ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Ivana Bio anin1, Radoje Cveji

1 Ecological 3 MEGATREND

Centre. Kru evac, SERBIA, E-mail: rbiocanin@np.ac.rs University, FPS, Po arevac, SERBIA, E-mail: drradojecvejic@gmail.com

Summary: The nature finds herself under the influence of energy of destructive power, old and dirty technology, uncontroling traffic, runs in the armament, war, sabotage-terroristic activities and other influences, which disrupts the nature`s balance and endangers eco-safety. Basic quantitative and qualitative indicators about population, which are gained by regulations, and serve for different analysis, tracking and forecasting the economical as well as other spheres of social life. Destiny of today`s and future society will depend on domination of mechanistic approach to reality and an projecting of safety paradigm i.e. sustainable development. Modern management system is based on permanent business process advancement along with application of Quality Management System and Environmental Management System in accordance with Sustainable development. Changes in knowledge dynamic during the time bring to faster and faster changes and development of different concepts is scientific-technological progress. The main addition of this paper is in the phase of identification of aspects through process approach, where a completely new method is initialized of influences. This is I, the most important phase of definition of current stage in implementation of standards JUS ISO 14000. The aim of this paper is to oversee safety conditions and way of transmitting pollutions from eventual polluted work environment into life environment and to suggest optimal measures for eco-safety improvement, according to legal regulative and international recommendations. Keywords: environment, research and technological development, pollutions, quantification influence, ecosafety, Sustainable Development.

1. INTRODUCTION Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature. Installing fluorescent lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Practically all energy sources and systems have greater or lesser impact on eco-safety, so there does not exist an energy source that is completely clean, ecologically. In the production of primary energy, the most significant impacts arise when producing coal, oil shale and nuclear raw materials, while in case of oil and natural gas production, the impact is considerably lesser. The production of secondary energy has a significantly greater impact on the environment. Inefficient energy supply has a detrimental impact on the environment since it increases already too much pollution of air, water and soil. Energy efficiency should, apart from increasing the competitiveness at macro and micro level by reducing the energy costs, developing new products and services, increasing the employment, provide the reduction of environmental impact. It should permeate all the spheres of our life because it is a responsible attitude towards us, society that we live in, and the future we are creating today. Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy. In many countries energy

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efficiency is also seen to have a national security benefit because it can be used to reduce the level of energy imports from foreign countries and may slow down the rate at which domestic energy resources are depleted. 2. SUFFICIENCY OF ENERGY At the end of the last century, the availability and sufficiency of energy, especially oil and its reasonable prices have resulted in turning the humanity towards more rapid development and industrialization (energy efficiency), without much thought about implications towards other sectors and environment in general. The changes that have occurred due to numerous energy crisis have influenced that, through numerous international organizations, the humanity starts to pay due attention to energy sector and its relationship with economy. There was not enough attention paid to eco-safety. In figure 1 is shown the average distribution of hospitality energy. Figure 1: The average distribution of hospitality energy However, the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other harmful gases in the atmosphere, the phenomenon of acid rains, GHG emissions have contributed to the uniqueness of observation and solving the problem of energy, eco-safety and economy (figure 2). Because of such an approach, the goals of energetics in XXI century were defined: yAccessibility - energy has to be available at prices that are acceptable for poor people, but also to enable the production, transformation and distribution, and provide a basis for further development and maintenance of energy systems; yAvailability - continuous supply of energy in a long period and with a satisfactory service quality; yAcceptability - harmonization of social and environmental objectives (forests disappearance, land degradation, increasing the acidity on the regional level, the pollutions created as a result of conventional energy sources combustion, the effect of greenhouse gases and climate changes caused by them, nuclear safety, waste management and its delivery). 3. ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANITY Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of a sustainable energy policy. Both strategies must be developed concurrently in order to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Efficient energy use is essential to slowing the energy demand growth so that rising clean energy supplies can make deep cuts in fossil fuel use. If energy use grows too rapidly, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total carbon emissions; a reduction in the carbon content of energy sources is also needed. A sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewable. Figure 2: Inseparability from nature-the imperative of further survival The end of XX and the beginning of XXI century is characterized by tumultuous technical and technological, telecommunications, informatics, cosmic and nuclear development, with enormous pollution and growth of hazardous waste. The damages done both in ecological and economic aspect are huge. Only in the year of 1998, the world economy has suffered a loss of $ 90 million (42% higher than the same 1996.) due to the catastrophes caused by climate changes. Due to extreme weather conditions, 32,000 people have lost their lives, and another 300 million have been evacuated and deployed from their homes. It is obvious that the causes should be sought in unnatural disasters. Forest reduction has caused the possibility of rapid lowering of rainfall into the rivers and the emergence of unprecedented floods. However, man s hand is very visible in all these disasters. New species and large amounts of energy have implicated enormous problems on the environment that

were piling up for the last two centuries. As any man s activity, the activities of electro energetic and oil industry also influence eco-safety. The greatest pollutions have been observed in the most industrialized and urban countries, which are the source and driving source of development. System of degradation and pollution of the environment is proportional to the level of economic development and industrialization, i.e. cause-effect relationship between the state and development of economy and environment is obvious. Precisely for that reason, three basic principles of development sustainability were defined: ydevelopment must not significantly damage basic systems that maintain life in the world (air, water, soil and biological system); ythe use of natural resources should be not only more careful but also more efficient than up to now; yestablishing the sustainable ecologicsocial systems is a necessity and need at all levels (local, national and global); yimperative of the green development is the reduction of disproportion between the rich and the poor. When analyzing the problems linked to eco-safety and sustainable development, we should not neglect the fact that it was simpler to pass from dirty fuels (coal) onto the clean fuels (oil and natural gas), and solve the problems of environmental pollution in that way. In that sense, the production, processing and use of fuels primarily were the question of quality and prices leading, in the 60s of XX century, to the problems that were uncontrollably pilling up over the years, and reached the level that resulted in global actions of environmental protection. It is obvious that the actions of energy sector seriously endanger our global environment and that the whole world needs to deal with it seriously (figure 3). A Home Energy Assessor plays an important role, especially now that the dust has settled a bit on HIPS (Home Information Packs). We spoke to Daniel Nixon, Pure Plumbing, who recently had energy efficiency training to become an Energy Efficiency Assessor, figure 4 and figure 5. Figure 3: Renewable energy to eco-performance Daniel tells us As part of the new Home Information Packs, heating systems now receive an energy efficiency rating from a Home Energy Assessor, much like a fridge or dishwasher s appliance energy rating. As a CIBT member I have completed my energy efficiency training which permits me to rate or band a property, but more importantly identify the areas which require attention. Certainly anyone who s home is on the market would wish to ensure that their property has a Band A Energy Efficiency rating, as a worse home energy rating would reduce not only the value of the property, it would also make it less desirable due to its higher running costs. In a similar way that white goods are graded A to G for energy performance, Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) now provide a measure of the energy performance and environmental impact for the home; allowing a homeowner or potential buyer to easily see the energy efficiency of the property. Figure 4: The most energy efficient homes (Grade As) EPCs include recommendations on ways to improve the home s energy efficiency to save you money and help the environment, ranging from thicker loft insulation through to solar panels. The certificate also tells you, on a scale of A-G, about the impact the home has on the environment. Better-rated homes (Grade As) have less impact through carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The calculations for home energy are based on what is known as Reduced Data Standard Assessment Procedure (RdSAP), depicting the Energy Cost Factor which is the annual energy cost per my floor space. This allows comparison between properties regardless of their size. Remember The EPC can only be prepared by a qualified and accredited Home Inspector or Domestic Energy Efficiency Assessor.

Figure 5: The majority of properties in the UK are currently To qualify as a Home Energy Assessor you need the Level 3 Diploma in Domestic Energy Assessment (Dip DEA). This involves completing at least five assessed EPCs and taking a multiple choice exam for your energy efficiency training. The amount of energy efficiency training you need before taking the diploma will depend on the skills you already have. If you have experience in a related field, for example in property surveying or construction, you will need less training than if you are new to this type of work. The Dip DEA for a Home Energy Assessor is provided by three awarding bodies: yAwarding Body for the Built Environment (ABBE), yNational Association of Estate Agents (NAEA), yAs a Home Energy Assessor you would, yinspect properties to collect info on age, size, building type, heating and hot water systems, ynote number and size of corridors, windows and fireplaces, ysubmit date to produce an energy efficiency rating and an EPC, yexplain efficiency ratings to homeowners, ygive practical advice on how to improve energy efficiency. Home Energy Assessor Daniel says, Improvements to a property include high efficiency condensing boilers, zoning, programmable room stats and TRV s fitted to radiators. Identifying the areas, which require attention can reduce energy, bills up to 60%, even more with solar. Much is being done by the Government to make the population aware of reducing CO2, however we all carry this responsibility, although far few plumbers recognize the added value that such awareness can add to their business or reputation. Improvement in the energy efficiency of our homes is an important part of reducing our overall emissions, helping to reduce the effects of global warming, Figure 6. You can find out more: yAsset Skills Home Energy Assessors, yHome Information Packs Asset Skills, yIf you need a Home Energy Assessor to visit your home then please search in the green box under the Eco Solutions section. According to the world s development of economy and profit, those would certainly be the conventional sources since they are cheap and available, but according to the Millennium Declaration (2002), those are renewable and alternative energy sources, because they are clear and healthy. Desire for the latter is clear, but the question is whether the profit is familiar with the wealth on the long period? According to the OUN definition, the term of primary energy from the renewable energy sources implies the obtained electrical, thermal or mechanical energy from the output of a device that uses that particular energy source. Specificities of new and renewable energy sources are reflected in inexhaustibility, variability, suitability for the environmental protection, but also the impossibility of storage, and, in that sense, high costs of their usage. A special advantage of renewable energy in comparison to the conventional is that they represent domestic energy sources for each country. Figure 6: Depicting residential energy innovation Even though they are known for centuries, new alternative energy sources and renewable energy sources were favored only after energy crisis and since then they have started to gain in importance. Today OEI participate in the global balance with 11.1%, with a projection of 13-18% in 2020. Why are OEI important? They enable: a) ecologic benefits - since the technologies of OEI are clear technologies, with the minimal impact on the environment, b) the existence of energy for the

grandchildren of our children, because OEI will never be exhausted, c) new jobs and economic growth, d) energy safety, which is, perhaps, one of the most important advantages in political and economic sense. In particular, we should bear in mind the dependence on conventional energy sources caused by political relations, especially with the countries resource bases, difficulties in trade, embargo. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGETICS EU import dependency is over 50%, with the projection that if the strategies of sustainable development are not applied, OEI will be 70%. Such dependence directly influences the economic, social, ecological and psychological situation for EU. Today, a new strategy of EU energetics given by the dimension that member states are not independent in the implementation of sustainable development in the internal market, and that the problems are solved on a global level with a strict respect for the directives. Since the safety of supply is the permanent national problem, a series of Directives, strategies and programs were adopted, out of which the newest one "Intelligent Energy Europe" 2003-2006. (N1230/2003/EC) is especially important and it favors and strictly orders the following: yrational use of energy and introduction of demand (SAVE), yresearch and application of OEI through the program ALTENER, ypromotion of OEI and energy efficiency in developing countries (COOPNER). The budget for the program Intelligent Energy - Europe is estimated at 1 billion Euros. Of course, it is necessary to say that other OEI in today`s technological development satisfy all the ecologic requirements, which is not the case with economic criteria. Sources of the future certainly are biomass, which is the fourth largest source of energy in the world, and it covers 13% of primary energy, with the projection of 38% coverage of energy consumption, 2050. Possible fields of development: yclean technology of electricity from biomass and other OEI, including the combining of heat; ydevelopment that should include the decentralization of the main new OEI production, especially biomass, wind and solar technologies and fuel cells; yOEI integration in energy sector, especially through the development of the hybrid forms of OEI and conventional energy sources combination; ycost effective ecologic protection technology for the electricity production. The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) invests in clean energy technologies that strengthen the economy, protect the environment, and reduce dependence on foreign oil. Energy efficiency offers a powerful and cost-effective tool for achieving a sustainable energy future. Improvements in energy efficiency can reduce the need for investment in energy infrastructure, cut fuel costs, increase competitiveness and improve consumer welfare. Environmental benefits can also be achieved by the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and local air pollution. Energy security can also profit from improved energy efficiency by decreasing the reliance on imported fossil fuels. For these reasons, energy efficiency is one of six broad focus areas of IEA's G8 Gleneagles Programme. The IEA has submitted 25 policy recommendations to the G8 for promoting energy efficiency that could reduce global CO2 emissions by 8.2 gigatonnes by 2030. The IEA promotes energy efficiency policy and technology in buildings, appliances, transport and industry, as well as end-use applications such as lighting. Our analysis identifies best-practice, highlighting the possibilities for energy efficiency improvements and policy approaches to realize the full potential of energy efficiency for our Member countries.

5. CONCLUSION In particular, strategic orientation is based on the needs of general compliance of the development of energetic, economy and society, i.e. safe development with as higher energy and economic efficiency, and also as lower energy dependence and minimal bad influence on the environment, or, simply stated: safe offer, competitiveness of energy business and eco-protection. If the demand for energy services remains constant, improving energy efficiency will reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. However, many efficiency improvements do not reduce energy consumption by the amount predicted by simple engineering models. This is because they make energy services cheaper, and so consumption of those services increases. For example, since fuel efficient vehicles make travel cheaper, consumers may choose to drive farther and/or faster, thereby offsetting some of the potential energy savings. This is an example of the direct rebound effect. Since more efficient (and hence cheaper) energy will also lead to faster economic growth, there are suspicions that improvements in energy efficiency may eventually lead to even faster resource use. This was postulated by economists in the 1980s and remains a controversial hypothesis. Ecological economists have suggested that any cost savings from efficiency gains be taxed away by the government in order to avoid this outcome. Considering that in conditions of global energy and raw material scarcity, an increase of absolute and relative significance of natural resources for the national economy s production dynamics occurs, new structure of management ecological management is directly responsible to all the levels of management, especially by establishing a new series of international standards ISO 14000. Ecological management, according to this definition of ISO is not the management of the environment, but the management of organizing man s activities in order to reduce the negative influence on the environment.

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