Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Longitudinal
Research which studies the temporal context of processes
Data concerned with more than one time point Repeated measures over time
April 2006: LDA 3
Some drawbacks
Dataset expense
mostly secondary; limited access to some data (cf. disclosure risk)
Data analysis
software issues (complexity of some methods)
Data management
complex file & variable management requires training and skills of good practice
Repeated Cross-sections
By far the most widely used longitudinal analysis in contemporary social sciences
Whole surveys, with same variables, repeated at different time points and Same information extracted from different surveys from different time points
April 2006: LDA 8
11
Census not that widely used: larger scale surveys often more data and more reliable
April 2006: LDA 14
15
Higher degree Female Age in years (/10) Age in years squared (/1000) Time point 1991 Time point 2001 (Time in years)* (Higher Degree) Constant a. Nagelkere R2=0.11
April 2006: LDA
17
18
Panel Datasets
Information collected on the same cases at more than one point in time classic longitudinal design incorporates follow-up, repeated measures, and cohort
19
20
Data management
tends to complexity, need training to get on top of
Dataset access
Primary / Secondary data
25
Analytical approaches
i)
26
27
Analytical approaches
iii) Panel data models: Yit = Xit + +
Cases i
1 1 1 2 2 3
Year t
1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
Variables
17 18 19 17 18 20 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 1 3 1 2
Growth curves
Multilevel speak : time effect in panel regression
Parameter Intercept Female In work Unemployed FT studying Age in years Holds degree or diploma Time point
Std. Error .168 .076 .082 .131 .141 .002 .076 .014
.1 .1
April 2006: LDA a. Variance components : Person level= 46%, individual level = 54%
10
31
Cohort Datasets
Information on a group of cases which share a common circumstance, collected repeatedly as they progress through a life course Simple extension of panel dataset Intuitive type of repeated contact data
E.g. 7-up series
April 2006: LDA 32
Attrition problems often more severe Considerable study duration problems have to wait for generations to age
April 2006: LDA 33
11
Variety of issues
Topics of relevance can evolve as cohort progresses through lifecourse
34
35
12
38
1850 1875
1900 1925
1950 1975 Women, CAMSIS Women, ISEI Women, EGP (unidiff) Women, EGP (TMR)
39
Men, CAMSIS Men, ISEI Men, EGP (unidiff) Men, EGP (TMR) Mean age all respondents (*2/5)
April 2006: LDA CAMSIS/ISEI: average(son - father), by birth year; EGP: association statistic by birth de cade
13
40
14
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
44
Illustration of a continuous time retrospective dataset Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . Person 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 . Start time 1 158 1 22 106 149 1 . End time 158 170 22 106 149 170 10 . Duration 157 12 21 84 43 21 9 . Origin State 1 (FT) 3 (NW) 3 (NW) 1 (FT) 3 (NW) 2 (PT) 1 (FT) . Destination {Other vars, state person/state} 3 (NW) 3(NW) 1 (FT) 3 (NW) 2 (PT) 2 (PT) 2 (PT) .
45
15
Multi-state multi-episode
Eg adult working life histories
16
100
Male
0
N= 442161 516658 515 1605 194854 70 32 208 53 35 9 284 79 1186 416 1277 1071 172 46
Female
51
17
.8
Cum Survival
.2
duration in months
52
54
18
55
Descriptive analyses
charts / text commentaries on values by time periods and different groups Widely used in social science research But exactly equivalent to repeated crosssectional descriptives.
56
Major strategy in business / economics, but limited use in other social sciences
57
19
1. Repeated cross-sections
3. Cohort studies
.Phew!
April 2006: LDA 59
i.
20
21