What information can geophysics contribute ?

Acquisition: 3-D, marine, coverage Information Stratigraphic structural lithologic info Acoustic impedance: porosity Visualization Reservoir Management 4-D reservoir geophysics

Geophysics in hydrocarbon exploration and production

Offshore Fields What information can geophysics contribute ?

Structure (e.g. seismic cross sections and maps) Lithology (through velocity, impedance) Fluid fill (through AVO, flat spots etc.)

Progress in seismic geophysics (acquisition, processing, interpretation, visualization) was the principal contributor in improving industry success rates in the 90s.

Marine seismic acquisition

Marine Seismic Acquisition

4-12 streamers

3-5m 5-20m 300500 m

http://www.eandpnet.com/ep/previous/0303/0303coverstory.htm

Marine seismic acquisition

26 Shell E&P Technology MAY 2002

3-10 km

The streamer race: 1 km2 3-D every 10 minutes

http://www.westerngeco.com/Docs/wg/publications/WG 0383P_Generic_WG_flyer.pdf

http://www.westerngeco.com/brochu re/index.cfm?b=wg/QMarine&id=id77161&n=3c

http://www.veritasdgc.com/what/index.htm

http://www.tgsnopec.no

Regional exploration surveys

Seismic interpretation

Oilfield Review, Schlumberger

Seismic interpretation

Structural interpretation: Trap definition

Stratigraphic

Lithologic Structural

AAPG Explorer 2003

Structural interpretation: Trap definition

Attribute analysis

Attributes of a seismic wavelet Amplitude Frequency Phase Secondary Attributes Velocity / Impedance Reflectivity Poissons Ratio Isotropy / Anisotropy Derived Attributes Spectral decomposition Coherency

AAPG Explorer 2003

AAPG Explorer 2003

Example of seismic attribute analysis

Peyton, L., Bottjer, R., Partyka, G., Interpretation of Incised Valleys Using New 3D Seismic Techniques: A Case History Using Spectral Decomposition and Coherency, The Leading Edge, vol. 17, no. 9, pg. 1294-1298. ; http://www.freeusp.org/RaceCarWebsite/TechTransfer/Reports/USPNotes/Redfork

Spectral decomposition imaged the Red Fork incised valley between about 20 Hz and 50 Hz.

Structural interpretation: Trap definition

Karst Sinkholes

Stratigraphic interpretation

~0.5 km

Great Blue Hole, Belize

(400m diameter, 145 m depth )

Index map of Niger Delta and offshore Nigeria, showing the location of regional Seismic Profile D6.

http://www.bluedive.com/ AAPG Explorer 2003

http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/bally/images/01.jpg

Stratigraphic interpretation

Stratigraphic interpretation

http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/bally/images/02.jpg

http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/bally/images/02.jpg

Fluid contacts

Fluid contacts

Gas-oil contact reflection and oil-water contact reflection, both shown by green arrows, in a producing reservoir offshore Nigeria (courtesy of ExxonMobil Nigeria).
http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/geophysical/brown03/images/02.htm

Lithologic / Porosity interpretation

Lithologic interpretation: Fluid content

velocity

Can calculate porosity based on seismic velocity or acoustic velocity

Incoming Amplitude, Ar Reflected Amplitude, Ar

stacking velocity

source

receiver
porosity

vata vbtb

Interval a Interval b reflection coefficient R =

1/2

Ar Ai

Vib =

vb2tb va2ta tb - ta

Dix equation to calculate interval velcocities

Acoustic contrast

Acoustic contrast

=
Velocity of compressional wave , v1 Total density, 1
e.g.

( * f) + (1-) * s
0.2 * 1.1 + (1-0.2) * 2.65 = 2.34 g/cm3

Bulk modulus, coefficient of incompressibility

R=

Ar Ai

v22 v11 v11 + v22 K + 4/3 vp =

Shear modulus coefficient of rigidity

Total density
22 + 4/3 * 20

Velocity of compressional wave , v2 Total porosity, 2

also z.B. 2.3

= 4.59 km /s

Acoustic contrast

Plot impedance against core or log porosity

IM PEDANCE vs. PHIEDIT

3 Wells:1A, 3, 4
Range: All of Well Filter: AND (CALC.COLOR_FM > 2, CALC.COLOR_FM <=8)
0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400
15 2336 2407 0 56 0

* f + (1-) * s
gas oil water

density from core plugs

or logs, velocity from sonic log or seismic
CALC.IMPEDANCE (M/S * G/C3)
14000 13000

14000 13000

12000

12000

11000

11000

10000

10000

9000

9000

8000

8000

K + 4/3 vp =
gas oil water

gas oil water

Zones of high porosity show low impedance and vice versa

7000

7000

6000

6000

5000 4000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400

5000 4000

PETROPHYSICS.PHIEDIT_0 () 2 Color: CALC.COLOR_FM

Well Legend: LH_11_1_01A Functions: imp_linear imp_quadratic LH_11_1_03 LH_11_1_04

: Regression Logs: PETROPHYSICS.PHIEDIT_0, CALC.IMPEDANCE, CC: 0.959821 x = (0.555876 - 3.74694e-05*(y)) : Regression Logs: PETROPHYSICS.PHIEDIT_0, CALC.IMPEDANCE, CC: 0.963304 x = (0.687127 - 6.66779e-05*(y) + 1.56355e-09*(y)**2)

Visualization

Visualization
Production well C4

LH 11-1-4

LH 11-1-1A LH 11-1-3

A B1

B2 B3

C D E F

Offshore China

Visualization

Visualization
11-1-3

How continuous are the porous zones in the reservoir ?

11-1-1A

11-1-4

Porosity >26% B1 zone only

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Reservoir characterization

Seismic reservoir geophysics

Amplitude
velocity

porosity

Location Poissons ratio

ratio of extension to shortening

Oilfield Review, Summer 2002 http://www.oilfield.slb.com

Seismic reservoir geophysics

Amplitude

Production management; Gullfaks Field, NO

http://www.offshore-technology.com

Oilfield Review, Summer 2002 http://www.oilfield.slb.com

Gullfaks field production

http://www.statoil.co Oilfield Review, Summer 2002 http://www.oilfield.slb.com

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Take the data further: Predictions (1)

4-D Seismik
Repeated acquisition of 3-D seismic data

(2)
Comparison of changed acoustic properties: Fluid content, porosity

(3) (4)
Objective: Improved understanding of reservoir dynamics better decision on field development and managment.

Map zones of change, model in simulator that is linked to production and geologic data

Summary: Seismic changes in the life of an oil reservoir

The challenge of integration Joining petrophysical/geological, seismic, and engineering data in one data model
Producer Tops Thicknesses Lithology Porosity Depth (m, ft) Depth (ms) Velocity Amplitude Impedance Coherence

Production Schematic
Injector

OWC

2000

Pressure Saturation Change

-High So

Sw Sg Low

-1500

Seismic Amplitude Change

+dP effect Sg effect Brighter

Sw effect

-dP effect Dimmer

Permeability Fluid parameters Pressure Temperature Phase saturation

Nach AAPG Explorer, Feb. 2002

http://www.westerngeco.com/Docs/wg/publications/WG0477PGenericMEA.pdf

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Lectura 9:15-10:45 Lu Lectura 1 / 2 (Introduction; The petroleum system)

Practica 11:30-13:00 Lab 2 (Internet resources)

Lectura 15:15-16:45 Lectura 3 (Geochemistry: Origin of HC; organic matter, source rocks, accumulation. The "petroleum kitchen") Lectura 6 (The reservoir: Lithology, geometry, and facies. Reservoir characterization and management) Lectura 7 (Reservoir engineering: Drive mechanisms, phase behavior, production problems, scale formation etc.)

Ma

Lectura 4 (porosidad, permeabilidad)

Lab 4 (Porosity calculation)

Mi

Lectura 5 (Reservoir petrophysics: capillary pressure, pore-size distribution, bound water etc.) Lectura 9 (Logging concepts and tools; quantitative evaluation of lithology, fluids, and porosity) Lectura 10 (Exploration: Hydrocarbon classification of basins; play types)

Lab 5 (Bound water, capillarity exercise)

Ju

Lab 9 (Logging exercise)

Lectura 8 (Geophysics in exploration and reservoir management)

Vi

Lab 10 (Petro Mod)

Lectura 11 (Summary: Reserves and Resources, unconventional HC)

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