of new services, and the creation of mutual relations among them. In short-reach optical networks, especially in local area networks (LANs), multimode fiber (MMF) links have been selected as the basic infrastructure. Due to its large bandwidth, MMF seems to be the only medium able to offer broadband multiservices in the office and in in-door networks. A MMF network can constitute the backbone of the network, which feeds the fixed-wired services (such as data services), as well as wireless services in a single building using a multiplexing technique. To simultaneously transport various types of services such a technique must meet a high efficiency/cost ratio.

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Chapter 1

Multimode fiber telecommunication system

1.1 Introduction
Telecommunications is one of the major fields of technology where human activities have focused. The need to communicate is vital in human activities. For example, in the case of research and development, it would seem impossible to achieve any progress whatsoever, without suffciently communicating the already known results. In this case, communications facilitate the transfer of knowledge and experience. In our information-based societies, advanced telecommunication technologies are a prerequisite for economic growth. Telecommunication systems are characterized by their geographical range. They span from very short interconnections between chips or equipment to long-haul transoceanic links. Optical fiber communications offer a very attractive solution for a telecommunication infrastructure. Optical systems enable highspeed and reliable communications. They can be very diverse and can be found in many different applications. The international undersea network uses fiber optics systems . The same can hold for intercity, metropolitan, campus, in-building or automobile systems and networks. In short range optical networks, where the length of the optical fibers does not exceed a few kilometers, multimode fibers (MMFs) have been primarily used. A good reason for this is that the size of their core is much larger than the size of the core of single-mode fibers (SMFs). Therefore handling of MMFs is easier than of SMFs, since there is more tolerance in the required alignment for the coupling of light in and out of the MMF as well as for splicing MMFs.

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1.2 Comparison between SMF and MMF

Multi-mode fiber has higher "light-gathering" capacity than single-mode optical fiber. In practical terms, the larger core size simplifies connections and also allows the use of lower-cost electronics such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, compared to single-mode fibers, the multi-mode fiber bandwidth-distance product limit is lower. Because multi-mode fiber has a larger core-size than single-mode fiber, it supports more than one propagation mode; hence it is limited by modal dispersion, while single mode is not. The LED light sources sometimes used with multi-mode fiber produce a range of wavelengths and these each propagate at different speeds. In contrast, the lasers used to drive single-mode fibers produce coherent light of a single wavelength. This chromatic dispersion is another limit to the useful length for multi-mode fiber optic cable. Because of their larger core size, multi-mode fibers have higher numerical apertures which means they are better at collecting light than single-mode fibers. Due to the modal dispersion in the fiber, multi-mode fiber has higher pulse spreading rates than single mode fiber, limiting multi-mode fibers information transmission capacity.

1.3 Transparent in-house networks

The residential user has access to different services, such as internet, telephony and cable digital or analog television (CATV). Currently, several telecommunication operators offer these three services, which is commonly called triple play. Traditionally, for each of these services a different telecommunication infrastructure is used for its distribution to and inside the house. Having a common broadband infrastructure allows for more flexible access, with dynamic bandwidth allocation and service provision based on the users' demands. An MMF infrastructure can meet both the requirements of broadband access and flexibility of future residential networks. Figure 1.1 shows an example of an MMF-based in-house network where several services are integrated. Different access connections reach a residential gateway, via which the various services are distributed in the house over the MMF infrastructure.

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Fig1.1: A transparent MMF in-house network, integrating many different services.[2]

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Chapter 2

Multimode fibers and various multiplexing techniques

2.1 Basic properties

An optical fiber is a dielectric cylindrical waveguide. Light propagates in the core of the optical fiber. The core is surrounded by the cladding, which has a smaller refractive index. Therefore the mechanism of light propagation in optical fibers is total internal reflection. The diameters of the core and the cladding, the profile of the refractive index, as well as the material of the fiber define the type of the optical fiber and give its particular characteristics. An optical fiber is multimode when light propagates in more than one spatial guided mode. A distinct ray-trace of light propagation in the optical fiber corresponds to a certain mode. An SMF supports only one mode in its specified wavelength operation range. Besides the optical power that propagates along the fiber, some of the power is not bound and it is radiated. This is usually described by the radiation modes . There is also a third category of modes which are not guided ones, neither radiation ones. Some part of the optical power can propagate only over a certain distance along the fiber. This type of light propagation is described by the leaky or tunneling modes . Light described by the leaky modes is not totally bound in the fiber and along propagation it steadily escapes in the cladding and then it is radiated.

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Figure 2.1: Refractive index profile n(r) of (a) an SI-MMF ( = ) and (b) a parabolic GI-MMF ( = 2)[2].

Figure 2.2: Ray trace in (a) an SI-MMF ( = ) and (b) a parabolic GI-MMF ( = 2). The launch conditions of the ray on the input facet of the MMF are the same in both cases. The cylindrical area represents the core of the MMF.[2] The range of angles under which an optical system can accept or emit a ray is expressed by the numerical aperture (NA). The NA is a dimensionless number and it is defined by NA=n Sin , where n is the refractive index of the medium where rays propagate and denotes half the value of the angle that defines the cone of light acceptance or emission of the optical system in the same medium. For a GI-MMF, is the maximum angle between a ray that can enter the GI-MMF and the fiber axis. The local NA of a GI-MMF for guided rays is given by

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[2]

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NAGI-MMF(r, )=

(2.1)

When light propagates in an MMF, it is not always the case that all modes are excited. It may be that the optical power is distributed only among a few of these modes. This is commonly referred as to selective or restricted excitation. Excitation of all the modes is described as overfilled launch. The distribution of the optical propagating power among the modes depends on the excitation conditions and mode mixing. Mode mixing is the gradual redistribution of the optical power among the modes as light propagates along the MMF. Mode mixing is due to irregularities in the refractive index profile, either macroscopic or microscopic. These irregularities may change in time, e.g. due to temperature variations. Ideally, light propagates in a straight, cylindrical waveguide, with a refractive index that depends only on the radial coordinate. Any deviation from this ideal case, for example due to bending or impurities of the material, can induce mode mixing.

2.2 Multiplexing techniques

Multiplexing techniques are widely used in telecommunication systems. They allow several users to access the same transmission medium. In principle, in multiplexing, the transmission resources are shared among the users. The type of multiplexing depends on the shared resource. In the following subsections, we discuss several known multiplexing techniques.

2.2.1 Wavelength division multiplexing

A powerful technique in optical communications is wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). WDM creates several channels over the same fiber, either SMF or MMF, using a different wavelength for each channel. At the receiving side of a WDM system, optical filters are required in order to demultiplex the transmitted signals. The format of the transmitted signals can be arbitrary since the demultiplexing is based on Department of Electronics Engineering
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wavelength differentiation. There are two WDM variants, namely dense WDM (DWDM) and coarse WDM (CWDM). CWDM, sometimes referred to as wideband WDM, uses a much wider spacing in the wavelengths of the optical sources and therefore it has increased tolerance with respect to wavelength drifting and consequently to temperature fluctuations. CWDM is a lower cost technique than DWDM due to the more relaxed requirements in the system design and related components. Therefore CWDM seems more suitable for application in MMF systems

2.2.2 Subcarrier multiplexing

Similarly to WDM, in radio communications, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is applied. In a sense, WDM is an optical form of FDM. It is possible to use a radio FDM signal to modulate the laser intensity of an optical link. At the end of such a link, the electrical received signal can be processed with an FDM demultiplexer. Therefore several radio channels can be multiplexed over the same fiber. This technique is known as subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) and it is mainly used in radio-over-fiber systems, such as the cable television (CATV) distribution systems . In SCM, the transmission channels are transparent to the transmission format and their bandwidth is limited by the sub- carrier spacing. SCM transmission has been considered over MMF , and combined with DWDM has yielded a very high aggregate bit rate of 204 Gbit/s over 3 km of 50/125 m silica-based GI-MMF .

2.2.3 Time division multiplexing

In digital communications, it is possible to divide the transmission time in slots and transmit each digital channel periodically. This technique is called time division multiplexing (TDM). Similarly to WDM and FDM, TDM can apply directly in the optical domain or electrical TDM can apply over the intensity of the transmitted optical carrier . TDM requires a digital signal format. Optical TDM aims at achieving a very high capacity per transmission wavelength in long-haul SMF transmission systems. Electrical TDM can be a cost-effective approach in LANs and optical access systems. Department of Electronics Engineering
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2.2.4 Code division multiplexing

In all multiplexing techniques, a minimum level of orthogonality is needed in a certain domain among the received signals in order to demultiplex the channels. The previously mentioned techniques achieve the necessary orthogonality in the wavelength, frequency, time and polarization (space) domains. It is possible to create several communication channels by using a unique code at each channel to transmit a digital data stream. The necessary orthogonality can then be achieved with the use of mutually orthogonal codes. This technique is called code division multiplexing (CDM) or code division multiple access (CDMA), depending on the application and whether it uses synchronous or asynchronous transmission. CDMA has been originally introduced in radio communications but optical CDMA has been investigated as well . In CDM/CDMA, the communication channels can use the same wavelength, frequency, time or polarization (ingeneral, spatial mode).

2.2.5 Mode group diversity multiplexing

MGDM creates parallel, independent communication channels, transparent to the transmission format, using groups of the propagating modes. MGDM uses IM-DD, but it does not require orthogonality among the intensity profiles of the detected mode groups, since it mitigates cross-talk due to the lack of orthogonality with electronic signal processing.

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Chapter 3

Mode group diversity multiplexing technique

3.1 Introduction
MGDM is a modal multiplexing technique that creates parallel, independent communication channels over an MMF. MGDM has been proposed as a way to integrate various services over an MMF network.MGDM is an IM-DD MIMO technique that uses a matrix to relate the electrical input and output signals. This matrix description requires that the system is linear with respect to the optical intensity. It supports transparency to the signal format. This means that the signal processing algorithms in MGDM should ideally be independent of the transmission format.

3.2 Basic principle

The principle of MGDM is shown in Figure 3.1. At the transmitting side, N sources are used to launch a different group of modes each. At the output of the MMF, each of M photodetectors responds to a different combination of the optical power carried by the N mode groups.

Fig3.1: A MGDM System[2]

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It should be noted that these mode groups are not the principal mode groups, which consist of modes with very similar propagation coeffcient . As will be explained , in a transparent, broadband MGDM system, a real-valued matrix can be used to relate the electrical output to the electrical input signals. Electrical processing of the signals after the photodetectors is used to demultiplex the channels. Therefore, no signal orthogonality is required in the optical intensity domain. An algorithm for the signal processing that satisfies the requirement of signal-format transparency is matrix inversion. Matrix inversion is a zero-forcing algorithm that cancels cross-talk among the channels .

In the following chapters, when referring to an M XN MGDM system, we assume the following characteristics: y An MXN real-valued transmission matrix H relates the M electrical output signals to the N electrical input ones. y y The MGDM system is transparent to the transmission format. Electronic matrix inversion is used to demultiplex the MGDM channels.

Multi-mode fibre (MMF), especially graded-index multimode fibre (GI-MMF) is often used in short-reach networks like those on campuses or for in-premise communication because of ease of installation. The bandwidth of MMF is mostly limited by modal dispersion, which can be alleviated by exciting only a subset of the modes available in the fibre with the offset launch technique . If different subsets of modes are excited within the fibre, they can be used as independent communication channels, increasing the capacity of the fibre even more. The subsets of modes then play a role similar to that of spatial channels in multi-antenna wireless MIMO systems. Differential mode delay helps to improve the signal separation between the two data streams, which in turn could be easily separated by simple signal processing at the fibre output. At each of these locations the output signal is given by a linear combination of the inputs as determined by the coefficients Hij , indicating the amount of power sent from transmitter i to receiver j :

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[1]

(r1(t) r2(t)) = (s1(t) s2(t) ) )

(3.1)

This transparent approach has been named Mode Group Diversity Multiplexing (MGDM) . After the signals have been detected, they need to be processed electronically to remove the crosstalk between the channels inside the fibre. When light is launched into a fiber, the modes are excited to varying degrees depending on the conditions of the launchinput cone angle, spot size, axial centration etc. The distribution of energy among the modes evolves with distance as energy is exchanged between them. In particular, energy can be coupled from guided to radiation modes by perturbations such as microbending and twisting of the fiber thus increasing the attenuation

The MGDM is a multiplexing technique, based on the spatial launching and detection of subgroups of modes to create a number of independent communication channels in a single MMF. This technique exploits the unused capacity of MMF for improving the bandwidth fiber length product. In MGDM, the excitation of subgroups of modes decreases the intermodal dispersion, resulting in up to a fourfold bandwidth increase by exciting less than 50% of the fiber modes . In that, every transmitter launches a defined mode group (MG), which is detected by a spatial receiver placed at the end facet of the fiber.

However, the MG propagation in each channel is not ideal. This is due to subgroup mode mixing and nonorthogonality of transmitters and receivers, which causes crosstalk between propagation channels producing multiservice interference (MSI). To separate the services, electrical signal processing is required after the optoelectronic conversion. MGDM with multiple input and multiple output is similar to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in radio communications. The digital signal processing (DSP) used in radio networks to mitigate the effects of multiple channels can be used to mitigate the MSI in optical networks employing MGDM. Yet, efficient algorithms and hardware implementations are needed to facilitate the separation of services after the Department of Electronics Engineering
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optoelectronic conversion. For MGDM, the simplest receiver architecture is based on matrix inversion, a zero-forcing (Z-F) equalizer in line with the requirement of service transparency .The MGDM technique with a spatial coupler and receiver can allow for the launch of limited subgroup modes (SGMs) associated with each transmitter. This technique reduces the intermodel dispersion by keeping the high capacity of the system and maintaining orthogonality between several channels.

3.3 Transmitter parameters

Each transmitter is characterized by two parameters, offset and spot size: the offset (F) is the transmitter position according to the central axis of the propagation in the fiber, and the spot size (w) is the size of the incident light beam on the input facet of the fiber. Once these two parameters are determined, it is possible to launch the light source with a given angle ( angular offset) in order to obtain 100% efficiency [. In this work, we took into account the angular offset as mentioned to minimize the power loss]. Also the realization of transmitters is possible through single mode fibers (SMFs) associated with each user, with its radius determining the spot size .

For example, for a MGDM (3X3)system, almost three separate channels are created in a GI-MMF (62.5/125)by the injection of the light in three different offsets: F=0,13, 26 micrometer. Figure 3.2 shows the excitation profile of SGMs and the power distribution according to these three offsets. The central transmitter (F=0) launches only lower order modes (LMs) (in the ideal case, the lowest mode will carry more energy). For the launching of the light at F=13 and 26 micrometer (extremity channels), higher order modes (HMs) are excited, which are mainly traveling in the outer region of the MMF core. However, the propagation of SGMs associated with each channel along the fiber is not totally independent. A modes mixing between the various SGMs causes channel overlapping and degrades the orthogonality of the system. At the reception, every SGM has a specific area of optical energy distribution at the output facet of the fiber.

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Figure 3.3 shows the intensity distribution of the light flux of the three channels in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the fiber propagation with L=100 m.For the fundamental channel F=0m, the light energy is concentrated in a zone at the middle of

Fig3.2: Excitation prole at the input facet of GIMMF (62.5/125) for three offsets with w=4 ym.[1]

the fiber core. But the light energy at the extremity channels is distributed in the outside region of the core. The reception part can be achieved by using a lens placed on the output facet of the fiber, for the projection of the optical light onto an optoelectronic integrated circuit (OIC), which employs photodetectors and preamplifiers.

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Fig.3.3 Light intensity distribution for three excitation Positions(F=0,13,26 m).[1]

3.4 Classical MGDM Technique

For a MIMO radio system, the relationship between antennas at reception and emission is presented in matrix form. Similarly for an O-MIMO system, the relationship between receivers and transmitters is presented analytically by a matrix. Elements of this matrix present the subchannels in the fiber. The relationship between the N received electrical signals (yi) and the N emitted electrical signals (si) is written in the form
[1]

       

  .  

(3.2)

or in matrix notation as, y= H . s+ n

[1]

(3.3)
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where y, s, n are, respectively, the received signal vector, the emitted signal vector, and the additive noise from the receivers. The matrix elements hij describe the signal transfer from the transmitter i to the detector j. Each element has an amplitude [representing the path mitigation (i , j)] and a phase [corresponding to the delay of the specific path (i , j)]. In the case of MGDM with negligible modal dispersion, the coefficients hij take real values, expressing the proportion of power transmitted by the ith source and received by the jth detector

The coupling effects on MMF are divided into intermode and intramode mixing. Intramode mixing depends on the light source and occurs between modes of the same SGM. Intramode mixing is the major effect in MMF transmission apart from external factors acting on the fiber. The intermode mixing occurs between different SGMs (produced by external effects on the fiber: curvature, microcurvature, etc.). Note that intermode mixing increases MSI.

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CHAPTER 4

MODIFIED MGDM ALGORITHMS

4.1 Basic Principle
The classical MGDM system is based on equal optical powers for all channels in the system. In addition, the model architecture of the classical MGDM system is adapted for baseband service transmission. The modification of this architecture at the transmitter or the receiver allows us to add radio services to the system. The aim of such an architecture modification is to maintain an orthogonality between radio services (launched on a single transmitter) and other baseband services. The orthogonality here means an aggregate of baseband signals without influence from the radio signal. Thus, the received radio signal is transmitted at the end user without modification. In addition, the orthogonality is maintained among all services.

Indeed, all radio signals are emitted over the fiber using just one MIMO channel (offset=0.). The reception of the radio signal (carrier frequency: fp=2.5 GHz) launched at the central transmitter is followed by an electrical bandpass filter after the optoelectronic conversion. On the other hand, the reception of baseband signals is followed by low-pass filtering techniques controlled by their bit rates (D=1 Gb/s) to separate them from the radio signal. However, the use of this system for a radio signal and for a baseband signal, both having the same frequency band, is complicated.

For example, the transmission of a GSM signal with fp=1 GHz and a baseband signal with D=1 Gb/s on the same fiber by the use of the MGDM technique complicates their separation by filtering systems at the reception. Here we propose a technique, based on orthogonality, that can be adapted at the emission part. This approach is based on techniques similar to those used in MIMO radio systems for optimal antenna selection . A selection criterion of the suboptimal antenna is used in the case of the linear and coherent

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receivers: a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) postprocessing of the multiplexed stream, which involves choosing the antenna that results in the minimum SNR as being the optimal antenna. Therefore, using the optimal antenna (lowest power) for data emission leads to good performance in terms of probability of error.

The aim of optimal antenna selection in radio MIMO systems is mainly to improve transmission quality. In our study, we will take part in this study (selection of optimal transmitter) in the optical case, to associate the optimal transmitter of radio signals.

We will adapt a selection algorithm to create orthogonality at the receiver side of the MGDM system. Note that the selection algorithm in radio systems is only suitable for a sufficiently slow time-varying channel. In the optical MIMO system, especially when using MGDM, the coefficient of the H matrix varies slowly in time compared with the symbol period. The strategies for adapting the H-matrix coefficients can be dynamically designed. These variations can be monitored by adding some redundancy to the transmitted signals using online coding. These codes allow the detection of transmission errors at the receiver. If too many errors occur, the receiver may request through a feedback channel to the transmitter to send another training sequence for a new system initialization. The analytical model describing the relation between transmitted and received signals presented in Eq. (3.3) for the MGDM system can be modified and written as follows:
[1]

       

  .  

.Sr +

(4.1)

or in compact form as, y=H1.s+H2.Sr+n [1]

(4.2)

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The transfer matrix H is decomposed into two parts: H1, which represents the channel matrix associated with baseband services s={s2 ,s3 ,sr1,sr+1, . . . ,sN}, and H2, the channel matrix associated with radio services (sr). The idea is to create a maximum orthogonality between H1 and H2 at the transmitter side. To achieve this goal, we have introduced two criteria: the power criteria to protect baseband services and the choice of the optimal transmitter criteria to enableradio services transmission.

4.2 Power Criteria

Before the launching of various services in the fiber, it is possible to protect baseband services by the variation of optical powers. This power variation allows the overlapping of subchannel H2 over H1 to be decreased. Indeed, each receiver captures a mix of signals. For example, receiver x will capture the fundamental signal in demand (sx), consisting of a mixture of baseband signals and that of the radio signal
[1]

yx=hx2+

+hxx sx+

hxr sr+nx

(4.3)

BB Signals(I1)

Radio Signal (I2)+noise

To recover the data stream sx at reception, it is necessary to reduce the overlap with the radio signal (I2) before separating baseband signals (I1) by electrical signal processing. For this purpose, we suppose that the radio signal forms an additive noise acting on the receiver x (i.e., the product hxr sr presents a noise that affects the received signal yx). For the radio signal to be considered as additive noise, it is necessary that I2<<I1. For that, we have considered two factors: the optical power of the radio signal and the coefficient hxr. The radio signal is launched at the transmitter side with an average optical power P1, while each baseband signal is launched with an average power P2 such that P2>P1. For that purpose, let us define the power ratio as follows:
[1]

= (4.4)

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The choice of average powers (P1 ,P2) at emission is related to the product (I1 , I2) at reception and the additive noise (n) with the following relationship: n2<<I2<<I1. Note that the noise element n2 is the additive noise affecting the receiver R2 resulting from the optoelectronic component. In an optical reception system, the element with the highest noise is the photodiode. n is a thermal noise due to random movements of electrons in any conductor. Mathematically, this intrinsic thermal noise in a conductor of resistance R is modeled as a Gaussian random process with one-sided spectral density given by:
[1]

Nth =

(4.5)

4.3 Choice of Optimal Transmitter criteria

To protect the radiosignal [launched with lowpower (P1)] and to increase the orthogonality at reception with other signals, it is necessary to launch it on an optimal channel. We dene the factor of the total optical crosstalk
[1] i

at the reception area Ri as

i=

10

(4.6)

where the coefficient i measures the orthogonality between receivers and depends on the values of the matrix coefficients H. We take the example of an MGDM 4X4 system for both types of GI-MMF (50/125 and 62.5/125). By determining
i

of each receiver R {R1

, . . . ,R3}, we can determine the optimal channel (Fig.4.1), the one with the minimum value of
i.

Figure 3 shows that receivers R1 and R4 are less affected by other signals.

These two receivers are associated with the central (F=0m) and eccentric transmitters (F=26m), respectively. These two transmitters can represent the optimal choice for the radio signal transmission. However, the choice between these two transmitters depends on their orthogonality. Department of Electronics Engineering
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The low influence of the signal associated with the fundamental transmitter on all receivers renders this as the optimal transmitter. Given this, the product I2 decreases, which allows us to consider this product as an additive noise. Such noise is then added with the noise of optoelectronic components on the receivers associated with the baseband signals. In addition the fundamental channel delivers good performance even in the presence of external disturbances acting on the fiber. This is important to protect the radio signal launched with a low optical power.

Fig 4.1 Crosstalk

associated with each receiver

(Ri) for a 4x4 system.[1] On the other hand, the radio signal (s1) is received by the fundamental receiver (R2) with a mixture of other service interference and an additive noise: y1=h11s1+h12s2+ +h1N sN+n1[1]
1 2

(4.7)

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We should note that signal processing after the receiver R1 to recover the radio signal complicates the system. Also it is necessary to recover the radio signal and send it to the end user without alteration. In order to protect the radio signal from overlapping with other users signals, we propose to send a radio signal on an optical carrier 1, and other signals on a different wavelength
2.

To maintain better quality of transmission of

1

the radio signal, we use an optical filter at

to recover the radio signal at the receiver

R2. Note that the classic emission of the MGDM system with an equal power and an optical frequency (P, ) is modified by a dual power (P1, P2) and a dual optical carrier ( 1,
2).

Figure 4.2 shows the change in the distribution of the average optical power

Fig 4.2 Emission with various average optical powers and wavelengths.
[1]

by the users at the input facet of the fiber for a MGDM (3x3) system. The matrix coefficients H describe the spatial distribution of optical power or the ratio of the emitted power on a given surface. Their values do not change by the variation of power and the wavelength on various channels. Note that, by comparing the WDM with the modified MGDM for an (NXN) system, WDM requires N optical filters at the reception part, whereas our model needs only one filter dedicated to radio services.

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At the receiver, each photodiode captures a mixture of signals. The central receiver R1 is followed by an optical filter to recover the radio signal that will be sent after the electrooptical conversion to the end user. Photodiodes for the receiver R2 to RN are followed by electrical signal processing to recover the baseband signals. For MGDM, the simplest receiver architecture is matrix inversion, a Z-F method in line with the requirement of service transparency.

Fig :4.3 :MGDM Model [1]

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Conclusion
The transmission of different services by a multimode fiber using the MGDM technique is effective in in-door networks. We viewed the possibility of using this technique for transmission of radio services with baseband services (Ethernet, for example). One problem in this case is the detection of the radio signal by the equalizer. To solve this problem, we have presented a model based on the launching of services with a difference in optical power. In our system, the radio signal is emitted on the optimal channel to protect baseband services.

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