Lingvistika

lingvi s t i k a
lingvistikis Teoriis Sesavali
avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori)

siuzan kertisi, brius p. heizi, nina haiemzi, patriSa a. kitingi,
ilda kupmeni, pemela manro, dominik sportiSi, edvard p. steibleri,
donCa steriade, tim stoueli, ana sabolci.
lingvistika
lingvistikis Teoriis Sesavali
avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori)

siuzan kertisi, brius p. heizi, nina haiemzi, patriSa a. kitingi,
ilda kupmeni, pemela manro, dominik sportiSi, edvard p. steibleri, donCa steriade, tim
stoueli, ana sabolci.
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009
lingvistika: Sesavali lingvistikis TeoriaSi. viqtoria fromkini

Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory. Victoria A. Fromkin
wignis yvela nawili dawerilia lingvisturi Teoriis konkretul sferoSi cnobili avtoris mier da avsebs im sicarieles, rac lingvistikis safuZvlebze Seqmnil saxelmZRvaneloebs axasiaTebs. Tormeti cnobili avtori Tavis codnas
gviziarebs morfologiaSi, sintaqsSi, semantikaSi, fonetikaSi, fonologiaSi...
saxelmZRvanelo mravlismomcveli da STambeWdavia.
This edition is published by arrangement with Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford.

Translated by Publishing House at Ilia Chavchavadze State University from the
original English language version. Responsibility of the accuracy of the translation rests
solely with Publishing House at Ilia Chavchavadze State University and is not the
responsibility of Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Copyright 2000 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
yvela ufleba daculia. dauSvebelia Blackwell Publishing Ltd.-is, nebarTvis gareSe

wignis romelime nawilis nebismieri formiT gamoyeneba. qarTul enaze gamoica
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis mier, saavtoro ufleba 2007.
wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba ~.
wigni momzadda ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mier.
pirveli qarTuli gamocema
ISBN 978-9941-9116-9-9
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

qaquca ColoyaSAvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo
Ilia State University Publishing
3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
sarCevi
winasityvaoba
nawili I Sesavali
1. lingvistika: adamianis sametyvelo enis mecnieruli Seswavla
nawili II morfologia da sintaqsi
27
2. morfologia: sityvebis struqtura

3. sintaqsi I: zmnis saargumentacio struqtura da frazis struqtura
4. sintaqsi II: sintaqsuri damokidebulebebi
5. sintaqsi III: zmnuri formebis distribucia:
calkeul SemTxvevaTa analizi
6. sityva da winadadebis struqturis aTviseba
29
95
216
nawili III semantika
393
7. semantika I: kompoziciuroba
8. semantika II: konteqsti
9. semantika III: kategoriaTSorisi paralelizmebi
10. mniSvnelobis Secnoba
395
419
439
465
nawili IV fonetika da fonologia
487
11. fonetika: bgerebi enaSi

12. fonologia I: ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi
13. fonologia II: fonologiuri gamoxatulebebi
14. fonologia III: ganmartebebi da SezRvudebi fonologiaSi
15. fonetikis da fonologiis Secnoba
glosariumi
bibliografia
danarTi
489
528
581
607
649
670
285
355
winasityvaoba
es saxelmZRvanelo dawyebiTi kursis im studentebisTvis daiwera, romelTac lingvistikis Teoriis gacnoba pirvelad uwevT, _ visac enaTmecnieruli
codna jer ara aqvs da am mecnierebis umTavres dargebSi _ fonetikaSi, fonologiaSi, sintaqsSi, morfologiasa da semantikaSi safuZvlis ganmtkiceba esaWiroebaT, rom SesaZeni codna masze daafuZnon. am wignis yvela TavSi msoflios yvela enisTvis saerTo _ universaluri gramatikis Zireul principebze
iqneba saubari. universaluri gramatika isaa, rac nebismieri enis, msoflios
nebismieri gramatikis principebs udevs safuZvlad da maT aTvisebas gviadvilebs. Teoriuli cnebebi da koncefciebi vrceli lingvisturi masalis (arabuli enidan zulumde) analizis meSveobiT iqneba ganmartebuli. lingvistikaSi
muSaobis principebs studentebi swored am lingvisturi masalis meSveobiT
daeuflebian. wignis yovel TavSi Teoriuli gansja mcire praqtikul samuSaosTan iqneba Serwymuli. gramatikis ZiriTad Semadgenel nawilebTan erTad
Cveni wignidan imasac gaigebT, rogor iTviseben bavSvebi universaluri gramatikis safuZvlis komponentebs. universaluri gramatikis Teoriis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi sakvlevi problema xom swored bavSvebis mier enis aTvisebis unari da
Taviseburebebia.
wignis teqsti oTx nawiladaa gayofili. I nawili students saenaTmecniero
codnaSi gzas ukvlevs, am sferos zogad istorias aziarebs, kerZod imas, Tu
rogor movediT codnis dRevandel donemde. II nawili morfologias (Tavi 2) da
sintaqss (Tavebi 3-5) moicavs, Tavi 6 ki _ morfologiisa da sintaqsis aTvisebis
Taviseburebebs. III nawili semantikas da mniSvnelobaTa aTvisebas (Tavebi 7-10)
eZRvneba, nawili IV _ fonetikas (Tavi 11) da fonologias (Tavebi 12-14), enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bgerebisa da bgeriTi modelebis aTvisebas. (Tavi 15).
saenaTmecniero problemebi TiToeuli Tavis savarjiSoebSi iqneba gadasawyvetad warmodgenili. saxelmZRvanelos kiTxvis dros studentebi am savarjiSoebs Seasruleben, lingvistikis Teoriis principebs, ZiriTad cnebebsa
da empiriul safuZvels gaecnobian. yvela Tavs damatebiTi savarjiSoebi da
ganxilul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxavi literatura mosdevs, wignis
mTlian teqsts ki _gamoyenebul terminTa leqsikoni da saerTo bibliografia.
saxelmZRvanelo, pedagogis Sexedulebisamebr, erT semestrze, an saswavlo

wlis meoTxedzea gaTvlili. maszea damokidebuli sruli, an Semoklebuli, aTkviriani kursis arCevac. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, masaliT datvirTul 5, 9 da
14 Tavebze muSaoba SeiZleba am sakiTxebis Semdgomi, ufro dawvrilebiTi Seswavlis droisTvis gadaidos, zogierTi sxva Tavi ki momdevno kursebze iqnes
Seswavlili.
es saxelmZRvanelo Tormeti avtoris erToblivi muSaobis Sedegad daiwera.
wignze muSaobis periodSi Tormetive kaliforniis universitetis enaTmecnierebis fakultetze moRvaweobda. rogorc swavlebis, ise kvlevebis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, am fakultets saucxoo reputacia aqvs.
avtorebs surT madloba gadauxadon TavianT studentebs, romlebic wignze
muSaobis dros maTTan TanamSromlobdnen, da garkveuli azriT, maT Tanaavtorebadac unda CaiTvalon. amasTAan, maT surT madloba gadauxadon filip karpenters da stiv smiTs maT mier gamoxatuli ndobisTvis.
da bolos, wignis avtorebi aRiareben im uzarmazar wvlils, romelic enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebaSi noam Comskis miuZRvis. misma pionerulma kvlevam
transformaciuli generatiuli gramatikis sferoSi, sintaqssa da fonologiaSi, lingvistikis miseulma xedvam, romelic kognituri mecnierebis axali
sferos mTavar dargad swored am mecnierebas miiCnevda, mogvca is, rasac axla
SegviZlia SemecnebaSi momxdari revolucia vuwodoT.
nawili I
Sesavali
1
lingvistika:
adamianis sametyvelo enis
mecnieruli Seswavla
Tavis sarCevi
1.0. Sesavali
1.1. paninidan Comskimde da mis
Semdeg
1.2. lingvistikis Teoriis
amocanebi
1.3. risgan Sedgeba codna
enis Sesaxeb? gramatika,
rogorc lingvisturi codnis
reprezentacia

1.3.1. leqsikoni

1.3.2. morfologia

1.3.3. sintaqsi

1.3.4. semantika

1.3.5. fonetika da fonologia
1.4. azrobrivi gramatikafi,

universaluri gramatika, aRweriTi
gramatika, saswavlo
gramatika da normatiuli gramatika
1.5. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis
SeZena? bavSvis mier enis aTvisebis
logikuri problema
1.6. rogor gamoiyeneba codna enis
Sesaxeb? lingvisturi performansi
1.7. lingvistikis `qmna
1.8. Sejameba
Semdgom sakiTxavi literatura
1.0 Sesavali
adamianis sametyvelo ena, Cveni saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli es unikaluri unari, adamianTa modgmis interess mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze iwvevda.
mecnierebas, romelic adamianis enas Seiswavlis, enaTmecniereba anu lingvistika ewodeba. maSasadame, lingvisti is adamiani ki araa, romelsac bevr enaze
SeuZlia saubari (Tumca, bevrma enaTmecnierma marTlac bevri ena icis) _ aseT
adamianebs poliglotebs uwodeben _ enaTmecnieri, lingvisti mecnieria, romelic adamianis sametyvelo enas misi yvela gamovlinebiT Seiswavlis, ikvlevs
mis agebulebas, gamoyenebas, mis istorias da rols sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
ama Tu im saxis lingvisturi codnis forma da Semadgenloba Teoriuli
lingvistikis Seswavlis sagania. es saxelmZRvanelo gramatikis anu lingvisturi codnis mentaluri reprezentaciis Teorias Seexeba. Tumca, lingvistikis
sfero mxolod gramatikis TeoriiT rodi amoiwureba. mas uamravi ganStoeba
10
Sesavali
aqvs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im mecnierebaTa umetes nawilze, romlebic iseT

rTul, kompleqsur fenomenTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogoric adamianis sametyvelo enaa.
CanarTAi
1.1
lingvistikis dargis zogadi mimoxilva

Teoriuli lingvistika (Cveni saxelmZRvanelos Seswavlis sagani) xSirad
generatiul lingvistikad moixsenieba da safuZvlad Comskis 1955 wliT daTariRebuli naSromi udevs, romlis saTauria lingvistikis Teoriis logikuri struqtura. Comskis am, da amis momdevno wignebsa da samecniero statiebSi, aseve im mecnierebis naSromebSi, romlebic mis Sexedulebebs iziareben,
ZiriTad amocanad adamianis lingvisturi codnis da kompetenciis (kompetencia adamianis gonebaSi arsebuli azrobrivi gramatikis saxiT warmogvidgeba),
arsis da bunebis kvlevaa dasaxuli _ rom ganvmartoT, imis axsna, Tu ra codna
aqvs mosaubre adamians, ra aris es codna, romelic mas metyvelebis da sxva adamianis saubris Tu niSnebis (magaliTad, yru-munjTa ena) gagebis unars aniWebs.
metyvelebis aqti an misi gageba Sesrulebad iTvleba, rac kompetenciisgan gansxvavdeba, magram maszea damokidebuli.
aRweriTi lingvistika enebis, vTqvaT, arabulis an zulus gramatikebis
analizs eweva. cnebebi ìndo-evropuli enaTmecniereba~, `romanuli enebis gra
matika~, àfrikuli enebis gramatika~ calkeuli enebis an enaTa jgufis SeswavlasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rogorc istoriuli, ise sinqronuli TvalsazrisiT.
istoriuli lingvistika enebSi momxdari cvlilebebis Semswavleli Teoriaa da imas ikvlevs, Tu ratom da rogor ganviTarda esa Tu is ena. komparatiuli
anu SedarebiTi meTodi, sxvagvarad _komparativistika mecxramete saukunis
filologebma, Zmebma grimebma da herman paulma SeimuSaves. enaTmecnierebis es
dargi sxvadaxva enebis Sesadareblad gamoiyeneba _ imis dasadgenad, Tu romeli enebi enaTesaveba erTmaneTs; am niSniT enaTa jgufebis gamosayofad da maTi
Zirebis gansasazRvrad.
anTropologiuri lingvistika anu eTnolingvistika da sociolingvistika enas kulturis da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nawilad ganixilavs da metyvelebisa da kulturis Taviseburebebis, socialuri fenebis, eTnikuri da
sqesobrivi kuTvnilebis fonze Seiswavlis.
dialeqtologia ikvlevs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs da yofs es faqtorebi
erT enas ramdenime enad. sociolingvistikis da gamoyenebiTi lingvistikis
interesis sagans enis dagegmva, wignierebis ganviTareba, orenovneba (bilingualizmi) da meore enis aTvisebis Taviseburebebi warmoadgens. gamoyenebiTi
lingvistika moicavs iseT sferoebsac, rogorebicaa diskursi da saubris analizi, enis Sefaseba da enis pedagogika.
kompiuteruli lingvistika ikvlevs bunebrivi enis kompiuterul aplikaciebs anu avtomatur gramatikul garCevas, manqanur procesirebas da kompiuteris mier gramatikuli modelebis wabaZva-gameorebas winadadebis warmoqmnis da garCevis dros. Tu xelovnuri gonebis (xg) sferos ganStoebad ganvixilavT, maSin kompiuteruli lingvistikis mizani adamianis sametyvelo enis
11
lingvistika: adamianis sametyvelo enis mecnieruli Seswavla
kognitur sistemad modelireba iqneba.

maTematikuri lingvistika ikvlevs enis formalur da maTematikur Tvisebebs.
pragmatika enas Sinaarsobriv konteqstSi Seiswavlis da aseve situaciis
gavlenas mniSvnelobaze.
neirolingvistika enis biologiur safuZvels ikvlevs da Tavis tvinis,
gonebisa da enis urTierTqmedebas Seiswavlis. amas lingvistikis Teoria afaziis (Tavis tvinis dazianebiT gamowveuli enobrivi darRvevebi) kvlevamde mihyavs, xolo Tavis tvinis mier warmosaxvisa da monacemebis damuSavebis (CT, PET,
fMRI, MEG, ERP) Seswavlisas _ uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyenebamde.
fsiqolingvistika lingvistikis is mimarTulebaa, romelic lingvistikur Sesrulebas _ metyvelebis (an niSnis) warmoSobas da gagebas Seiswavlis.
fsiqolingvistikas ganekuTvneba bavSvTa mier enis aTvisebac, romelic xSirad
damoukidebel dargadac iTvleba. es dargi ikvlevs, Tu rogor iTvisebs bavSvi
kompleqsur gramatikas, rac, TavisTavad, enis gamoyenebis safuZvelia. esaa misi
umTavresi sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT, enis biologiisadmi didi interesis gamo.
(es Tema gramatikis TeoriebTan kavSiris gamo teqstSic iqneba ganxiluli.)
arsebobs iseTi saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic lingvistikis TiToeul am
ganStoebas Seiswavlis. yovel maTgans safuZvlad TviT ena udevs, romelic
Cveni saxelmZRvanelos ganxilvis sagania.
1.1. paninidan Comskimde da mis Semdeg

adamianis sametyvelo enis mimarT interesi kacTa modgmis ganviTarebasTan
erTad matulobda. ar arsebobs kultura, romelsac adamianis am unikaluri
unaris mimarT filosofiuri an praqtikuli interesi ar gamoexatos da kvali
ar daetovebinos. sxvadasxva istoriul xanaSi enis kvlevas sxvadasxva amocana
hqonda, magram orive saxis interesi erTmaneTis Tanadroulad arsebobda.
egvipteli qirurgebi yuradRebas klinikur sakiTxebze amaxvilebdnen. magaliTad, Cv.w-aR.-mde 1700 wliT daTariRebuli egvipturi papirusi Tavis tvinis dazianebiT gamowveuli enobrivi darRvevebis samedicino aRweras Seicavs.
Zveli saberZneTis filosofosebi ki sametyvelo enis warmoSobasa da bunebaze
msjelobdnen. platonma, romlis nawerebi Cv.w-aR.-mde 427-dan 348-mde periodiT unda daTariRdes, Tavisi dialogi `kratilusi~ misi droisTvis aqtualur saenaTmecniero sakiTxebs miuZRvna, aristotele ki enas ritorikisa da
filosofiis kuTxiT ganixilavda.
Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi gramatikebsac werdnen, enis bgerebze da sityvaTa Tu winadadebaTa Sedgenilobaze msjelobdnen. es interesi arc Sua
saukuneebsa da renesansis periodSi ganelebula da Cvens dromde uwyvet xazad
moaRwia.
unda iTqvas, rom enaTmecniereba mecnierebis mxolod evropuli dargi araa;
jer kidev Cv.w-aR.-mde meTormete saukuneSi indoeTSi sanskrits dawvrilebiT
Seiswavlidnen. paninis sanskritis gramatika Cv.w-aR.-mde 500 wels daiwera, magram dRemde enaTmecnierebis erT-erT udides miRwevad iTvleba. sametyvelo
12
Sesavali
enasTan dakavSirebul Cvens codnas arabma da Cinelma mecnierebmac bevri ram

Semates.
mecxramete saukunis enaTmecnierTa Zalisxmeva umTavresad enis istoriuli da SedarebiTi kvlevisken iyo mimarTuli. am tradiciis farglebSi Svedma
lingvistma ferdinand de sosiurma (1857-1913) yuradReba enis cvlilebis da
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis nacvlad enis struqturul principebs miapyro,
da amiT meoce saukunis enaTmecnierebaze udidesi gavlena moaxdina.
evropasa da amerikaSi lingvistebi enebis aRweriT sinqronul kvlevas da
analizis empiriuli meTodebis SemuSavebas Seudgnen. mecnierebis sxvadasxva
dargebis mkvlevrebi enisa da enis gamoyenebis araerTi aspeqtiT dainteresdnen. meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi amerikeli lingvistebi moicavdnen
anTropolog eduard sepirs (1884-1939) romelic dainteresebuli iyo CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis xalxTa enebis, enisa da kulturis urTierTqmedebisa
da adamianTa sazogadoebaSi enis rolis kvleviT da da leonard blumfelds
(1887-1939) istoriuli, SedarebiTi da aRweriTi enaTmecnierebis warmomadgenels, Tavisi drois erT-erT TvalsaCino mecniers. sapirma da blumfeldma
enis zogadi Teoria SeimuSaves. sapiri `mentalisti~ iyo im TvalsazrisiT,
rom swamda: nebismieri sicocxlisunariani lingvisturi Teoria lingvisturi
codnis azrobriv gamoxatulebas, mis `fsiqologiur realobas~ unda emyarebodes. blumfildi mogvianebiT biheviorizmis mimdevari gaxda. biheviorizmi,
im drois fsiqologiis wamyvani mimarTuleba, enis azrobrivi gamoxatulebis,
TviT adamianis gonebis nebismieri saxis kvlevas gamoricxavda.
roman iakobsoni (1896-1982), praRis saenaTmecniero skolis erT-erTi damaarsebeli 1941 wels amerikaSi gadasaxlda da enaTmecnierebaSi axali sityva
Tqva. moris halesTan da gunar fantTan mis TanamSromlobas fonologiaSi
gamorCeuli niSan-Tvisebebis Teoriis Seqmna mohyva. hale ukanaskneli aTwleulebis erT-erT wamyvan fonologad iTvleba. inglisSi fonetikosebma deniel jonsma (1881-1967) da henri svitma (1845-1912) (es mecnieri bernard Sous
personaJis, henri higinsis prototipia) enis bgeriTi sistemebis Seswavlaze
didi gavlena moaxdines.
1957 wels, `sintaqsuri struqturebis~ gamoqveynebasTan erTad, noam Comskim generatiuli gramatikis eras Cauyara safuZveli, Teorias, romelmac mecnierebaSi revolucia moaxdina. igi enis aTvisebas, gamoxatvas, gamoyenebasa da
im universalur principebs ganixilavs, romlebic yvela enas aerTianebs da
Teorias advilad gasagebs xdis.
Cveni wignis momdevno Tavebi mniSvnelovanwilad lingvistikis Teoriis im
siaxleebs efuZneba, romlebic ori naSromis: 1957 wels `sintaqsuri struqturebis~, xolo 1965 wels `sintaqsis Teoriis aspeqtebis~ gamoqveynebam moitana. wlebis Semdeg noam Comskim Tavisi Teoria iseT mniSvnelovan naSromebSi
ganaviTara, rogorebicaa `SeniSvnebi nominalizaciis Sesaxeb~ (1970), `transformaciis pirobebi~ (1973), `leqciebi mTavrobasa da kavSirebis Sesaxeb~ (1981),
`barierebi~ (1986), `sintaqsuri Teoriis principebi da parametrebi~ (1981) da
`minimalisturi programa~(1995).
momdevno TavebSi am publikaciebSi gamoyenebuli da lingvistikis sferos
13
(sintaqsis garda) sxva ZiriTadi cnebebi iqneba ganxiluli. maTi mimoxilva zo

gadi da martivi xasiaTis iqneba.
1.2. lingvistikis Teoriis amocanebi
sami ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romlebic 1986 wels Comskim wamoWra, lingvistikisTvis dResac aqtualuria:
risgan Sedgeba codna enis Sesaxeb? (kompetencia)
rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena? (aTviseba)
rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis gamoyeneba?
(Sesruleba/ enis procesireba)
rogorc zemoT iTqva, Cveni teqsti, upirveles yovlisa, pirvel sakiTxs
ganixilavs, da ganixilavs meoresTan mimarTebaSi. Cvilobis asakidan ama Tu
im enaze metyveleba am enis bunebisa da struqturis intuitiur gaTavisebas
iwvevs, da amis Sesaxeb wignis yvela nawilSi iqneba saubari. enis gamoyenebis
gageba (Sesruleba) _ es fsiqolingvistikuri kvlevis ZiriTadi samizne sfero
_ Cvens im warmodgenazea damokidebuli, Tu ras vgulisxmobT mis gamoyenebaSi.
am wignSi imazec vimsjelebT, Tu ra sxvaobaa lingvistur codnasa (kompetencia) da mis gamoyenebas (Sesruleba) Soris.
1.3. risgan Sedgeba codna enis Sesaxeb? gramatika,

rogorc lingvisturi kompetenciis ganxorcieleba
enis codna adamians saSualebas aZlevs, rom bgerebi (an Jestebi niSanTa
enaze) mniSvnelobebs daukavSiros anu saTqmelis enobrivi Tu niSnobrivi
gamoxatuleba gaigos da azrebi metyvelebis an niSnebis meSveobiT gadmosces.
unda aRiniSnos, rom yru-munjTa niSnuri enis gamoyeneba arsiT sametyvelo
enis gamoyenebis msgavsia _ Jestebis/vizualur modalobas emyareba da ara metyvelebis bgeriTi da smeniTi aRqmis modalobas. im SemTxvevebis garda, roca
saqme sametyvelo bgerebs exeba, enis bunebasa da niSan-Tvisebebze msjeloba
rogorc sametyvelo, ise niSnebis enebs unda daeyrdnos.
lingvistur codnas iseTi saxiT, rogoriTac is mosaubris gonebaSi arsebobs, gramatika ewodeba. lingvistikis Teoria im azrobrivi gramatikis bunebas
ikvlevs, romelic adamianis mier sakuTari enis codnas gamoxatavs.
Tu gramatika SeiZleba sakuTari lingvisturi codnis azrobriv gamoxatu
lebad ganvsazRvroT, maSin enis zogadi Teoria _ gramatikis Teoriaa. gramatika moicavs yvelafers, rac adamianma sakuTari enis struqturis Sesaxeb icis
_ misi leqsikoni (gonebrivi leqsikoni anu sityvaTa maragi), misi morfologia
(sityvebis struqtura), misi sintaqsi (frazebis, winadadebebis Tu winadadebaTa ama Tu im Tanwyobis struqtura), misi semantika (sityvebis da winadadebebis
mniSvneloba) da misi fonetika da fonologia (bgerebi da bgeraTa sistemebi an
modelebi). gramatikis Teoria TiToeuli am komponentis bunebas, da yvela arsebuli gramatikis universalur aspeqtebs gansazRvravs.
amaTgan TiToeuli saxis lingvisturi codna Aazrobrivi gramatikis nawilad
warmogvidgeba. magram ra saxis codnaa es? ra icis mosaubre adamianma? up-
14
Sesavali
irveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqme cnobier codnasTan ar gvaqvs. Cven,
adamianTa umetesobas (Tu enaTmecnierebis kursi ar gvaqvs gavlili ) Cveni enis
aracnobier codnaze odnavi warmodgenac ar gagvaCnia. am enis sirTulesa da
kompleqsurobas Cven srulebiT ver vacnobierebT. am kompleqsur enas winamdebare wignis zogierT TavSi ganvixilavT. Tumca, erTgvari Sesavalis saxiT, am
lingvisturi codnis (kompetenciis) ilustrireba Cveni azrobrivi gramatikis
komponentadac SeiZleba.
1.3.1. leqsikoni
ama Tu im enaze TiToeuli mosaubre gonebiT leqsikons, sityvaTa marags atarebs. am leqsikonSi yvela is sityvaa, romelic man icis, vTqvaT, kata, jadoqari, Rrmuli, makbeti, masxara, leqsikoni, mokvla, Ralati, siyvaruli, siZulvili. cnobilia, rom Cveulebrivi monacemebis adamianma 45 000-dan 60 000 sityva
icis. azrobriv leqsikonSi swored amdeni sityvaa daculi (ixileT Tavi 2).
1.3.2. morfologia
ama Tu im enaze mosaubrem isic icis, rogoria sityvebis struqtura; icis,
rom magaliTad, inglisur enaSi sityva da misi fuZe SeiZleba erTi iyos, rogorc
magaliTad, sityvaSi witch _ jadoqari, an fuZeze sufiqsis darTviT _magaliTad, witch-es, fuZeze prefiqisis darTviT _ dis-en-chant, an fuZeze sufiqsis da
prefiqsis darTviT, magaliTad, dis-en-chant-ment warmoiSveba. amas garda icis,
rom sityvaTa es nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda daewyos. anu, sufiqsis `ment~ sityvis TavSi darTva _ magaliTad, mentenchant am sityvas gaugebars
an gramatikulad gaumarTavs gaxdis (Semdgom wignis yvela TavSi aseT gaugebar
an gramatikulad gaumarTav formebs _ sityvebs, frazebs Tu winadadebebs
yvelgan varskvlaviT * aRvniSnavT.). raki mosaubres SeuZlia, marTebuli da
gaumarTavi formebi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos, maSasadame, es imas niSnavs, rom
sityvas lover miiRebs, da formas erlove ukuagdebs _ amas Cvens gonebaSi daculi,
azrobrivi gramatikis karnaxiT gaakeTebs, romelic Cveni gramatikuli codnis
nawilia.
1.3.3 sintaqsi
Cveni lingvisturi codnis nawili gvkarnaxobs rogor SevadginoT sityvebis
gamarTuli Tanwyoba, rogor SevaerToT sityvebi ise, rom frazebi da winadadebebi avagoT. Cven viciT, rodisaa sityvebis amgvari Tanwyoba swori, da rodis _
araswori, rogorc qvemoT motanil winadadebebSi (1) da (2), da marTebuli formis amocnoba SegviZlia:
(1)
lirs sami qaliSvili hyavda.
(2)
* sami lirs qaliSvili hyavda.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom amovicnobT Tu ara gramatikulad swor da araswor formas srulebiT araa damokidebuli imaze, mosmenili gvqonda Tu ara
adre winadadeba, an imaze, sworia Tu ara masSi gamoTqmuli azri (3):
15
(3)
lirs mxolod ori qaliSvili hyavda.
es gramatikulad marTebuli winadadebaa, magram Seqspiris tragediis

mixedviT, swori winadadeba araa. raki liri misi piesis personaJia da ara realuri adamiani, mefe, romelsac sami qaliSvili hyavs, (1) winadadebis siswore
realuri samyaros informaciaze damokidebuli ver iqneba.
sintaqsis (da semantikis) Cveni codna aseve eyrdnoba im faqts, rom Cven
viciT: (4) bundovani, orazrovani winadadebaa (anu winadadeba, romelsac erTze
meti mniSvneloba aqvs).
(4)
kordelias liri reganaze metad uyvarda.

aseTi winadadebis mosmenisas TavSi erTi mniSvneloba mogvdis:
(4)
4. a. kordelias liri ufro metad uyvarda, vidre regans uyvarda liri.
inglisuris mcodneebma agreTve ician rom (4b), (4)-is mniSvnelobac SeiZleba

iyos.
(4)
4 b. kordelias liri ufro metad uyvarda, vidre kordelias regani uyvarda.
sintaqsis wyalobiT nebismier enaSDi winadadebebis usazRvro raodenobaa.

winadadebis sigrZe SezRuduli ar aris, da Sesabamisad, arc winadadebebis raodenobas SegviZlia davudoT zRvari.
(5)
lirs kordelia uyvarda.
(6)
lirs uyvarda kordelia, xolo kordelias uyvarda liri.
(7)
lirs, romelsac sami qaliSvili hyavda, kordelia yvelaze metad uyvarda.
(8)
liri, romelsac kordelia uyvarda, Zalze ganrisxda, roca man (kordeliam) sityvierad ar uTxra, rogor uyvarda igi (liri) da amis gamo memkvidreobis uboZeblad moikveTa, ramac regani da gonerili gaaxara, magram
Zalian usamarTlo gadawyvetileba iyo, vinaidan kordelias mama marTla
yvelaze metad uyvarda, keTili da mzrunveli buneba hqonda da es ambavi
bolos mefe lirisTvis saSineli tragediiT dasrulda.
SegviZlia am winadadebidan winadadebebi (9a-g)-s mixedviT gamovyoT:
(9)
a. kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo.

b. mas mama uyvarda.
g. kordelias, romelic liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo igi uyvarda.
SegviZlia winadadebebi SevaerToT, rogorc (10) winadadebaSi:

(10) kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo da uyvarda igi.
Cven viciT, rogor SevqmnaT uaryofiTi da kiTxviTi winadadebebi:
(11) kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili ar iyo.
(12) kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo?
viciT isic, rom (13) winadadebaSi he _ìgi (kaci)~ lirs ar ganekuTvneba,
16
Sesavali
xolo (14) Si ki SeiZleba, rom liri an sxva piri, mamakaci igulisxmebodes.

(13) Lear loved him. lirs uyvarda igi.
(14) Regan told Lear she loved him. reganam uTxra lirs, rom uyvarda igi.
3, 4 da 5 TavebSi zogierT am da sxva im sakiTxebze iqneba saubari, romlebic
sintaqsuri struqturis Cvens intuitiur codnasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Cvens
mentalur gramatikaSi es codnac igulisxmeba da zemoT motanili mtkicebulebebis Sedgenis Cvens unarze metyvelebs.
1.3.4 semantika
mosaubrem bevri ram icis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs mis enaSi esa Tu is gamoTqma. swored es codnaa, bgerebis Tu Jestebis modelebs `simbolurs~ rom
xdis. winadadeba erTgvari akustikuri Tu Jestismieri suraTia _ igi raRacis
gamoxatulebas axdens _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gamoxatulebis miseuli xerxebi
naxatisgan gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, Cven viciT, rom warmoTqmuli an dawerili sityva Seqspiri SeiZleba romelime adamianisaTvis saxelis misacemad iqnas
gamoyenebuli. viciT, rom warmoTqmuli an dawerili fraza piesebs werda iseT
unars gamoxatavs, romelic gaaCnia zogierT, magram ara yvela adamians. qvemoT
motanili winadadebis (15) mniSvneloba rom gavigoT, am or ideas vaerTianebT:
(15) Seqspiri piesebs werda.
martivi idea, rom qvemdebare raRacas saxels aZlevs, xolo winadadebis danarCeni nawili moqmedebas aRniSnavs, yvela msgavs SemTxvevaSi marTebuli ar
aris. magaliTad, qvemoT motanili winadadeba gveubneba, rom:
(16) arcerTi jadoqari piesebs ar wers.
winadadeba (16)-is mniSvneloba sruliad gasagebia, miuxedavad imisa, rom arcerTi jadoqari erT romelime pirs ar gulisxmobs. 7, 8 da 9 TavebSi iseTi winadadebebis mniSvnelobebs SevexebiT, romlebic erTdroulad moicavs rogorc
(15), ise (16) winadadebis msgavs mniSvnelobebs.
amas garda, Cven SegviZlia iseTi winadadebebis mniSvneloba gavigoT, romlebic isea agebuli, rogorc amis saSualebas sintaqsi iZleva: gvesmis CarTuli
da qvewyobili winadadebebi; gvesmis uaryofiTi da kiTxviTi winadadebebi. sintaqsuri struqturebis amocnobis Cveni unari struqturaTa usasrulo jaWvis mniSvnelobaTa gagebis Cveneul unars emTxveva; es ori unari erTdroulad
gvaqvs.
roca gamoTqmebis mniSvnelobebs ganvixilavT SevniSnavT, rom SeiZLleba msgavsi mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva saxiT gadmocema. magaliTad, mocemul or winadadebas msgavsi mniSvneloba aqvs.
(17) Cveulebriv, jadoqrebi piesebs ar weren.
(18) jadoqrebis umetesoba piesebs ar wers.
amgvari codna Cvens azrobriv gramatikaSi semantikur codnas warmoadgens;
mas 7, 8 da 9 TavebSi ganvixilavT.
17
1.3.5 fonetika da fonologia

sakuTari enis codna misi bgerebis da bgeraTa modelebis codnasac moicavs.
Cven viciT, romeli bgerebi arsebobs Cvens enaSi, da romeli _ara. inglisur
enaze mosaubrem, xSirad aracnobierad icis, rom mis enaSi xuTze meti xmovani
bgeraa. maT gamosayofad TvalsaCinoebisTvis moviyvanT im sityvebs, romlebic dawerilobiT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba: bit, beat, bet, bat, boot, but, boat,
bought, put, pot. inglisuri enis damwerlobiT sistemaSi xuTi xmovani bgeris gamosaxatavad xuT aso-niSans _ a, e, i, o, u_viyenebT. rogorc xedavT, anbanuri
simboloebi da is bgerebi, romlebsac isini gamoxataven, erTmaneTs zustad ar
Seesatyviseba.
inglisur enaze mosaubrem isic icis, mis enaSi bgerebis romeli bmuli qmnis
sityvebs, romeli _ SesaZlo sityvebs, da romeli bmulebisganaa SeuZlebeli
sityvis warmoqmna. ase magaliTad, sityva clasp _Sesakravi TiTqmis yoveli inglisurenovani adamianis azrobriv leqsikonSi arsebobs, formebi clisp an klisp
ki _ ara (vinaidan am bgerebTan raime mniSvneloba araa dakavSirebuli), magram es uazro formebic ki SeiZleba gaxdes sityvebi, vinaidan isini inglisuri
enisTvis damaxasiaTebel bgeraTa Tanmimdevrobas ar arRveven. forma *lkisp ki
inglisurSi SesaZlo sityvad ver CaiTvleba, arc *ngisp, vinaidan pirvel SemTxvevaSi bgeraTa wyoba lk, meore SemTxvevaSi ki ng, bgera, romelic sityva king-s
abolovebs, inglisur enaSi sityvas ver daiwyebs. es iseTi wesebi an kanonebi ki
ar aris, romlebic SeiZleba saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebma daaweson, aramed
enis, am SemTxvevaSi inglisuri enis bgeriTi modelebis SezRudvebia, romelTac bavSvi mSobliur enasTan erTad iTvisebs. aseTi SezRudvebi da damatebiTi
informacia sametyvelo bgerebisa da bgeriTi modelebis Sesaxeb, romelTac
11-dan14 TavebSi ganvixilavT, inglisuri enis azrobriv gramatikaSi warmodgenil fonologiur codnas ganekuTvneba.
1.4 azrobrivi gramatika, universaluri

gramatika, aRweriTi gramatika, saswavlo
gramatika da normatiuli gramatika
aq gramatika misi Cveuli gagebisgan gansxvavebulad iqneba ganxiluli. roca
mosaubris lingvisturi codnis gamoxatulebad ganvixilavT, gramatika azrobrivi sistemaa _ Tavis tvinis/gonebis kognituri nawili, romelsac Tu adamianis pirvel, anu mSobliur enaze gvaqvs saubari, bavSvi sagangebod Seswavlis gareSe, bunebrivad iTvisebs. sityva gramatika xSirad mxolod sintaqsTan
mimarTebaSi ixmareba, Cven ki mas lingvisturi kompetenciis yvela aspeqts vukavSirebT. im SemTxvevebTan erTad, roca am sityvas azrobriv gramatikasTan
mimarTebaSi vxmarobT, roca lingvistebi ama Tu im enaze mosaubre eTnikuri
jgufis saziaro codnas gulisxmoben, enis aRweras enis gramatika ewodeba.
iseT or adamians ver ipoviT, rom erTmaneTis sruliad identuri azrobrivi
gramatika hqondeT. zogma SeiZleba iseTi sityvebi icodes, romelic sxvisTvis
ucnobia; erTs SeiZleba sakuTari, sxvaTagan gamorCeuli wesi an gamoTqmis Tavisebureba gaaCndes, magram raki es adamianebi erTmaneTs esaubrebian, erTmane-
18
Sesavali
Tis esmiT, maSasadame, arsebobs raRac saerTo codna, rasac Cven maT azrobriv
gramatikas vuwodebT. aRweriTi gramatika erT enobriv jgufSi yvela mosaubris azrobrivi gramatikebis idealuri formaa.
yvela enis gramatika universaluri `kanonebiT~ anu `principebiTaa~ SezRuduli. es Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeba Comskimde moRvawe bevri lingvistis
Sexedulebebisgan. zogi maTgani amtkicebda, rom enebi SeiZleba dausruleblad icvlebodes. rac metad vakvirdebiT msoflios enebs, miT metad vrwmundebiT mecamete saukunis filosofosis rojer bekonis Tvalsazrisis sisworeSi. bekoni werda:
ìmas, visac erTi enis gramatika esmis, meore enis gramatikasac gaigebs, vinaidan gramatikis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi saerToa. is, rom aseTi adamiani sxva enaze ver met
yvelebs, an sxva ena ar esmis, sityvaTa da maT formaTa usasrulo mravalferovnebis
gamo xdeba, magram eseni gramatikis SemTxveviTi niSan-Tvisebebia.~
am Sexedulebis sasargeblod uamravi mowmoba arsebobs. dRes mas im Tvalsazrisis aRiarebac amyarebs, rom enebis aTvisebis adamianiseul unars biologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia. am samyaroSi bavSvi enebis aTvisebis Tandayolili
midrekilebiT ibadeba, romelic am universalur principebs anu genetikurad
gansazRvrul azrobriv sistemas eyrdnoba, es ukanaskneli ki _ universalur
gramatikas (ug). es sakiTxi wignSi Semdgom iqneba ganxiluli.
universaluri gramatika yvela sametyvelo enis gramatikebs gansazRvravs,
magram arsebobs `SemTxveviTi gansxvavebebi~, romlebic enaTSoris lingvistur
cvalebadobas qmnian. ase magaliTad, universaluri gramatika SeiZleba gansazRvravdes, rom sityvis thane (rogorc Mackbeth, the thane of Cawdor), an thigh
sawyisi bgera _ th SesaZlo sametyvelo bgera iyos. inglisuri enis aRweriTi
gramatika am bgeras xsenebuli enis gramatikaSi ganixilavs, magram franguli
enis gramatika _ ara. zogierT enaSi nacvalsaxeliT warmodgenili qvemdebaris
gamotoveba SeiZleba, zogSi ki ara. zogierT enaSi erTi rTuli Sedgenilobis
sityva meore enis mTeli winadadebis eqvivalenturia. es gansxvavebebi am enebis
aRweriT gramatikebSi iCens Tavs. aRweriTi gramatikebi SeiZleba saswavlo anu
pedagogikuri gramatikebis safuZvladac CaiTvalos. am gramatikebs meore enis,
an mSobliuri enis romelime versiis (dialeqtis) saswavlebladac iyeneben.
aRweriTi gramatikebis mizani im azrobrivi gramatikis gamovlenaa, romelic ama Tu im enaze mosaubris codnas warmoadgens da ara imis dadgena, Tu
rogori unda iyos am mosaubreebis gramatika. maSin, roca enis (an dialeqtis)
zogierT formas SeiZleba xSirad socialuri, politikuri an ekonomikuri mosazrebiT mieniWos upiratesoba, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT aseTi upiratesoba arc erT dialeqts ar eZleva. amis gamo lingvistikas, rogorc mecnierebas,
normatiuli lingvistikis mimarT mcire interesi gaaCnia.
aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom enebis umetesoba damwerlobiT formas moklebulia (amaze me-2 TavSi iqneba saubari). amis miuxedavad, es enebi damwerlobas,
an sakuTari anbanis mqone enebze nakleb kompleqsuri da racionaluri rodia.
metyveleba (an niSani) pirveladia, adamianis saxeobisTvis bunebiT naboZebi
unaris nawilia; damwerlobiTi sistemebi sametyvelo enebisgan warmodga; ami-
19
tomacaa, rom msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi dabadebuli adamiani, bavSvobidanve

Tandayolili lingvisturi unaris wyalobiT, Tavisi garemos enas TavisiT
swavlobs, magram wera-kiTxvas sagangebo swavlebis gareSe ufro xSirad ver iTvisebs. yru-munji bavSvic ki, romelic metyvelebis unars moklebulia, Jestebis sakuTar enas igonebs, romelic universaluri gramatikis SezRudvebis
SesatyvisobiT viTardeba da icvleba. Tumca, aseTi bavSvebi sakuTar damwerlobas ver igoneben.
1.5. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena?

bavSvebis mier enis aTvisebis logikuri problema
patara bavSvebi, romlebsac bevri sxva TvalsazrisiT SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvT, mniSvnelovan SemecnebiT gamarjvebebs uadvilesad da
Zald
autaneblad aRweven. sul ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, uSualo instruqtirebisa da koreqciis gareSe lingvisturi codnis urTules da erTgvarovan SemecnebiT sistemas ayalibeben _ im enis gramatikas, romelsac iTviseben. rogor axerxeben amas bavSvebi? es aris umTavresi kiTxva, romelzec pasuxis gacemas enaTmecnierebis Teoria cdilobs. enis aTvisebis problemisadmi
cnobiswadils kidev ufro metad is faqti zrdis, rom Cveni enis Sesaxeb imaze
vrceli informacia dagvigrovda, vidre Cveni lingvisturi garemo iZleva saTanado monacemebia. TvalsaCinoebisTvis, ganvixiloT winadadebebi (19) da (20):
(19) Polonius is eager to please. _ poloniusi mondomebulia, rom asiamovnos.
(20) Polonius is easy to please. _ poloniusisTvis siamovnebis miniWeba advilia.
zedapirulad, es ori inglisuri winadadeba Zalze msgavsia, mxolod zedsarTavebSia _ eager (19) Si da easy (20) -Si gansxvaveba. Tumca, Tu kargad
dafiqrdeba, inglisurad mosaubre adamiani aRmoaCens, rom maT Soris sxvaobas mxolod zedsarTavebi ar qmnis. winadadebaSi (19) qvemdebare poloniusi
is aris, vinc mzadaa viRacas asiamovnos, maSin, roca winadadeba (20) Si Tavad
poloniusis siamovnebazea saubari, romelsac sxva asiamovnebs. inglisur enaSi
(20) winadadebis perifrazic moiZebneba: It is esay to please Polonius, maSin, roca
(19) s msgavsi perifrazi ar gaaCnia. * It is eager to please John _ inglisurad
gamarTuli forma ver iqneba. is, rac am winadadebebTan dakavSirebiT inglisurenovani adamianebis codna gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre zedapirul TvalsaCino formebSi Cans.
swored aseve, winadadebas (21) masTan dakavSirebuli ori mniSvneloba gaaCnia:
(21) Visiting witches can be dangerous.
inglisurad mosaubrem icis, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes es winadadeba: a) rom
CvenTvis jadoqrebTan stumroba saxifaToa, an b) rom jadoqrebis stumroba
saxifaToa. winadadebis aseTi orazrovneba mis zedapirul formaSi ar Cans da
mainc, es iseTi ram aris, rac Cven viciT. aseve viciT, rom winadadeba (22) inglisur enaSi gramatikulad gamarTuli kiTxvaa, xolo winadadeba (23) _ara, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebiTad orives erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs.
20
Sesavali
(22) What did Caesar drink necktar with?

(23) *What did Caesar drink nectar and?
sxva magaliTebi imisa, Tu risgan Sedgeba Cveni lingvisturi codna, zemoT
moviyvaneT. saqme isaa, rom Cveni enis Sesaxeb bevrad meti ram viciT, vidre amas
Cveni Tvali xedavs, an Cvens yurs esmis. maS saidan viciT amdeni ram mSobliuri
enis winadadebis struqturisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, roca is, rac gvesmis,
mxolod da mxolod bgerebis garkveuli Tanmimdevrobaa? enis aTvisebis am
simartivis, siswrafisa da erTgvarovnebis axsnas saTanado monacemebis ukmarobis pirobebSi erT problemaze muSaobiT cdiloben. am problemas enis aTvisebis logikuri problema ewodeba da pirvelad am formiT noam Comskim (1955
wels ) wamoayena.
CanarTi
1. 2
enis aTvisebis logikuri problema (LPLA)

LPLA im zogadi sakiTxis erTi mcire nawilia, romelic adamianis mier codnis aTvisebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. adamianis mier dagrovil codnas britaneli
filosofosi bertran raseli ase axasiaTebs:
`rogor moxda, rom adamianebma, romelTa urTierToba garesamyarosTan ase xanmokle,
pirovnuli da SezRudulia, amis miuxedavad mainc imxela codnis dagroveba moaxerxes,
rogoric Cven gagvaCnia? Cveni warmodgena codnis Sesaxeb nawilobriv iluzoruli xom
ar aris? xolo Tu ase ar aris, sxvagvarad rogor SegviZlia am codnis miReba Tu ara
Cveni SegrZnebebi,?~
raseli ukanasknel frazaSi imas gulisxmobs, rom Cveni codnis umetesi

nawili naswavli ar gvaqvs, arc samyarosTan Sexebis da Sesabamisi gamocdilebis,
arc SegrZnebebis gziT gveZleva _ es Sinagani codnaa, Tandayolili da biologiurad gansazRvruli.
enis aTvisebis procesSi bavSvs mxolod sasruli raodenobis gamoTqmebi esmis. amis miuxedavad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, droTa ganmavlobaSi usasrulod
bevri winadadebis xmareba da gageba SeuZlia. es enis gamoyenebis SemoqmedebiTi
aspeqtia. amgvari `SemoqmedebiToba~ srulebiT araa dakavSirebuli leqsebis
Tu romanebis werasTan _ es unaria, romlis meSveobiT adamiani usasrulo raodenobis winadadebebs qmnis da igebs, maT Soris iseTebs, romlebic adre arasdros warmouTqvams an gaugonia. zusti lingvisturi maragi, romelsac adamiani
adreuli asakidan moipovebs, yoveli bavSvisTvis gansxvavebulia. SeuZlebelia
ori iseTi bavSvis povna, romelsac Cvilobidan erTnairi gamoTqmebi esmis; da
mainc, yoveli maTgani sabolood erTsa da imave gramatikas SeimuSavebs. bavSvis Tavdapirveli maragi SemTxveviTi ramaa im TvalsazrisiT, rom mSoblebi an
adamianebi, romlebTanac is drois umetes nawils atarebs saubrisas gramatikis
ama Tu im sakiTxis ilustrirebas ar axdenen. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, bavSvebi
enis sistemur codnas imuSaveben. amgvarad, SezRudulobis da gare samyarosgan miRebuli sawyisi maragis Tu im viTarebis nairgvarovnebis miuxedavad,
romelSic izrdebian, isini mainc lingvisturi codnis mdidar da erTian sistemas imuSaveben. SeZenili codna Tavdapirvel maragze gacilebiT metia. rogor
21
vigebT Cvens enaze imdens, ramdenic axla viciT, Tu ara Cveni lingvisturi
garemodan?
enis aTvisebis logikuri problemis sapasuxod arsebobs varaudi, rom bevri
ram iqidan, rac Cveni enis Sesaxeb viciT, adreul asakSi ki araa naswavli, aramed
Tandayolili unaria, romelic zemoT naxsenebi universaluri gramatikidan
(ug) warmodga. zogadad, universaluri gramatika adamianis sametyvelo enis
formasa da funqcionirebas, Sesabamisad _ yvela enisaTvis saerTo principebs
gansazRvravs. am TvalTaxedviT, bavSvis goneba enas ase vTqvaT, tabula rasa-d
anu sufTa furclad ar ganixilavs, romelic mxolod samyarosTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT unda Seivsos, arc mxolod iseTi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi
gaaCnia, rogorebicaa wabaZva, daxsomeba, analogia an zogadi induqcia. piriqiT, enasTan Sexebisas bavSvs garkveuli `molodini~ gaaCnia misi lingvisturi
struqturisa da principebis mimarT, romlebic enas marTavs da ayalibebs. universaluri gramatika bavSvs Tavdapirveli codnis SezRudulobis daZlevaSi
exmareba da maT gramatikul ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
negatiuri monacemebis uqonlobis problema

gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadebebi, vTqvaT, iseTi, rogoric (23)-ia
(adre motanili winadadeba)
(23) What did Caesar drink nectar and?
enis aTvisebis gansakuTrebiT rTuli aspeqtis ilustrirebas axdens. es

negatiuri monacemebis uqonlobis problemaa. elementi, romlis mimarTac
winadadeba (23)-Si kiTxvaa dasmuli, koordinaciis nawilia, rogorc winadadebaSi Caesar drank nectar and wine. (keisari neqtars da Rvinos svamda). aq TiTqos
koordinirebis struqturis an kiTxvis dasmis garkveuli SezRudva arsebobs.
es SezRudva mxolod inglisurs ki ara, yvela enas axasiaTebs. magram sakiTxavia,
rogor SeiTvisebs bavSvi msgavs SezRudvas, roca Sesabamisi monacemi gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadebaa, romelsac is Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi verasdros gaigonebs. varskvlaviT aRniSvna, ra Tqma unda, mosaxerxebeli lingvisturi niSania, magram bavSvs xom Tavdapirvel codnad ver dahyveba. zogadad,
imgvar negatiur monacemze, anu uSualo informaciaze, rom romelime winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia, bavSvebs xeli ar miuwvdebaT. es erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani aspeqtia, romelic bavSvis Tavdapirvel codnaSi arasakmarisadaa warmodgenili.
amgvarad, bavSvi enas swrafad da efeqturad, anu mxolod mciredi SecdomebiT iviTarebs. es xdeba stimulis simwiris (magaliTad, negatiuri monacemebis
naklebobis) miuxedavad, radgan enis ZiriTadi forma, adamianis biologiuri Taviseburebis gamo mas dabadebidan Tan dahyveba. enis aTvisebis Sesaxeb
gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, bavSvi enas ùceb~ swavlobs. es azri TiTqos simarTlesTan axlos aris, magram albaT ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu enis aTvisebas `zrdas~ SevadarebT da ara swavlas. arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom am process
swavlis elementebi aklia. bavSvma, ra Tqma unda, Sesaswavli enis leqsikoni da
CanarTi
1.3
22
Sesavali
am enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi unda iswavlos. rogorc am wignis

gverdebidan SeityobT, sxvadsxva enebs, rogorebicaa mag., inglisuri, franguli, iaponuri, suahili, bevri saerTo niSan-Tviseba aerTianebs _isini xom
saziaro, universaluri gramatikidan arian warmomdgari, magram Tan bevri
TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdebian. swored es gansxvavebebi unda Seiswavlos bavSvma gamocdilebis SeZenisas. universaluri gramatikis warmodgena, albaT, erT
did Sablonad ufro upriani iqneba, romelsac aqa-iq Riobebi aqvs da isini sxvadasxva enasTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebiT unda Seivsos.
lingvistikis Teoriasa da enis aTvisebas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.
magram calkeuli enebis struqturis analizis safuZvelze lingvistika cdilobs daadginos, Cveni lingvisturi codnis romeli aspeqtebia universaluri
da maSasadame, rogorc universaluri gramatikis nawili, bavSvisTvis xelmisawvdomi da romeli aspeqtebia mxolod calkeuli enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
amgvarad, calkeuli gramatikebis Seswavla enis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan codnas gvmatebs. amasTan, bavSvebSi enobrivi ganviTarebis Tavseburebebis dadgena adamianis sametyvelo enis organizebaze ukeTes warmodgenas gviqmnis. ganviTarebis im safexurebs, romelTac bavSvi zrdasrulobisTvis
damaxasiaTebel lingvistur kompetenciamde gadis, 6, 10 da 15 TavebSi ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
1.6. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis

gamoyeneba? lingvisturi Sesruleba
Tu gramatika lingvisturi kompetenciis azrobrivi gamoxatulebaa, maSin
imgvari codnisgan riT gansxvavdeba, romlis gamoyenebiTac vmetyvelebT an
naTqvams vigebT? gansxvaveba Cvens gonebaSi arsebuli codnis gamoxatulebasa
da am codnis gamoyenebas Soris mxolod enisTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli. musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesrulebisas, adamians igi, vTqvaT, `mTvaris sonata~ SEei
Zleba `zepirad daswavlili~ aqvs da zogjer unaklod asrulebs mas. magram SeiZleba nawarmoebi xandaxan sworad ver Seasrulos, Secdomebi dauSvas, garkveuli pasaJebic ki daaviwydes. is faqti, rom momdevno Sesrulebisas vcdilobT
Secdomebi aRar davuSvaT, imas mowmobs, rom codna gvqonda, magram nawarmoebis
Sesrulebisas misi gamomJRavneba srulad ver movaxerxeT. anu sonata vicodiT,
magram Cveni SesrulebiT es ver davadastureT.
imaves Tqma enazec SeiZleba. imis miuxedavad, rom principSi usasrulo raodenobis winadadebebis SeTxzva da gageba SegviZlia, aSkaraa, rom sinamdvileSi amis gakeTeba arcerT mokvdavs ar ZaluZs. (23) winadadebis, an misi msgavsi
frazis gagonebisas vxvdebiT, rom garkveuli saxis gaumarTaobasTan gvaqvs
saqme, rom igi gramatikulad arasworia. amas Cveni lingvisturi kompetencia
gvafiqrebinebs, Tumca, SeiZleba dazustebiT ver vTqvaT, Cveni gramatikis
romeli nawilis wesi aris darRveuli, riTac cxadi xdeba, rom Cvenive codna
aracnobieria.
gansxvaveba lingvistur codnasa (kompetencias) da lingvistur Sesrulebas
Soris SeiZleba gamomJRavndes, magaliTad, warmoTqmaSi daSvebuli SecdomiT.
23
roca pativcemuli spuneri (misTvis damaxasiaTebelma Secdomebma termin

`spunerizmsac~ ki daudo saTave) dedofal viqtoriaze saubrobda, man warmoTqva that queer old dean, (ucnauri moxuci dekani, Tumca es sityva-sityviTi
Targmania, vinaidan sityva old inglisurSi xandaxan asakis ki ara, simpaTiis gamosaxatad ixmareba) Tumca sul sxva fraza _ that dear old queen (Zvirfasi moxuci
dedofali _aqac igive SeniSvna gaviTvaliswinoT) unda warmoeTqva. spunerma
icoda, rom dedofali arc ucnauri iyo da arc dekani. Secdoma yvelas mosdis.
xSirad amas Tavadve vamCnevT da naTqvams vasworebT. amiT vadasturebT, rom
Sesabamisi codna gvaqvs da rom sityvis, winadadebisa Tu frazis swori forma
viciT.
xarvezebi Cvens mexsierebasac gaaCnia: xandaxan grZeli winadadebis dasawyisi gvaviwydeba da iseTi Secdoma mogvdis, rogoric (24)winadadebaSia naCvenebi
_ mravlobiTi ricxvis nacvlad (isini, maT) mxolobiTi ricxvis nacvalsaxels
(igi, man) warmovTqvamT.
(24) makbetma da banqom, mefis orma generalma, cxenebi im cixe-simagrisken
gaaWenes, romelic man Soridan SeniSna.
urTierkavSiri gramatikasa da lingvistur Sesrulebass Soris rTuli da
kompleqsuria da fsiqolingvistikuri kvlevis umTavres sagans warmoadgens.
Cveni wignis mizani imdenad lingvisturi Sesrulebis ganxilva araa, ramdenadac im azrobrivi sistemis, romelic metyvelebasa da metyvelebis aRqmasTan,
gagebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca, kompetenciasa da performanss Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor SeuZliaT mecnierebs kompetenciis, azrobrivi gramatikis arsis kvleva?
1.7. lingvistikis `qmna~

arsebobs meTodebi, romelTac enaTmecnierebi lingvistikis `saqmnelad~,
enebis analizisTvis, gramatikebis agebisa da gramatikis Teoriis Sesaqmnelad
iyeneben.
lingvistebi erTnairad iyeneben rogorc naturalistur, ise eqsperimentul monacemebs. naturalisturi monacemebi aqtualuri metyvelebisgan
Sedgeba, dawerilobiTi iqneba igi, Tu sxva raime gziT miRebuli, mag., firze
Cawerili da xSirad pozitiuri monacemebis mopovebis sasargeblo wyaroa. es
monacemebi xSirad imas mowmobs, rom garkveuli yaidis winadadeba (albaT) gra
matikulad gamarTulia.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom firze Cawerili saubris mosmenisas an Cawerili teqstis Seswavlisas aRmoaCines, rom nacvalsaxelebi him da her (mas _
mamr. da mdedr. sqesi) yovelTvis sxva pirs ganekuTvneba da ara subieqts. vTqvaT, aseT winadadebebSi:
(25) Othello hates him. _ otelos sZuls igi.
(26) Titania loved her. _ titanias uyvarda igi.
maSin, roca iseT winadadebebSi, rogorebicaa (27) da (28):
24
Sesavali
(27) Othello hates himself. _ otelos Tavi sZuls.

(28) Titania loved herself. _ titanias Tavi uyvarda.
nacvalsaxelebi himself, herself yovelTvis subieqts ganekuTvneba. adamians
SeuZlia daaskvnas, am nacvalsaxelebis romeli formebia gramatikulad marTebuli ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi. magram amasTan kompetenciasa da Sesrulebas Soris arsebul gansxvavebasTan dakavSirebuli zemoT mocemuli gafrTxilebac
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT (es exeba gansakuTrebiT, erTi mxriv, azrobrivi
gramatikidan warmomdgar winadadebebsa da meore mxriv, a) iseT gamoTqmebs,
romelTac mocemul enaze mosaubreebi xSirad warmoTqvamen da arsebiTad spuneris Secdomebis msgavs ènabrgvilobebs~ warmoadgens, aseve b) winadadebis
dasawyisis daviwyebiT gamowveul Secdomebs, g) pauzis Sesavsebad warmoTqmul
bgerebs Soris da a.S).
amas garda, naturalisturi monacemebi negatiuri mowmobis sando wyarod
ver CaiTvleba, anu imis dasabuTebad ar gamodgeba, rom romelime calkeuli winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia. sworia Tu ara winadadeba, amas mxolod
imis safuZvelze ver davaskvniT, rom manamde es winadadeba arasdros gvsmenia. rogorc zemoT iTqva, adamianis bunebriv sametyvelo enaSi gramatikulad
gamarTuli winadadebebis SesaZlo raodenoba usasruloa, magram adamianebi
TavianT sicocxleSi mxolod sasruli raodenobis winadadebebs warmoTqvamen.
amis gamo, gramatikulad gamarTuli bevri winadadeba arasdros warmoTqmula
(lingvists ki gacilebiT naklebi aseTi winadadebis dakvirvebis saSualeba
eZleva). saimiso negatiuri mowmobis mosagroveblad, rom winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia, lingvistebi, rogorc wesi, eqsperimentebis monacemebs
eyrdnobian, raTa ganisazRvros, acnobiereben Tu ara amas mocemul enaze mosaubreebi, intuitiurad grZnoben, rom es forma bunebrivia Tu mxolod misaRebia.
erT-erTi aseTi eqsperimentis dros, mocemul enaze mosaubreebs winadadebebs akiTxeben an asmenineben. maT pasuxi unda gascen kiTxvas, misaRebad JRers
igi Tu sruliad gamarTulad. msgavs eqsperimentebs morfologiaSic atareben:
mocemul enaze mosaubreebs sTxoven, misaRebad CaTvalon an uaryon morfemebis
esa Tu is Serwyma. aseve fonologiaSic: adamianebs sTxoven, maTi mSobliuri
enis bgeraTa bmebi Seafason: SeiZleba Tu ara ama Tu im Tanwyobam misi enis SesaZlo sityva Seadginos. fonetikur laboratoriebSi sametyvelo bgerebis _
maTi warmoSobis, aRqmis, maTi akustikuri maxasiaTeblebis kvleva warmoebs,
romelSic araerTi saxis kompiuterul da sxva teqnologiebs iyeneben.
aucileblad unda gvaxsovdes, rom cnebebi misaRebi da gramatikulad
gamarTuli mTlad tolfasi araa, vinaidan, gramatikulis garda kidev sxva faqtorebic gansazRvraven misaRebia Tu ara romelime forma. magaliTad, adamianma SeiZleba mSobliur enaze mosmenili an wakiTxuli esa Tu is fraza miuReblad
miiCnios, Tuki misi romelime sityva bundovani an Seuracxmyofeli moeCveneba
an Tu winadadeba metismetad grZelia da adamians aviwydeba, rogor iwyeba igi
da bolos, Tuki winadadebis mniSvneloba imdenad bundovania, rom SeiZleba
gaugebroba gamoiwvios. aseT SemTxvevaSi mosaubris mosazrebebi imis Taobaze,
25
misaRebia Tu ara winadadeba, misi gramatikuli gamarTulobis srul indikatorad ar gamodgeba. raki winadadebis gramatikuli gaumarTaobis Tu piriqiT,
gamarTulobis dasadgenad sxva pirdapiri saSualeba ar arsebobs, lingvistebi,
am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, rogorc wesi, im mosaubreebis intuicias eyrdnobian, visTvisac mocemuli ena mSobliuria.
zemoT moyvanil an maT msgavs SemTxvevebSi gamotanili daskvnebis gasamarTleblad Cven vvaraudobT, rom aracnobier azrobriv gramatikaSi sintaqsuri
wesebis garkveuli forma arsebobs.
hipoTezebi zogierTi wesis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, mcdaric aRmoCndes. Tu es
Semdgomi kvlevis Sedegad dadasturdeba, maSin iseTi axali hipoTezebis formulireba unda moxdes (sxva sintaqsuri wesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb), romlebic
naturalur Tu eqsperimentul situaciebSi mosaubris lingvistur qcevas axsnida.
saeqsperimento monacemebis, gramatikuli gamarTuloba-gaumarTaobis da
misaRebobis Sesaxeb Cven Semdgom, 3 TavSic vimsjelebT. Cveni wignis gverdebze lingvistebis im meTodebze gveqneba saubari, romelTa meSveobiT isini
lingvistikas `qmnian~. Tqven ki momdevno TavebSi saSualeba mogecemaT, rom mowodebuli masala Tavad gaaanalizoT.
1.8. Sejameba
lingvistika is mecnierebaa, romelic adamianis enas Seiswavlis. lingvistikas bevri ganStoeba aqvs. es saxelmZRvanelo umTavresad enaTmecnierebis
Tanamedrove Teorias anu Teoriul lingvistikas Seexeba, romlis mizani adamianis yvela sametyvelo enis bunebis da struqturis kvlevaa. adamianis enis
mimarT interesi uxsovari droidan arsebobda. 1957 wels Comskis `sintaqsuri
struqturebis~ gamoqveynebam generatiuli lingvistikis xanas misca dasabami,
romelic miznad isaxavs, pasuxi gasces sam ZiriTad kiTxvas: risgan Sedgeba
Cveni codna enis Sesaxeb (lingvisturi kompetencia), rogor xdeba am codnis
SeZena, da rogor xdeba am codnis gamoyeneba lingvsitur SesrulebaSi? sakuTari enis codna adamianis gonebaSi azrobrivi gramatikis saxiTaa warmodgenili, romelSic igulisxmeba yvelaferi, rac man am enis Sesaxeb icis: leqsikoni
(anu sityvebi), morfologia (am sityvebis struqtura), sintaqsi (frazebis da
winadadebebis struqtura), semantika (lingvisturi struqturebis mniSvnelobebi) fonetika da fonologia (am enis bgerebi da bgeriTi modelebi). amgvarad,
ama Tu im enaze mosaubris gramatika lingvisturi kompetenciis azrobrivi
gamoxatulebaa. calkeuli enebis gramatikebs, romlebic enaTmecnierTa mieraa
dawerili da azrobrivi gramatikis anarekls warmoadgens, aRweriTi gramatikebi ewodeba. aRweriTi gramatika xSirad safuZvlad edeba saswavlo anu
pedagogiur gramatikas. am gramatikas isini iyeneben, visac meore (an mesame
meoTxe da a.S) enis Seswavla aqvs gadawyvetili. arc aRweriTi, da arc azrobrivi gramatikis mizani araa is, rom gansazRvros ra unda Tqvas mosaubrem; eseni
mosaubris codnas asaxaven sakuTari enis Sesaxeb.
bavSvebi sakuTari enis kompleqsur gramatikas swrafad, gasaocari siio-
26
Sesavali
liT, umaswavleblod da Caurevlad iTviseben. is, Tu rogor akeTeben amas, bavSvis mier enis aTvisebis logikur problemas warmoadgens. amis axsna da gageba
advili ar aris, radgan bavSvebi sasrul da mwir informacias iReben, negatiuri
mowmobis gareSe (romelic imis gagebas gauadvilebdaT, bgerebis rogori bmaa
araswori). amis miuxedavad, isini dausrulebeli odenobis winadadebebis warmoqmnisa da gagebisaTvis wesebs mainc SeimuSaveben da maTi meSveobiT marTebul
(gramatikulad swor) da umarTebulo (aragramatikul) formebs erTmaneTisgan asxvaveben. am faqts im varaudamde mivyavarT, rom adamiani Tandayolili
enobrivi unariTaa dajildovebuli. es unari universaluri gramatikaa (ug).
roca enis bunebis gagebas vcdilobT, erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT
lingvisturi kompetencia (lingvisturi codnis gamoxatuleba) da lingvisturi Sesruleba (am codnis gamoyeneba metyvelebis procesirebis _saubris da
naTqvamis gagebis dros). SesrulebaSi Cveni codna enis Sesaxeb aralingvistur
codnasTan urTierTqmedebs da bevr faqtorze axdens gavlenas, maT Soris xanmokle mexsierebaze, sxva fsiqologiur procesebze da am yvelaferTan erTad
pragmatul codnazec.
lingvistebi naturalistur monacemebsac iyeneben _ aqtualur metyvelebas, saubrebs, sxvadasxva gziT Caweril teqstebs _ da saeqsperimento monacemebsac. momdevno TavebSi TvalsaCinod iqneba warmoCenili is meTodebi,
romelTac lingvistebi enis Teoriis Seqmnisas da msoflios sxvadaxva enebis
aRwerisas iyeneben.
sakiTxavi literatura
Chomsky, Noam.1957. Syntactic Structures. The Hague. Mouton.
_____.1968. Language and Mind. New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Extended
edition, 1972.
_____.1986. Knowledge of Language: Its
Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger.
Fromkin, Victoria A. and Robert Rodman, 1998.
An Introduction to Language. Fort
Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
Klima, Edward S. and Ursula Bellugi. 1979. The Signs of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Newmeyer, Frederick J. 1983. Grammatical Theory: Its Limits and Its Possibilities. Chicago and London: University
of Chicago Press.
Pinker, Steven. 1994. The Language
Instinct: How the Mind Creates Languages. New York: William Morrow and Co.
nawili II
morfologia da
sintaqsi
2
morfologia:
sityvebis struqtura
Tavis sarCevi
2.0. Sesavali
2.1. sityvebis struqtura
2.2. sityva da morfemaTa klasebi

2.2.1 sityvaTa klasebi

2.2.2 sityvaTa gavrceleba

2.2.3 fleqsiuri morfologia

2.2.4 derivaciuli morfologia

2.2.5 Ria da daxuruli klasebi
2.3 morfologiuri struqturis
analizi

2.3.1 rTuli zmnebi suahiliSi

2.3.2 rTuli zmnebi tolkapaia
iavapaiSi

2.3.3 sityvaTa struqturis
analizi

2.3.4 morfemaTa Tanmimdevroba
2.4 variacia morfologiaSi

2.4.1 variaciis tipebis analizi

2.4.2 ganpirobebuli variacia

2.4.3 Tavisufali variacia

2.4.4 portmanto morfologia da

fuZemonacvleoba
2.5 sityvaTa ierarqiuli struqtura

2.5.1 ierarqia morfologiur
2.10 morfologia da tipologia

2.11 Sejameba
Semdgom sakiTxavi
naxsenebi enebis Sesaxeb
savarjiSoebi
struqturaSi

2.5.2 xisebri diagramebi

2.5.3 markirebebis warmodgena
kvadratul frCxilebSi
2.6 prefiqsebis da sufiqsebis miRma

2.6.1 infiqsacia

2.6.2 rTuli sityvebis anu

kompozitebis Sedgena

2.6.3 gaormageba

2.6.4 ablauti
2.7 saTavo sityvebi da ierarqia
2.8 sityvebis statusi

2.8.1 sityvaTa zRvrebi da
klitika

2.8.2 leqsikoni
2.9 morfologiuri analizis
problema

2.9.1 nulovani morfemebi da
uniSno formebi

2.9.2 gawyvetili morfemebi
2.0. Sesavali
morfologia sityvebs da maT struqturas swavlobs. ra aris sityva? sityvebi mniSvnelobis mqone enobrivi erTeulebia, romelTa SejgufebiT SeiZleba
frazebi da winadadebebi warmodges. roca adamians sakuTar enaze warmoTqmuli sityva esmis, Sesabamis mniSvnelobasTan myisieri asociacia uCndeba.
30
morfologia da sintaqsi
2.1 sityvebis struqtura

ganvixiloT inglisuri enis aseTi winadadeba:
(1)
The friends promised to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca.
(1) megobrebi Sepirdnen (obieqti dauzustebelia), rom mzeTunaxav (an mSvenieri) biankasTvis dawvrilebiT cnobebs Seagrovebdnen skolis maswavleblis
(an skolis direqtoris) Sesaxeb.
am inglisuri winadadebis cametive sityvidan TiToeuli (Tormeti gansxvavebuli, xolo the artikli erTgan meordeba) SeiZleba sxvadasxva konteqstSi iqnes naxmari (usasrulo raodenobis winadadebaSi), an SeiZleba calke
gamoiTqvas. (zogierT enaSi, maT Soris, inglisurSic, arsebobs tipografiuli
pirobiToba _sityvebs Soris sivrcis dacva aucilebelia. magram daSorebebis
meSveobiT erTmaneTisgan sityvebis gamoyofac garkveul kanonzomierebebs
emorCileba. magaliTad, zogierTi sityva inglisur enaSi Sedgenili sityva _
kompozitia, romelic erTze meti sityvisgan Sedgeba, xolo es sityvebi sityvis
SigniT SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan defisiT gamoiyos, rogorc, magaliTad, sityvaSi jack-in-the-box (erTgvari saTamaSoa) an sivrciT, rogorc magaliTad, looking
glass (sarke), an sulac ar iyos gamoyofili, rogorc sityvaSi girlfriend (Seyvarebuli). damwerlobis uqoneli xalxebis warmomadgenelic ki gumaniT grZnobs,
bgerebis rogorma Tanmimdevrobam SeiZleba Seadginos sityva mis enaSi, da rogorma _ ara.
sityvebi mniSvnelobis mqone umciresi erTeulebi rodia. sityva SeiZleba
martivi Sedgenilobisac iyos da rTulisac. sityva promised ori nawilisgan
Sedgeba, esenia: promise da ed; sityva friends ase iyofa friend da s; xolo carefully ase SeiZleba davyoT: carefull (romelic Tavis mxriv care da -ful) da ly. sityva
schoolmaster ori sityvisgan Sedgeba: school da master. kompozitis Semadgenel
yvela nawils, romelTa dayofa ufro mcire erTeulebad SeuZlebelia, morfema ewodeba. SegviZlia zemoT moyvanili winadadeba xelaxla gadmovweroT,
oRond axla sityvis Semadgenel morfemebs Soris zRvrebis gamosakveTad defisi gamoviyenoT (artikli a da zmna is xSirad defisis magivrobas swevs da morfemebs Soris zRvrebs bunebrivad gamohyofs):
(2)
The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair
Bianca.
amgvarad, winadadeba Tvrameti morfemisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan artikli

the orjer gvxvdeba, anu mTlianobaSi Cvidmeti morfema gvaqvs. (am sityvebis metad dayofac ki SesaZlebelia. zogi mecnieri SegvekamaTeba, rom sityva promise
ase iyofa: pro-mise, xolo inquire _ in-quire, about ki a-bout.)
gansxvavebaa morfemebis or jgufs Soris: Bianca, promise, friend, inquire,
fair, about da, meore mxriv, -ly, -ful, -ed, -s. morfemebis pirvel jgufSi mxolod
sityvebia da isini damoukidebel sityvebadac SeiZleba arsebobdes, meore jgufis morfemebi ki _ara. iseTi morfemebi, rogorebicaa ly da s aucileblad
sxva morfemebs unda Seerwyas. eseni damokidebuli morfemebia, xolo Bianca da
morfologia: sityvebis struqtura
31
friend _ Tavisufali morfemebi.
sityvebi Bianka, promise, friend, fair leqsikuri morfemebia da im kategoriis

sityvebs ganekuTvneba, rogorebicaa arsebiTi saxelebi (friend megobari), zmnebi (promise- Sepireba) da zedsarTavebi (fair _ aq: mSvenieri). iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa Bianca, arsebiTi saxelebis gansakuTrebul klass Seadgens. leqsikuri
morfemebi sagnebs, qmedebebs, Tvisebebs da cnebebs moicavs. isini SeiZleba
aRiweros sityvebiT, maTi gaTvalsaCinoeba SesaZlebelia suraTebiT. ed, -ly, -s
gramatikuli morfemebia, romelTac mosaubre sityvasa da mis konteqsts Soris
kavSiris gamosaxatad iyenebs. magaliTad, warsuli drois gamomxatveli elementi ed sityvaSi promised gviCvenebs, rom Sepireba winadadebis warmoTqmamde
garkveuli xniT adre moxda, xolo mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvneli elementi
s sityvaSi friends imaze migviTiTebs, rom erTze met megobarzea saubari. yvela
is leqsikuri da gramatikuli morfema, romelic mosaubrem icis, leqsikons
Seadgens. misi meSveobiT mosaubre winadadebebs qmnis da am wesebs zogad sistemas uTanadebs.
Semdegi inglisuri winadadebebi da frazebi maTi danawevrebiT gaaana
lizeT_ yvela im morfemas Soris, romelTac amoicnobT, defizebi CasviT.
miuTiTeT, Tavisufalia esa Tu is morfema, Tu SezRuduli (damokidebuli),
leqsikuri Tu gramatikuli. yoveli damokidebuli morfemis amocnobisas
daasaxeleT sxva sityva, romelic imave damokidebul morfemas Seicavs. zogierTi sityvis morfemebad dayofa gagiWirdebaT _ imsjeleT yovel problemaze, romelTac aseT SemTxvevebSi gadaawydebiT. magaliTad, sityva day (dRe)
udavod damoukidebeli sityvaa (morfema); magram yester sityvidan yesterday
morfemad unda CaiTvalos? Tu asea, maSin rogoria misi mniSvneloba? swored
aseve, ramdeni morfemaa warsuli drois zmnaSi told?
1.Yesterday Ophelia picked wildflowers in the churchyard.
2.He told me that Desdemona had married a Moor.
3.Arent you going to show me your newest quiver?
4.Portia argued her case long and well.
5.My horse! My horse! My kingdom for a horse! (Richard III, V, IV, 7)
6.All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (makbeti, V, I,56)
7. Ill put a gridle round about the earth in forty minutes.
(`zafxulis Ramis sizmari~, II, I, 163).

8.Merrily, merrily shall I live now, under the blossom that hangs on the bough. (`qa-
riSxali~, V, I, 88).
Tumca, yvela leqsikuri morfema araa Tavisufali da arc yvela gramatikuli morfemaa damokidebuli. magaliTad, iseTi gramatikuli morfemebi, rogorebic the da a ganmsazRvrelebia anu artiklebia, damoukidebel sityvebs warmoadgenen. (artikli tradiciuli gramatikis terminia da inglisuri enis iseT
sityvebs Seesatyviseba, rogorebic ganusazRvreli a da an, da gansazRvruli
_ the artiklebia. lingvstikis Tanamedrove TeoriaSi am sityvebs ganmsazRvrelebad ganixilaven. sityvaTa es klasi iseT nacvalsaxelebsac Seicavs,
savarjiSo
2.1
32
rogorebic this, that nacvalsaxelebia.) To, about, for Tandebulebia. am sityvebs

ufro xSirad gramatikul morfemebad Tvlian, vidre leqsikur morfemebad _
nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom aseTi sityvebi raodenobrivad bevri ar aris (isini
daxurul klass ganekuTvneba), nawilobriv, ki im mizeziT, rom cnebebis SezRudul odenobas gamoxataven. miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvebi school da master
kompozitis -schoolmaster Sesaqmnelad erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli, orive Tavisufali morfemaa, vinaidan isini damoukidebeli sityvebicaa.
Cven inglisuri enis sityvebis ramdenime tipi ganvixileT, arafleqsiuri
fuZis formebi, romelTac gramatikuli morfemebi ar hqonda damatebuli (iseTebi, rogorebicaa Bianca, fair, promise, schoolmaster, inquire) da infleqsiuri
sityvebi (fuZiseuli formebi zed damatebuli gramatikuli morfemebiT: promised, friends) Carefully warmoebuli sityvaa, romelSic erTi fuZiseuli forma
meoridanaa warmoqmnili: zmnizeda carefully zedsarTav saxelze careful morfemis ly damatebiT miiReba, maSin, roca careful Tavis mxriv arsebiT saxelze
care morfemis ful damatebiTaa warmoqmnili. iseT morfemebs, rogorebicaa ly
da ful derivaciuli morfemebi ewodebaT. (derivaciuli morfologia qvemoT
iqneba ganxiluli.).
sityvebs, romlebic erTze meti morfemisgan Sedgeba, magaliTad, sityva
friends, promised, carefully, schoolmaster rTuli sityvebi ewodeba. amis sapirispirod, ararTuli sityvebi, romlebic mxolod erTi morfemisgan Sedgeba, martiv sityvebad iwodeba, maSinac ki, Tu sityva iseTi grZelia, rogorc vTqvaT,
Massachuesetts, Bianca, perestroika, an kangaroo. is martivi sityvebi, romlebic
ramdenime marcvlisgan Sedgeba, xSirad an sakuTari saxelebia, an sxva enebidan
nasesxobebi. aseTi sityva SeiZleba rTulic iyos (anu ramdenime morfemad iyofodes) _ oRond im Tavdapirvel enaSi, romlidanacaa nasesxebi, magram misi
struqtura inglisuri enis morfologias ar Seesabamebodes, vinaidan inglisurenovani mosaubre ar icnobs ucxo enis morfemebs, (AdavazustoT:N mxolod
im morfemebs icnobs, romlebic inglisur enaSi ukve damkvidrebul sityvebSi
gvxvdeba).
albaT, bevrma inglisurenovanma adamianma icis es sityva:
(3)
antidisestablishmentarianism
am sityvis Svid an met iseT morfemad dayofa, romlebic sxva sityvebSic

gvxvdeba, imaTac ki ar gauWirdebaT, vinc TviTon sityvis mniSvneloba ar icis:
anti-dis-establish-ment-ari-an-ism, Tumca, morfema masSi Svidze metic ki aris. magaliTad, sufiqsi ism sufiqsisgan -ize (ixileT cxrili 2.1.) da masze damatebuli
meore sufiqsisganm(rogorc sityvebSi baptize/baptism) Sedgeba. aq erTaderTi
Tavisufali leqsikuri morfema sityvis fuZea _establish. fuZiseuli morfema
leqsikuri morfemaa (inglisurSi es Cveulebriv Tavisufali morfemaa). igi
fuZed gvevlineba, romelsac gramatikuli an derivaciuli morfemebi emateba
da rTul sityvad iqceva.
Anti- da dis- prefiqsebi, anu winsarTebia _ damokidebuli morfemebi, romlebic sityvis fuZes TavSi erTvis, rac Seexeba iseT damokidebul morfemebs,
romlebic fuZes boloSi erTvis, iseTebi, rogoricaa, mag. ment, -er, -ed, -est, -s
33
eseni sufiqsebia, anu bolosarTebi. prefiqsebi da sufiqsebi afiqsebis klasSi

erTiandeba.
ganixileT inglisuri enis arsebuli da SesaZlo sityvebis CamonaTvali da
dayaviT Sesabamis morfemebad. TiToeul sityvas komentari daurTeT: `namdvili~ sityvaa es (arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens gonebriv leqsikonSi)? SesaZlo sityvaa
(misi mniSvneloba ar iciT, magram savsebiT SesaZlebeli geCvenebaT, rom Tqveni
enis sityva iyos) Tu SeuZlebelia, rom sityva realurad arsebobdes, (anu TvliT, rom inglisurenovani adamianis leqsikonSi aseTi sityva ver iarsebebs)?
(imsjeleT sakamaTo sityvebis gamoyenebis konteqstebze an sxva rTul SemTxvevebze.)
CamonaTvali: antitrockistuli, umSvenieresi, biWebi, bavSvebi, bavSvebisa,
momajadoebeli, gagogoneba, misebi, Sedevrebi, moumxiblavi, morfologisti,
gasaxeleba, zemoTanebi, postpozicia, gaumyinvareba, tkbilebi, araqali, arakaci, verbalovani.
2.2. sityvaTAa da morfemaTa klasebi

2.2.1 sityvaTa klasebi
afiqsebi sityvaTa (arsebiTi saxeli, zmna, zedsarTavi, zmnizeda) klasebs an
kategoriebs erTvis da maTTan erTad Ziri + afiqsis kombinacias qmnis. cxrili
2.1 ramdenime aseT magaliTs gvTavazobs.
cxrili 2.1 zogi inglisuri afiqsi da sityvaTa klasebi
afiqsi
anti-
erTvis qmnis
ars. saxelebs
zedsarTavebs
zedsarTavebs
un-

zmnebs
re-
zmnebs
dis-
zmnebs

zedsarTavebs
-ment
zmnebs
-ize
ars.saxelebs

zedsarTavebs
-ism
ars. saxelebs

zedsarTavebs
-ful
ars. saxelebs
--ly
zedsarTavebs
-er
zedsarTavebs
-s
ars. saxelebs

magaliTebi
ars. saxelebs
anti-matter,anti-aircraft
zedsarTavebs anti-democratic
zedsarTavebs un-happy, un-lucky
zmnebs
un-bridle, un-lock
zmnebs
re-establish, re-assure
zmnebs
dis-enfranchise, dis-own
zedsarTavebs dis-ingenuous, dis-honest
ars. saxelebs
establish-ment, amaze-ment
zmnebs
burglar-ize, Mirandaize
zmnebs
steril-ize, Islamic-ize
ars. saxelebs
Ito-ism, gangster-ism
ars. saxelebs
real-ism, American-ism
zedsarTavebs care-ful, soul-ful, master-ful
zmnizedebs
carefu-ly, nice-ly, angri-ly
SedarebiT zedsarTavebs
fair-er, angri-er
ars. saxelebs
friend-s, girl-s, cat-s
mravlobiT formaSi
savarjiSo
2.2
34
SeniSvna: zemoT CamoTvlil zogierT afiqss damatebiTi, nakleb gavrcelebuli iseTi funqciac gaaCnia, romelTa magaliTebi ar mogviyvania.
homofonebis, sityvaTa wyvilebis msgavsad, romlebic erTnairad JRers,
magram gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvs (fair zedsarTavicaa (`mSvenieri~),
romelic winadadeba (1)-Si Segvxvda da arsebiTi saxelic, romelic `sadResaswaulo bazrobas~ niSnavs. qarTul enaSi amis magaliTia, vTqvaT, sityva `bari~),
SeiZleba ramdenime gansxvavebuli afiqsic arsebobdes, romlebsac erTnairi
forma eqneba. magaliTad, zedsarTavis SedarebiTi sufiqsis er garda, arsebobs imave formis sufiqsi, romelic zmnebs erTvis da saxelebs warmoqmnis (rider, teacher, runner). mravlobiTi ricxvis aRsaniSn -s sufiqsis garda, romelic
saxelebs erTvis, imave formis sufiqsi III piris mxolobiTi ricxvis zmnebs erTvis (promises, inquires, establishes).
savarjiSo
2.3
ganixileT sityvaTa jgufebi da yovel maTganTan dakavSirebul kiTxvas

upasuxeT. sityvebis leqsikonSi moZebna aucilebeli araa, magram SeiZleba
dagexmaroT.
(I) badness, fairness, goodness, insurmountableness, wellness
(II) incorrigible, incongruous, indefinite, inflexible, insurmountable
(III) cowardly, daily, fatherly, lonely, lovely, womanly
(IV) fifth, fourteenth, sixth, thirtieth, seventieth, seventy-seventh
(V) dependent, descendant, defiant, prudent, reverent, servant
(VI) democracy, idiocy, jealousy, monarchy, photography, victory
(a) SegxvdaT Tu ara iseTi morfema, romelic am jgufis yvela sityvaSi Sedis? Tu asea, romeli?
(b) Tu (a)-ze dadebiTi pasuxi gaeciT, maSin sami damatebiTi sityva daasaxeleT, romelSic aseTi morfema Sedis.
(g) Tu Tqveni pasuxi (a)-ze dadebiTi iyo, maSin ganmarteT am morfemis mniSvneloba.
(d) Tu SegiZliaT, daasaxeleT sityvaTa klasi, romlis sityvebsac erTvis
aseTi morfema da aRniSneT sityvaTa romel klass qmnis misi darTva. ganixileT
nebismieri sirTule, romelic davalebis Sesrulebisas SegxvdaT.
marlTwera xSirad morfemis dadgenaSi dagexmarebaT, magram xandaxan SeiZleba SecdomaSic SegiyvanoT. nu CaTvliT, rom or sxvadasxva morfemasTan
gaqvT saqme Tu sxvadsxva SemTxvevaSi isini gansxvavebulad iwereba. magaliTad,
sufiqsi ly sityvaSi lonely da li sityvaSi loneliness erTi da igive morfemaa.
(VII) klasSi gaerTianebuli sityvebi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas
warmoadgens:
(VII) glare, gleam, glimmerlisten, glitter, glow
es sityvebi, romlebic gl asoTSeTanxmebiT iwyeba, erTmaneTs TiTqos semantikurad (gaixseneT, ra aris semantika?) enaTesaveba. Tumca, gl iseTi morfema ar
aris, rogorc ness, -er, -ly, an zemoT CamoTvlili morfema. scadeT ganmartoT,
ratom. (karnaxi: CamoaSoreT TiToeul sityvas es bgeraTSeTanxmeba da naxeT,
ra darCeba).
rogorc cxrilSi 2.1 moyvanili magaliTebi cxadyofs, xandaxan sufiqsis

damateba sityvas sityvaTa sxva klasSi gadaanacvlebs xolme, magram ara yovelTvis.
rogorc afiqsebis klasi icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu sityvaTa romel klass
erTvian (ixileT cxrili 2.1), swored aseve, sityvebic im afiqsebis mixedviT
eqvemdebareba klasifikacias, romlebic maT erTvis: magaliTad, mravlobiT
ricxvSi mdgari -s sufiqsiani sityvebi (mxolobiTi _ friend, mravlobiTi _
friend-s), aseve zedsarTavTa umravlesoba da zogierTi zmnizeda SedarebiT
formas er sufiqsiT qmnis, aRmatebiTs ki _ -est sufiqsis damatebiT (pretty,
pretti-er, pretti-est). zmnebis SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro rTuladaa: zmnaTa umetesoba
mxolobiTi ricxvis awmyos s sufiqsis darTviT qmnis, warsuls _ -ed bolosarTis damatebiT, xolo awmyo uwyvetelis misaRebad maT ing sufiqsi emateba.
meoTxe zmnuri forma, warsuli drois mimReoba (past participle), romelic iseT
winadadebebSi gvxvdeba, rogoricaa, mag: I have promised to do it (Sevpirdi, Sepirebuli var), zogierT zmnas erTnairi aqvs, zogsac _gansxvavebuli. SeadareT _
I wrote the letter (wrote warsulis formaa) da I have written the letter (written warsuli drois mimReobaa).
erTi Ziridan (Tu fuZidan) nawarmoeb sityvaTa erTobas paradigma ewodeba. sityvis friend paradigma moicavs: friend da friend-s; sityvisa promisepromise, promised, promising. (inglisuri zmnebis orive, -ed iani da ing iani
forma xSirad zedsarTavadac gamoiyeneba, rogorc magaliTad, the promised
visit (Sepirebuli stumroba), a promising theory (imedismomcemi, didi momavlis
mqone Teoria). winadadebebSi The friends promised to do it (megobrebi Sempirdnen (Segpirdnen, Sehpirdnen) amis gakeTebas) da The friends were promising to do
it (megobrebi mpirdebodnen(gpirdebodnen, pirdebodnen) amis gakeTebas) zmnur
formasTan gvaqvs saqme.
cxrili 2.2 zogi inglisuri zmnis paradigmebi
zmna
awmyo
warsuli
awmyo
uwyveteli
warsulis
mimReoba
chew
chews
chewed
chewing
chewed
kiss
kisses
kissed
kissing
kissed
promise
promises
promised
promising
promised
hit
hits
hit
hitting
hit
find
finds
found
finding
found
sit
sits
sat
sitting
sat
teach
teaches
taught
teaching
taught
know
knows
knew
knowing
known
sing
sings
sang
singing
sung
write
writes
wrote
writing
written
inglisuri enis zmnebi erTmaneTisgan imis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, Tu ramdenad gansxvavdeba maTi paradigmebi (ise, rogorc cxrilSi 2.2. a naCvenebi). pirve-
35
36
li jgufis zmnebi, romelSic chew, kiss, promise Sedis, wesier zmnebad iwodeba.
wesieri zmna oTx gansxvavebul formas s, -ed, -ing an ed is darTviT awarmoebs
(aseT zmnebs warsulisa da warsulis mimReobis formebi identuri aqvs). iseT
zmnas, rogoricaa hit, mxolod sami gansxvavebuli forma aqvs, vinaidan warsuli
da warsulis mimReoba zmnis fuZis identuria. zmnebs find, teach, sit oTxi gansxvavebuli forma gaaCnia, iseve, rogorc wesier zmnebs, magram warsulsa da warsulis mimReobas sxvadasxvanairad awarmoeben (Cveulebriv, zmnis fuZis xmovnis SecvliT). iseT zmnebs, rogorebicaa know, sing, write xuTi gansxvavebuli
forma aqvT _ maTi warsulisa da warsulis mimReobis formebi gansxvavebulia.
inglisur enaSi yvelaze arawesieri zmna be -a, romelic sxva zmnebis models
ar misdevs, da rva forma gaaCnia: fuZe, awmyos sami forma (am, is, are), warsulis
ori forma (was, were), awmyos mimReoba (being) da warsulis mimReoba (been).
2.2.2 sityvaTa distribucia

im winadadebebisa da frazebis tipi, romlebSic sityvebi erTiandeba _ anu
sityvebis distribucia, sityvis klasze miuTiTebs. magaliTad, morfema, romelic winadadeba (4)-Si gamotovebul sityvas win uZRvis, mxolobiT ricxvSi
mdgar arsebiT saxelze migvaniSnebs:
(4)
A____promised to inquire about a schoolmaster.
Sepirda, rom maswavleblis Sesaxeb gaikiTxavda.

am winadadebaSi SeiZleba mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgari saxelebi, magaliTad,
girl, friend, stegosaurus Caisvas, magram sityvebi girls, friends, stegosauruses ganusazRvreli artiklis Semdeg ver idgeba. swored aseve, gamotovebuli sityva
winadadeba (5)-Si zedsarTavi unda iyos:
(5)
A friend made a promise to the________Bianca.
megobari ________biankas Sehpirda.

(am winadadebaSi SeiZleba Caisvas iseTi zedsarTavebi, rogorebicaa fair, idiotic, virtuous, magram gamotovebuli adgilis nebismieri sityviT Sevseba ar SeiZleba.)
sityvaTa klasis dadgena CarCos testiT xelsayrelia iseTi sityvebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorebicaa about, under, for _ Tandebulebis, romlebic sityvaTa
Soris kavSirs gansazRvraven (mag. schoolmaster-sa da Bianca-s Soris urTierTobas winadadeba (1)-Si). inglisur Tandebulebs, gansxvavebiT arsebiTi saxelebisgan, zmnebsa da zedsarTavebisgan, afiqsebi ar daerTvis. Tandebuli to an about
winadadeba (6)-Si gamotovebul adgilas SeiZleba Caisvas:
(6)
The schoolmaster made a promise_________Bianca.
skolis maswavlebeli (direqtori) biankas Sehpirda/ biankasTan dakavSirebiT Sehpirda.

aseTi sadiagnostiko CarCoebi ufro metadac ki SeiZleba gamartivdes, imis
gamosavlenad, rom isini mxolod sityvaTa klasebis dadgenaSi gvexmareba da
ara calkeuli sityvis SerCevaSi. magaliTad, nawilobrivi CarCoebi winadadebebSi (7) sakmarisia, raTa mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgari saxelebi da zedsarTavebi
37
iqnes amocnobili:
(7)
mxolobiTSi mdgari arsebiTi saxelis CarCo . . .a_________VERB. . .
zedsarTavis CarCo: . . .the___________NOUN. . .
amasTan erTad, sityvaTa klasebs bevri qvejgufi aqvs, romlebzec saubari

Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSic iqneba da romelTa amocnoba konkretuli morfemebisa da frazaTa tipebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. (ixileT CanarTi 2.1) winadadeba da sityvebis struqtura, sintaqsi, momdevno TavebSi iqneba ganxiluli.
2.2.3 fleqsiuri morfologia

garkveuli tipis gramatikuli morfemebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba winadadebaTa CarCoebiTac iqnes gaTvalsaCinoebuli. magaliTad, carieli sivrce winadadeba (8)-is afiqsis CarCoSi mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvneli sufiqsiT s
unda Seivsos:
(8)
The friend__________inquire about Bianca.
The friends inquire about Bianca (megobrebi biankas Sesaxeb cnobebs agroveben)
misaRebi winadadebaa (gramatikulad gamarTuli, im TvalsazrisiT, romelzec
1 TavSi iyo saubari), xolo *The friend inquire about Bianca _ ara. swored aseve,
winadadeba (9)-Si warsulis aRmniSvneli bolosarTi ed afiqsebis CarCoSi unda
iqnes Casmuli:
(9)
The friends inquir_________yesterday. (guSin megobrebi biankasTvis cnobebs
agrovebdnen.)
sakuTari saxelebi, sazogado saxelebi da morfologia

iseT arsebiT saxelebs, rogoricaa, bianka winadadebaSi _ `biankam maswavlebeli dainaxa~, sakuTari saxelebi ewodeba. es sityva calkeul, advilad amosacnob, erTaderT, unikalur pirs Seesatyviseba, romelsac saxelad bianka hqvia.
amis gamo igi gansxvavdeba iseTi sazogado saxelisgan, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
sityva, gogona, romelsac ufro zogadi, upirovno mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan
nebismier axalgazrda qals SeiZleba miesadagos. sakuTar saxels, Cveulebriv,
mravlobiTi ricxvi ar gaaCnia, arc mravlobiTis sufiqsi-s daerTvis da arc ganusazRvreli artiklebis: a, an momdevno CarCoSi ismeba.
Tumca, Semdegi ori winadadeba sruliad gamarTulia:
Two Biancas go to my brothers school.
I know a Bianca.
Cemi Zmis skolaSi ori bianka swavlobs.

me vinme biankas vicnob.
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom sakuTari saxelebi sazogadoTagan arafriT gansxvavdeba? ra Tqma unda, ara. or ukanasknel winadadebaSi sityva `bianka~ konkretul pirovnebas, erT romelime biankas ki ar niSnavs, aramed (nebismier) `gogonas, romelsac bianka hqvia~.
CanarTi
2.1
38
sakuTari saxelis xmareba gansazRvrul artiklTan SeiZleba (gaixseneT

winadadeba (1) the fair Bianca). SegiZliaT, ganmartoT, ratom? es damatebiTi
safuZvelia im mosazrebisTvis, Tu ratom SeiZleba iyos sakuTar saxel biankas
gansazRvra `konkretul pirovneba biankad~ metismetad SemzRudveli. ganmarteT ratom.
The friends inquired yesterday (guSin megobrebi cnobebs agrovebdnen) misaRebi
winadadebaa, magram ara *The friends inquire yesterday (megobrebi guSin cnobas
agroveben). s sufiqsis xmarebis aucilebloba erT CarCoSi da ed sufiqsisa
_meoreSi winadadebis romelime sityvas sulac ar ukavSirdeba. SegiZliaT
arsebiTi saxeli friend sxva arsebiTi saxeliT CaanacvloT, xolo zmna inquire
winadadebaSi (8-9) _sxva zmniT, Sedegi amiT ar Seicvleba. afiqsebs sxva wesebi
moiTxovs, romlebic winadadebis da frazis formirebas gansazRvraven _ sintaqsuri wesebi, romlebi mosaubris gonebriv gramatikaSi arsebobs.
es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom iseTi gramatikuli morfemebi, rogorebicaa
-s, -ed inglisuri enis zogierTi winadadebis asagebad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli.
amgvar morfemebs, romelTa gamoyeneba konkretuli winadadebis struqturiTaa ganpirobebuli, fleqsiuri morfemebi ewodeba.
2.2.4 derivaciuli morfemebi

enaSi axali sityvebi ornairad mkvidrdeba _ ukve arsebul sityvebTan daukavSirebeli sityvebis damatebiT (magaliTad, sxva enebidan Semosuli nasesxobebiT) da sityvaTwarmoebis anu derivaciuli morfologiis meSveobiT anu arsebul fuZeebze morfemebis damatebiT da axali, Ria klasis sityvebis SeqmniT.
iseTi morfemebi, rogorebicaa anti-, dis-, un-, -ment, -ful, -ly derivaciul
i
morfemebia. derivaciuli morfemebis darTva gramatikis moTxovnebiT araa
ganpirobebuli, rogorc, magaliTad, fleqsiuri morfemebisa. isini enis
CanarTi
2.2
damokidebuli leqsikuri morfemebi

ganvixiloT sityva cranberry. Cven viciT, rom berry damoukidebeli sityvaa,
amgvarad cran- calkeuli morfema unda iyos. Cran- gramatikuli morfema araa,
magram damoukideblad ver iarsebebs. iseTi axali sityvebi, rogoricaa cranapple uCvenebs, rom cran- SeiZleba sxva damoukidebel morfemebs daerTos. misi
gansazRvra advili araa (swored misi meSveobiT niSnavs sityva cranberry imas,
rasac niSnavs), magram am damokidebul fuZiseul morfemas aSkarad ufro
leqsikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre gramatikuli.
morfema re- iseT zmnebSi, rogoricaa replay an rebuild derivaciuli morfemis sxva magaliTs qmnis, romelsac leqsikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia (Cveulebriv,
daaxloebiTi eqvivalentia zmnizedis again. (ixileT cxrili 2.1)
sityvebSi remit an receive winsarTi re- iseT elements erTvis, romelic TviTonaa damokidebuli. Mit, -ceive rogorc Cans, Tavadac morfemebia da sxva
kombinaciebSic gvxvdeba: submit, deceive. magram Tu enis leqsikonis agebis istorias ar CauRrmavdebiT, an laTinurs ar SeiswavliT, am morfemebis zust
39
gansazRvrebas ver gaigebT. (Tu leqsikonSi CaixedavT, dainaxavT, ramdenad

ganmsazRvrelia maTi Tavdapirveli, laTinuri mniSvneloba maTi mniSvnelobisTvis Tanamedrove inglisur enaSi.) Mit, -ceive damokidebuli fuZiseuli
morfemebia, romlebic rTuli zmnebis Sesaqmnelad derivaciul morfemebs
unda Seerwyas.
rogorc es magaliTebi mowmobs, derivaciuli morfemebi da damokidebuli
leqsikuri morfemebi xSirad arawesieria Serwymis dros, anu dadgenil wesebs
yovelTvis ar misdevs da mosaubres SeiZleba maTi mniSvnelobis an funqciis
Sesaxeb mkafio warmodgena ar hqondes. inglisuri sityvebi SeiZleba uamrav derivaciul morfemas Seicavdes, magram, rogorc wesi, isini mxolod erT an or
fleqsiur morfemas Seicaven. derivaciuli morfemebi da damokidebuli leqsikuri morfemebi, ufro metad, vidre fleqsiuri morfemebi, mxolod garkveul
fuZeebs erwymis. magaliTad, derivaciuli morfema, romelsac `kvlav~ zmnizedis mniSvneloba aqvs _ re-, da derivaciuli àra~ _ prefiqsi un, gamarTulad
mxolod garkveul zmnebTan JRers (refasten, unfasten), magram ara yvela zmnasTan
(*refind, *unfind). SeZlebT sxva aseTi magaliTebis motanas?
leqsikons amdidrebs da mosaubres saSualebas aZlevs, sakuTari azri ufro
sainteresod da moqnilad gadmosces, magram maTi arseboba winadadebis struqturis moTxovnebiT araa ganpirobebuli. ase, magaliTad, establish-ment saWiro,
farTo gamoyenebis sityvaa, magram mxolod da mxolod arsebiTi saxelia, ar arsebobs iseTi winadadeba, romelic ment arsebiTi saxelis arsebobas moiTxovs
(ixileT CanarTi 2.2)
2.2.5 Ria da daxuruli klasebi

arsebiTi saxelebis, zmnebis, zedsarTavebisa da zmnizedebis klasebi sityvaTa Ria klasebad iTvleba, vinaidan am klasebSi axali sityvebis damateba
SesaZlebelia, rogorc es zemoT, derivaciuli morfologiis ganxilvisas gamoCnda. maT aseve leqsikuri Sinaarsis sityvebsac uwodeben.
sityvaTa yvela klasi Ria klasi rodia. TandebulTa da ganmsazRvrelTa
(determiners) klasebi, magaliTad, daxuruli klasebia. daxurul klasSi axali
sityvis Camateba SeuZlebelia da es klasebi, Cveulebriv, ufro gramatikulia,
vidre leqsikuri. sityvaTa amgvari daxuruli klasebis sityvebs xSirad funqciur sityvebs uwodeben.
ganixileT saavarjiSo 2.3-Si mocemuli yoveli morfema da TqviT, fleqsiuria igi Tu derivaciuli. ganmarteT Tqveni pasuxebi.
inglisurSi sxva enebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro cota fleqsiuri morfemaa. CamoTvaleT rac SeiZleba meti aseTi morfema. (mocemuli Tavis wina
nawilis gadaTvaliereba bevr maTgans gagaxsenebT.)
rogorc adre iTqva, axali sityvebis formireba derivaciuli morfemebis
meSveobiT xandaxan sityvaTa klasis Secvlas iwvevs (establish zmnaa, establish-
savarjiSo
2.4
40
ment _arsebiTi saxeli). meore mxriv, fleqsiuri morfemis darTva sityvaTa
klass ucvlelobas aniWebs, sityvis gamoyeneba ki garkveuli tipis frazasa Tu
winadadebaSi xdeba SesaZlebeli.
2.3 morfologiuri struqturis analizi

2.3.1 rTuli zmnebi suahiliSi
masala, romelsac aqamde ganvixilavdiT, inglisuri enidan mogvqonda, magram sityvis agebis zogadi principebi, daxuruli da Ria klasebi, fleqsia da
derivacia yvela enas axasiaTebs. sruliad ucnobi lingvisturi monacemebic
msgavsad SeiZleba daiyos da gaanalizdes. ganvixiloT Svidi winadadeba (10)
suahilidan (Bbantus ena, aRmosavleTi afrika):
(10) a. Ninasoma. _ `me vkiTxulob~.

b. Anasoma. _ ìs (qali, kaci) kiTxulobs~.
g. Tunasoma. _ `Cven vkiTxulobT~.
d. Nilisoma. _ `me vkiTxulobdi~ (warsuli)
e.A Alisoma. _ ìs (qali, kaci) kiTxulobda~.
v. Nitasoma. _ `me wavikiTxav~.
z.Tutasoma. _ `Cven wavikiTxavT~.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom (10b) da (10e) winadadebebSi erTi forma orive sqesis qvemdebares Seesabameba. inglisur enasa da suahilis Soris es mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebaa: suahilis gramatikuli sqesis gamomxatveli niSnebi, romlebic
inglisurSi nacvlsaxelebs he an she Seesabameba, ar gaaCnia. suahiliSi es winadadebeba SeiZleba orive sqess Seesatyvisebodes. (semantikuri opoziciebi _
rogorsac inglisur enaSi mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesi qmnis, yvela enaSi
sxvadasxvaa. suahiliSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom msgavsi winadadeba nebismier adamians Seesabameba, nacvlasaxelis ìs, igi~ (usulo, inglisuri it ) Targmani sityvidan sityvamde icvleba.)
adamianma SeiZleba suahili ar icodes, magram iseTi analitikuri unari
gamoimuSavos, romelic am enaze nebismieri winadadebis segmentebad danawevrebasa da morfemebis gamoyofaSi, aseve maTi mniSvnelobis gaazrebaSi daexmareba.
upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom winadadebaTa jgufSi (10)
yoveli maTgani soma elementiT bolovdeba. raki erTaderTi morfema, romelic yvela winadadebis qarTul TargmanSi meordeba, `kiTxvas~ niSnavs (inglisuri Targmani brWyalebiTaa gamoyofili), imis mixvedra ar gagiWirdebaT,
rom soma elementi swored `kiTxvas~ niSnavs. (suahiliSi es zmna damokidebuli
morfemaa. bevr enaSi zmnis fuZeebs afiqsebis darTva sWirdeba, rom sityvieri
gamoyeneba hpovon.)
winsarTi ni- gvxvdeba (10a) , (10d) da (10v) winadadebebSi. Tu qarTul Targmanebs daakvirdebiT, mixvdebiT, rom ni- elementi pirveli piris mxolobiTi
ricxvis (`me~) niSania. msgavsi analizis Sedegad arc imis dadgenaa Zneli, rom a-
41
elementi mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirs (ìs~) Seesabameba, tuki mravlobiTis

pirvel pirs (`Cven~). suahiliSi winadadebas forma imis mixedviT ecvleba, Tu
vin, an raa winadadebis subieqti (anu is, vinc zmniT gamoxatul qmedebas axorcielebs _Cveni winadadebebis SemTxvevaSi, is, vinc kiTxulobs).
da bolos, daakvirdiT darCenil sam morfemas. pirveli maTgani, na- pirvel
sam winadadebaSi gvxvdeba, Targmanis meSveobiT vxvdebiT, rom samive forma awmyos ganekuTvneba. amis msgavsad, li- elementi warsuli drois aRmniSvnelia, tamomavali drois. amgvarad, suahilis zmnebi erTdroulad maTi subieqtisa da
moqmedebis drois Sesaxeb iZleva informacias.
axla, roca es magaliTebi ganvixileT, SegviZlia, zemoT moyvanili winadadebebi xelaxla gadmovweroT, oRond amjerad morfemebs Soris defisebi
CavsvaT:
(10) Ni-na-soma.
`me vkiTxulob~.
A-na-soma.
ìs (qali, kaci) kiTxulobs~.
Tu-na-soma.
`Cven vkiTxulobT~.
Ni-li-soma.
`me vkiTxulobdi~.
A-li-soma.
ìs (qali, kaci) kiTxulobda~.
Ni-ta-soma.
`me wavikiTxav~.
Tu-ta-soma.
`Cven wavikiTxavT~.
axla sxva sityvebis ageba scadeT. rogor iqneba suahilize ìs waikiTxavs~?
SegiZliaT suahilidan gadmoTargmnoT forma tulisoma?
(a) Semdegi winadadebebi suahilize bevr im morfemas Seicavs, romelic
zemoT Segvxvda.
Ninasema.
`me vlaparakob~.
Tulisema.
`Cven vilaparakeT~.
Atasema.
ìs ilaparakebs~.
Watasema. _ ìsini ilaparakeben~.
gadawereT es winadadebebi, morfemebi erTmaneTisgan defizebiT gamohyaviT, rogorc zemoT, teqstSi. es winadadebebi or axal formebs Seicaven. imsjeleT morfemebze. ris aRmniSvnelia TiToeuli maTgani?
(b) TargmneT suahilize Semdegi winadadebebi:
isini kiTxulobdnen; me vilaparakeb; is laparakobs.
(g) suahilis winadadebebSi zmnebs damatebiTi morfemebis datevac SeuZliaT, romlebic zmnaSi obieqtis niSnebi iqneba. magaliTad:
Nilikisoma. `me is wavikiTxe~ (sadac ìs~ usulo sagans, am SemTxvevaSi wigns
Seesabameba).
ramden morfemas Seicavs zmna Nilikisoma? rogori TanmimdevrobiTaa isini
dawyobili?
(d) qvemoT suahilize ramdenime axali winadadeba mogvaqvs. (maTSi ori axali morfemaa damatebuli, romlebic Tqven adre ar SegxvedriaT) gaaanalizeT
isini (dahyaviT morfemebad) da axseniT, ra daniSnuleba aqvs TiToeul maTgans.
savarjiSo
2.5
42
Anamfukuza. ìgi mas misdevs~.
Ananifukuza. ìgi me momdevs~.
Tulimfukuza. `Cven mas mivdevdiT~.
Walitufukuza.
(e)
ìsini Cven mogvdevdnen~.

TargmneT inglisur enaze Semdegi winadadebebi:
Ninamfukuza, Nitamfukuza, Anatufukuza.
(v) Tqven ukve iciT, rom suahiliSi zmnebi aRniSnaven awmyo, warsuli da momaval dros da rom zogierT inglisur zmnas awmyosa da warsuli drois sawarmoeblad gansxvavebuli formebi gaaCnia. SeuZlia Tu ar calkeul inglisur zmnas
ise Seicvalos, rom momavali dro gamoxatos?
2.3.2 rTuli zmnebi tolkapaia iavapaiSi

albaT, inglisur enasa da suahilis Soris yvelaze TvalSisacemi gansxvaveba, romelic Cvens mier motanilma magaliTebma gamoavlina isaa, rom suahiliSi
erT sityvas SeuZlia mTeli winadadebis azri gamoxatos (rogorc `tu-na-soma),
maSin, roca inglisur winadadebas imave azris gamosaxatad (We are Reading) meti
sityva sWirdeba.
enebi erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, gramatikul cnebebs damokidebuli morfemebis meSveobiT gamoxataven Tu damoukidebeli sityvebiT. enebs, romelTac, suahilis msgavsad rTuli winadadebis azris gadmocema erTi sityviT SeuZliaT, polisinTetur enebs uwodeben. Tumca,
imis miuxedavad, rom inglisur enas da suahilis gansxvavebuli morfemebi aqvs
(kiTxva_ read _ soma, momavlis gamomxatveli will _ ta) da am morfemebs es enebi
gansxvavebulad iyenebs, maT Soris gasaocari paralelizmic arsebobs.
CanarTi
2.3
orTografia
werilobiTi sistemebi da orTografiebi sametyvelo enis gamosaxvasTan
dakavSirebuli pirobiTobebis an wesebis sistemaa. werilobiTi sistemebis moqmedebis Sesaxeb erTi gamokveTili wesi ar arsebobs. is, rac erT enaze mosaubreTaTvis misaRebia, meore enaze mosaubrisTvis SeiZleba miuRebeli iyos. es
sistemebi ramdenime ZiriTad saorganizacio princips emyareba.
msoflios enaTa umetesobas damwerloba ar gaaCnia. damwerlobis sistemis
uqonloba mocemuli enisa Tu misi gramatikis sirTulesTan, an masze mosaubreTa azrovnebisa Tu sityvieri urTierTobis gansxvavebul unarTan ar aris
dakavSirebuli. damwerlobis uqonel enebze ufro sxva ram SegviZlia vTqvaT
dazustebiT: vaWrobisa da ganaTlebis sferos warmarTva am enebze TiTqmis
SeuZlebeli iqneba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom damwerloba nebismier enas SeiZleba hqondes aseTi sistemebi lamis yoveldRe iqmneba (xSirad enaTmecnierebis
mier). SedarebiT axali, magaliTad, suahilis da tolkapaia iavapaisTvis Seqmnili orTografiebi, Cveulebriv, im principzea agebuli, rom yoveli aso (an
asoTSeTanxmeba) mxolod erT bgeras gamoxatavs (da rom TiToeuli bgera mxolod erT asos an asoTSeTanxmebas Seesabameba) da axal orTografiebSi es Ses-
abamisoba ufro zustia, vidre im damwerlobebSi, romelTac xangrZlivi istoria aqvT (warmoTqmasa da dawerilobas Soris aseTi Seusabamobebi, magaliTad,
inglisur enaSi bevria).
iseTi orTografia, romelSic gamoTqmis Taviseburebebi srulad iqneba
asaxuli, arc arsebobs. magaliTad, suahilize mosaubrem icis, rom mis enaSi maxvili bolodan meore marcvalze modis. raki suahiliSi maxvili prognozirebadia (maTTvis, vinc wesi icis), orTografaSi mis niSans ar iyeneben. swored aseve,
tolkapaiaze mosaubrem icis, rogor Caamatos warmoTqmis dros Zalian mokle
xmovani sityvaSi Chthli ch da th bgerebs Soris, xolo sityvaSi mu m- sa da
s Soris. xmovnis Camatebis wesi tolkapaias orTografiis nebismier aRweraSi
unda Sediodes. am enis Seswavlis msurvelebma es wesi unda iswavlon, raTa sityvebis sworad gamoTqma SeZlon.
axla ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi iumanis modgmis indielebis enidan _
tolkapaia iavapai, romelzec arizonas StatSi saubroben:
(11) Chthl-ma

chthl-ma
M-chthl-ma.
(12) u-ma.

u-ma.
M
M-u-ma.
ìs (qali, kaci) recxavs~.

`me vrecxav~.
`Sen recxav~.
ìs (qali, kaci) xedavs~.
`me vxedav~.
`Sen xedav~.
morfemebi am magaliTebSi defisiTaa gamoyofili. am Tavis magaliTebis

umetesoba orTografiaSi sametyvelo enis werilobiT formaSia warmodgenili (ixileT CanarTi 2.3). apostrofi maTSi gamoxatavs damaxasiaTebel bgeras
_ glotalur anu xorxismier xSvas. am bgeras (ufro warmoTqmisas SeCerebul
bgeras) inglisur enaSi yvelaze metad is bgera waagavs, romelic uaryofis
SorisdebulSi uh-uh marcvlebs Soris gvesmis (ixileT Tavi 11).
iseve, rogorc suahiliSi, mTeli winadadebis erT sityvaSi dateva tolkapaiaSic SesaZlebelia. am enidan motanil magaliTebSi (zemoT) zmna Chthl-ma
garecxvas niSnavs, u-ma _ danaxvas. suahilis msgavsad, zmna tolkapaiaSic
subieqtis mixedviT icvleba. prefiqsi -iseT winadadebebSi gamoiyeneba, romlebSic qvemdebare mxolobiTi ricxvis pirvel pirSi (me) dgas, xolo prefiqsi
m- iseT winadadebebSi, romelTa subieqti mravlobiTis meore pirSia (Tqven).
(13-14) winadadebebi damatebiT magaliTebs gTavazobT:
(13) a. Chthl-ch-ma. ìsini recxaven~.

b. -chthl-ch-ma. `Cven vrecxavT~.

g. M-chthl-ch-ma. `Tqven recxavT~.
(inglisur enaSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba ikveTeba. inglisurs erTi
an ramdenime adamianisTvis misamarTad nacvalsaxeli you gaaCnia; magram inglisurad SeiZleba iTqvas: you guys, an you all (`Tqven yvelani~) gansakuTrebiT
amerikis samxreTSi, an you lot (britanul inglisurSi, `Tqven bevrni~-s niSnavs),
es nacvalsaxeli mravlobiTi ricxvis konteqstSi ase SeiZleba vixmaroT. am
wignSi, sadac ki inglisuris mravlobiTi ricxvis meore piris xmareba iqneba
43
44
saWiro, you guys formas gamoviyenebT.)

(14) a. u-ch-ma.

b. -u-ch-ma.

g. M-u-ch-ma.
ìsini xedaven~.
`Cven vxedavT~.
`Tqven xedavT~.
Tu am winadadebebs tolkapaiadan motanil pirvel eqvs magaliTs SevadarebT,

davrwmundebiT, rom mxolod erTi damatebiTi morfema ch sufiqsi Cndeba am
winadadebebis boloSi -ma sufiqsis win mdgari.
2.3.3 sityvaTa struqturis analizi

es magaliTebi sityvaTa morfemebad dayofis meore xerxs giCvenebT. erTi
xerxi morfemis identificirebaa _ anu imaSi darwmuneba, rom es morfema meore
morfemiT Canacvldeba (ise, rogorc suahiliSi drois aRmniSvneli niSnebi na-,
-li, -ta an rogorc tolkapaias subieqturi piris niSnebi m da - enacvleba erTmaneTs). Tqven imis Tqmac SegiZliaT, rom or morfemas Soris zRvari unda arsebobdes, Tuki sxva morfemas erT-erTis poziciaSi `Cajdoma~ SeuZlia. orive
forma: chthl-ma da u-ma erTnairad, -ma morfemiT mTavrdeba, magram Znelia
imis gansazRvra, Tu ras niSnavs ma am magaliTebSi, vinaidan mas sxva elementi
ar enacvleba. Tumca, raki orive forma: chthl-ma da chthl-ch-ma viciT, imis
Tqma SegviZlia, rom ma chthl- da u- formebisgan damoukidebeli elementia.
im morfemebis organizebisas, romlebic defisebiT erTmaneTisgan gaqvT
gamoyofili, cxrilis an sqemis Sedgena maTi mniSvnelobis dadgenaSi dagexmarebaT. 2.3 cxrili gaCvenebT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba tolkapaias morfemebi
zmnebSi. cxrilSi am morfemebis inglisuri Targmanebicaa mocemuli:
cxrili 2.3 tolkapaias morfemebi da lingvisturi analizi
- zmnis prefiqsi
gamoiyeneba
gamoiyeneba
ch-s gareSe
ch-sTan erTad
me
Cven
m- zmnis prefiqsi
Sen
Tqven
uprefiqso zmna
is (orive gram.sqesi)
isini
Tu odesme ucxo ena giswavliaT, eqvs kategoriad ase dayofa TqvenTvis nacnobi xerxi iqneba. rogorc cxrilidan xedavT, ch elementis uqonloba mxolobiT ricxvs ukavSirdeba, xolo im svetSi, romelSic ch morfemiani sityvebia,
subieqti yovelTvis mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas. amgvarad vadgenT, rom ch mravlobiTi ricxvis niSania.
cxrilis zeda rigi pirvel gramatikul pirs Seesabameba (molaparakes CaTvliT), meore rigi _ meore pirs (msmenelis CaTvliT), mesame _ mesame pirs (sxva
adamianebs). es dayofa imaze miuTiTebs, rom molaparake yvelaze mniSvnelovani
(pirveli) piria saubris dros.
roca zmnis forma subieqtis ricxvis, pirisa da sqesis mixedviT icvleba,
saqme subieqti-zmnis SeTanxmebasTan gvaqvs. inglisur enaSi es mxolod qvemdebaris ricxvis Secvlisas xdeba _ Tu zmna wesieria, dro awmyo, rogorc mag-
45
aliTad, winadadebaSi The boy runs (mxolobiTi) da The boys run (mravlobiTi),
suahilisa da tolkapaiaSi ki zmnas piris da ricxvis asaxvis unari aqvs.
amgvarad, sxvadasxva enebSi erTi da igive semantikuri cneba morfemebad
sxvadasxvanairad iyofa. inglisurSi sityvebi (nacvalsaxelebi) me Ì~ da Cven
`We~ erTnirad ar JRers (da ar iwereba); swored aseve, suahiliSi ni- da tuprefiqsebs Soris aSkara kavSiri ar Cans. - prefiqsi tolkapaiaSi `me~ da `Cven~
nacvalsaxelebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. Tumca, tolkapaiaSi `Cven~ nacvalsaxeli ase gamoiyureba: `me~ nacvalsaxeli + mravlobiTi ricxvi, magram tolkapaiaSi - prefiqsi pirvel pirs aRniSnavs da ara nacvalsaxels `me~.
(a) qvemoT tolkapaias winadadebebis damatebiTi magaliTebi mogvaqvs imis das
turaT, rom es ena polisinTeturi enaa. am winadadebebSi ori damatebiTi morfema unda ipovoT da ganmartoT, rogor cvlian im sityvebis mniSvnelobebs,
romelTac isini erTvis.
ich--chthl-ma.
`me raRacas vrecxav~.
ich-u-ch-ma.
ìsini raRacas xedaven~.
M-u-v-ch-ma.
`Tqven CanxarT.~ (an: xilulebi xarT)
Chthl-v-ma. ìs irecxeba~. (an: ufro zustad _ `misi

garecxva SeiZleba~)
(b) axla TargmneT Semdegi winadadebebi tolkapaiaze:

`me xiluli var~. `Tqven raRacas recxavT~.`Tqven banaobT~

(ìrecxebiT~). ìs raRacas xedavs~.
(g)
Tpqma niSnavs ìs mas asxams~.

dayaviT moyvanili tolkapaias winadadebebi morfemebad,

da aRniSneT maTi mniSvnelobebi: tpqchma;ichmtpqma;Tpqvchma
axla daubrundiT tolkapaias winadadebebs (11-14), da SeecadeT daadginoT,
romeli morfemebi aRniSnavs awmyo dros. yvela zmna ma elementiT mTavrdeba,
magram es winadadebebi am morfemis mniSvnelobis dasadgenad sakmaris masalas
ar iZleva. gaixseneT, rogor davadgineT suahilis masalaSi drois aRmniSvneli
morfemebi imis safuZvelze, rom winadadebebi awmyos, namyosa da momaval droSi kontrasts qmnidnen. zemoT motanili tolkapaias winadadebebi awmyo droSia Targmnili, amitom kontrastirebis principi aq ar gamodgeba. sinamdvileSi
TiToeuli es winadadeba mosaubrem SeiZleba gamoiyenos rogorc awmyo droSi,
aseve warsulSi momxdari movlenis aRsaniSnad:
(15) Chthl-ma. ìs (orive gram. sqesi) recxavs~, ìs

(orul morfemas xSirad Semoklebuli ganmartebis saxiT qveS uweren, ise,

rogorc qvemoTaa naCvenebi:
(13g) M M-chthl-ma.

2-recxva-aramomaval.

`Sen recxav~.
sadac `2~ meore gramatikul pirs niSnavs, Semokleba àramomaval~. imaze
savarjiSo
2.6
46
miuTiTebs, rom ma sufiqsi momaval dros ar awarmoebs. (ixileT CanarTi 2.4)

(16) -u-ma.
`me vxedav,~ me vxedavdi~.
Tumca, sxva masalis arqonis gamo, -ma elementis mniSvnelobis Taobaze

mxolod msjeloba da varaudebis gamoTqma SegviZlia. winadadebebis (15-16)
ganxilvisas imis demonstrireba gvWirdeba, rom ma elementze dasrulebuli
zmnebi momavalSi mosaxden movlenebs ar asaxavs, -ha elementze dasrulebul,
momavali drois aRmniSvneli zmnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic (17-18) winadadebebSi gvxvdeba:
(17) Chthl-ha. _ ìs (orive gram. sqesi) garecxavs~.
(18) -u-ha.
-u-ch-ha.
_ `me vnaxav~.
_ `Cven vnaxavT~.
enaTmecnierebi danawevrebul monacemebs TiToe

`Cven vkiTxulobT~.
CanarTi
2.4
Semoklebuli lingvisturi monacemebi

roca enaTmecnierebi TavianT teqstebSi samsjelod sxva enebidan, magaliTad, suahilidan da tolkapaiadan magaliTebs iSvelieben, maT xSirad morfemebad (defisebiT, an + niSnebiT) hyofen, TiToeul morfemas ki qveS Semoklebul informacias miuweren xolme, rogorc (10g) da (13g) winadadebebSi:
(10g)

Tu-na-soma.
pirveli.piri. mravlobiTi-awmyo-kiTxva.ive gram. sqesi) recxavda~.
(13g) M-chthl-ma.

meore.piri-recxva-aramomaval.
`Tqven recxavT~.
Semokleba mocemuli enis armcodne mkiTxvels imis warmodgenaSi exmareba, Tu rogor erwymis erTmaneTs ramdenime morfema, raTa sityvam TargmanSi
(romelsac, Cveulebriv, brWyalebSi aTavseben Semoklebuli monacemebis gverdiT, an maT qveS) mocemuli mniSvneloba miiRos. gaanalizebuli morfemebis
raodenoba Semoklebisas imdenive unda iyos, ramdeni morfemacaa gamoyofili
sityvaSi, ise, rom mkiTxvels maTi gacnobisas TiToeul morfemaze zusti warmodgena Seeqmnas. es imas niSnavs, rom defisebis raodenoba segmentebad dayofil sityvaSi da Semoklebul monacemebSi erTnairi unda iyos. Tu Semoklebas
aseTnairad gaakeTebT: `pirveli- piri-mravlobiTi-awmyo-kiTxva~, mkiTxvelma
SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom tu- elementi `pirvels~ niSnavs, na- elementi _ pirs,
xolo soma _ mravlobiTs, magram sityvaSi meti morfema, romlebic àwmyosa~
da `kiTxvas~ unda Seesabamebodes, aRar darCeba. Tu sityvas àramomaval~. defisiT (àra-momaval~) dawerT, mkiTxvels SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba darCes,
rom SemoklebaSi zedmeti morfemaa gamoyofili, iseTi, romelic gasaanalizebel masalaSi ar aris. roca erTi morfemis Sesatyvisi Semokleba erT sityvaze
47
mets Seicavs, es sityvebi an erTad unda daweroT, an defisiTa Tu daSorebiT

maTi gamoyofa unda airidoT (magaliTad, SeiZleba maTi wertilebiT gamoyofa,
rogorc zemoT: pirveli.piri.mravlobiTi). zedmeti defisi gasaanalizebeli
masalis armcodne mkiTxvels daabnevs.
swored aseve, rodesac gasaanalizebeli masala erT sityvaze mets moicavs,
daSorebebis raodenoba masSi da SemoklebaSi erTmaneTis toli unda iyos.
mkiTxvels erTsityviani winadadebac ki daabnevs Tu daSorebebis raodenoba
sityvasa da SemoklebebSi toli ar iqneba.
Semoklebebis warmodgenisas, lingvistebi, Cveulebriv, teqnikur terminebs
kvecen, da morfemis qveS adgils amgvarad zogaven. maSasadame, magaliTebis motana aseTi saxiTac SeiZleba:
(10g) tu-na-soma.
Imr-awm-kiTxva
`Cven vkiTxulobT~.
(13g) M-chthl-ma.
2-recxva-aramomaval.
`Tqven recxavT~.
albaT, iseTi aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa Imr-awm-kiTxva (I piri, mravlobiTi, awmyo
dro, zmnis sawyisi forma -`kiTxva~) yvelasTvis gasagebi iqneba, magram zogierTi Semoklebuli lingvisturi aRniSvna mkiTxvelisTvis ufro Zneli
aRsaqmelia. Tu morfemebis ganmarteba amgvari ucnobi aRniSvnebiT gixdebaT, maSin magaliTebs Tan gamoyenebuli Semoklebebis ganmartebac unda
daurToT. qvemoT Cvens wignSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebis CamonaTvals
gaecnobiT:
1-pirveli piri; 2-meore piri; sax. _ saxelobiTi brunva; aramomaval. _ zmnis dro momavals ar ganekuTvneba; perf. _ perfeqtiuli; mrav-mravlobiTi
ricxvi; awm-awmyo; gaor _ sityvis gaormagebuli nawili.
Tqven ukve gaecaniT prefiqss ich-, romelic tolkapaias zmnebSi ganusazRvrel (`raRac~) obieqtze miuTiTebs. iseve, rogorc suahiliSi, tolkapai
aSic zmnebi obieqtis da subieqtis niSans Seicaven erT sityvaSi. magaliTad,
sityva uvma _ ìs xedavs~, romelic SeiZleba asec iTargmnos _ ìs mas (orive
gramatikuli sqesi) xedavs, anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mesame pirSi mdgari subieqti mesame pirSi mdgar obieqts xedavs. aseve zmna Mchthlma_ `Sen
recxav~, romelic Tan niSnavs _ `Sen mas (orive gramatikuli sqesi) recxav~.
tolkapaiaSi arc iseTi prefiqsi arsebobs, romelic mesame pirSi mdgar subieqts gamoxatavs, arc iseTi, rom mesame pirSi mdgar obieqts Seesabamebodes.
sxva obieqtebi ki prefiqsebiTaa gamoxatuli. axla gaecaniT iseT magaliTebs,
sadac obieqtia `me~ _ pirveli piri, mxolobiTi ricxvi:
Nychthlma.
ìs me mbans~.
Nymuvma.
` Sen me mxedav~.
savarjiSo
2.7
48
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sufiqsiT ch tolkapaiaSi subieqtis mravlobiTis

warmoebac SeiZleba. obieqtis mravlobiTi ricxvi tolkapaiaSi daaxloebiT
amis msgavsad iwarmoeba:
Paauvma.
ìs xedavs maT~.
Paamchthlma.
` Tqven recxavT (banT) maT~.
Paanychthlma.
ìs gvrecxavs (gvbans) Cven~.
Paauvchma.
`Cven vxedavT maT~.
(a) TargmneT qarTulidan tolkapaiaze Semdegi winadadebebi: `me vrecxav
(vban) maT~; ìsini mxedaven~; `Cven vrecxavT (vbanT) maT~; `Tqven recxavT (banT)
maT~. tolkapaiaze Targmnili TiToeuli winadadeba morfemebad (defizebiT)
dayaviT, sityvebs ki qveS Semoklebuli aRniSvnebi miuwereT, sadac TiToeuli
morfemis mniSvneloba ise iqneba ganmartebuli, rogorc 2.4 CanarTSi iyo.
(b) zemoT ukve vTqviT, rom tolkapaias iseTi prefiqsi ar gaaCnia, romelic
mesame pirSi mdgar obieqts aRniSnavda. Tumca, vinmem SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom
aseTi winsarTi SeiZleba paa- iyos. axseniT, ratom araa es mosazreba swori
(amisTvis paa- elementis ch-sTan Sedareba dagWirdebaT).
Cven vnaxeT, rom prefiqsebi anu winsarTebi fuZes winidan erTvis, xolo sufiqsebi piriqiT, sityvis fuZes mosdevs. magram amiT jer yvelaferi ar Tqmula.
Vym-, `gaqceva~, tolkapaias kidev erTi zmnis fuZea (defisi imaze miuTiTebs,
rom es damoukidebeli sityva ar aris. mas erTi an ramdenime morfema mainc unda
daematos). rogor unda Tqvas tolkapaiaze mosaubrem `Tqven garbixarT~, roca
erTze met adamians mimarTavs? tolkapaiaze `Tqven garbixarT~ iqneba
(19)
M -vym-ch-ma.
(Tvali gaadevneT, rom morfemebi swori TanmimdevrobiT iqnes gadawerili:

TavSi meore piris aRmniSvneli winsarTia m-, Semdeg zmnis fuZea (Tu Ziri), mas
mravlobiTis niSani ch mosdevs, da bolos, aramomavali drois aRmniSvneli
daboloeba ma). amgvari magaliTebidan ukve SevityveT, rom tolkapaiaSi
mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvneli sufiqsi ch uSualod fuZes mosdevs da win
aswrebs aramomavali drois sufiqss ma Tu momavlis sufiqss ha. tolkapaias
zmnis morfologiuri agebuleba Semdegi modelis (20) mixedviTaa gawyobili:
(20) (piri) _ zmna _ (mravlobiTi) _ dro
es lingvisturi Sabloni zmnis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa, maTematikuri
formulis msgavsad, oRond is kategoriebi, romlebic maTematikaSi simboloebiT gamoisaxeba, aq specifikuri morfemebiTaa Canacvlebuli.
am Sablons (20) oTxi Riobi aqvs, vinaidan zmna M-vym-ch-ma oTxi morfemisgan Sedgeba.
Cvens Sablons piris kategoriaSi prefiqsebi - da m- Caujdeba. zmnebs,
romelTa qvemdebare mesame pirSi dgas (is (orive sqesi), isini) prefiqsi ar gaaCnia, amitom aseTi zmnebis modelebSi kategoria `piri~ daxuruli iqneba (frCxilebiT) _ es zmnis is nawili ar aris, romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zogierTi zmnis SemTxvevaSi es Riobi Seivseba,
zogjer ki ara. mravlobiTi ricxvis Riobi mxolod ch sufiqsiT iqneba war-
49
modgenili, igi mxolod im zmnebSi gvxvdeba, romelTa qvemdebare mravlobiT

ricxvSi dgas (amgvarad, isic frCxilebSi moeqceva da daixureba). drois Riobi
SeiZleba aramomavali drois sufiqsiT ma an momavlis sufiqsiT ha Seivsos.
dro aucilebeli Riobia yvela im zmnisTvis, romelic aqamde ganvixileT.
(a) SeadgineT amgvari Sablonebi suahilis zmnebisTvis. gamoiyeneT is cod
na, romelic teqstidan da savarjiSo 2.5-dan aiTviseT.
(b)
Sabloni (20) im faqts asaxavs, rom tolkapaiaSi zmna (iseTebi, rogorebic teqstSia moyvanili) or morfemas aucileblad unda Seicavdes (zmna da
drois aRmniSvneli niSani) da SeiZleba _ erT an or damatebiT morfemasac.
Tumca, 2.6 da 2.7 savarjiSoebSi moyvanili tolkapaias zmnebi ufro rTulia.
SeadgineT am enis zmnebisTvis ufro rTuli Sabloni, vidre (20) gamoyaviT
TiToeuli morfema, romlebic savarjiSoebSi 2.6 da 2.7 SemovitaneT. Tqven
ar gaqvT sakmarisi informacia saimisod, rom tolkapaias yvela morfemas adgili saTanado TanmimdevrobiT miuCinoT, magram imis unari ki SegwevT, rom
garkveuli morfemebi garkveul zmnebSi uadgilod da SeuTavseblad miiCnioT
(anu mixvdeT, rom mocemuli zmnis fuZeze maTi damatebiT. azrsmoklebuli
formebi miiReba). ganixileT Tqvens mier SemuSavebuli modelebi (Sablonebi).
2.3.4 morfemebis Tanmimdevroba

SeiZleba winadadebaSi sityvaTa wyobis ramdenime iseTi versia arsebobdes,
romelic am winadadebas azrs ar Seucvlis, sityvaSi morfemebis Tanmimdevroba
ki sruliad gansazRvrulia da mosaubre maT sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ver
gadaanacvlebs. Sabloni, romelzec zemoT iyo saubari, im faqtis ilustrirebas axdens, rom sityvebs TavianTi Sida struqtura gaaCniaT. sityvaSi morfemebi nebismieri TanmimdevrobiT ver daewyoba, maTi Tanmimdevroba mkacrad
gansazRvrul wess emorCileba. es inglisursac exeba da tolkapaiasac (da
yvela sxva enas). ra azris xarT sityvebze *employsment, *lonerly, *radicaledize?
TiToeul am sityvaSi fuZes ori bolosarTi erTvis, romlebic araswori TanmimdevrobiTaa dawyobili (swori Tanmimdevroba da formebi iqneboda employments (daqiraveba(mr.ricxvi), lonelier(ufro martoxela), radicalized (garadika
lurebuli)). inglisurenovanma adamianma icis, rom mravlobiTis sufiqsi s, SedarebiTi xarisxis sufiqsi er, da warsuli drois niSani ed nebismier sityvaSi
ukanaskneli sufiqsebi unda iyos.
(mniSvnelovania im zogadi wesis codnac, rom derivaciul sufiqsebs fleqsiuri sufiqsebi mosdevs.) drois aRmniSvneli bolosarTi tolkapaiaSic sityvas yovelTvis boloSi moudis.
2.4 variacia morfologiaSi

2.4.1 variaciis tipebis analizi
xSirad morfemebi sxvadaxva konteqstSi gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba. tol-
savarjiSo
2.8
50
kapaias drois aqamde naxseneb sufiqsebTan _ aramomavlis bolosarT masTan

da momavali drois mawarmoebel ha -sTan erTad kidev erTi sufiqsi aqvs: sufiqsi_absolutivi i, romelic mniSvnelobiT xSir SemTxvevaSi winadadeba
(11-16)-Si ma bolosarTs emsgavseba. msgavs winadadebebSi ma da i-s Semcveli
zmnebi, Cveulebriv, erTnairad iTargmneba, magram aris sxvaobac. magaliTad,
winadadeba, romelSic i-niSniani subieqti meore pirSi dgas, imperatiul anu
brZanebiT kilod iTargmneba (ase magaliTad, M-chthl-i ara mxolod `Sen recxav~ mniSvnelobisaa, aramed `garecxe!~-sac niSnavs). magram es ma sufiqsian winadadebas ar exeba. magaliTi (21) zmnaTa wyvilebs warmogvidgens, romlebic ma
da -i sufiqsebs Seicavs da TiToeuli SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc awmyos, ise
warsulis formiT:
(21) -chthl-ma.
-chthl-i.
`me vrecxav~, `me vrecxavdi~.

M-chthl-ch-ma.
M-chthl-ch-i.
`Tqven recxavT~.

`Tqven recxavdiT~.

Vym-ma.
Vym-i.
ìs garbis~, ìs garboda~.

u-ch-ma.
u-ch-i.
ìsini xedaven~, `maT dainaxes~

thi-ch-ma.
thi-ch-i.
`Cven vsvamT~, `Cven vsvamdiT~.
tolkapaias zmnebi, romlebSic aramomavlis sufiqsi (-ma) da absolutivi (i)
Sedis, yovelTvis erTnair funqcias ar asrulebs, rasac qvemoT mocemuli ma
galiTebi (22) gviCvenebs:
(22) M M-u-ma. M-u.
`Sen xedav~, `Sen dainaxe~.
Thi-ma. Thi.
ìs svams~, ìs svamda~.
iseTi zmnebi, rogorebicaa M-u da Thi ((22) magaliTis meore svetSi),
romelTac sufiqsebi ar ematebaT, (21) magaliTis meore svetSi mocemuli i sufiqsiani zmnebis eqvivalenturia: urTierTkavSiri ma da i zmnebs Soris (kvlav (21 )-dan) im urTierTkavSiris identuria, romelic usufiqso da ma sufiqsian zmnebs Soris (22) arsebobs. Tumca, -ma sufiqsi awmyo/warsuli drois
nebismier zmnaSi SeiZleba gamoCndes, -i sufiqsi ki mxolod erT garkveul garemocvaSi (bgeraTa, an bgeraTa klasis erT garkveul wyobaSi) gvxvdeba, _ -i mxolod Tanxmovans SeiZleba mosdevdes (ix. mag. #21), magram ara xmovans. (ix.mag.#22).
qvemoT am situaciis gaanalizebis ramdenime gzaa SemoTavazebuli:
SegviZlia martivad vTqvaT, rom zmnis absolutivi forma Tanxmovnebis
Semdeg i-s damatebiT iqmneba da ara xmovnebze raime elementis darTviT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am analizis Tanaxmad, absolutiv morfemas
ori sxvadasxva forma anu alomorfi gaaCnia, romlebic sxvadasxva fonologiur konteqstSi ixmareba.
kidev erTi gza aseTia: SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom arsebobs calke mdgomi absolutivi sufiqsi i, romelic yvela absolutiv formas erTvis,
magram Semdeg im sityvebidan qreba, romlebSic misi CarTva `xmovani +
xmovani~ Tanmimdevrobis gaCenas iwvevs (maSasadame, * M-ui da * Thi -i
formebi tolkapaiaSi gramatikulad gaumarTavia. tolkapaiaSi ori
xmovnis mezobloba dauSvebelia.)
Tumca, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes kidev erTi midgomac, rom abso-
51
lutiv formebs ZiriTadad daboloeba ar gaaCniaT, magram i sufiqsis

darTvis mizania Tanxmovanze daboloebuli zmnis formebis arideba.
(saqme isaa, rom *chthl, *mchthlch, *vym, * uch, * thich tolkapaiaSi
gramatikulad dauSvebeli formebia.)
am gramatikul aRweraTagan romels airCevs lingvisti, tolkapaias sxva
lingvistur faqtebze da gramatikis konkretul Teoriazea damokidebuli.
Tumca, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, analizi wesis variacias aRwers. tolkapaiaze mosaubreebs am enis TiToeuli zmnis absolutivi formis damaxsovreba sulac ar
sWirdebaT: wesis Tanaxmad, yvela absolutivi zmna wesieria.
ganixileT teqstSi tolkapaias warmodgenili i sufiqsis sami analizi.
TiToeuli ise gadmowereT, rom konkretuli wesi `Tu-maSin~ formulirebaSi
moeqces. Semdeg ganixileT tolkapaias zmnis struqturis asaRwerad Seqmnili
Sabloni (magaliTSi (20)) (da saxecvlili savarjiSoSi 2.8), romelSic zmna da
dro samizne kategoriebadaa warmodgenili. rogor fiqrobT: Seesabameba Tu
ara es Sabloni zemoT SemoTavazebul TiToeul analizs? imsjeleT da ganixileT Tqveni pasuxebi.
2.4.2 ganpirobebuli variacia

tolkapaiaSi absolutivi morfema i-s distribucia (sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, misi gamoCenis Taviseburebebi) ganpirobebul variaciaze miuTiTebs:
erT garemocvaSi (an garkveul pirobebSi) es morfema Cndeba, meore garemocvaSi
_ ara. ganpirobebuli variacia morfologiuri variaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa. igi SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes morfemis gamoCeniTa Tu argamoCeniT (rogorc tolkapaias absolutiv formebSi) an warmoTqmis TaviseburebiTa
da Sesabamisi sxvaobiT.
magaliTad, inglisur enaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvneli morfema s
bgeraTa sxvadasxva garemocvaSi gansxvavebulad JRers. axla ganvixiloT bgera
s (23) da (24) magaliTebSi:
(23) tap______taps, cat______cats, Reebok______Reeboks
(24) tab______tabs, cad______cads, bog______bogs.
inglisur enaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis aRmniSvneli es Cveulebrivi morfema

yovelTvis iwereba, rogorc s, an es, da mravlobiT formebSi mas, rogorc
(23)-Si, yovelTvis [s] bgera Seesabameba. (lingvistebi arsebuli bgerebis gamomxatvel fonetikur formebs marTxkuTxa frCxilebSi warmoadgenen.) Tumca,
mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani -s sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxvagvarad JRers.
es sityvebi rom ise weroT, rogorc gesmiT, maSin miviRebdiT: tabz, cadz, bogz.
inglisur enaSi mravlobiTis aRmniSvneli morfema, roca b, d, g da sxva Tanxmovnebs mosdevs, Cveulebriv, swored [z]-d gamoiTqmis (amis Sesaxeb momdevno
Tavebidan SeityobT). esec ganpirobebuli variaciaa.
am wignis momdevno TavebSi inglisuri Tu sxva enebis magaliTze ganpirobebuli variaciis bevr sxva magaliTs gaecnobiT.
savarjiSo
2.9
52
2.4.3 Tavisufali variacia

zapotekis enis (meqsikaSi, oaxakas Statis teritoriaze mcxovrebi indielebi) reverenciuli (pativiscemis gamomxatveli) zmnuri formebi variaciis sxvadasxva formis TvalsaCinoebad gamodgeba. zapotekebis metyvelebaSi, kerZod, zmnaSi pativiscemis gamomxatveli formebi am TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva
doneebs qmnis. erTmaneTs SeadareT am enis formaluri zmnebi (25) (romelTa
subieqti SeiZleba iyos mSobeli, RvTismsaxuri an maswavlebeli) da reverenciuli zmnebi (26) romelTa subieqti, Cveulebriv, RvTaebaa, an sxva wminda arseba
Tu cneba):
(25) R-aihsy-b. `mas (formaluri) sZinavs~.

R-zhihby-b. `mas (formaluri) eSinia~.
R-aizy-b. ìs (formaluri) artyams~.
R-eihpy-b. ìs (formaluri) hyveba~.
(26) R-aihsy-iny./R-aihsy-ni `mas (reverenciuli) sZinavs~.

R-zhihby-iny/R-zhihby-ni `mas (reverenciuli) eSinia~.
R-aizy-iny./R-aizy-ny ìs (reverenciuli) artyams~.
R-eihpy-iny./R-eihpy-ny. ìs (formaluri) yveba~.
rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi mowmobs, -b formaluri versiis daboloebaa, xolo reverenciuli formebis daboloebaa -iny an -ni. zapotekze mosaubreni or adeqvatur reverenciul formas (romlebic Cvens magaliTebSi `/~ simboloTia erTmaneTisgan gamoyofili) erTmaneTisgan ar ganasaxvaveben: orive
daboloeba nebismier konteqstSi ixmareba. es Tavisufali variaciis magaliTia
_ morfologiuri variaciisa, romelzec gansazRvruli pirobebis Semqmneli
garemo ar zemoqmedebs. Tavisufali variacia, rogorc wesi, enebSi ufro nakleb gavrcelebuli movlenaa, vidre ganpirobebuli variacia. Tavisufali variaciis savaraudo nimuSebis Seswavlisas, xSirad aRmoCndeba xolme, rom maT
mniSvnelobebsa Tu xmarebaSi odnavi gansxvavebaa (unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufali variacia Tavs garkveuli enebis konkretuli sityvebis gamoTqmisasac
iCens. amaze momdevno TavebSi visaubrebT.)
savarjiSo
2.10
ganvixiloT Cikasaudan, CrdiloeT amerikeli (Ooklahomas teritoria) indielebis, maskoginebis enidan moyvanili magaliTebi: zmnebi da maTi Sesatyvisi,
mravlobiTi ricxvis pirvel pirSi (`Cven~) mdgari subieqturi forma (Cikasaus
orTografiaSi asos qveS xazgasma imaze mianiSnebs, rom bgera nazalizebulia,
anu cxvirismierad _ haeris nakadis cxviridan da ara piridan gamoSvebiT
gamoiTqmis):
afama
`Sexvedra~.
`moWra, gaWra~.
hilha
`cekva~.
impa
`Wama~.
loshka
`tyuilis Tqma~.
oochi

ànTeba, cecxlis wakideba~.
loshka
`tyuilis Tqma vinmeze, dabraleba~.
paska
`puris gamocxoba~.
ilafama/kilafama.
`Cven vxvdebiT mas~.
iibashli/kiibashli.
`Cven vWriT mas~.
iihilha/kiihilha.
`Cven vcekvavT~.
ilimpa/kilimpa.
`Cven vWamT~.
iiloshka/kiiloshka.
`Cven tyuils vambobT~.
iloochi/kiloochi.
`Cven vanTebT mas~.
ilo loshka/kilo loshka.
`Cven tyuils vambobT mis Sesaxeb~.
iipaska/kiipaska.
`Cven purs vacxobT~.
dayaviT es winadadebebi morfemebad, Semdeg ki am kiTxvebs upasuxeT:
(a) ras fiqrobT am winadadebebze dakvirvebis Semdeg: rogor gamoisaxeba
Cikasaus zmnaSi mxolobiTis mesame pirSi mdgari obieqti (damateba)?
(b) daasaxeleT CikasauSi mravlobiTi ricxvis pirveli piris gamomxatveli prefiqsis alomorfebi (gansxvavebuli formebi).
(g) CikasauSi mravlobiTi ricxvis pirveli piris gamomxatveli prefiqsis alomorfebi Tavisufali da ganpirobebuli variaciis nimuSs warmoadgens.
ganmarteT, romeli alomorfebi gvxvdeba Tavisufali variaciis SemTxvevebSi,
da ganmapirobebeli faqtoric daasaxeleT.
bashli
Cven ramdenime iseTi SemTxveva ganvixileT, sadac erT morfemas SeiZleba

ramdenime sxvadasxva alomorfi gaaCndes. zapotekis reverenciul morfemas
ori alomorfi: -iny da -ni gaaCnia, xolo [s] da [z] inglisur enaSi mravlobiTis
aRmniSvneli morfemis ori alomorfia (miuxedavad imisa, rom damwerlobaSi
orive erTnairad, -s aso bgeriT gamoisaxeba. tolkapaias absolutivi morfemis SemTxveva ufro rTulia: aris ki misi alomorfebi i da uniSno forma? aseT
SemTxvevaze zogi enaTmecnieri ityoda, rom absolutiv sufiqss i nulovani
(zero) alomorfi gaaCnia. (mosazrebas nulovani morfemebis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT gaecnobiT.)
2.4.4 portmanto morfologia da fuZemonacvleoba

zogjer sityvebis morfemebad dayofa ufro rTulia, vidre aqamde moyvanil
SemTxvevebSi. am TavSi (1) magaliTad moyvanili SemTxveva mis msgavs winadadebas
(27) SevadaroT:
(1)
The friends promised to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca. _ megobrebi Sehpirdnen (obieqti dauzustebelia), rom mSvenier biankas
skolis direqtoris Sesaxeb cnobebs wvrilad Seugrovebdnen.
53
54
(27) The friends swore to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca.
megobrebma daifices, rom mSvenier biankas maswavleblis Sesaxeb cnobebs
wvrilad Seugrovebdnen.
(27)
Zalian hgavs (1)-s, magram morfologiuri analizis Sedegad irkveva, rom

(27) Cvidmet morfemas Seicavs, (1) ki _ Tvramets.
(27) The friend-s swore to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bianca.
SegviZlia sityva promised or morfemad davyoT: promise damatebuli warsuli drois niSani -ed, magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom swore swear zmnis warsuli
drois formaa, misi morfemebad dayofa rTulia. swore rTuli sityvaa da iseT
gramatikul morfemas Seicavs, romelic SegvZlia ase ganvixiloT: Ziri (?feature) [+ warsuli drois niSani], magram Ziris dayofa SeuZlebelia, misi arseboba
sityvaSi swore mxolod imiT mJRavndeba, rom sityvis swear xmovnebi Secvlilia.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ama Tu im sityvis calkeuli nawilebis
gamoyofa, romlebic mis komponentur morfemebTanaa dakavSirebuli, Tumca,
sityvis Sedgeniloba mainc rTulad iTvleba. ganvixiloT is winadadebebi, romlebic winadadeba (1)-is safuZvelzea Sedgenili:
(28) I promised to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca. (`Wirveulis morjuleba~, I, ii, 162-163). _ me Sevpirdi(obieqti dauzustebelia),
rom mSvenier biankas maswavleblis
Sesaxeb cnobebs wvrilad Sevugrovebdi.
(29) The fair Bianca promised to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for me. mSve
nieri bianka Sepirda (Sempirda da a.S. obieqti dauzustebelia), rom maswavleblis Sesaxeb cnobebs wvrilad Semigrovebda.
(28) da (29) winadadebebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom pirvel pirSi mosaubris (I,
me) gramatikuli roli da arsebiTi saxelebisgan Semdgari fraza the fair Bianca
am or winadadebaSi erTmaneTsaa Canacvlebuli. (28) winadadebaSi I - `me~ nacvalsaxeli winadadebis qvemdebaredaa qceuli, xolo (29) Si mis am rols fraza the
fair Bianca iRebs. winadadeba (28)-Si cnobebs biankasTvis agroveben, (29)-Si ki _
pirvel pirSi mosaubrisTvis (`me~). eseni arasubieqturi (qvemdebareebi) formebia. (teqnikur enaze _ subieqtur formebs nominativi, anu saxelobiTi brunva
ewodeba, arasubieqtur formebs _ akuzativi anu braldebiTi brunva (qarTul
TargmanebSi es arasubieqturi formebi naTesaobiT brunvaSi dgas)). Tumca,
imis miuxedavad, rom sityva Bianca orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea, mosaubre
pirvel pirSi warmodgenilia nacvalsaxeliT I, roca is subieqtia, roca arasubieqturi formaa _ nacvalsaxeliT me.
savarjiSo
2.Q11
datoveT gamotovebuli adgilebi winadadebebSi (28) da (29) subieqturi da

arasubieqturi formebis Casasmelad, ise, rogorc es zemoT, (4) da (9) winadadebebSi gavakeTeT. am gamotovebul adgilebSi (CarCoebSi) saxelebisgan Semdgari inglisuri frazebi iseve moqmedebs, rogorc sityva Bianca: subieqturi
iqneba, Tu arasubieqturi forma, isini erTnairad gamoiyureba. daasaxeleT
sxva inglisuri sityvebi, romlebic I da me-s msgavs situacias qmnis.
55
I da me nacvalsaxelebis monacvleoba gvibiZgebs, rom isini rTul sityvebad

ganvixiloT: I Seicavs mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgari pirveli piris elements dama
tebuli subieqturi elementebi, xolo me Seicavs mxolobiT ricxvSi pirveli
piris elementebs + arasubieqturi formis elementi. magram ver vityviT, me
nacvalsaxelis romeli nawili gulisxmobs mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgar pirvel
pirs da romeli a- arasubieqtur formas. morfemas, romelic erTze met Sinaarsis mqone elements Seicavs, romlis danawevreba SeuZlebelia, portmanto morfema ewodeba (sityva `portmanto~ Zveli yaidis Cemodnis dasaxelebidan momdinareobs, romelic gansakuTrebulad tevadi iyo).
ganvixiloT ramdenime zmna laxotadan, sius tomis enidan. am enaze samxreT

dakotas teriotiaze mcxovrebi indielebi metyveleben.
Pajja. `man dabana (garecxa) is~.
Wapjaja `me davbane (gavrecxe) is~.
Yapjaja. `Sen dabane (garecxe) is~.
Mapjaja. `man dambana me~.
Nipjaja. `man dagbana Sen~.
(a) ipoveT erTi leqsikuri da oTxi gramatikuli morfema laxotas zemoT
moyvanil winadadebebSi. ras warmoadgenen isini da rogoria maTi mniSvneloba?
(b) rogoraa gamoxatuli laxotaSi mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi mdgari
subieqtebi da obieqtebi. ganixileT sami axali winadadeba laxotas enaze:
Maypajaja. `Sen mbandi me~.
Chipjaja. `me gbandi Sen~.
(g) pirveli winadadeba, rogorc zemoT, davaleba (a)-s Sesrulebisas, maTi
danawevrebis Sedegad gairkva, sam morfemas Seicavs. meore winadadeba Seicavs portmanto morfemas. gamoyaviT es morfema, ganmarteT misi mniSvneloba,
da daasaxeleT is winadadeba, romelsac portmanto morfemis Semcveli winadadebis sanacvlod moelodiT.
(d) daakvirdiT laxotas sityvebSi maxvilebis mdebareobas da CamoayalibeT
maxvilis dasmis wesi am enaSi.
cvlileba paradigmis farglebSi SeiZleba Zalze mkveTric iyos: be, is, am,
was, were da are _ eseni yvela inglisuri enis zmnis to be paradigmis nawilia. imis
miuxedavad, rom am sityvebs Soris garkveuli msgavsebac arsebobs, isini inglisuri enis morfologiis arcerT dadgenil wess ar eqvemdebareba, rogorc
cxrilis 2.2 Semdgom ganxilvaSi iyo aRniSnuli. sxva urTierTdakavSirebuli
sityvebi erTmaneTisgan metadac ki gansxvavdeba: ratomaa went zmna go-s warsuli forma da ara, vTqvaT, *goed? an ratom unda iyos good-is zmnizeda well da
ara *goodly? (formisgan *goed gansxvavebiT, romelic standartuli inglisuris
sityva ar aris, goodly gramatikulad gamarTuli sityvaa da, albaT, gikvirT, ratomaa igi teqstSi varskvlaviT aRniSnuli. saqme isaa, rom goodly marTlac realuri sityvaa da `dids~, `mniSvnelovans~ niSnavs, magram zmnizedis `kargad~
mniSvnelobas Tu mivaniWebT, gramatikulad gaumarTav formad gadaiqceva _
goodly mniSvnelobiT sityvas `kargad~ ar utoldeba. amgvarad, zog SemTxveva-
savarjiSo
2.12
56
Si, aRniSvna * niSnavs `gramatikulad gaumarTavs, an araswors mocemul konkretul konteqstSi da ara `sruliad miuRebels nebismier konteqstSi~).
arawesier urTierTdakavSirebul formebs, rogorebicaa be da were, good
da well, I da me fuZemonacvle sityvebs uwodeben, xolo paradigmaSi aseTi sityvebis arsebobas fuZemonacvleoba hqvia. moyvanili magaliTebi sruli fuZemonacvleobis nimuSebi iyo (formaSi were arc be Cndeba da arc warsulis niSani
ed, xolo well forma good formas an ly elements ar Seicavs). sxva arawesieri
formebi, rogorebicaa buy zmna da misi warsulis forma bought (romlis warmoTqma cotaTi am zmnis warsulis mosalodnel formas *buyed waagavs), nawilobrivi fuZemonacvleobis nimuSebia. sruli fuZemonacvleobis SemTxvevaSi
paradigmas mosalodneli Zireuli forma ar aqvs: zmnaSi were be formis kvali
ar Cans, formaSi well ki-saxelisa good. nawilobrivi fuZemonacvleobis dros,
Cveulebriv, misi Ziris garkveul kvals vxedavT, magram arc mas da arc mis
afiqsebs mosalodneli forma ar aqvT.
savarjiSo
2.13
arawesieri formebi xSirad SeiZleba portmanto morfemebad iqnes miCneu-

li. gaarCieT qvemoT mocemul winadadebebSi xazgasmuli sityvebi, TiToeuli
maTgani SeiZleba portmantod iqnes ganxiluli. aRwereT TiToeuli morfema,
romelic sityvis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs. Semdeg daasaxeleT is mosalodneli forma, romelsac TiToeuli sityva miiRebda, wesieri rom yofiliyo.
Take Antony Octavia to his wife, whose beauty claims no worse a husband than the
best of men. (antoniusi da kleopatra, II, ii, 136-7)
In Aleppo once, where a Turk beat a Venecian, I smote him thus.
(Semoklebulia. òtelo~, V, ii, 354 ff)
The Fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars.
(ìulius keisari~, I, ii, 134)
Mice and rats and such small deer have been Toms food.
(`mefe liri~, III, iv, 142)

(`cudi~) zedsarTavis SedarebiTi forma.
best-good

(`kargi~) zedsarTavis aRmatebiTi forma.
beat-zmnis beat
(`dartyma, damarcxeba~) warsulis forma.
our _
nacvalsaxeli `Cveni~
deer _
(aq: cxoveli) _ krebiTi saxeli:

(analogiuri forma: `nadiri~)

worse- bad
iseTi rTuli morfologiis mqone enebSi, rogoric inglisuria, nawilobrivi

fuZemonacvleobis ganmeorebadi modelebi xSirad gvxvdeba. awmyo-warsuli
drois zmnis formebis modelebi, romlebic (30)-Si motanil nimuSebs hgavs,
arawesieri zmnebis iseTi modelis (sub-regularity) TvalsaCinoebas qmnis, romlebic dadgenil wess ar misdevs, magram garkveul ganzogadoebas mainc eqvemdebareba.
(30)
sing_____sang
ring_____rang

tell_____told

swear_____swore
57
sell_____sold
wear_____wore
amis msgavsad, inglisur enaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisas sub-regularobis nimuSebi iqmneba, amis zogierTi nimuSi magaliT (31)-Si aris moyvanili:
(31) mouse_____mice
louse_____lice
alumnus_____alumni locus_____loci
sheep_____sheep
fish_____fish
rogorc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom tolkapaias absolutiv sufiqss -i nulovani

alomorfebi gaaCnia _M-u (`Sen xedav~) (22), SegviZlia isic vamtkicoT, rom
inglisurSi mravlobiTi ricxvis niSans s aqvs nulovani alomorfi sityvebis
sheep da fish mravlobiT formebSi.
CanarTi 2.3 damatebiTi (ganmartebis momcemi) lingvisturi monacemebis
safuZvels warmoadgens, magram fuZemonacvleobisa da arawesieri formebisTvis Semoklebuli ganmartebis gakeTeba SeiZleba sakmaod rTulic aRmoCndes.
CvenTvis iseTi nacnobi enebis monacemebs, rogoric inglisuria, Cveulebriv,
ganmartebebs ar urTaven, magram ra Tqma unda, amis gakeTebac SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTSi (32):
(32) ring-s

ring-mrav.
mravlobiTis fuZemonacvle formebi, magaliTad, mice, marTlac sirTuleebs qmnis, vinaidan mravlobiTis aRmniSvneli morfema (romelic aSkarad sityvis
mniSvnelobis nawils qmnis) defisebiT ar nawevrdeba. ganmartebis ise gakeTeba,
rogorc magaliTSi (33)-a mocemuli, Secdoma iqneba:
Tu SegiZliaT, uCveneT, rom magaliTebis (30-31) arawesieri formebi arawesierebis TvalsaCinoebas warmoadgens. amisTvis am magaliTebidan TiToeuls
iseTi saxeli an zmna unda davumatoT, romelic moyvanili nimuSebis msgavsad
(an daaxloebiT maT msgavsad) icvleba.
SeadgineT iseTi inglisuri zmnebis CamonaTvali (ormocdaaTi an meti zmna),
romlebic warsulis formas arawesierad awarmoebs (rogorc cxrilSi 2.2 a
naCvenebi, zmnebis pirveli jgufis gamoklebiT). aseTi CamonaTvalis gakeTebas orenovani leqsikonis gamoyeneba gagiadvilebT, sadac msgavsi zmnebi, arainglisurenovani mosaubris sayuradRebod, xSirad sagangebo cxrilebSia moTavsebuli. amorCeuli zmnebi garkveuli niSniT daajgufeT da Semdeg TiToeuli jgufisTvis namyos warmoebis saTanado wesi CamoayalibeT. CamonaTvalSi
SegiZliaT is zmnebic CarToT, romlebic am TavSi ganvixileT (zmnebis garkveuli wesiT dajgufebisas umjobesi iqneba, Tu principad maT warmoTqmaSi da ara
damwerlobaSi arsebul msgavsebas airCevT.)
(33) mice

mouse-mrav.
savarjiSo
2.14
58
es imis gamo, rom Semoklebul ganmartebaSi defisebis raodenoba nimuSSi

(sityvaSi) morfemebs Soris dasmuli defisebis raodenobas ar utoldeba. (aseT
martiv magaliTSi Secdomis Tavidan arideba Znelia, rTul ganmartebebSi morfemebis sworad gansazRvra SeiZleba advili ar gamodges.) erT-erTi midgoma
aseTia: morfemebis dasayofad simbolos ` + ~ gamoyeneba portmantos an rTulad dasanawevrebeli sityvis ganmartebebSi:
(33) mice

mouse+mrav.
am SemTxvevaSi, + niSani morfemaTa zRvaris aRmniSvneli gansakuTrebuli

niSania, iseTi, romelic mosaubris gonebriv analizSic arsebobs (anu sityva
gonebaSic ase nawevrdeba), magram sityvis arsebuli umciresi nawilebis erTmaneTisgan danawevrebisTvis mainc ar gamodgeba.
savarjiSo
2.15
miuxedavad imisa, rom zapotekidan nimuSad moyvanili zmnuri formebi (34)

nawilobriv an srul fuZemonacvleobas amJRavneben, Cveulebrivi da brZanebiTi winsarTebis darTvis mxriv es formebi dadgenil wesebs misdevs. ganixileT
(34)-Si mocemuli da qvemoT moyvanili damatebiTi magaliTebi:
rann _
ìyureba~
gwann _
`Sexede!~
raun _
`Wams~
bdauh _

`Wame!~
rcwaah _ ìsvris~
bcwaaah _
ìsrole!~
rdes _
`swevs (simZimes)~
bdes _
àswie!~
rgub _
`wovs~
bdub _
`mowove!`
rgunny _
`fxeks~
blunny _
àfxike!~
rihah _
`midis~
gwehen _
`wadi!~
rzah _
`dadis~
bzah _
ìare!~
mxolod erTi Cveulebrivi zmnis (pirveli svetidan) an brZanebiTi kilos
zmnis (meore svetidan) magaliTze SeuZlebelia gamocnoba, fuZemonacvelobasTan gvaqvs Tu ara saqme. Tumca, imperatiuli (brZanebiTi) prefiqsis (b- an
gw-) alomorfs, romelic mocemul zmnaSi gvxvdeba, gasaanalizebeli nimuSismeore nawili gamosacnobs xdis. CamoaSoreT is zemoT moyvanil Cveulebriv da
brZanebiT formebs, daakvirdiT am zmnebis fuZeebs (b-, r- da gw-prefiqsebis
gamoklebiT) da daadgineT zogadi wesi, romelic axsnis, romeli fuZeebi gvxvdeba brZanebiTi formis mawarmoebel b- alomorfTan da romeli _ brZanebiTi formis mawarmoebel gw- alomorfTan.
fuZemonacvle formebi sxva enebsac gaaCnia _ amis sailustraciod ganixileT zapotekis Cveulebrivi da brZanebiTi zmnuri formebi, romlebic (34) mocemulia magaliTis pirvel da meore svetebSi:
(34) r-zhihby èSinia~
b-zhihby! `SeSindi!~
r-aizy àrtyams~
gw-aizy! `daartyi!~
r-aihsy `sZinavs~
b-taihsy! `daiZine!~
r-eihpy `yveba, ambobs~
gw-uahts! `moyevi! Tqvi!~
am magaliTebSi SegviZlia amovicnoT Cveulebrivi prefiqsi (r-) da brZanebiTi formis mawarmoebeli winsarTi (b- an gw-).
zmnebis fuZeebi -zhihby da -:aizy orive prefiqsis damatebisas ucvleli
rCeba. -aihisy/-taihisy fuZeebs Soris arawesieri kavSiria: aq nawilobriv fuZemonacvleobasTan gvaqvs saqme. -eihpy /-uahts fuZeebs Soris wesieri kavSiris
araviTari niSani ar gvaqvs: isini sruli fuZemonacvleobis nimuSs qmnian.
2.5 sityvebis ierarqiuli struqtura

2.5.1 ierarqia morfologiur struqturaSi
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rogor iyofa rTuli Sedgenilobis sityvebi fuZed da
masze darTul afiqsebad. is, Tu rogor erTvis es afiqsebi sityvebs Cveulebriv
sityvis ierarqiul struqturas avlens, romlis Tanaxmad, sityvas zogierTi
afiqsi sxvebze win unda daerTos. ganvixiloT magaliTi (35):
(35) happi-ness-es
derivaciuli sufiqsi -ness nominalizeri (?), romelic zedsarTavi saxe
lisgan arsebiT saxels awarmoebs, sityvis fuZes _ happi mravlobiTi ricxvis
mawarmoebel -es sufiqsamde erTvis. morfemebis am Tanmimdevrobas Tavisi
mizezi aqvs. mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi arsebiT saxelebs erTvis
da ara zedsarTavebs (formis *happies arseboba SeuZlebelia). amgvarad, -ness
daboloeba Zirs _ happy unda daerTos, raTa es sufiqsis darTvamde sityva
warmoiqmnas.
argumentebi ierarqiuli struqturis Sesaxeb maSinac ZalaSi rCeba, roca
afiqsebi sityvis Zirs orive mxridan erTvis. martivi magaliTi ganvixiloT:
(36)
un-fasten-ed
derivaciuli morfema un- iseTi zmnis warmosaqmenlad gamoiyeneba, romlis

mniSvneloba misi fuZis mniSvnelobis sawinaaRmdegoa da mosaubris leqsikons
axal sityvas hmatebs, maSin, roca warsulis fleqsiuri morfema ed iseT sityvas awarmoebs, romelic garkveuli tipis winadadebaSi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, He unfastened his belt.
ukve aRvniSneT, rom derivaciuli morfemebi fuZes fleqsiur morfemebamde erTvis, amis gamo SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom winsarTi un- fuZes _ fasten
ed bolosarTamde erTvis. sityva fasten TavisTavad rTuli Sedgenilobisaa,
vinaidan sityva fast inglisuri sityvis secure (gamagreba, gausafrTxoeba) Zveli mniSvnelobaa da en ki derivaciuli sufiqsi, romelic imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac qarTuli afiqsebis ga---eb-a(gamagreba), da----eb-a (dabneleba _
dark-en) damateba sityvis Zirze. es magaliTi aseve gviCvenebs, romed zmnis sufiqsi zedsarTav saxels fast en sufiqsamde ar daerTveba, vinaidan axal zmnas
swored is qmnis.
59
60
2.5.2 xisebri diagramebi

enaTmecnierebi sityvis ierarqiuli struqturis grafikuli warmoCenisTvis swored xisebr gamosaxulebas iyeneben. zedsarTavs happy arsebiTi saxelis
warmosaqmnelad ness sufiqsi unda daerTos, rac grafikulad ase gamoisaxeba:
(37)
sax.
-ness
zed.
aseTi ganStoeba gviCvenebs, rom zedsarTavi saxeli (zed.) gverdiT moyvanil

sufiqss -ness erwymis, rom zemoT mocemuli arsebiTi saxeli (sax.) warmoqmnas.
(sityvaTa sxva klasebis Semoklebebi _davarqvaT markirebebi (labels) aseTia:
zm. (zmna), gar. (garemoeba), Tan. (Tandebuli), gan. (gansazRvreba). gamosaxuli
xis sam pozicias: sax, zed. da ness kvanZebi ewodeba. ness ukanaskneli kvanZia,
vinaidan igi moqmedi morfemacaa (ara mxolod klasisadmi kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli kvanZi). kvanZi sax. magaliTSi (37) dominirebs kvanZebze zed. da ness. igi
xis ganStoebaSi maTze zemoTaa gamosaxuli, es ori kvanZi ki uSualod misgan
momdinareobs.
ukanasknel kvanZad zed. kvanZis ganxilvac SeiZleba. magaliTSi (38) zed. _
happy (bednieri) zedsarTavs Seesabameba:
(38)
sax.
zed.
-ness
happy
aq kvanZebi zed. da ness (originalSi: sister nodes) erTmaneTis toli kvanZebia, maTi deda kvanZi ki aris sax. (es terminologia adamianis sagvareulo, an
saojaxo xis analogiiTaa Seqmnili).
msgavsad SegviZlia gamovsaxoT arsebiT saxelze girl mravlobiTi ricxvis
mawarmoebeli morfemis s darTva:
(39)
sax.
sax.
girl
magaliTSi (39) sufiqsis damatebiT sityvis klasi ar icvleba. orive sityva:

girl da girls arsebiTi saxelia. raki sufiqsi s fleqsiuri morfemaa, is ar cvlis
im sityvis kategorias, romelsac erTvis.
Cven viciT, rom sityvaSi happiness mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli morfema (e)
s Zirs ness sufiqsis Semdeg erTvis. misi darTvis TvalsaCinod Cveneba ase SeiZleba:
(40)
sax.
es
sax.
zed.
-ness
happy
es sami magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gamoxatavs gamosaxuli xisebri

struqtura sityvis ierarqiul struqturas. saxeli happiness (qveda sax. kvanZi
ganStoebaSi) manamde unda warmoiqnas, sanam mravlobiTis bolosarTi es daemateba.
rac Seexeba sityvas unhappinesses. sad SeiZleba damatebiTi morfemis _ winsarTis un- darTva? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod, gavixsenoT, rogor gamoiyeneba es
winsarTi. igi zedsarTavebsa da zmnebTan gvxvdeba _ arsebiT saxelebs ar erTvis. amgvarad, imis miuxedavad, rom un- winsarTi arsebiT saxels unhappinesses
TavSi emateba, igi jer zedsarTavs happy unda daerTos da warmoqmnas sityva
unhappy:
(41)
sax.
es
sax.
ness
zed.
un-
zed.
happy
magaliTi (41) sityvisTvis unhappinesses swori xisebri struqturaa. magaliTSi (41) ki araswori struqturaa warmodgenili:
(41)
sax.
es
sax.
un-
sax.
zed.
ness
happy
magaliT (41)-Si moyvanili struqturis àrasworobis~ mizezi isaa, rom unprefiqsi saxels erTvis, es ki winaaRmdegobas qmnis imasTan, rac am morfemis
distribuciis Sesaxeb viciT.
xisebri struqturebi komponentebis mTlianobas warmoadgenen. konstituenti (komponenti) yvela im elements Seicavs, romelzec xis romelime kvanZi
dominirebs.
amgvarad, un-, happy, -ness da es elementebi Seadgenen konstituents (41)
61
62
magaliTSi, vinaidan yvela elementze am xisebr struqturaSi umaRlesi erTeuli _ arsebiTi saxeli (sax.) dominirebs. (41) Si un-happy konstituentia,
vinaidan unda happy elementebze umaRlesi erTeuli _ zedsarTavi saxeli
dominirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom happiness sityvaa, magaliTSi (41) igi araa
konstituenti, vinaidan arcerTi iseTi kvanZi ar gvaqvs, romelic elementebze
happy da ness, an romelime sxva elementze dominirebdes. (prefiqsi un- aseve im
konstituentis nawilia, romelzec (41)-Si umaRlesi erTeuli _ qveda arsebiTi
saxeli dominirebs.)
savarjiSo
2.16
daxazeT xeebi savarjiSos ZirSi moyvanili inglisuri sityvebis struqturis ilustrirebisTvis. moaxdineT imdeni kvanZis markireba, ramdensac SeZlebT. Tu xis daxazvis ori SesaZlo gza arsebobs, alternatiuli xeebic daurTeT, airCieT, oridan romels aniWebT upiratesobas da daasabuTeT Tqveni arCevani. ganmarteT, ratom unda iyos konstituentebis mTlianoba mocemul xeSi
iseTi, rogoradac Tqven warmoadgineT.
greener, kissed, driver, buildings, cowardly, unkindness, replays, anti-Trotskyite.
2.5.3 markirebebis warmodgena kvadratul frCxilebSi

sityvis (vTqvaT, sityvisa un-happi-ness-es) struqturis wardgenis kidev
erTi xerxi Semoklebuli aRniSvnebis, anu markirebis kvadratul frCxilebSi
moTavsebaa:
(42) [ sax. [sax. [un- [ zed. happy] ] ness] es]
TiToeuli klasis kvanZs an konstituents sakuTari kvadratuli frCxili
gaaCnia (ase: [.......] ), romelic saTanado klasis kvanZis Semoklebuli aRniSvniTaa markirebuli. markirebebis kvadratul frCxilebSi Casma mosaxerxebelia,
vinaidan es zemoT moyvanil xeebze ufro nakleb adgils ikavebs, magram Tvalis
erTi SevlebiT maTSi garkveva SeiZleba ufro rTuli iyos.
savarjiSo
2.17
gamosaxeT zemoT, savarjiSo 2. 16-Si moyvanili xeebis magaliTebi kvadratul

frCxilebSi Casmuli markirebebis meSveobiT.
2.6 prefiqsebisa da sufqisebis miRma

sityvis Zirze winsarTebisa da bolosarTebis darTvis garda, sityvebis
warmoeba sxvagvaradac SeiZleba. ZirSi SeiZleba infiqsebic CaerTos; axali sityvebis warmoeba afiqsaciis (prefiqsebis, sufiqsebis da infiqsebis darTvis)
gareSec SeiZleba. magaliTad, SeiZleba ori sityva erTmaneTs miuerTdes da axali sityva Serwymis Sedegad iqnes miRebuli. swored aseve, sityvis warmoTqma
SeiZleba damatebiTi morfemebis gareSec Seicvalos, gaormagebis an ablautis
Sedegad.
2.6.1 infiqsacia
prefiqsebisa da sufiqsebis raoba yvela Cvenganma icis, vinaidan isini qarTul enaSic gvaqvs, magram afiqsaciis sxva saxeobebic arsebobs. ganvixiloT
63
austroneziuli enidan _ tagalogidan zmnis warmoebis ori tipi. qvemoT zmnebis fuZeebi pirvel svetSia Camowerili. momdevno ori sveti ki im zmnebs eTmoba, romlebic zmnis mag da um afiqsebis meSveobiTaa warmoebuli. ganvixiloT es magaliTebi da davfiqrdeT, sad unda iyos zRvrebi maT morfemebs Soris.
inglisuri infiqsi
infiqsebi msoflios enebSi gacilebiT iSviaTadaa gavrcelebuli. inglisur
enas Cveulebrivi gramatikuli morfemebi, romlebic infiqsacias eqvemdebareba, ar gaaCnia. Tumca, infiqsaciis magaliTi inglisurSic moipoveba, qvemoT motanil nimuSebSi infiqsaciis gavrcelebuli magaliTebia moyvanili:
absofuckinglutely
Massafuckingchusetts
morphofuckinglogical
antidisestablishmentfuckingtarianism
inglisuri enis ucenzuro sityva fucking (an rogorc zepir metyvelebaSi gamoTqvamen _ fuckin), sxva ramdenime msgavs sityvis msgavsad, SeiZleba amgvarad
Zalian bevr sityvaSi CaerTos. (infiqsi fucking afeqturi morfemaa _ sityvas,
romelsac erTvis, leqsikur mniSvnelobas ar hmatebs, magram misi xmareba sityviT gamoxatuli cnebisa Tu movlenis mimarT damokidebulebas aaSkaravebs.)
rogorc magaliTi Massafuckingchusetts gviCvenebs, infiqsi fucking SeiZleba
erTi morfemisgan Semdgar martiv sityvebSic iqnes CarTuli _ cal-calke arc
elements massa gaaCnia mniSvneloba da arc chusetts-s. raki fucking erT morfemas
hyofs, maSin is namdvili infiqsia, iseTi rogorc tagalogSi _ um. (amgvarad,
sityvis dayofa mZimeebiTac SegviZlia, amgvarad: Massa, fucking, chusetts).
axla gavarkvioT, rogor xdeba am infiqsis CarTva sityvaSi. Cveni magaliTi
mowmobs, rom misi Camateba sityvis nebismier adgilas ar xdeba, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, *Massfuckingachusetts da * Massachufuckingsetts gramatikulad gaumarTavi formebia. rogorc zemoT motanili oTxi magaliTidan davrwmundiT,
xmovnebis, Tanxmovnebis da marcvlebis raodenoba infiqsamde Tu infiqsis Semdeg SeiZleba icvlebodes. maSasadame, infiqsis fucking CarTvis wesi gansxvavdeba im kanonzomierebisagan, romliTac tagalogSi um elementis infiqsireba
xdeba. misi CarTva sityvis segmenturi struqturis (bgerebis ganlagebis)gaTvaliswinebiT ki ar xdeba, aramed prosodiul struqturas ukavSirdeba: infiqsi fucking sityvis ZiriTadi maxviliani marcvlis win erTveba. amitomacaa, rom
im sityvebTan, romlebsac maxvili pirvel marcvalze moudiT, fucking pirveli
marcvlis, anu sityvis win gvxvdeba.
fucking Caesar
igive varianti iseT sityvebTanac aris SesaZlebeli, romelTac maxvili

pirvel marcvalze ar moudiT:
fucking Massachusetts
Massafuckingchusetts
ufro grZel frazebSi ori aseTi SesaZleblobac ki Cndeba:

fucking Julius Caesar
CanarTi
2.5
64
Julius fucking Caesar
orive sityvas _Julius da Caesar maxvili pirvel marcvalze moudis. magram

frazas Julius Caesar, iseve rogorc bevr sakuTar saxels an saxelebisgan Semdgar frazas, ZiriTadi maxvili sityvis Caesar (frazis bolo sityvis) pirvel
marcvalze moudis. amitom SeiZleba fucking ganTavsdes rogorc mTeli frazis
win, ise frazis ZiriTadi maxvilis win, romelic sityvis Caesar pirvel maxvils
gulisxmobs.
Cven aRniSvna gamoviyeneT raTa am sityvebSi glotaluri xSvis mdebareoba
migveTiTebina. es bgera Cveulebriv ar aris warmodgenili tagalogis standartul damwerlobaSi; misi arseboba iseT sityvaSi, rogoricaa magalis, Cveulebriv damwerlobaSi defisiTaa gamoxatuli: mag-alis).
(43) |labas |
maglabas ` gatana, gayvana~ lumabas ` gasvla~
| pasok|
magpasok `Setana, Seyvana~
| alis |
magalis `moSoreba~ umalis `datoveba~
| hiwalay| maghiwalay èrTmaneTisgan humiwalay `gancalkeveba~
pumasok `Sesvla~
gancalkevebuli~
| bili |
magbili `gayidva~
bumili _ ` yidva~
| abot |
magabot `gadacema~
umabot _ `xelis gawvdena~
aSkaraa, rom mag- prefiqsia, romelic pirvel svetSi Camoweril fuZeebs erTvis. magram um arc prefiqsia da arc sufiqsi, vinaidan igi fuZes SuaSi
moudis (fuZis pirveli Tanxmovnis Semdeg). mis msgavs afiqsebs infiqsebi ewodeba.
infiqsebs xSirad TavSi da boloSi darTuli defisebiT weren, imis misaTiTeblad, rom isini sityvas dasawyisSi an boloSi ar erTvis, magram -umis
msgavsi infiqsebis werilobiT gamosaxvis amgvari tradicia xandaxan dabneulobas iwvevs. Tu morfemebs Soris arsebuli zRvari -um- infiqss win uswrebs
da ukan mosdevs, maSin sityvis lumabas danawevreba aseTnairad SegviZlia: l-umabas. Cven viciT, rom um iseTi afiqsia, romelic sxva zmnebSic gvxvdeba. magram
rogoria l- morfemis, an abas morfemis mniSvneloba? es elementebi mxolod
da mxolod nawilia labas fuZisa. swored am mizeziT, zogierTi enaTmecnieri
infiqsebs im morfemebisgan, romlebSic isini infiqsirebulia, mZimeebis meSveobiT acalkevebs (Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi _I, um, abas) da ara morfemebs
Sorisi zRvrebis aRsaniSni tradiciuli simboloebiT: d
a + . CanarTi 2.5 kidev
erT magaliTs iZleva, Tu rogor SeiZleba infiqsis win da Semdeg mdgar elementebs damoukidebeli mniSvneloba gaaCndeT.)
savarjiSo
2.18
axla ganvixiloT tagalogidan moyvanili zogierTi zmna, romlebic winadadebaSi maTi rolis mixedviT SeiZleba sami formiT iyos warmodgenili da
pasuxi gaeciT qvemoT mocemul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli zmna gamoiyeneba winadadebaSi, romelSic sami arsebiTi saxelia, magaliTad, `kacs qalTan brinji miaqvs~.
mpo (moqmed pirze orientirebuli) zmnuri formebi maSin gvxvdeba, roca winadadebaSi aqcenti moqmed pirze (sxvagvarad, qvemdebareze, subieqtze) keTdeba.
oo (obieqtze orientirebuli zmna) _ iseT winadadebaSi gvxvdeba, sadac aqcenti obieqtze (damatebaze) keTdeba; xolo moqmedebis mimarTulebaze orientirebuli zmna mmo _ roca zmnaSi aqcenti mesame pirze an keTdeba. zemoT
moyvanil magaliTSi `kaci~ moqmedi piria, `brinji _ obieqti (aq: pirdapiri
damateba), xolo `qals~ _ moqmedebis mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli obieqti.

mpo
oo m
mo
dabraleba
dafuZneba
dasesxeba
gamoyvana
miyvana
mindoba
micema
gadacema
SeTavazeba
afxeka
simRera
srola
srola
miwera
magbintang
ibintang
pagbintangan
ibatay
pagbatayan
humiram
hiramin
hiraman
magalis
alisin
alisan
magakyat
iakyat
akyatan
magbilin
ibilin
pagbilinan
magbatay
magbigay
ibigay
bigayan
magabot
iabot
abutan
magalok
ialok
alukin
magkuskos
kuskusin
kuskusan
umawit
awitin
awitan
magbalibag
ibalibag
balibagin
magpukol
ipukol
pukulin
sumulat
isulat
sulatan
(a) Tqveni azriT, romelma morfemebma SeiZleba gansazRvron mpo, oo da

mmo? (maTi semantikuri mniSvnelobis dadgenas, an imis gagebas, Tu ratom gvxvdeba konkretul zmnaSi esa Tu is konkretuli morfema, nu SeecdebiT.) daaxarisxeT isini sufiqsebad, prefiqsebad da infiqsebad. (unda SeZloT termin
cirkumfiqsis gamoyenebac. cirkumfiqsi iseTi afiqsia, romelic sityvis Zirs
gars ertymis.) magaliTebidan irkveva, rom erT-erT morfemas sxvadasxva zmnasTan gamoyenebis ori sxvadasxva wesi aqvs.
(b) rogoria TiToeuli zmnis fuZe (oTx zmnas ori alternatiuli fuZe
aqvs. daasaxeleT isini.)
(g) am alternatiuli fuZeebis monacvleoba garkveuli pirobebiT ganisazRvreba da tagalogis am zmnebSi bgerebis mTlian distribuciazea damokidebuli. gamoTqviT sakuTari varaudi: riT aris ganpirobebuli esvariaciebi?
(zemoT mocemul monacemebze dayrdnobiT ramdenime aseTi ganmartebis moyvana
SeiZleba).
(d) rogor axsniT um afiqsis or sxvadasxvagvar gamoyenebas, romelsac
magaliTSi (a) SexvdiT?
2.6.2 rTuli sityvebis, anu kompozitebis Sedgena

ufro nacnobi morfologiuri procesi, romlis meSveobiTac axali sityvebi
warmoiqmneba, rTuli sityvebis, anu kompozitebis Sedgenaa. amis TvalsaCinoebisTvis adre moyvanili sityvis schoolmaster magaliTi gamodgeba. SeadareT (44)
magaliTis pirveli svetis rTuli sityvebi meore svetSi moyvanil frazebs:
65
66
(44) blackbird
black bird
redwood
red wood
hotdog
hot dog
whitecap
white cap
Deadhead
dead head
pirvel svetSi TiTo-TiTo sityvaa mocemuli, meoreSi ki _ zedsarTavisa da

arsebiTi saxlisgan Sedgenili fraza. meore svetis frazebs pirdapiri mniSvneloba gaaCnia, romlebic kompoziciurad _ zedsarTavisa da arsebiTi saxelis
mniSvnelobaTa SerwymiT aris Seqmnili, maSin, roca pirveli svetis sityvebs
gansakuTrebuli, leqsikuri mniSvnelobebi aqvs, romelic mosaubrem sagangebod unda Seiswavlos _blackbird (sityva-sityviT: Savi frinveli) _ SaSvi _
Savi Seferilobis frinvelis erTi kerZo saxeobaa, xolo rogorc fraza albino
blackbird (`TeTri SaSvi~) mowmobs, am saxeobis zogi warmomadgeneli SeiZleba
Savi sulac ar iyos. redwood (sityva-sityviT: wiTeli xe) xis erTi konkretuli
saxeobaa (romelic SeiZleba sxva Sefrilobis iyos); hotdog (sityva-sityviT:
cxeli ZaRli) ZaRlis saxeloba ar aris; whitecap (sityva-sityviT: TeTri kepi)
TeTri kepi ar aris; Deadhead (sityva-sityviT: mkvdari Tavebi), rogorc jguf
Grateful Dead-is fanebi _ mkvdrebi ar arian da a.S. meore gansxvaveba maxvilebSia
_ amerikuli inglisuris iseT frazebs, romlebic zedsarTavisa da arsebiTi
saxelis SerwymiT aris warmoqmnili, rogorc Cvens meore svetSi, rogorc wesi,
yvelaze mZime maxvili arsebiTze moudiT, xolo pirvel svetSi mocemul kompozitebs _ pirvel elementze, zedsarTavze.
bevri inglisuri kompoziti, romlebsac maxvili pirvel marcvalze moudiT,
erT sityvad ar iwereba. xandaxan sityvas hotdog cal-calke _ weren hot dog. qvemoT ramdenime aseTi magaliTia moyvanili (maxvilis mqone sityvebi maxviliTvea
dawerili):
(45) cld cream (saxis kremi) cold cram (civi kremi)
Nw Years (1 ianvari) new yars (igulisxmeba momavali weli)
iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa cld cream da Nw Years, paralels qmnis blackbird, redwood da sxva msgavs kompozitebTan. rogorc es magaliTebi mowmobs, inglisuri kompozitebi araprognizirebadia _ Tu Bigfoot (ieti _ Tovlis kaci)
kompozitia, rad ar iTvleba kompozitad bighand? Tu arsebos sityva blackbird,
ratom ar arsebobs sityva brownbird? Tumca, zogierT sxva enaSi kompozireba an
sityvaTSerwymis Sesabamisi procesi gramatikis Cveulebrivi nawilia (ixileT
CanarTi 2.6).
2.6.3 gaormageba
morfologiuri cvlilebis kidev erTi saxe, romelic afiqsaciasTan ar aris
dakavSirebuli, aris gaormageba, procesi, romlis drosac mTliani sityva an
misi nawili ormagdeba, raTa sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlilebaze miuTiTos. magaliTSi (46) warmodgenilia laxotas zogierTi zmna, romelic ferebs ukavSirdeba. (nu dagabnevT is faqti, rom zogierT enaSi (Tundac inglisurSi) ferebis
aRmniSvneli sityvebi zedsarTavebia da ara zmnebi. es enebs Soris arsebuli
67
erT-erTi gansxvavebaa.) pirvel svetSi Camowerili sityvebi mxolobiT ricxvSi

mdgar subieqtebTan ixmareba, xolo meore svetSi gaerTianebuli sityvebi _
mravlobiT subieqtebTan:
(46)

g gig
sk
sh
th
z ziz
`yavisfrad dabrawva~
skask `TeTrad yofna~
shash `wiTlad yofna~
thoth `lurjad an mwvaned yofna~
`yviTlad yofna~
CanarTi
2.6
obieqtis Serwyma
Serwyma, Cveulebriv, kompozirebis gansakuTrebul saxeobad iTvleba, romlis drosac winadadebis erTi elementi meores erwymis _ ufro xSirad, obieq
ti zmnas, ris Sedegadac erTi sityva warmoiqmneba.
obieqtis Serwyma inglisuri enisTvis Cveulebrivi procesi ar gaxlavT. ise
Cans, TiTqos inglisuri kompozitebi, vTqvaT, truckdriver (satvirTo manqanis
mZRoli) obieqtisa da zmnisgan Sedgeba, magram sinamdvileSi orive nawili arsebiTi saxelia _ inglisurSi zmna *truckdrive ar arsebobs. zogierTis azriT,
inglisuri sityva babysit (baby_bavSvi, sit _jdoma, daax. ZiZoba, bavSvis momvlelad muSaoba) obieqtis Serwymis TvalsaCinoebas warmoadgens. Tu es asea,
maSin misi mniSvneloba Zalian ucnauri gansamartia. ra SinaarsTan aris dakavSirebuli es sityva _ bavSvis jdomasTan?
Tqven rogor fiqrobT? samxreTul paiutSi, erT-erT iuto-actekur enaSi,
romelic iutasa da arizonas Statebis teritoriebzea gavrcelebuli, saxeliobieqtebi zmnebs Zalian xSirad erwymis. qvemoT amis sailustracio magaliTebia moyvanili.
paa `wyali~;
tuuma àReba~;
paa-ruuma `wylis aReba~
pni `danaxva~;
paa-vni `wylis danaxva~
qwoa-pp `Tambaqo~;
tqa `Wama;~
qwoa-ttqa `Tambaqos Wama(moweva)~
pagu `Tevzi~;
tqa `Wama;~
pagu-rqa `Tevzis Wama~
ach `mSvildi~;
pga `Senaxva;~
ach-ppga `mSvildis da malva, Senaxva~
quqqwa-ppi `SeSa~;
maga `micema~;
quqqwa-mmaga `SeSis micema~
pga `Senaxva;~
quqqwa-ppga `SeSis Segroveba~;
pni `danaxva;~
quqqwa-ppni `SeSis danaxva~
pirvel svetSi arsebiTi saxelebia, meoreSi _zmnebi, mesame svetSi ki saxelebTan Serwymuli zmnebi. aSkaraa, rom mesame svetSi Camowerili zmnebi TiToTiTo sityvas warmoadgens.
pirveli: es zmnebi saxelTan Serwymisas formas dadgenili wesisamebr icvlian. samxreT paiutis arsebiT saxelTa fuZeebSi momdevno morfemis pirveli
Tanxmovani ormagdeba, xolo zogierTi arsebiTi saxelis fuZeSi momdevno morfemis pirveli Tanxmovani gansxvavebulad warmoiTqmis: aseT SemTxvevebSi, aso
t gamoiTqmis, rogorc r, xolo p _ rogorc v. gaormagebuli Tanxmovnebi r da
v samxreT paiutiSi mxolod xmovnebis Semdeg gvxvdeba. amasTan, isini ar gvx-
68
vdeba sityvebis dasawyisSi; amgvarad, am bgerebis gamoCena iseTi zmnebis TavSi,

romelTac obieqti aqvT Serwymuli, mxolod imis niSani SeiZleba iyos, rom obieqti-zmnis kombinacia calke mdgom sityvebs qmnis.
meore: obieqtis rolSi mdgomi arsebiTi saxeli formis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdeba, roca calke dgas da roca Serwymulia. magaliTad, zogierTi sufiqsi,
romelic damoukidebel sityvebad myof arsebiT saxelebTan ixmareba, rogorc
sufiqsi-ppi sityvebSi `Tambaqo~ da `SeSa~, zmnasTan Serwymis dros ikargeba. bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom samxreT paiutis winadadebebSi sityvaTa TanmimdevrobaSi garkveuli Tavisufleba daSvebulia, obieqtTan Serwymul zmnebSi Tanmimdevroba mkacrad aris gansazRvruli da yovelTvis iseTia, rogorc zemoT
moyvanil magaliTebSi. specifikuri cvlilebebi, romlebic samxreT paiutiSi
obieqtTan Serwymul zmnebTan gvxvdeba, umniSvneloa, es calkeuli faqtebi
mowmobs, rom obieqtis rolSi mdgari arsebiTi saxelebi zmnis nawili xdeba.
meore svetSi Camowerili sityvebi sruli gaormagebis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili: aq mxolobiTi ricxvis sawyisi formis mTlian gadawerasTan gvaqvs
saqme, sul erTia, erTi xmovnisa da erTi Tanxmovnisgan Sedgebaigi (magaliTad
_ g, z, sh ), Tu ori Tanxmovnisa da xmovnisagan (rogorc sk an th, romelic
t bgeriT iwyeba, Semdeg ki gamocalkevebuli bgera h mosdevs).
gaormagebis sxva SemTxvevebi wess naklebad eqvemdebareba. ganvixiloT erTerTi iuto-actekuri enis (gavrcelebis areali _ centraluri arizona), pimas
arsebiTi saxelebis mxolobiTi da mravlobiTi formebi.
(47) mxolobiTi mravlobiTi

gogs `ZaRli~
gogogs `ZaRlebi~
uvi `qali~
uuvi `qalebi~
jiosh `RmerTi~
jijiosh `RmerTebi~
kun `qmari~
kuukun `qmrebi~
piigo `Zalayini~
pipgo `Zalayinebi~
toobi `fumfulakudiani kurdReli~ totobi `fumfulakudiani kurdRlebi~
rogorc xedavT, pimaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba mxolod nawilobrivi

gaormagebis meSveobiT xdeba (mxolobiTis formis mxolod nawilis gadaweriT)
da wess ar eqvemdebareba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sityvis pirveli Tanxmovnis da
xmovnis gadawera xdeba, sxva SemTxvevebSi _ mxolod Tanxmovnisa. zogi xmovani
bgera gaormagebis procesSi mokldeba, zogierTi _ piriqiT, grZeldeba. am
leqsikuri uwesrigobebis miuxedavad (pimaze mosaubres TiToeuli saxelis
mravlobiTi forma unda axsovdes), es procesi mTel enas moicavs _ pimaSi
TiTqmis yvela arsebiT saxels gaormagebaze dafuZnebuli mravlobiTi forma
aqvs, iseT sityvebsac ki, romlebic pimaSi sxva enebidan aris Sesuli (sityvebi
piigo da jiosh espanuri nasesxobebia _ pico da dios).
gaormagebul, Tu sxva iseT sityvebs, romelTa morfologiuri elementebisTvis mniSvnelobebis gamoZebna rTulia, lingvistebi gansxvavebul Semoklebul ganmartebebs usadageben. qvemoT ramdenime ukve moyvanili sityvis
69
Semoklebuli ganmartebebis magaliTebia:

(48) a. pi-pgo `Zalayinebi~

gaor.-Zalayini

b. to-tobi `fumfulakudiani kurdRlebi~

gaor.-kurdReli
aq yovel sityvaSi marcvlebis gaormagebaze martivad _ gaor. Semoklebis
meSveobiT mivuTiTebT. (kompozitis Semadgeneli sityvebis SemoklebiT
ganmartebac ki SeiZleba. orsityviani fraza `fumfulakudiani kurdReli~,
romelsac pimaSi erTi morfema Seesabameba, Semoklebul ganmartebaSi mxolod
erTi sityviTaa (`kurdReli~) aRniSnuli. Semoklebuli aRniSvnis sxva xerxi
aseTia: `fumfkurd~.)
raki gaormageba mTliani sityvis an misi romelime nawilis gameorebas gulisxmobs, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom msoflios bevr enaSi (amis Tqma TiTqmis
darwmunebiT SeiZleba) gaormageba am Tu im saxiT mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebas ukavSirdeba: zmnis subieqts (qvemdebares), rogorc laxotaSi, an arsebiT
saxels (rogorc pimaSi), an zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis sixSiresa Tu ganmeorebadobas.
qvemoT tagalogidan ramdenime axali zmnis magaliTi mogvyavs: pirveli svetis zmnebidan gaormagebiT nawarmoebi intensiuri (unda iTargmnos sityviT
`xolme~, `mudam~, an `Zalian~) zmnebi meore svetSia mocemuli.

ZiriTadi zmnebi
intensiuri zmnebi
` gakeTilSobileba~
`gamdidreba~
`saWmlis momzadeba~
àtireba~
`moSiveba~
`damSvideba~
`gaReba, gaxsna~
`gadagdeba~
`mgzavroba~
`siaruli~
bumait
magpakabaitbait
yumaman
magpakayamanyaman
magluto
magluluto
umiyak
magiiyak
maggutom
magpakagutumgutom
magtahimik
magpakatahitahimik
buksan
pagbubuksan
itapon
ipagtatapon
maglakbay
maglalakbay
lumakad
maglalakad
(a) dayaviT zemoT moyvanili winadadebebi. (bevri morfema, romelTac es winadadebebi Seicavs, CvenTvis teqstidan da savarjiSo 2.18 dan aris cnobili.
SegiZliaT, imave savarjiSoSi ganpirobebuli variaciis magaliTebsac daakvirdeT.) gamoyaviT TiToeuli morfema da gansazRvreT, romelia fuZe, prefiqsi,
sufiqsi, infiqsi, an gaormagebuli elementi.
(b) amosavali zmnebis romeli nawili ormagdeba? gaaTvalsaCinoeT yoveli
SesaZlo varianti saTanado magaliTebiT.
(g) warmoebul zmnebSi ori sxvadasxva tipis gaormageba gamoiyeneba. axseniT, ra sxvaobaa maT Soris morfologiuri (gaormagebis procesis Tavisebure-
savarjiSo
2.19
70
bebi) TvalsazrisiT da ra gansxvavebaa (Tuki aris) or svetSi Camoweril zmnebs

Soris?
(d) axla savarjiSo (a)-Si Tqvens mier gamoyofil morfemebs mivubrundeT. am
elementTagan romlebi ukavSirdeba amosaval zmnebs da romlebi _ warmoebul
intensiur zmnebs? aris Tu ara ama Tu im afiqsis arseboba ganpirobebuli gaormagebis garkveuli tipiT? ra aZlevs intensivobis mniSvnelobas warmoebul zmnebs _ gaormageba Tu romelime sxva elementi? ganmarteT Tqveni pasuxi.
2.6.4 ablauti
morfologiuri cvlilebis kidev erTi saxe, romelic afiqsebis darTvas
ar moiTxovs, ablautia, erTi bgeris meore, masTan dakavSirebuli im bgeriT
Canacvleba, romelic mniSvnelobis cvlilebas gamoxatavs. termini ablauti,
Cveulebriv, xmovanTa cvlilebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. urTierTdakavSirebuli inglisuri sityvebis wyvilebi magaliTSi (49) da (50) xmovanTa ablautis nimuSebs Seicaven:
(49) swear ____swore, see____ saw, run____ ran, fight ____ fought.
(50) mouse ____ mice, tooth____ teeth, man ____ men.
magaliTSi (49) ablauti zmnis warsuli drois sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba

(warsuli drois zmnebi awmyos formebisgan gansxvavebul xmovan bgerebs Seicaven), xolo (50)-Si _ arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis sawarmoeblad
(mravlobiTis formebs mxolobiTisgan gansxvavebuli xmovnebi aqvT). xmovanTa
ablautis SemTxvevaTa umetesoba inglisur enaSi adreuli xanis istoriul
process asaxavs, romelic umlautis saxeliT aris cnobili da germanikuli
jgufis yvela enas axasiaTebs.
gansxvavebuli enebi ablauts erTmaneTis msgavsad awarmoebs. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis tolkapaias zmnebis Semdegi absolutivi formebi ganvixiloT:
(51) P. ìs kvdeba~. P uyi. ìsini kvdebian~.

Q. ìs aris webovani~. Qayi. ìsini arian webovani~.

Nli. ìs Cadis~. Nali. ìsini Cadian~.
meore svetis mravlobiT ricxvSi mdgari zmnebi Cveulebrivi sufiqsaciis Sedegad, anu ch sufiqsis darTviT (rogorc 2.1. cxrilSia naCvenebi) ki ar
aris nawarmoebi, aramed fuZis xmovnis ablautiT (anu SecvliT). pirvel svetSi
Camowerili zmnebis fuZiseuli xmovani an sruliad gansxvavebuli xmovniT, an
difTongiT (uuy-is an aay-is msgavsi kombinacia) icvleba, an sigrZe icvleba _
mokle (erTi) xmovani grZeli (gaormagebuli) xmovniT.
xmovanTa ablauti xSirad arawesieri procesia. arawesieri inglisuri
mxolobiTi-mravlobiTi wyvilebi, romelTa msgavsi (50) magaliTSi iyo warmodgenili, SegiZliaT (52)-Si moyvanil wyvilebs SeadaroT:
(52) spouse____ spouses, booth____ booths, can____ cans
(52)-Si moyvanili magaliTebi mravlobiT ricxvs wesierad awarmoeben, mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli Cveulebrivi morfemis s darTviT. (zogierTi th bgeras
71
sityvebSi booth da booths sxvadasxvagvarad warmoTqvams, magram mravlobiTis

daboloeba wesieria.) mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgari sami sityva (50) Si saocrad
gavs magaliTSi (52) moyvanil mxolobiTi ricxvis sam sityvas, magram mravlobiTs sxvadasxvagvarad awarmoeben _ (52) Si saxelebi mravlobiT ricxvs
ablautis meSveobiT ar awarmoeben (ase magaliTad, *spice, *beeth, *cen araa misaRebi formebi). (50)-is magaliTebSi mosaubre, rogorc wesi, arsebiT saxelTa
mravlobiTi formebis misaRebad s sufiqss ar iyenebs (misaRebi formebi arc
*mouses, *tooths, *mans iqneba _ SeiZleba am sityvaTa mravlobiTis aseTi moulodneli formebi _ spice, mouses xumrobis saxiT warmoTqmuli gaigoT. ixileT CanarTi 2.7)
damatebiTi cnobebi inglisuri enis mravlobiTis Sesaxeb

saxels spouse, mouse sgan gansxvavebiT, xmovnis ablautiT warmoebuli
arawesieri mravlobiTi forma ar gaaCnia; es sityva mravlobiTs wesierad awarmoebs, mravlobiTis sufiqsis s darTviT. mosaubreebma mravlobiTis forma
spice SeiZleba xandaxan, isic xumrobiT, ixmaron ise, TiTqos saxels spouse
arawesieri mravlobiTi hqondes. raki am mosaubreebma ician, rogoria urTierTkavSiri sityvebs mouse da mice Soris, mravlobiTis arawesierad warmoebis
am models zemoT motanil sityvazec avrceleben _ formis analogias qmnian.
mouse_____mice, spouse_____spice.
magram, albaT, arc erT mosaubres ar hgonia, rom spice mravlobiTis gramatikulad gamarTuli formaa. aseTive analogia moqmedebs arawesieridan wesieri mravlobiTis warmoqmnisas _ raki
spouse Seesabameba spouses formas, mouse Seesabameba mouses.
zrdasrulma inglisurenovanma mosaubreebma ician, rom mouses mravlobiTi ricxvis gramatikulad gaumarTavi formaa arsebiTi saxelisa, romelic
mcire zomis rux an TeTr mRrRnels, Tagvs aRniSnavs (Tumca, bavSvebisTvis
animaciuri filmebis zogierTi personaJis gavleniT SeiZleba mTlad asec ar
iyos). inglisur enaSi adre arsebiT saxelebs ablautis meSveobiT warmoebuli
mravlobiTis forma gacilebiT meti hqonda. bevri maTgani gaqra _ regula
rizacia ganicada. regularizacia iseTi cvlilebaa, romelic enis leqsikons
amartivebs, vinaidan misi wyalobiT adamians gacilebiT naklebi arawesieri
formis damaxsovreba uxdeba.
zogierTi zrdasruli mosaubre, romelic patara mRrRnelebs mice-s uwodebs, kompiuteris atributebs saxeliT mouses moixseniebs. sxva magaliTebic
arsebobs: saxelis leaf (foToli) mravlobiTi forma yvela mosaubrisTvis aris
leaves, magram erT-erT kanadur sportul gunds Maple Leafs (`nekerCxlis foTlebi~) ewodeba da ara Maple Leaves. xSirad, roca arsebiTi saxeli axal mniSvnelobas iZens, an Tvisobrivad axal frazaSi gvxvdeba, Tavis arawesier formas
kargavs da mravlobiTs wesierad, -s bolosarTis meSveobiT awarmoebs.
CanarTi
2.7
72
savarjiSo
magaliTi (49) inglisuri enis ablautiani warsuli drois zmnis oTx kate
2.20
gorias warmogvidgens, sityvebs romlebSic mniSvnelobis cvlilebis erTa
derTi morfologiuri gamoxatuleba am sityvaTa maxviliani xmovnis Secvlaa.
ipoveT warsuli drois ablautis sul mcire xuTi axali tipi da zmnis fuZiseuli xmovnis cvlilebis mixedviT daaxarisxeT. (SeiZleba 2.14 savarjiSos
Sesrulebisas ukve amoicaniT isini.) Semdeg SeecadeT cvlilebaTa Tqvens mier
amocnobili tipebisTvis ramdenime damatebiTi nimuSi moZebnoT. (es SeiZleba
yoveli magaliTisTvis ar iyos SesaZlebeli.) cvlilebis Tqvens mier aRmoCenili TiToeuli tipisTvis iseTi zmnis moZebna scadeT, romlebic JReradobiT
Tqvens zmnas hgavs, magram warsulis formas wesierad awarmoebs (SeadareT (52)
-is arsebiTi saxelebis mravlobiTebs da daupirispireT (50) Si motanil nimuSebs).
inglisurenovanma mosaubreebma ician, rogor iwarmoeba arsebiT saxelTa
mravlobiTi da zmnebis warsuli drois formebi. arsebiTi saxeli an zmna, romelic am dadgenil wesebs ar eqvemdebareba, rogorc (49) da (50) magaliTebSi
moyvanili ablautiani saxelebi da zmnebi, leqsikonSi gamonaklis SemTxvevebad
unda iqnes aRniSnuli, mosaubres ki maTi arawesieri mravlobiTi da warsuli
drois formebi zepirad unda axsovdes. swored ise, rogorc inglisurze mosaubreebs dasamaxsovrebeli aqvT arawesieri wyvilebi, vTqvaT, ranrun, tolkapaiaze mosaubreebs ki P _ Puyi-is msgavsi wyvilebi unda axsovdeT.
morfologiuri ablauti SeiZleba Tanxmovanma bgerebmac ganicadon (ixileT CanarTi 2.8)
CanarTi
2. 8
TanxmovanTa ablauti
qvemoT samxreT kaliforniis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iuto-actekuri
ojaxis enis, luisenios magaliTebi mogvyavs:
chri
kuri
ngri
`gaxerxva~ chdi `gaxerxva (mcire zomis obieqtis)~

`gatyaveba~ kudi `gatyaveba (mcire zomis cxovelis)~
`Sekvra~ ngdi `Sekvra (mcire zomis obieqtis)~
luisenioSi r bgeris d-Ti Secvla (es sityva iseve gamoiTqmis, rogorc th sityvaSi that), rogorc wesi, imaze miuTiTebs, rom zmnis obieqti mosalodnelze
mcire zomisaa. (am tipis cvlilebas SegviZlia bgeriTi simbolizmi vuwodoT.)
axla inglisuri enidan zog iseT magaliTs gTavazobT, romlebic TanxmovanTa ablauts warmoaCens.
(arsebiTi saxelebi)
house (saxli)

life (sicocxle)

teeth (kbilebi)
bath (abazana)
(zmnebi)
house (dasaxleba, binis miCena)
live (cxovreba)
teethe (kbilebis amosvla)
bathe (banaoba)
pirvel svetSi arsebiTi saxelebia Camowerili, meore ki iseT zmnebs Seicavs,
romelTa mniSvneloba pirveli svetis saxelebs eyrdnoba, garkveulwilad maT

qonas, gamoyenebas niSnavs. pirvel or wyvils ukanasknel Tanxmovnad s da t
Tanxmovnebi aqvs. maT Sesatyvis zmnebs (meore svetSi) daboloebad bgera [z] (aq,
iseve rogorc adre ganxilul mravlobiT formebSi iwereba s) da v Tanxmovnebi
aqvT. meore svetSi gaerTianebuli zmnebi konsonanturi (Tanxmovniseuli) ablautis meSveobiT iwarmoeba. es Tanxmovnis gamoTqmis wesis iseTi sistemuri
Secvlaa, romelic morfologiur cvlilebas ukavSirdeba.
ori ukanaskneli wyvilis wevrebsac msgavsi procesi akavSirebs. roca am sityvebs xmamaRla warmovTqvamT, kargad Cans, rom pirveli da meore svetis th
kompleqsi erTanirad ar JRers: arsebiT saxelebSi es kompleqsi iseve JRers,
rogorc sityvaSi thin maSin, roca zmnebis SemadgenlobaSi th kompleqsi ise JRers, rogorc sityvaSi then. (iciT, rom inglisur enaSi th kompleqsi or gansxvavebul bgeras ganasaxierebs? es is SemTxvevaa, romelic inglisuri enis damwerlobis garkveul Seusabamobas amJRavnebs, razec saubari iyo 2.3 CanarTSi.
bgerebsa da asoebs Soris urTierTkavSirs Semdgom, fonetikisadmi miZRvnil
TavSi CavuRrmavdebiT.)
2.7 saTao sityva da ierarqia

garkveuli tipis morfologiuri struqturebis gamosaxva zemoT moyvanili
xisebri diagramebis meSveobiT Zalian rTulia. Znelia, magaliTad, infiqsebisa
da ablautisTvis adgilis miCena sityvis elementebis doneebad gamosaxvisas
(maT sityvebs marjvena an marcxena kidesTan ase martivad ver daurTavT). miuxedavad imis a, rom gaormagebis procesi sityvis boloSi elementis damatebadac
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, misi gamosaxva xisebri struqturis farglebSi Zalze
Znelia, vinaidan is, rac emateba, erT romelime morfemad gamocalkevebas ar
eqvemdebareba_ aq saqme gvaqvs cvlilebasTan, romelic gauormagebeli sityvis formaSi xdeba.
Tumca, inglisuri kompozitebi (ganyofileba 2.6) xisebri struqturebiT
advilad SeiZleba gamoisaxos. ganixileT Semdegi diagramebi:
(53)
sax.
sax.
sax.
sax.
church
yard
zed.
black
zmna
sax.
bird
sax.
baby
zmna
sit
churchyard (eklesiis ezo; church(eklesia) + yard(ezo)) saxeli-saxeli Sedgenilobis kompozitia: igi garkveuli dawesebulebis ezos aRniSnavs da SeiZleba
misi sxva sityvis analogiiT, magaliTad, jailyard (sapatimros ezo; jail - cixe, sapatimro) warmoeba. rogorc Cvens teqstSi adrec aRiniSna, blackbird agreTve
arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi-zmnis SerwymiT miRebuli kompozitia, romelic
garkveuli saxeobis frinvels aRniSnavs. Babysit saxeli-zmnis kombinaciiT
miRebuli kompozitia, romelic garkveuli azriT, bavSvTan jdomas (meTvaly-
73
CanarTi
2. 8
74
ureobas) aRniSnavs. yoveli kompozitis meore sityva (magaliTSi (53) xazgasmulia), romelic kompozitis farTo mniSvnelobas da sityvaTa klass azustebs,
kompozitis saTao sityvad iwodeba. inglisurSi saTao sityva yovelTvis kompozitis boloSi dgas, xolo saTao sityvis klasi iseTivea, rogorc mTeli Sedgenili sityvisa.
saTao sityviT daboloebis principi mosaubres im ucnobi kompozitebis
mniSvnelobis gagebas uadvilebs, romlebic misTvis nacnobi sityvebisgan
Sedgeba. Tuki vinmem Tqvens gasagonad bed house (bed sawoli, house saxli) axsena, gagiWirdebaT Tqma, ras niSnavs es sityva: saxls, romelic sawols hgavs,
Tu saxls, romelSic bevri sawolia, an iqneb iseT saxls, romelSic erTi, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sawoli dgas, magram is ki gecodinebaT, rom ucnobi
sityva saxls aRniSnavs, vinaidan kompozitis meore, anu saTao sityvis house
identificireba SegiZliaT. inglisuri enis wesebis Tanaxmad, kompoziti bed
house saxlis formis sawols ver aRniSnavs, vinaidan, Tu saubari raime saxis sawolzea, aseT SemTxvevaSi saTao sityva bed unda iyos, sityvebis ganlageba ki
aseTi _ house bed.
kompoziti ufro rTuli Sedgenilobisac SeiZleba iyos. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
(54) California history teacher
es fraza SeiZleba kaliforniis istoriis maswavlebelsac niSnavdes da istoriis maswavlebelsac, romelic kaliforniidan aris, an am StatTan aris dakavSirebuli (sityvis an frazis mniSvnelobis ase dalagebas: teacher of California history perifrazi ewodeba.) Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, kompoziti garkveuli
warmoSobis Tu sferos maswavlebels exeba. am kompozitis orgvari interpretaciisTvis SegviZlia Semdegi diagramebi SevadginoT:
(55) a.
b.
sax.
sax.
sax.
sax.
sax.
California
sax.
sax.
history
sax.
sax.
teacher
California
history
sax.
teacher
magaliTSi (55a) kompoziti California history (romlis saTao sityva aris history) saTao sityvas icvlis. (55b) Si kompozitis history teacher saTao sityvad
teacher gvevlineba, romelic, TavisTavad, ufro didi kompozitis California history teacher saTao elementia da sityviT California ganisazRvreba. orive ierarqiuli diagrama 2.5 ganyofilebaSi ganxiluli diagramebis msgavsi struqturis
ilustrirebaa. maTi gamosaxva kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmuli markirebebiTac
SeiZleba. magaliTi (56) zemoT, (55)-Si gamosaxuli erT-erTi xisebri diagramis
amgvar gamosaxulebas warmoadgens _ daadgineT romlis:
(56) [ [ [California] sax. [ history] sax.] sax. [ teacher] sax.] sax.
ganixileT saxeli-saxeli-saxeli Sedgenilobis Semdegi inglisuri kompoz

itebi da kompozituri frazebi. zogi maTgani mxolod erTi logikurad SesaZlebeli interpretaciiT warmogvidgeba, maSin, roca sxvebis interpretireba
ramdenime gziT. CamoTvaleT es kompozitebi yvela SesaZlo interpretaciiT
da axseniT (perifrazis meSveobiT), Tu ras niSnavs TiToeuli maTgani. maTTvis,
romelTac erTaderTi gonivruli interpretacia SeesabamebaT, daasaxeleT
es struqtura da Semdeg ganmarteT, rogori iqneboda Tqvens mier uaryofili
sxva interpretaciebis mniSvneloba. aRwereT yvela sirTule, romelic am procesSi SegxvdaT.
wyalmomaragebis kontraqtori kompania, xelovnebis damfasebelTa kursebi, Tmis movlis saSualebebi, amerikuli inglisuris leqsikoni, lingvistikis
fakultetis samdivno, erTaderTi mwarmoebeli kompania, foTis sanaosnos saorganizacio struqtura, eleqtronuli teqnikis SekeTebis centri, ramdenime
xeli tansacmeli, deda martorqa, erTi Tavi yveli, Seqspiris sonetebis metri,
msoflio savaWro organizacia, jandacvis msoflio organizacia.
2.8 sityvebis statusi

2.8.1 sityvaTa zRvrebi da klitika
am Tavamde Cven miviCnevdiT rom frazis sityvebad dayofa aranair sirTules
ar warmoadgens. rogorc inglisurze mosaubreni, sityvaTa damwerlobis wess
xSirad veyrdnobiT (kerZod, sityvaTa Soris sivrceebis arseboba CvenTvis sakmarisia, rom ori sityva erTmaneTisgan gamovyoT). amgvarad, `sityvis~ CvenSi
gavrcelebuli cneba nawilobriv enis damwerlobas efuZneba. Tumca, damwerlobaze orientirebam xandaxan SeiZleba SecdomaSic Segviyvanos da mcdari
analizi gagvakeTebinos. rogorc vnaxeT, sityvebi cld cream (sityvasityviT _
civi naRebi, magram saxis krems niSnavs) da blackbird (sityvasityviT _ Savi frinveli) gansxvavebulad iwereba (erTi daSorebiT, meore _ mis gareSe), magram
isini msgavsad gamoiTqmis da iseTi kompozitebia, romlebic analizs eqvemdebareba. iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa cold cream funqcionirebs, rogorc erTi
fonologiuri sityva. sityvebs cold da cream Soris daSoreba iseTi sityvaTaSorisi zRvari rodia, rogoric inglisuris damwerlobis sityvaTa umetesobas
Soris arsebobs. zedsarTavi cold, romelsac fraza cld cream (saxis kremi) Seicavs, iseT Sedarebas ar eqvemdebareba, rogorsac zedsarTavTa umetesoba, an
rogorsac zedsarTavi + saxeli fraza cld cream(am SemTxvevaSi ara saxis kremi,
aramed civi naRebi), romlis SedarebiTi forma iqneba colder cream. aseTi SedarebiTi forma ver eqneba frazas cld cream (saxis kremi).
xSirad mcire zomis gramatikuli morfemebi iseT calkeul sityvebad iwereba (da moiazreba), romlebic erTian fonologiur sityvad gamoiTqmis leqsikur morfemasTan erTad imave frazaSi. inglisuri cold cream-is magaliTze
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gansxvavebas maT gamoTqmaSi am fonologiuri sityvis
warmoqmna ganapirobebs, rasac gamoxataven inglisuri artiklebi. ganvixiloT
75
savarjiSo
2. 21
76
gansazRvruli artikli the. roca es sityva calke gamoiTqmis da ara rogorc

frazis nawili, igi he nacvalsaxels eriTmeba. roca mas TanxmovaniT dawyebuli
sityvis win vxmarobT, magaliTad, frazaSi the fire engine, misi xmovani reduqcias ganicdis (anu bgera mokldeba, rogorc sityvis sofa ukanaskneli xmovani).
is rom xmovnis win idges, magaliTad, the engine, gamoTqmaSi cvlileba praqtikulad ar moxdeboda, magram Zalian swraf metyvelebaSi am artiklis xmovani
SeiZleba mTlianad daikargos da daaxloebiT miviRebT: thengine. albaT, SegviZlia the artiklis reducirebuli gamoTqma, romelic calke ar ixmareba, mis
momdevno sityvasTan erTad fonologiur sityvad CavTvaloT, Tumca, werilobiT formaSi, zogierT leqssa da simReras Tu ar CavTvliT, the artikli yovelTvis damoukidebel sityvad warmogvidgeba. (msgavsi SemTxveva gvaqvs inglisuri ganusazRvreli artiklis a/an xmarebis drosac. ixileT CanarTi 2.9.)
the artiklis msgavsi morfemebis sxva sityvebze fonologiur gadabmas
klitikizacia ewodeba. klitikizacia, rogorc procesi, Cveulebrivi afiqsaciisgan gansxvavdeba, vinaidan iseTi klitikebi, rogoric the artiklia, sxva sityvasTan mibmas frazaSi fiqsirebuli poziciaze axdens da sityvaTa ama Tu im
klasis wevrebs gamorCeviT ar ebmis. artiklebi the da a arsebiTi saxelebisgan
Semdgari frazis win Cndeba, magram maTi mdebareoba mxolod arsebiTi saxelis
win dgomiT ar Semoifargleba. arsebiTis (the dagger xanjali )garda, igive
pozicia SeiZleba ekavos zedsarTavs (the big dagger _ didi xanjali), zmnizedas (the very big dagger _ Zalian didi xanjali), an arsebiT saxels naTesaobiT
brunvaSi (inglisurSi _genitive) (the kings dagger _ mefis xanjali _ ixileT
CanarTi 2.10.).
klitikizacias eqvemdebareba rogorc sityvismagvari elementebi the da
a ise damokidebuli morfemebi, rogoricaa -s . es inglisuri morfemebi saxelebisgan Semdgar frazas kideebidan erTvis. klitikizaciis kidev erT saxeobas inglisur enaSi Semokleba warmoadgens. amis magaliTia -s, is zmnuri formis
Sekvecili forma, romelic iseT winadadebebSi gvxvdeba, rogoricaa Hes going.
CanarTi
2. 9
cvlileba sityvaTSorisi zRvrebis aRqmaSi: xelaxali dayofa da

artikli.
an
Whats her name?
Nell, sir, but her name and three quarters, thats an ell and three quarters, will not
measure her from hip to hip.

(`SecdomaTa komedia~, III, ii, 107-111)
`qals ra hqvia?~
neli gaxlavT, batono, magram misi saxelis sami meoTxedi, eli (sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, daax. 113 sm.-s udris) da zed kidev elis sami meoTxedic rom davumatoT, mas TeZodan TeZomde ar miswvdeba~.
erT-erTi cvlileba, romelic enis ganviTarebis procesSi SeiZleba moxdes, aris xelaxali dayofa. am dros mosaubris aRqmaSi icvleba warmodgena
sityvaTaSorisi Tu morfemaTaSorisi zRvrebis mdebareobis Sesaxeb. xelaxal
dayofas ufro xSirad iseTi sityvebi eqvemdebareba, romlebic ganusazRvreli
artikliT ixmareba.
77
es ganusazRvreli artikli Tanxmovnis win a formiT dgas, xolo xmovnis

win _ an formiT. roca momdevno sityva n TanxmovniT iwyeba, bgeraTa Semdgomi
Tanmimdevroba msmenelisTvis SeiZleba Znelad aRsaqmeli gamodges. warmoidgineT, rom vinme gpasuxobT: its anell- gagiWirdebaT imis zustad Tqma, Tu ra
igulisxma amis mTqmelma: its a Nell (`neli gaxlavT(saxeli)) Tu its an ell (eli
_ sigZis sazomi erTeuli). Seqspiri da sxva ingliseli, Tu inglisurenovani mwerlebi bgeraTa aseT damabnevel bmaze sityvaTa TamaSs agebdnen.
ganusazRvrelartikliani sityvebis xelaxalma dayofam n-ze da sxva Tanxmovnebze dawyebuli zogierTi inglisuri sityvis formis cvla gamoiwvia. mefe
liris masxara, sityvis uncle (biZa) nacvlad nuncle-s ambobs (`mefe liri~, 3, IV,
109). britanuli inglisuris zogierT dialeqtze mosaubreni am sityvas jerac
amgvarad gamoTqvamen, rac imas mowmobs, rom mocemuli formis warmoqmna odesRac un uncle formis mcdarma aRqmam da xelaxla dayofam gamoiwvia. sapirispiro
SemTxvevebic gvaqvs: sityvis an apron (winsafari) uwindeli marTebuli forma
a napron iyo, magram mosaubreTa arasworma aRqmam mas adrindeli forma ucvala. (msgavsi sityva _ napkin (xelsaxoci) isev msgavs situaciaze miuTiTebs _
ganusazRvreli artiklis n bgera sityvis fuZis Semadgenel bgerad iqna CaTvlili.) rogorc es magaliTebi mowmobs, xelaxali dayofa SeiZleba orive mimarTulebiT moxdes.
klitikebi bevr sxva enas gaaCnia. isini sxva frazis, an winadadebis struqturas erTvis. magaliTad, zapotekSi klitika zhyi winadadebis pirvel elements (pirveli sityvis an frazis) ebmis da ùnda~ cnebas, inglisurSi must sityvis mier Sematebul mniSvnelobas Seesabameba (da mosaubris mier gakeTebul
daskvnas gamoxatavs):
(57) banguual-zhyi na Gyeeihlly. `mixeili moxuci unda iyos.~

moxuci unda iyos mixeili
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rogor miewereba Semoklebuli ganmartebebi erTze
meti sityvis Semcvel lingvistur monacems. rogorc CanarT 2.3-Si aris aRniSnuli, sityvebis, iseve rogorc morfemebis da defisebis raodenoba Semoklebasa da TviTon monacemSi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes. amgvarad, Semoklebuli
ganmarteba Cveulebrivi Targmanisgan (`mixeili moxuci unda iyos~) unda gansxvavdebodes, vinaidan Targmani Sinaarss gadmoscems, magram monacemis Semadgeneli sityvebisa da morfemebis Tanmimdevrobas da raodenobas iSviaTad asaxavs.
zapotekSi (57) magaliTismagvar winadadebebSi sityvaTa Tanmimdevroba SezRuduli ar aris, amis gamo mocemuli winadadeba misi sami sityvidan (banguualzhyi erTi sityvaa) nebismieriT SeiZleba daiwyos.
morfema s inglisur enaSi

This is a guy that I had a very peasant time working withs form of grief about me
not working with him any more.
àm adamianTan muSaobisas dro Zalian sasiamovnod gavatare da Zalian cudi
CanarTi
2. 10
78
CanarTi
2. 10
CanarTi
1.1.
iqneba (Zalian vidardeb), Tu masTan muSaoba metad aRar momiwevs~.

msaxiob vel kilmeris interviudan, `los anjeles Taimsi~, 1997 wlis 3 aprili.
inglisur enaSi kuTvnilebis aRmniSvnel da saxelebisgan Semdgar frazebSi
mflobelis, anu genetiv brunvaSi (naTesaobiTi) mdgar sityvas morfema s daerTvis. igi winadadebaSi ramdenjerme SeiZleba Segvxvdes:
Biancas schoolmaster
my fathers dagger
Loves Labours Lost
your firends mothers dogs collar . . .
am magaliTebSi s (inglisur enaSi mas win apostrofi ( ) uZRvis) yovelTvis

im saxels mosdevs, romelic mflobels asaxelebs. amgvarad, igi homofonuri
inglisuri -s sufiqsis paralelur formas hgavs (es sufiqsi apostrofis gareSe
iwereba):
schoolmasters; fathers; dogs
magram ufro rTul gamonaTqvamebSi, roca mflobelis aRmniSvnel sityvas msazRvreli fraza mosdevs, -s SeiZleba iseT sityvas mosdevdes, romelic
mflobels ar aRniSnavs. magaliTad, momdevno magaliTSi mflobelia King, magram s mTlian frazas mosdevs:
King of England:
The King of Englands subjects (`mefe joni~, II, I, 267)
roca saxelis Semdeg mdgari msazRvreli fraza qvewyobili winadadebis

Semadgeneli damokidebuli winadadebaa, morfema s SeiZleba TiTqmis nebismieri klasis sityvas mosdevdes _zmnas, zmnizedas, nacvalsaxels, zedsarTavs
(an Tandebuls, rogorc zemoT, kilmeris interviudan moyvanil frazaSi vnaxeT
_ romelic SeiZleboda asec dawyebuliyo: This is a form of grief about me not
working with him any more of a guy that I had a very peasant time working with):
the girl I saws flowers
the girl I saw yesterdays flowers

the girl who helped mes folwers
the girl who was helpfuls folwers
aseTi naTesaobiTi brunvis frazebi werilobiT inglisurSi ùxeS~

formebadaa miCneuli, magram zepir metyvelebaSi ki Zalze gavrcelebulia
(maTi SemCneva Zneli araa!).
es magaliTebi mowmobs, rom naTesaobiTi s mravlobiTi ricxvis niSan sisgan gansxvavebulad ixmareba. frazis King of England mravlobiTi *King of Englands ki ara, Kings of England iqneba. imisTvis, rom Semdegi frazebis: girl I saw; girl
we were talking about; girl who helped me mravlobiTi vawarmooT, -s mravlobiTis
niSani sityvas girl unda davurToT (girls I saw; girls who helped me). mravlobiTis
niSans s adgils mTeli frazis Semdeg, rogorc qvemoT aris naCvenebi, ver miuCenT:
*But there were two girl I saw yesterdays!
79
maTi msgavsebis miuxedavad, mravlobiTis niSani s sufiqsia (romelic

erTaderTi leqsikuri klasis sityvebs, arsebiT saxelebs erTvis), maSin, roca
naTesaobiTis s klitikaa, vinaidan igi saxelebisgan Semdgari da mflobelis
aRmniSvneli frazis damaboloebel nebismier sityvas erTvis. Tumca, orive s
morfema damokidebuli morfemaa, vinaidan isini maT win mdgar sityvas unda
daerTos da damoukideblad maTi warmoTqma SeuZlebelia.
rogorc teqstSi iqna aRniSnuli, inglisur enaSi iseTi Semokleba, rogori

caa s (is an has zmnebis Semokleba), klitikaa, iseve, rogorc naTesaobiTis s. inglisuri enis kidev ramdeni Semokleba gaxsendebaT? airCieT erT-erTi maTgani
da CanarT 2.10-Si moyvanili magaliTebis msgavsad TvalsaCinod aCveneT, rom es
Semokleba sxvadasxva leqsikuri klasis sityvebs mosdevs.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi klitika zhyi pirvel elements mosdevs:
(58) Gyeeihlly-zhyi na banguual.

Na-zhyi Gyeeihlly banguual.

-zhyi klitikaa Tu sufiqsi, winadadebaSi misi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT
SeiZleba dadgena. am magaliTebSi an zedsarTav saxels (banguua) mosdevs, an

arsebiTs (qvemdebares, romelic sakuTari saxeliT aris warmodgenili _ Gyeeihlly ), an kidev _ zmnas (na). misi pozicia ganpirobebulia ara mis win mdgomi
sityvis klasiT, aramed sityvaTa TanmimdevrobiT mTels winadadebaSi.
imis miuxedavad, rom klitika-darTuli sityvebi srul fonologiur sityvebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT, isini am Tavis wina gverdebze ganxiluli leqsikuri sityvebisgan unda iqnes gamocalkevebuli. iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa inglisuri kings an zapotekis banguualzhyi am ori enis vercerT leqsikonSi ver
ipoviT.
2.8.2 leqsikoni
nebismier enaze mosaubres gaaCnia saimiso codna, rom dausrulebeli rao
denobis winadadebebi awarmoos (amaze pirvel TavSi iyo saubari, xolo sintaqsisadmi miZRvnil TavebSi es sakiTxi ufro dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli).
am TavSi bevri magaliTi SegxvdaT, Tu rogor igeba sityva Zirze morfemebis
darTviT. Tumca, dausrulebeli raodenobis sityvebs arc erTi ena ar Seicavs.
winadadebis struqturisgan gansxvavebiT, sityvis struqtura SezRudulia:
yovel enas gramatikuli morfemebis SezRuduli (Tumca, xandaxan sakmaod didi
) maragi aqvs. esa Tu is morfema, Cveulebriv, sityvaSi mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba.
yoveli mosaubris leqsikoni Seicavs fuZiseul sityvebs (romlebic mosaubrisTvis cnobilia) _ arsebiT saxelebs, zmnebs, zedsarTavebs da a.S. _
romelTac produqtiuli fleqsiuri da derivaciuli gramatikuli morfemebi emateba (mosaubrisTvis cnobilia, rogor daurTos isini am fuZiseul sityvebs). iseTi enisTvis, rogoric inglisuria, yvela im calkeuli leqsikuri
sityvis CamoTvla, romelic mosaubris leqsikon0-+Si Sedis, warmoudgene-
savarjiSo
2. 22
80
lia. fuZiseuli sityvebis raodenoba, romlebic metnaklebad yvela saSualo

statistikurma mosaubrem icis, daaxloebiT 60 000 ia, magram TiToeul am sityvas fleqsiuri formis gansazRvruli raodenoba gaaCnia. amaze I nawilSic
iyo saubari (Tumca, ixileT, CanarTi 2.10).
inglisurisgan gansxvavebiT, zogierT enas imdeni produqtiulad warmoebuli sityva (gansakuTrebiT, zmnebi) gaaCnia, rom uklebliv yvelas leqsikonSi
ganTavseba warmoudgeneli iqneboda. magaliTad, Cven ukve ganvixileT zapotekis iseTi zmnebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli sirTuliT gamoirCeva. magaliTebSi (25) da (26) zapotekis formaluri da reverenciuli subieqturi zmnuri
formebi gavarCieT. rogorc gavarkvieT, zapotekSi mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame
pirSi mdgomi zmnis formebis eqvsnairi saxeoba arsebobs, romlebic formalobisa (moqmedi pirisadmi damokidebulebisa) da distanciis mixedviT icvleba.
zapotekze mosaubres zmnis formis SerCeva konteqstis mixedviT SeuZlia. am
enas gaaCnia mxolobiTi ricxvis meore pirSi mdgari formebi (kvlav: formaluri da reverenciuli, rogorc bevr evropul enaSi) da mxolobiTis pirveli
piris erTi forma, romelic jamSi TiToeuli zmnisTvis mxolobiTi ricxvis
cxra subieqtur formas qmnis, mravlobiTis formebis Sesabamisi raodenobiT.
mecxramete uniSno forma maSin gamoiyeneba, roca zmnis subieqti aris kiTxviTi
sityva `vin~, an iseTi arsebiTi saxeli, rogoricaa `kaci~. qvemoT Cveulebrivi
zmnis rgueez (`moxveva~,_ exveva, exuteba) sruli paradigmaa mocemuli:
(59) r-gueez
èxveva...~(uniSno)

r-gueez-a
`me vexvevi...~

r-gueez-yuu `Sen (mxolobiTi formaluri) exvevi...~

r-gueez-u
`Sen (mxolobiTi araformaluri) exvevi...~

r-gueez-iny
ìs (reverenciuli) exveva...~

r-gueez-b
ìs (formaluri) exveva...~

r-gueez-ahzh: ìs (Tavaziani) exveva...~

r-gueez-ng ìs (Soriaxlo myofi) exveva...~

r-gueez-ih
ìs (daSorebuli) exveva...~

r-gueez-mm ìs (cxoveli) exveva...~

r-gueez-nn
`Cven vexveviT...~

r-gueez-yud
`Tqven (mravlobiTi formaluri) exveviT...~

r-gueez-ad
`Tqven(mravlobiTi araformaluri)eveviT...~

r-gueez-riny ìsini (reverenciuli) exvevian...~

r-gueez-rb
ìsini (formaluri) exvevian...~

r-gueez-rahzh: ìsini (Tavaziani) exvevian...~

r-gueez-rng ìsini (Soriaxlo myofni) exvevian...~

r-gueez-rih
ìsini (daSorebulebi) exvevian...~

r-gueez-rmm ìsini (cxovelebi) exvevian...~
(59)-Si warmodgenil am 19 gansxvavebul formas Tu SevadarebT, awmyo drois
inglisur zmnebs mxolod ori gansxvavebuli forma aqvs (hugs mxolobiTi
ricxvis mesame piri da hug _ orive ricxvis sxva danarCeni formebi); yvelaze
arawesier zmnas (be) ki _sami (am - mxolobiTis pirveli piri; is -mxolobiTis
mesame piri, are-mxolobiTis meore da mravlobiTis yvela piri). miuxedavad

imisa, rom zogierTi evropuli ena logikurad aT gansxvavebul formad iyofa,
erTmaneTisgan maTi sruli diferencireba arasdros xerxdeba. zapotekis zmnebis sirTule ki subieqtebis (59) magaliTSi warmodgenili diferencirebiT
ar amoiwureba. zapotekSi zmnas eqvsi aspeqti (gramatikuli drois monaTesave
kategoria) gaaCnia, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, formebis mravalferovnebas iwvevs.
(59) magaliTis winadadebebSi Cveulebrivi aspeqtis niSani r- prefiqsia. garda
amisa, arsebobs zmnizedebisa da kidev sxva mravali sufiqsi, romelic SeiZleba
zmnis fuZes mosdevdes, subieqtis nebismieri sufiqsis win. aseTia sufiqsi ag
magaliTSi (60), romlis mniSvnelobaa `jer kidev, mainc~:
(60) R-gueez-ag-a `me jer kidev vexvevi~
amgvari sufiqsi zapotekSi ocia, xolo zapotekis zmnas sul mcire 19 (subieqturi forma) 6 (aspeqti) 21 (1 usufiqso da zmnizedis sufiqsiani 20) forma aqvs, rac mTlianobaSi erTi zmnidan 2394 damoukidebel formas awarmoebs.
arsebobs sul mcire, sami mizezi, ris gamoc es odenoba yovelTvis zusti ar
aris:zmnizedis sufiqsebi, albaT, gacilebiT metic arsebobs; yoveli maTganis
darTva ama Tu im zmnasTan gamarTul formas ar iZleva; xSirad SesaZlebelia
zmnizedis ori an sami sufiqsis kombinacia. bevri standartuli leqsikoni inglisur enis marags 80 000 sityvas miaTvlis. zapotekis ormociode zmnis yvela warmoebuli formis CamoTvlac sakmarisia, raTa maTi odenoba am ricxvs
gautoldes! es magaliTi naTlad adasturebs, rom ama Tu enis yvela sityvis
leqsikonSi Setana SeuZlebelia.
2.9 morfologiuri analizis problemebi

2.9.1 nulovani morfemebi da uniSno morfemebi
ganvixiloT tolkapaiadan da Cikasaudan moyvanili zogierTi winadadeba,
romelic erTnairad iTargmneba da erTmaneTTan garkveul morfologiur msgavsebasac amJRavnebs:
(60)

tolkapaia
Cikasau
Sa-chaaha.
`me maRali var~ -kyl-ma.
`Sen maRali xar~ M-kyl-ma.
Chi-chaaha.
ìs (orive sqesi) maRalia~ Kyl-ma.
Chaaha.
tolkapaiadan da Cikasaudan moyvanili es winadadebebi iseT morfemebs Seicavs, romlebic am Tavis ganvlil gverdebze ganvixileT. CikasauSi mxolobiTis
pirveli da meore piris Sesatyvisi prefiqsebi sa- da chi- tolkapaias (glotaluri, an xorxismieri xSva) da m- prefiqsebs Seesatyviseba. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, mxolobiTis mesame pirSi mdgar subieqts (is _ orive gramatikuli
sqesi) prefiqsi ar gaaCnia.
81
82
CanarTi
2. 11
rogori sityvebi Sedis leqsikonSi?

teqstSi naTqvamia, rom inglisur enaze mosaubris leqsikonSi yvela leqsikuri sityvis Setana SesaZlebelia. marTlac, Tu rigianad Sedgenil leqsikonSi
CaixedavT, naxavT, rom wesierad warmoebuli sityvebic ki, rogorebicaa arsebiTi saxelebis mravlobiTi formebi, SedarebiTi da aRmatebiTi formis zedsarTavebi, zmnebis warsuli formebi awmyosa da warsuli drois mimReobebi, TavianTi fuZeebiTaa miTiTebuli. iseTi sityvebis arawesieri, an fuZemonacvle
formebic, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, children, better, were mcire leqsikonebSic ki
miTiTebulia. inglisuri enis leqsikonebi am enaze mosaubreTa leqsikonSi arsebuli maragis did wils Seicavs.
Tumca, beWdviTi formis leqsikoni gansxvavdeba mosaubris gonebrivi
leqsikonisgan. leqsikonebi calkeuli mosaubris leqsikur codnas ver asaxavs,
vinaidan beWdviT leqsikonebSi Setanil yvela sityvas, albaT, TiTo-orola mosaubre Tu icnobs da meore mxriv, arc leqsikonebi Seicavs yvela im sityvas,
mosaubreebma rom ician. aseTi sityvebi SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes teqnikur
(profesiul) leqsikons an Jargos, Jargonul (slengis) gamoTqmebs, kerZo pirTa saxelebsa Tu metsaxelebs da a.S.
arsebobs warmoebul sityvaTa uzarmazari klasi, romelic nabeWd
leqsikonebSi ar xvdeba. magaliTad, naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani s SeiZleba
bevr iseT inglisur sityvas daerTos, romelic arsebiT saxelebs ar ganekuTvneba, rogorc magaliTad, CanarT 2.10 Si moyvanili, flobis aRmniSvneli
(posesiuri) frazebi. sityvebi, romlebic am klitikas Seicaven magaliTad, Biancas, saws, abouts, yesterdays, mes, helpfuls _ leqsikonebSi ar SeaqvT. arc
iseTi Semoklebebi SeaqvT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, hes (Tumca, arawesieri gziT
Semoklebuli formebis, magaliTad, aint naxva leqsikonebSi SeiZleba). bolos,
leqsikonebSi ar aris Setanili iseTi sityvebis mravlobiTi formebi, romlebic saxelebi araa, magaliTad: if, were, but, proud, miuxedavad imisa, rom zepir
metyvelebaSi maTi mravlobiTebi arc Tu iSviaTad ismis:
He uses to many ifs. ifs -Tu-ebi.
There are too many weres in this sentence. weres -iyvnen-ebi
But me no buts. buts - magram-ebi
Proud me no prouds. prouds - amayebi

(`romeo da julieta~, III, V, 152)
amgvari sityvebis CamoTvla arc im leqsikonebs sWirdebaT, romelTac wignis maRaziebSi viZenT da arc Cvens gonebriv leqsikons, vinaidan, rogorc Cveni
wignis I TavSi aRiniSna, Cveni gonebrivi gramatika Seicavs sityvaTwarmoebis am
wesebs. mosaubris leqsikons inglisuri enis arc erTi leqsikoni srulad ar
asaxavs. inglisur enas iseTi morfologiuri sirTule ar axasiaTebs, rogorc
zogierT sxva enas _ tolkapaia iavapaias, suahilisa da zapotekTan SedarebiT
es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia. CamoTvlili enebis leqsikonebs im sityvebis
mxolod mcire nawilis dateva SeuZliaT, romlebic am enaze mosaubreebma ician
da metyvelebaSi iyeneben, vinaidan maTi sityvebi xSirad inglisuri enis mTel
winadadebebs Seesatyviseba.
gonebrivi leqsikoni mets niSnavs, vidre sityvebis, maTi warmoTqmis wesisa
da mniSvnelobis codnaa. fsiqolingvistebis wyalobiT, romlebic metyvelebis
warmoebasa da gagebas Seiswavlian da neirolingvistebis samecniero kvlevebis
safuZvelze, romlebmac Tavis tvinis dazianebiT gamowveuli enobrivi darRvevebi (afazia) Seiswavles, axla bevri ram viciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeba
leqsikuri da gramatikuli morfemebisa da sityvebis warmoCena.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, mxolobiTi rixvis mesame piris (he/she) uprefiqso
formebi iseT enebSi, rogoric tolkapaia da Cikasaua, orgvarad SeiZleba iqnes
ganxiluli:

erTi mxriv, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirs (he/she)
nulovani morfema Seesatyviseba: 0- _ nulovani prefiqsi Ria (xilul, an
fizikurad arsebul) -, m-, sa- da chi - prefiqsebs Seesabameba, raTa am zmnebSi mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi mdgari subieqti aRniSnon. tolkapaiasa
da CikasauSi es nulovani morfemebi mxolobiTis mesame pirs aRniSnaven,
swored ise, rogorc - da sa Sesabamisad mxolobiTis pirvel pirs.
meore mxriv, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mesame piris subieqturi zmnuri formebi (gaixseneT magaliTi (53)) ubralod uniSno formebia _ isini subieqtTan
dakavSirebul niSnebs saerTod ar Seicaven. SegviZlia isic ganvacxadoT,
rom tolkapaiasa da Cikasaus uniSno zmnebi teqstSi, zemoT moyvanil konteqstSi (sxva subieqturi niSnebis arqonisas) mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame
piris subieqtur formebad unda iqnes ganxiluli.
rodesac tolkapaias absolutivi zmnuri formebis sami gansxvavebuli SesaZlo analizi ganvixileT (ganyofileba 2.4), davaskveniT, rom maTgan erT-erTis arCevisas ufro Teoriul daskvnebs veyrdnobodiT, vidre enis empiriul
faqtebs. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom tolkapaiasa da CikasauSi nulovani morfemebis sakiTxisadmi midgoma Zalze msgavsia, magram es ase ar aris. xSirad enis
sxva aspeqtebi gviadvileben im arCevanis gakeTebas, Tu orgvari analizidan
romeli meTodia ukeTesi.
modiT, TvalsaCinoebisTvis am ori enis iseTi winadadeba ganvixiloT, romlebSic `ndoma~ zmna Sedis. aviRoT tolkapaiadan fraza `minda maRali viyo~.
(61) -kyl-a --ma.

M-kyl-a m--ma.
Kyl-a -ma.
`me minda maRali viyo~.

`Sen ginda maRali iyo~.
`mas (orive sqesi) unda maRali iyos~.
tolkapaias zmna `ndoma~, romelic aq niSniT aris gamoxatuli, zeda winadadebebSi igive -ma daboloebiT mTavrdeba, romelic ganyofileba 2.3-Si sxva
zmnebTan Segvxvda. (es zmna arawesieria: `Sen ginda~ Seesatyviseba formas m-ma da ara formas *m--ma, rogorc tolkapaias adrindeli monacemebis safuZvelze iyo mosalodneli.) winadadebis nawils `maRali (v)iyo(s)~ igive kyl Seesatyviseba, romelic agreTve magaliT (60)-Si Segvxvda da romelic -a elementze
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84
mTavrdeba. uCveulod am winadadebebSi SeiZleba is mogveCvenos, rom (61)-Si

TiToeuli winadadebis pirvel zmnas igive subieqti aqvs, rac zmnas `ndoma~ da
qarTulad sityvasityviT rom gadmovitanoT, niSnavs `me minda Cemi TavisTvis
maRlad yofna~.
axla modiT Cikasaus im winadadebebs davakvirdeT, romlebic zemoTxsene
bulT Seesabameba:
(63) Chaaha sa-banna. `minda maRali viyo~.

Chaaha chi-banna. `ginda maRali iyo~.
Chaaha banna.
`mas (orive sqesi) unda maRali iyos~.
iseve, rogorc tolkapaiaSi, es winadadebebic `maRlad yofna (awmy. I piri _

maRali var)~ zmnas Seicaven, romelic `ndoma~ zmnis win dgas. am ukanasknels
subieqtis mosalodneli niSnebi gaaCnia, magram CikasauSi zmnas `maRlad yofna
yvela gramatikuli dro uniSno aqvs _ arc subieqturi piris prefiqsi gaaCnia, maSinac ki, roca pirvel an meore pirSi dgas. am SemTxvevis Sedareba inglisur zmnasTanac SeiZleba (vinaidan inglisurSi zmna `maRlad yofna~ _ to be
tall yvela pirSi erTi da imave formiT meordeba, ganurCevlad imisa Tu, rogor
interpretacias gaukeTebs frazaSi Casmul mis subieqtis pirs (want to be tall)
msmeneli). tolkapaiaSi ki, inglisurisgan gansxvavebiT, es fraza TiToeul
subieqtur pirs am enaSi arsebuli wesis dacviT irTavs.
es magaliTi (61) magaliTis msgavsad gviCvenebs, rom mesame piris subieqturi formebi or enaSi gansxvavebul analizs eqvemdebareba:
savarjiSo
2. 23
tolkapaiaSi, roca zmnas subieqturi piris prefiqsi ar gaaCnia, rogori

tipis winadadebaSic ar unda iyos igi, yovelTvis mesame pirSi mdgari
subieqti miewereba. amgvarad, prefiqsis uqonloba srul SesabamisobaSia- da m- subieqturi piris gamomxatveli prefiqsebis qonasTan da am
prefiqsis ganmarteba mesame piris aRmniSvnel nulovan morfemad sruliad marTebuli mosazreba iqneba.
CikasauSi sxvadasxva tipis winadadebebSi gansxvavebuli viTarebaa. erTi

zmnis mqone martiv winadadebaSi, romelic magaliT (61)-Si ganvixileT,
uniSno zmnas (romelsac sxva subieqturi prefiqsi ar gaaCnia) mesame
pirSi mdgomi subieqti miewereba. Tumca, bevri tipis rTul winadadebaSi
(romelic erTze met zmnas Seicavs), rogoricaa magaliT (63)-Si `ndoma~
zmniani winadadebebi, uniSno zmnas mesame pirSi mdgomi (ìs~ orive sqesi) subieqti ver miewereba. es uniSno Cikasaus zmnebi sxvadasxvagvarad
im winadadebis mixedviT interpretirdeba, romelSic gvxvdeba da mesame
subieqturi piris nulovan prefiqss ar Seicavs:
ganvixiloT tolkapaias da Cikasaus Semdegi brZanebiTi winadadebebi, im zmnebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic ukve Segvxvda am Tavis wina gverdebze:
tolkapaia Mchthli!

Mvymi!

Mthi!
`garecxe!~
`gaiqeci!~
`dalie!~
Cikasau Isso! `daartyi!~

Afama! `Sexvdi!~
Hilha! ìcekve!~
dayaviT es winadadebebi morfemebad, TiToeul winadadebas qveS sruli

Semoklebuli ganmarteba miuwereT (Tu saWiroa, tolkapaiasa da Cikasaudan
adre warmodgenili magaliTebi ganixileT).
a) SeZlebT Tu ara zemoT moyvanil monacemebze dayrdnobiT damatebiTi argumentebi moiyvanoT im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gaaCnia Tu ara am or enas mesame subieqturi piris nulovani morfema.
b) `ndoma~ zmniani winadadebebis da zemoT moyvanili brZanebiTi formebis
gaTvaliswinebiT gvipasuxeT, romeli ena ufro hgavs inglisurs, tolkapaia Tu
Cikasau? pasuxi ganmarteT.
2.9.2 gawyvetili morfemebi

morfologiuri analizis kidev erTi rTuli problema gawyvetil morfemebs
ukavSirdeba _morfemebs, romlebic erT mniSvnelobas aRniSnaven, magram sityvis sxvadaxva elementebi maT erTmaneTisgan TiSavs. wyvetili leqsikuri morfemebi maSin Cndeba, roca calkeul leqsikur morfemebSi afiqsis infiqsireba
xdeba. gaixseneT zemoT, tagalogidan moyvanili magaliTi (43) da um infiqsis
SemTxveva.
leqsikuri morfemebi, rogorebicaa hiwalay da bili, (64) magaliTis mesame
svetSi moyvanilis msgavs sityvebSi SeiZleba infiqsiT um iyos gayofili. (mZimeebi infiqsisa da im morfemis gamosayofad ixmareba, romlebSic isinia infiqsirebuli.)
(64) |hiwalay|
mag-hiwalay
èrTmaneTisgan gamocalkeveba~

h, um, iwalay `gamocalkeveba~
|bili|
mag-bili.
`gayidva~
b, um, ili `SeZena, yidva~

hiwalay-s h- da iwalay, an bili-s b- da ili-d dayofis

safuZveli ar gvaqvs.
sityvebis h, um, iwalay da b, um, ili leqsikuri fuZeebi gawyvetilia.
kidev erT magaliTs morfemebisa, romlebic zogjer wyvetilia la huerta
diegenio gvaZlevs (iumanis modgmis es ena tolkapaia iavapais enaTesaveba. misi
gavrcelebis are meqsikaSia, baia kaliforniis teritoriaze. iseve, rogorc
tolkapaias SemTxvevvaSi, la huertas mosaubrenic qvemoT moyvanil da maT msgavs sityvebs zedmeti xmovnebis damatebiT gamoTqvamen):
(65) Miny.
àZlev (Sen mas mas)~.
Mshmay.
èZeb (Sen mas)~.
`mieci (Sen mas is)!~.
Kshmay!
`moZebne (Sen is)!~.
Kiny!
Nyminy. `maZlev (Sen me mas)~.
Nymshmay.
`meZeb (Sen me)~.
Nykiny!
Nykshmay!
`momZebne (Sen me)!~.

`meZebs (is me)~.
Nyiny.
`momeci (Sen me is!)~.

`maZlevs (is me mas)~.
Nyshmay.
ganmeorebadi elementi pirveli svetis TiToeul winadadebaSi aris iny; analizis safuZvelze am elementis mniSvnelobis dadgenac SegviZlia _ `micema
85
86
(misi )~. meore svetSi ganmeorebadi wyvetili elementia sh...may pirvel sam winadadebaSi shmay forma gvxvdeba, maSin, roca meoreSi shmay gvaqvs, infiqsirebuli glotaluri xSviT.
CanarTi
2. 12
wyvetili morfemebi semitur enebSi

cnobilia, rom Sua aRmosavleTis semituri ojaxis enebi gamoirCeva unikaluri morfologiuri struqturiT _ aq sityvaTa umravlesobaSi zmnis da saxelis fuZeebi wyvetas ganicdis. mogvyvavs ramdenime magaliTi amonakrebi zmnuri formebisa egviptis arabulidan ( simbolo aRniSnavs bgeras, romelsac
mJRer faringalur frikativs uwodeben).
katab
baktib
iktib
kaatib
maktuub
amal
bamil
imil
aamil
mamuul
`man dawera~
`me vwer~
`were~!
`mwerali~
`dawerili~
`man gaakeTa~
`me vakeTeb~
`gaakeTe~!
`gamkeTebeli~
`gakeTebuli~
daras `man iswavla~

badris `me vswavlob~
idris ìswavle~!
daaris `moswavle~
madruus
`Seswavlili~
naal `man mibaZa~

bani `me mivbaZe~
inil `mibaZe~
naail `mimbaZveli~
manuul `mibaZuli~
daakvirdiT zemoT moyvanil formebs da sanam kiTxvas ganagrZobdeT scadeT

gaiazroT, ra gansazRvravs mniSvnelobas TiToeul maTganSi.
semitur enebs aqvs egreT wodebuli samasoiani Zirebi: zmnis da saxelis
Zirebi Sedgeba sami Tanxmovnisgan. egviptis arabul enaSi zmna `weris~ Ziri
SeiZleba warmovadginoT, rogorc k-t-b an ktb, anda (vinaidan is aSkarad Seicavs
wyvetil elementebs) rogorc ktb. rogorc xedavT, `swavlis~ Ziri aris d-r-s,
xolo `keTebisa~ _ -m-l. ra aris `baZvis~ Ziri?
gramatikuli morfemebi egviptis arabulSi (da sxva semitur enebSi) xSirad
aseve wyvetilia. zogjer isini ganixileba rogorc modelebi xmovnebisa da (iSviaTad) Tanxmovnebisa, romlebic gvxvdeba sityvis ZirSi. magaliTad, mesame
piris mamrobiTi sqesis mxolobiTi ricxvis srulaspeqtiani forma (ix. zemoT,
pirvel striqonSi) aris _ a - a _ (sadac defisebi aRniSnavs TanxmovanTa adgils sityvis ZirSi), pirveli piris mxolobiTi ricxvis usrulaspeqtiani forma
(meore striqonSi) aris ba --i _, brZanebiTi kilos forma ki (mesame striqonSi)
aris i--i_. daakvirdiT, SeZlebT Tu ara aqtiuri mimReobisa da pasiuri mimReobis formaTa gamoyofas meoTxe da mexuTe striqonebSi.
safiqrebelia, rom shmay aRniSnavs `Zebnas~ (morfemebis wyveta grafikulad xSirad aRiniSneba elifsisiT, ....., nawilebs Soris).
sqemis Sedgena dagexmarebaT darCenili morfemebis analizisTvis. monacemTa warmodgenis amgvari xerxi aadvilebs mniSvnelobebis dakavSirebas bgerebTan. Yyoveli winadadeba `Sen~ subieqtiT (pirveli da mesame TiToeul svetSi)
Seicavs prefiqs m-s, amdenad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom prefiqsi m- aRniSnavs
`Sen~ subieqts. Yyoveli imperativi (brZaneba, meore da meoTxe TiToeul svetSi) Seicavs prefiqs k-s. amdenad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom k- aris imperativis
prefiqsi. yoveli `me~-obieqtiani gamonaTqvami Seicavs ny-s da -s, amave rigiT.
amitom SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom ny Cveulebriv, aris wyvetili morfema, romelic aRniSnavs `me~ obieqts. Tu am morfemis momdevno zmna ufro rTuli agebulebisaa, vidre erTi marcvali (Tanxmovani-xmovani-Tanxmovani), maSin am
cxrili 2.4 La Huerta Diegueo zmnis windebulebebis analizi
ganmeoribiTi
formebi am mniSvnelobiT
ganmeorebiTi
mniSvneloba
elementi
pirveli piris subieqti miny, nyminy; mshmay, nymshmay
m
imperativi
kiny, nykiny; kshmay, nykshmay
k
pirveli piris obieqti
nyminy, nykiny, nyiny; nymshmay

nykshmay, nyshmay
ny...
prefiqsis Caismis zmnis pirveli Tanxmovnis Semdeg. Tu zmna ufro moklea,
Caismis pirveli momdevno prefiqsis Semdeg; Tu zmnas prefiqsi ara aqvs, maSin
mosdevs ny-s. amgvarad, kombinacia
(66) ny.. + k + shmay

(SedarebiT vrceli shmay zmniT) iZleva
(67) nykshmay -s
(glotaluri xSva ganTavsebulia zmnis fuZis pirveli Tanxmovnis, sh-s Semdeg _ asoTa kombinacia sh ganixileba, rogorc erTi Tanxmovani, vinaidan is
Seesabameba erT bgeras), maSin, rodesac kombinacia
(68) ny+k + iny

(Zalze mokle zmniT) iZleva
(69) nykiny -s.
(glotaluri xSva mosdevs imperativis aRmniSvnel prefiqss). rodesac

amgvari infiqsacia xdeba iseT sityvaSi, rogoricaa nykiny, prefiqs ny-is ori
nawili iyofa prefiqsiT k, xolo rodesac infiqsacia xdeba iseT sityvaSi, rogoricaa nykshmay, prefiqssa da zmnas Soris wyvetaa.
enaTa semituri jgufi cnobilia imiT, rom misi yoveli zmna SeiZleba gaanalizebul iqnes, rogorc calkeuli wyvetili morfema (ix. danarTi 2.12).
2.10. morfologia da tipologia

sityvaTa morfologiuri struqtura xSirad waagavs winadadebaTa struqturas. Cven vnaxeT, rom polisinTezur enebSi erTi sityva gamoxatavs mTeli
winadadebis azrs. xSirad morfemaTa Tanmimdevroba sityvaSi Seesabameba winadadebis wyobas.
inglisur enaSi winadadebis ZiriTad wevrTa an komponentTa _ subieqtis,
zmnis, obieqtis _ Tanmimdevroba zustad amgvaria. magaliTad, am winadadebaSi:
(70)
Othello married Desdemona
87
88
subieqtia Othello, zmna _ married, xolo obieqti _ Desdemona. ufro vrcel

an rTul winadadebebSic amgvari ZiriTadi wyoba gamoiyeneba. (71) magaliTis
pirvel winadadebaSi obieqtia no debts; meoreSi subieqtia the very rats, xolo
zmna instinctively have quit:
(71) Words pay no debts. (`troilusi da kresida~, III, ii, 56)
The very rats instinctively have quit it.
(`qariSxali~, I, ii, 147)

subieqtis, zmnisa da obieqtis amgvar Tanmimdevrobas lingvistebi SVO-Ti
(subject, verb, object) aRniSnaven. am elementTa Tanmimdevrobas enaSi uwodeben
sityvaTa rigs an sityvaTa ZiriTad wyobas _ magram misi ufro zusti saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos `frazis wyoba~ an `SemadgenelTa wyoba~. sityvaTa ZiriTad
wyobasa da sxva lingvistur fenomenebs Soris kavSirs Seiswavlis lingvistikis
is dargi, romelic cnobilia tipologiis saxelwodebiT.
enebSi gamoiyeneba sityvaTa ZiriTadi wyobis sxvadasxva saxeoba. inglisur
enaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia SVO. sxva saxeobebia SOV da VSO. winamdebare
TavSi Cven gavecaniT mraval erTsityvian winadadebas Cikasaus enidan. am enaSi
sityvaTa rigi Seesabameba SOV-s, magaliTad,
(72) Hattakat chipota shoo-tok. `kaci moexvia bavSvs~.
kaci-sub. bavSvi moexvia-wars.

aq subieqti hattak (hattak-at Seicavs sufiqss, romelic miuTiTebs, rom es sityva subieqts Seesabameba) dgas obieqtis, chipota s win; am ukanasknels ki, Tavis
mxriv, mosdevs zmna, shoo-tok.
zapotekis enaSi sityvaTa ZiriTadi rigia VSO:
(73)
B-gueez bunny mniiny `kaci moexvia bavSvs~.
srul-moexvia. kaci bavSvs

aq pirvel adgilas dgas srulaspeqtiani zmna b-gueez, romelsac mosdevs
subieqti bunny da, Semdgom, obieqti mniiny.
Cikasouc da zapotekic polisinTezuri enebia. amdenad, maTSi mravali sruli winadadeba SeiZleba gamoixatos erTi sityviT. daakvirdiT morfemaTa Tanmimdevrobas mocemul erTsityvian winadadebebSi:
(74) Is-sa-shoo-tok `Sen momexvie~
D Sen-me-momexvie-srul.
(75) B-gueez-u-ng `Sen moexvie~
srul-moexvie-Sen-mas
Cikasaus erTsityvian winadadebaSi (74) subieqtis aRmniSvneli morfema dgas
pirvel adgilas, mas mosdevs morfema, romelic obiqts aRniSnavs da, bolos,
zmnis aRmniSvneli morfema, zustad iseve, rogorc ganlagdeba sityvebi SOV
winadadebaSi (72). zapotekis enaSi amgvarive paralelizmi SeiniSneba: sruli winadadebis VSO wyobis (73) msgavsad, erTsityvian winadadebaSi (74) zmnuri morfema pirvelia. mas mosdevs subieqtis aRmniSvneli morfema da, bolos, obieqtis
morfema.
89
ierarqiuli struqturis iseTive tipebi, romlebic SeiniSneba sityvebSi,

aisaxeba winadadebis struqturaSic, rasac momdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT.
rTul sityvebSi subieqtis, obieqtisa da zmnis morfemaTa Tanmimdevro
bis da, meore mxriv, winadadebaSi am elementTa Tanmimdevrobis paralelizmi
yovelTvis rodia esoden sruli, rogorc _ Cikasous da zapotekis enebSi. magaliTad, tolkapaias enaSi gamoiyeneba sityvaTa SOV rigi, xolo suahiliSi _
SVO Tanmimdevroba. rogori TanmimdevrobiT unda gamoiyenebodes subieqtis,
obieqtisa da zmnis aRmniSvneli elementebi am enebis polisinTezur sityvebSi?
(gaixseneT Sabloni, romelic Tqven moifiqreT 2.8 savarjiSoSi). paraleluria
Tu ara es SemTxvevebi?
2.11 Sejameba
morfologia aris sityvebisa da maTi struqturis Seswavla da analizi.
winamdebare TavSi naCvenebia, rom zogierTi sityva gamoirCeva Zalze martivi
struqturiT, Sedgeba mxolod erTi morfemisgan an mniSvnelobis erTeulisgan, maSin, rodesac sxva sityvebs aqvs rTuli struqtura, romelic moicavs
meti raodenobis morfemebs da zogjer asaxavs sityvaTqmnadobis rTul procesebs. sityvaTqmnadoba eqvemdebareba ucvlel wesebs, romlebsac mosaubreebi
iTviseben enis dauflebis procesSi. sityvaTa struqtura ierarqiulia.
TviT sityvebi organizebulia ufro vrcel frazebad da winadadebebad (rogorc bolo nawilSi vaCveneT). enis am vrcel erTeulebs Seiswavlis sintaqsi.
Anderson, Stephen R. 1992. A-Morphous Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Aronoff, Mark. 1976. Word Formation in
Generative Grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
___1993. Morphology by Itself: Stems
and Inflectional Classes. Linguistic Inquiry
Monograph, no.22. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Bauer, Laurie. 1983.English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
Di Sciullo, A.-M. and Williams, E. 1987.
On the Definition of Word. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
Hammond, Michael and Noonan, Michael, eds. 1988. Theoretical Morphology:
Approaches in Modern Linguistics. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc
Jensen, John T. 1990. Morphology:

Word Structure in Generative Grammar.
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing.
Marchand, Hans. 1969. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English
Word-Formation, 2end edn. Munich: C.H.
Becksche Verlagsbuchhadlung.
Matthews, P.H. 1991. Morphology: An
Introduction to the Theory of Word Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Scalise, Sergio. 1984. Generative
Morphology. Dordrecht, Holland/Cinnaminson, USA: Foris Publications.
Selkirk, E. 1982. The Syntax of Words.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Spencer, Andrew. 1991. Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
savarjiSo
2. 24
90
SeniSvnebi aRniSnul enebTan

dakavSirebiT.
Chickasaw
Munro, Pamela and Catherine Willmond.

1994.
Chickasaw:An
Analytical
Dictionary.Norman, OK, and London:
University of Oklahoma Press.
Egyptian Arabic
Abdel-Massih,
Ernest
T.
1975.
An
Introduction to Egyptian Arabic. Ann
Arbor, MI: Center for Near Eastern and
North African Studies, University of
Michigan.
Ineseo Chumash
Applegate, Richard Brian. 1972. Ineseo

Chumash Grammar . Ph.D. dissertation,
University of California, Berkeley.
La huerta Diegueo
Hinton, Leann and Margaret Langdon. 1976.

Object-Subject Pronominal Prefixes in La
huerta Diegueo. In Margaret Langdon
and Shirley Silver, eds., Hokan studies
(Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, 181),
pp. 113-28. The Hague- Paris: Mouton.
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 2.25
San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec
Munro, Pamela and Lopez, Felipe H.,

et al. 1999. Dicsyonnaary X:ten Dizh
Sah Sann Luuc (San Lucas Quiavini Zapotec Dictionary/Diccionario Zapoteco
de San Lucas Quiavini). Los Angeles:
UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
Publications.
Southern Paiute
Sapir, Edvard. 1930-1.The Southern

Paiute Language. Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Scienses,
vol. 65.
Tagalog
Schachter, Paul and Fe T. Otanes.

1972. Tagalog Reference Grammar.
Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
Tolkapaya Yavapay
Munro, Pamela and Molly Star Fasthorse. In preparation. Tolkapaya.
daakvirdiT qvemomoyvanil winadadebebs Seqspiris nawarmoebebidan. dayaviT TiToeuli maTgani morfemebad, Semdeg gamoyaviT am morfemaTa Soris prefiqsebi, sufiqsebi, klitikebi, Zirebi, agreTve _ gramatikuli da leqsikuri
morfemebi. xazi gausviT TiToeul Zirs (damoukidebel sityvas), romelic,
Tqveni azriT, gramatikuli morfema unda iyos. DdaadgineT, romeli prefiqsi an
sufiqsia infleqsiuri an derivaciuli, moifiqreT sxva sityva, romelic imave
morfemas Seicavs da SeecadeT, gaarkvioT morfemis mniSvneloba. ganixileT
TiToeuli sityva uCveulo warmoTqmiT da yoveli klitika, romelsac amoicnobT. aRniSneT rTuli sityvebi da winadadebebi. miuTiTeT, romeli morfemebi
SeiZleba ipovoT nebismier morfemaSi, romelic, Tqveni azriT, portmantos
warmoadgens.
They have been at a great feast of languages, and stolen the scraps.
(amao cdani siyvarulisa, V, I, 39)

All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players.
(es rogor mogewonebaT, II, vii, 139)

As the old hermit of Prague, that never saw pen and ink, very wittily said to a niece
of King Gorboduc, That that is, is
(meTormete Rame, IV, ii, 14)
91
How silver-sweet sound lovers tongues by night, Like softest music to attending
ears!
(romeo da julieta, II. ii. 165)

I have done a thousand dreadful things, As willingly as one would kill a fly
(titus andronikusi, V, I, 141)

Kindness in women, not their beauteous looks, Shall win my love.
(Wirveulis morjuleba, IV, ii, 41)

Lets Choose executors and talk of wills.
(riCard II, III, ii, 41)

Love, first learned in ladys eyes, Lives not alone immured in the brain.
(amao cdani siyvarulisa, IV, iii, 327)

gramatikaSi yoveli arsebiTi saxeli mamrobiTi an mdedrobiTi sqesisaa.
(a) daanawevreT yoveli sityva qvemomoyvanil espanur saxelur frazebSi morfemebad, daadgineT TiToeuli morfemis mniSvneloba (an funqcias) da
qvemoT miawereT es mniSvnelobebi morfemebs. (SegiZliaT ganixiloT some
rogorc a-s da àn`- is mravlobiTi ricxvi). gaxsovdeT, rom morfemebis, defisebisa da intervalebis raodenoba Tqven mier danawevrebul sityvebSi da
Tqveni ganmartebebis sityvebis raodenoba zustad unda Seesabamebodes erTmaneTs.
el perro negro
`Savi (xvadi) ZaRli~
el palo nuevo
àxali joxi~
la casa blanca
`TeTri saxli~
las mesas negras
`Savi magidebi~
las perras rojas
`wiTeli (Zu) ZaRlebi~
los libros viejos
`Zveli wignebi~
un libro nuevo
àxali wigni~
una mesa blanca
`TeTri magida~
una perra vieja
`beberi (Zu) ZaRli~
unas casas rojas
`ramdenime wiTeli saxli~
unos palos negros
`ramdenime Savi joxi~
unos perros blancos `ramdenime TeTri (xvadi) ZaRli~
(b) mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis morfemebis dapirispirebis modeli
zogad wesebs emorCileba, magram SeiniSneba normaTa darRvevebic. ganixileT
isini.
(g) gaiTvaliswineT, rom zedsarTavi da arsebiTi saxelebis Tanmimdevroba
espanursa da inglisurSi gansxvavebulia. TargmneT espanurad:the red sticks
(wiTeli joxebi), an old house (Zveli saxli), some white (female) dogs (ramdenime TeTri Zu ZaRli), the white book(TeTri wigni), a red (male) dog (wiTeli
xvadi ZaRli)
SeniSvna: espanuris arcodna dabrkolebas ar warmoadgens. Tu espanurad
laparakobT, es savarjiSo, albaT, Zalze advili mogeCvenebaT; scadeT misi, rogorc sruliad axali enobrivi faqtis (SesaZloa, suahilidan an zapotekidan),
ganxilva.
savarjiSo 2. 26
92
savarjiSo 2. 27
gaiazreT Cikasaus zmnebis mixedviT Sedgenili magaliTebi, romlebSic igulisxmeba `me~, `Sen~ da `Cven~ obieqtebi da Semdeg gaeciT pasuxi darTul kiTxvebs.
pisa `danaxva~
sapisa ìs mxedavs~

chipisa ìs gxedavs~

popisa ìs gvxedavs~
ithna `nacnoboba~
sathna ìs micnobs~

chithna ìs gicnobs~

pothna ìs gvicnobs~
lohmi `damalva~
salohmi ìs mmalavs~

chilohmi ìs gmalavs~

polohmi ìs gvmalavs~
afama `Sexvedra~
asafama ìs mxvdeba~

achifama ìs gxvdeba~

apofama ìs gvxvdeba~
chokfiyammi `Ritini~
sachokfiyammi ìs miRitinebs~
chichokfiyammi ìs giRitinebs~
isso `dartyma~
chisso ìs gartyams~

posso ìs gvartyams~
anokfilli `fiqri vinmeze
~asanokfilli ìs fiqrobs Cemze~

aponokfilli ìs fiqrobs Cvenze~
(a) daanawevreT Cikasous yoveli sityva morfemebs Soris defisis Casmis meSveobiT. (SesaZloa, muSaobis procesSi Tqven SegecvaloT azri ramdenime segmentis Sesaxeb.)
(b) romelia Cikasous pirveli piris mxolobiTi ricxvis, mravlobiTi ricxvis da meore obieqturi piris afiqsebi?
(g) rogor ityviT Cikasaus enaze ìs miRitinebs~, ìs martyams~, da ìs
fiqrobs Senze~?
(d) Cikasaus enaze ipita niSnavs `Wmeva~. rogor ityviT ìs maWmevs~, ìs gaWmevs
~, ìs gvaWmevs~? CamoayalibeT zogadi ganmarteba imisa, Tu ra xdeba am sityvebze prefiqsebis darTvisas.
(e) Cikasaus enaze Apila niSnavs `daxmarebas~. rogor ityodiT ìs mexmareba~,
ìs gexmareba~ da ìs gvexmareba~? CamoayalibeT zogadi ganmarteba imisa, Tu ra
xdeba am sityvebze prefiqsebis darTvisas.
(v) varaudoben, rom chi _ + isso-sgan chisso-s (ìs artyams~) msgavsi sityvis
Seqmnisas prefiqs chi-dan amovarda i. es Tvalsazrisi marTebulia am sityvis
mimarT, magram ar Seesabameba sxva monacemebs. warmoadgineT sapirispiro argumenti.
(z) varaudoben, rom sa _ + afama-dan asafama-s (ìs mxvdeba~) msgavsi sityvis
Seqmnisas prefiqsiseuli s da a metaTeziss ganicdis da iqceva as-ad. es Tvalsazrisi marTebulia am sityvis mimarT, magram ar Seesabameba danarCen monacemebs. warmoadgineT sapirispiro argumenti.
ganixileT Qqvemomoyvanili winadadebebi inesenio CamaSis enidan. is miekuT

vneba ojaxs CamaSis enebisa, romlebzec laparakobdnen uwin kaliforniaSi, sa
nta-barbaradan CrdoloeTiT. (CamaSis orTografiaSi, romelic aq gamoiyeneba,
Tanxmovani momdevno niSniT, aris erTi Tanxmovani bgera. aris xmovani, romelic ar gvxvdeba inglisurSi.)
Stelmemen.
Noktelmemen.
Nosiytelmemen.
Nokcimutelew.
Kiycimutelew.
Sxiliwayan.
Nokiyxiliwayan.
ìs exeba mas~

`me Sevexebi mas~
ìsini Seexebian mas~
`me vukben mas~
`Cven vkbenT mas~
ìs tivtivebs~
`Cven vitivtivebT~
(a) daiwyeT zemoT warmodgenili morfemebis danawevrebiT. daadgineT inesenios leqsikuri da gramatikuli morfemebi, romlebic aq gvxvdeba. ramdeni
morfema SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli inesenios erT sityvaSi? SeadgineT cxrili (rogorc (20)-Si da 2.8 savarjiSoSi) maTSi gamoyenebuli Tanmimdevrobis gamosavlenad. dasviT frCxilebi cxrilis elementebTan, romlebic ar warmoadgenen am sityvebis aucilebel nawilebs.
(b) TargmneT inesenios Semdegi winadadebebi:
Ktelmemen; Scimutelew; Nosiycimutelew; Kiyxiliwayan; Nokxiliwayan.
moyvanilia ramdenime magaliTi inesenios winadadebebisa, romlebSic gamoiyeneba gaormageba:

Nosiyteltelmemen.
Kteltelmemen.
Scimcimutelew.
Nokxilxiliwayan.
ìsini Znelad miagneben mas~.

`me miWirs misi Zebna~ .
ìs kbens mas~.
`me garSemo vicuraveb~.
(g) raSi mdgomareobs gaormagebis semantikuri efeqti inesenios enaSi? rogor xorcieldeba gaormageba _ nawilobriv Tu srulad? wesierad Tu arawesierad? aRwereT gaormagebis procesi inesenios enaSi im nusxis gamoyenebiT,
romelzec Tqven muSaobdiT (a)-Si.
(d) Kxuniyw niSnavs `me veZeb mas~. rogor TargmniT: ìsini yvelgan eZeben
mas~? Skilitap niSnavs ìs Semodis~. rogor TargmniT: `Cven mivuaxlovdebiT napirs? (Cven SemoviWrebiT)~?
axla damatebiT ganixileT amgvari winadadebebi:
Salimexkeken.
Nokalkalimexkeken.
Seqwel.
Keqkeqwel.
Nosiysiyeqwel.
ìs mTlianad Wimavs mas~

`me mTlianad gadavWimav mas~
ìs akeTebs amas~
`me vakeTeb amas~
ìsini ganuwyvetliv akeTeben mas~
(e) TargmneT Semdegi winadadebebi inesenios enaze: `me vakeTeb amas~; ìs
93
savarjiSo 2. 28
94
mTlianad gaakeTebs amas~; `Cven mTlianad gavakeTebT mas~; ìs mTlianad Wimavs
mas~; `Cven gavWimavT mas~; `Cven mTlianad gavWimavT mas~.
(v) axali monacemebis zegavleniT SeiZleba iZulebuli gaxdeT SecvaloT
inesenios enaSi arsebuli gaormagebis daxasiaTeba, romelic SeimuSaveT (g)-Si.
ganmarteT yoveli cvlileba, romlis Setanac dagWirdebaT.
savarjiSo 2. 29
waikiTxeT 2.12 CanarTi da Semdeg gaaanalizeT qvemoT damatebiT moyvanili

zmnebi egviptis arabuli enidan:
daxal
badxul
udxul!
daaxil
madxuul
ìs Semovida~
`Semovdivar~
`Semodi~!
`Semomsvleli~
`Semosuli~
sakan
baskun
uskun!
saakin
maskuum
`man iq icxovra~
`me iq vcxovrob~
ìq icxovre~!
ìq mcxovrebi~
ìq nacxovrebi~
a) amgvari zmnebi miekuTvneba 2.12 CanarTSi moyvanil zmnaTagan gansxvavebul

klass. axseniT am gansxvavebis arsi da warmoaCineT ganmasxvavebeli specifikuri niSani romlebic SeimCneva gramatikul morfemaTa maT modelebSi.
(b) Naash niSnavs `man daWra~ (sh warmoadgens erT Tanxmovan bgeras, iseTives, rogoricaa sh inglisur sityvaSi she), xolo nashar niSnavs `man Sekera~.
es zmnebi funqcionirebs iseve, rogorc amave savarjiSoSi zemoT moyvanili
ori zmna. rogor unda warmoiTqvas `me vWri~, `daWeri~ `damWreli~ da `daWrili~? `vkerav~, `Sekere~, M`mkeravi~ (is, vinc keravs) da `Sekerili~?
(g) arabuli zmnis Cveulebrivi forma, romelic gvxvdeba leqsikonebSi da
romelzec miuTiTeben gramatikis specialistebi, aris mesame piris mxolobiTi ricxvis mamrobiTi sqesis srulaspeqtiani forma (pirveli zmna zemoT mocemul yovel svetSi da 2.12 CanarTSi). Aaris Tu ara is yvelaze sabaziso forma
CamoTvlilTagan (romelic gvawvdis codnas gramatikul morfemaTa SesaZlo
modelebis Sesaxeb) da iZleva Tu ara is yvela sxva formis prognozirebis saSualebas? (Tu, Tqveni azriT, es aris yvelaze sabaziso forma, aCveneT, rogor
SeiZleba danarCeni formebis prognozireba mis safuZvelze; Tu fiqrobT, rom
es ase araa, daasaxeleT sxva ufro Zireuli forma)
(d) Biyiktib niSnavs ìs wers~, biyudxul ki _ ìs Semodis~. daasaxeleT mesame
piris, mxolobiTi ricxvis, mamrobiTi sqesis usrulaspeqtiani ekvivalenturi
forma TiToeuli (eqvsidan) zmnisTvis, romlebic miTiTebulia aq da 2.12 CanarTSi.
95
3
sintaqsi I:
zmnis argumentTa struqtura da
frazis struqtura
Tavis sarCevi
3.3 frazebi da sakomponento struqtura

3.3.1 frazis struqturis warmoCena:
3.1 sintaqsuri masala da

xeebi da kvadratuli frCxilebiT
sintaqsuri wesebi

aRniSvna

3.1.1 gramatika da gramatikuloba

3.3.2 frazis struqturis
3.1.2 sintaqsuri masalis Tvisebrioba

warmosaqmneli masala:
3.2 komponentTa Tanmimdevroba,

distribucia, moZraoba,

aRniSvnebi da Tematuri rolebi

pro-formebi, waSla da

3.2.1 leqsikuri kategoriebi da leqsikoni

koordinacia
3.2.2 Tematuri rolebi da komponentTa

3.3.3
frazis
struqturis warmoeba

Tanmimdevroba inglisur enaSi

frazis struqturuli wesebiT:
3.2.3 komponentTa Tanmimdevroba

inglisuri enis mini-gramatika

sxva enebSi

3.3.4 frazis struqturis Sedgena
3.2.4 brunvis niSnebi da komponentTa

Tanmimdevroba

SezRudvebis meSveobiT
3.2.5 predikatebi da argumentTa
3.4 Sejameba

struqtura
TanamSromlobisTvis gamoTqmuli
3.2.6 gadarCeva, implicituri
samadlobeli sityvebi

argumentebi, nulovani

nacvalsaxelebi da
magaliTebad gamoyenebuli enebi

Teta-kriteriumebi
savarjiSoebi
3.2.7 semantikuri SerCeva, kategoriaTa

SerCeva da CarTuli winadadebebi
3.0 Sesavali
3.0 Sesavali
meore TavSi SevityveT, rom sityvebi maTze mcire erTeulebisgan,
morfemebisgan Sedgeba da rom enebs morfologiuri wesebi aqvT, romlebic gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda Seerwyas morfemebi erTmaneTs, raTa
gramatikulad gamarTuli sityvebi Camoyalibdes. am TavSi SevityobT,
Tu rogor xdeba sityvebis Serwymis Sedegad aseTsave wesebs daqvemdebarebuli, gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebis warmoqmna.
96
3.1 sintaqsuri monacemebi da sintaqsis wesebi

3.1.1 gramatika da gramatikuloba
Tu sityvaTa garkveuli Tanmimdevroba winadadebas ar qmnis, amgvar winadadebas (winidan) varskvlaviT (*) aRvniSnavT. amaze 1 TavSic gvqonda saubari.
(1)

(2)

a. Desdemona will marry a Moor.

b. Macbeth has killed the king.
a. * Marry will Moor a Desdemona.
b. * Killed the Macbeth has king.
dezdemona mavrs colad gahyveba.

makbetma mefe mokla.
(inglisuri winadadebebisgan gansxvavebiT, Targmnili qarTuli winadadebebi sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobis TvalsazrisiT SezRuduli ar aris.) raki winadadebebs sityvaTa mxolod garkveuli kombinacia da Tanmimdevroba warmoqmnis, enaTmecnierebi aracnobier universalur gramatikaSi sintaqsuri wesebis
arsebobas aRiareben. es wesebi gansazRvravs, Tu rogori kombinacia unda Seadginos sityvebma, raTa gramatikulad swori, gamarTuli winadadeba Sedges. mocemul, me-4 da me-5 TavebSi am wesebs gamovikvlevT, maTi raobis, erTmaneTTan
maTi urTierTqmedebis TaviseburebaTa gagebas SevecdebiT.
rogorc 1 TavSi iTqva, sintaqsis wesebi mocemuli enis sxva wesebTan erTad
am enis gramatikas warmoadgens. Tu sityvaTa iseTi Tanmimdevroba, romelic
winadadebas qmnis, am enis gramatikis wesebs Tanxvdeba, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
es winadadeba gramatikulad gamarTulia; Tu ase ar aris, maSin sityvaTa Tanmimdevroba gramatikulad gaumarTavia anu sityvaTa mocemuli Tanmimdvroba
gramatikulad swor formas ver qmnis. sintaqsis Teoria, romelsac Cvens wignSi warmovadgenT, formaluri, anu didi sizustiT Camoyalibebuli, mkafiod
gansazRvruli wesebisgan Sedgeba. Tu wess formaluri saxe ar aqvs, enaTmecnierisTvis Zalian Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki iqneba enis im gramatikis aRwera,
romelic masze mosaubris lingvistur kompetencias warmoaCens. am sizustis
wyalobiT gramatika aseve zustad gansazRvravs, romeli winadadebaa gramatikulad gamarTuli, da romeli _ gaumarTavi. Tu gramatikuli wesebi winadadebas gamarTulad aRiarebs, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mocemuli winadadeba
gramatikam warmoSva (anu generireba moaxdina). amgvari saxis gramatikebs generatiuli gramatikebi ewodeba, maTi Taviseburebebis Semswavlel dargs ki _
generatiuli gramatika.
gramatikis wesebi TvalnaTlivi rodia; isini enis im aracnobieri codnis
nawils warmoadgens, mocemul enaze mosaubres rom gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, winaswar ver gvecodineba, gramatikis romel wesebs Seicavs erTi calkeuli mosaubris gramatika. am gramatikuli wesebis gamosaaSkaraveblad Cven maT Sesaxeb Teoriebs vagebT, Semdeg ki am Teoriebis Sefasebas vaxdenT: saamisod maTSi (TeoriebSi) gamoTqmul varaudebs empiriul masalas vadarebT. amgvarad,
lingvistebi Teoriebs mocemul enaze mosaubre adamianebisgan monacemebis
SegrovebiT axdenen, rom gansazRvron, sworad agebs Tu ara Teoria varaudebs
am konkretuli enis winadadebaTa gramatikuli sisworis Sesaxeb. Tu Teoriis
sintaqsi I: zmnis argumentTa struqtura da frazis struqtura
varaudi romelime kerZo monacemze dayrdnobiT warmoiSva, SegviZlia vTqvaT,

rom es monacemi Teorias amtkicebs, magram Tu masala TeoriaSi gamoTqmul va
raudebs ewinaaRmdegeba, maSin mas kontrmagaliTs vuwodebT, vinaidan igi Teoriis sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebas, kontrmowmobas iZleva. Cveulebriv, roca
Cveni Teoriis kontrmowmobas vawydebiT, Teoriis xelaxla gadaxedva gvixdeba,
ise, rom igi axal monacemebsac iTvaliswinebdes. gramatikis wesebis aRmoCenis
aseTi mcdelobebi mxolod lingvistur mecnierebas rodi axasiaTebs. rogorc
gramatikuli wesebia miuwvdomeli adamianis zedapiruli xedvisTvis, swored
aseve, bunebis kanonebic dafarulia. sabunebismetyvelo dargebis mecnierebic swored ase ageben TavianT Teoriebsa da varaudebs, Semdeg ki amowmeben,
Seesabameba Tu ara empiriuli monacemebi am Teoriebs da hipoTezebs.
im monacemebis ganxilva, romlebsac sintaqsis sakiTxebze momuSave enaTmecnierebi eyrdnobian, an maT mier SemuSavebuli Teoriebis dawvrilebiTi mimoxilva Cveni wignis mizans srulebiT ar Seadgens. rogorc1 Tavis dasawyisSive
vTqviT, SesaZlo winadadebebis raodenoba yovel enaSi usasruloa, arc maT
Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli varaudebis ricxvia mcire. am wignSi monacemebs SerCeviT
moviyvanT da mxolod im faqtebis TvalsaCinoebisTvis aucilebel masalas
gagacnobT, romlebic sintaqsis mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines da maT mier SemuSavebul Teoriebs ganmartavs. Tumca, SevecdebiT, zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT,
rogor awarmoeben kvlevas es mecnierebi, ra saxis masalas aqceven yuradRebas,
rogor adgenen axal Teoriebs, rogor eZeben axal masalas TavianTi Teoriebis
dasamtkiceblad. amave dros, sintaqsis Tanamedrove Teoriis zogierT Sedegsac warmogidgenT.
3.1.2 sintaqsuri monacemebis Tvisebrioba

rogor davadginoT, gramatikulad gamarTulia Tu ara nimuSad warmodgenili winadadeba, anu, Seesabameba Tu ara gonebrivi gramatikis wesebs? Cven ama Tu
im enaze mosaubreebis metyvelebas (lingvistur qcevas) vakvirdebiT da veyrdnobiT. rogorc aRvniSneT, mosaubrem cnobierad ar icis, gramatikulad gamarTulia Tu ara winadadeba, romelsac warmoTqvams, radgan cnobierad arc ki
ician, Tu rogoria maTi enis gramatikuli wesebi. am wesebs isini aracnobierad
icaven. maTi metyvelebis (lingvisturi qcevis) Taviseburebebi mxolod mecnierulad SeiZleba aixsnas _ Tuki vivaraudebT, rom igive wesebi maT gonebaSi
garkveuli formiT arsebobs. mosaubris metyvelebaze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia
daskvnebi gavakeToT im wesebis ragvarobis Sesaxeb, romlebic aracnobierad
warmarTavs maT metyvelebas (lingvistur qcevas), an masze gavlenas axdens.
arsebobs, sul mcire, sami tipis lingvisturi qceva, romelsac mosaubre
gramatikulobis mowmobad avlens. pirveli: mosaubre sxvebTan saubrisas, an
raime sxva situaciaSi garkveul frazebs warmoTqvams. meore: mosaubreebs esmiT is frazebi, romelsac sxva mosaubreebi warmoTqvamen da, rogorc wesi,
SeuZliaT perifrazirebiT (igive azri sxva formiT _ sityvebis sxvadasxva
kombinaciiT gadmoscen) ganmarton isini. mesame: mosaubreebs intuiciis meSveobiT SeuZliaT daaskvnan bunebrivad, misaRebad JRers fraza Tu ara. Tu
97
98
mosaubre frazas warmoTqvams, an sxva mosaubris mier warmoTqmuli fraza

esmis, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es konkretuli winadadeba gramatikulad
sworia. Tumca, es gansazRvreba srulyofili ar aris, vinaidan arsebobs sxvaoba lingvistur codnas (kompetenciasa) da lingvistur qcevas (performanss)
Soris. am or cnebaze 1 TavSi ukve gvqonda saubari. xSirad metyvelebaSi iseT
frazebs warmovTqvamT, romlebic srulyofil winadadebebad ver miiCneva _
im gramatikulad swori winadadebis nacvlad, romlis warmoTqmasac vapirebdiT. xSirad mosaubreebi igeben, ris Tqmasac vapirebdiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavi iyo. swored amitomaa, rom mosaubris
damokidebulebas frazis mimarT xandaxan SeiZleba meti mniSvneloba mieniWos,
vidre mis mier warmoTqmul frazas. Tu mosaubre acxadebs, rom winadadeba bunebrivad da misaRebad JRers, maSin is, albaT, gramatikulad gamarTulia. meore mxriv, Tu mosaubre acxadebs, rom winadadeba arabunebrivad an miuReblad
JRers, unda davaskvnaT, rom mocemuli winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia. metic, roca mosaubre gramatikulad gaumarTav winadadebebs warmoTqvams,
unda vifiqroT, rom es aramarTebul formebsa Tu metyvelebaSi gavrcelebul
Secdomebs ukavSirdeba. Tumca, mosaubres sakuTari Secdomebis gamosworeba
Tavadve SeuZlia, rac imis niSania, rom man kargad icis, romeli formaa gramatikulad gamarTuli da romeli _ gaumarTavi.
sintaqsologebi, sxva lingvistebis msgavsad 1 TavSi ganxilul or gansxvavebul mecnierul monacemebs eyrdnobian: naturalur (bunebrivad mopovebul)
da eqsperimentul (sakontrolo eqsperimentis Sedegad gamovlenil) masalas.
eqsperimentuli masalis mopovebis yvelaze nacadi xerxia ama Tu im (mSobliur)
enaze mosaubre adamianebis metyvelebis Seswavla, maTTvis sacdeli winadadebebis SeTavazeba da maTi reaqciis Seswavla am winadadebebze. lingvisti maT
ekiTxeba, misaRebad (bunebrivad) eCvenebaT Tu ara es nimuSebi, sTxovs, ori
an orze meti winadadeba erTmaneTs Seadaron da imis mixedviT daaxarisxon,
ramdenad misaRebad, an bunebrivad JRers isini maTTvis. arsebobs sxva xerxic:
enaTmecnieri maT ekiTxeba, ras niSnavs TiToeuli es winadadeba, vis ramdenad
bunebrivad an misaRebad eCveneba konkretul sasaubro konteqstSi _ romelime sxva konteqstTan SedarebiT; bolos, lingvists SeuZlia ama Tu im enaze
mosaubres romelime sxva, vTqvaT, inglisuri enis winadadeba SesTavazos da
mSobliur enaze misi Targmna sTxovos. mSobliur enaze mosaubreTagan am gziT
miRebuli monacemebiT lingvisti mecnierul eqsperiments awarmoebs, vinaidan
igi mosaubreTa lingvistur qcevaze dakvirvebas ar sjerdeba _ igi mosaubres
ama Tu im mimarTulebiT biZgs aZlevs da Semdeg mis reaqcias swavlobs. arcTu
iSviaTad, is sintaqsologebi, romlebic sakuTar enas Seiswavlian, nawilobriv
sakuTar alRosac endobian da TavianT Tavs eqsperimentuli masalis wyarod
ganixilaven. maTTvis ra Tqma unda, gonivrulia, monacemebis xelmeored Semowmeba mocemul enaze sxva mosaubreTa azris gaTvaliswinebiT.
zogadad, roca nimuSad wardgenil winadadebas gramatikulad sworad an
arasworad miviCnevT (am SemTxvevaSi mas win (*) varskvlavs vusvamT), es imas
niSnavs, rom mocemul enaze mosaubreebs es winadadeba _ sityvaTa mocemuli
Tanmimdevroba misaRebad ar miaCniaT da rom am enaze mosaubreTa aseTi Sefa-
99
seba imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom winadadeba maTi enis gramatikis wesebs ar
Seesabameba.
zogierTi lingvisti ar endoba eqsperimentebis monacemebs, rogorc ama Tu
im enis Sefasebis formas. am midgomis kritikosebi acxadeben, rom nimuSad (anu
stimulad) SeTavazebuli winadadebebi iSviaTad, an arasdros gvxvdeba am enaze
mosaubreTa bunebriv sametyvelo situaciebSi.
absoluturi da fardobiTi Sefasebebi

Sefasebebis gamomvlen eqsperimentebSi, romelTa monawileebs sTxoven gansazRvron, misaReb winadadebad eCvenebaT Tu ara sityvaTa mocemuli Tanmimdevroba, monawileni ufro xSirad absolutur Sefasebas iZlevian. inglisur
enaze mosaubreebs zemoT _ (1) da (2) magaliTebad moyvanili winadadebebis statusis gansazRvra ar uWirT. Tumca, sxva SemTxvevebSi ama Tu im winadadebis `gamarTuloba-gaumarTaobis Taobaze azris gamoTqma ufro rTulia. magaliTad,
(a) winadadebis statusi erTob sadavoa. es iseTi winadadeba ar aris, romelsac
mosaubre bunebriv metyvelebaSi gaigonebs, magram roca Sesafaseblad aseT
winadadebas sTavazoben, mosaubreTa umetesoba acxadebs, rom mas sruliad
arabunebriv an miuRebel formad ver CaTvlis:
(a)
? Which book was Oberon read to out of, without being enchanted by?
am yaidis rTuli winadadebebis Sefasebisas eqsperimentis monawileebs
fardobiTi Sefasebis gakeTeba ufro uadvildebaT. isini acxadeben, rom winadadeba, marTalia, mTlad bunebrivad ar JRers, magram sxva zogierT winadadebas sjobs. ase magaliTad, mosaubreebma SeiZleba ganacxadon, rom (a) ufro bunebrivi an misaRebi eCvenebaT, vidre (b), magram nakleb bunebrivi an misaRebi,
vidre (g):
(b)
* Which book did Oberon read to out of, without being enchanted by?
(g)
Which book was Oberon reading out of, without being enchanted by?
kiTxvis niSani (?), romelic magaliT (a)-s win aris dasmuli, Cveulebrivi
tipografiuli niSania, romelic (g) magaliTis srul `misaRebobasa~ da
(b) magaliTis srul miuReblobas Soris `misaRebobis saSualo dones
gansazRvravs. Cveulebriv, sruliad misaRebi formebi amgvari niSniT ar
aRiniSneba, anu misaRebobis tipografiuli niSani win ar daesmiT, Tumca,
xandaxan Semowmebis () niSani erTviT _ imis aRsaniSnavad, rom winadadeba
misaRebia an gramatikulad gamarTuli.
mosaubreebs gramatikulobis sxvadasxva doneTa gamorCevis unari aqvT. magaliTad, roca Sesafaseblad Svid- an rva winadadebian sias SesTavazeben, mosaubres SeuZlia CamonaTvali daaxarisxos _ TiToeuli maTgani danarCenebTan mimarTebiT Seafasos. sintaqsologebi misaRebobis TvalsazrisiT am mcire
sxvaobas * varskvlavTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT aRniSnaven. magaliTad, ** niSnavs: Zalze muRebeli, erTi varskvlaviT aRniSnul formaze uaresi;
*? _ TiTqmis miuRebeli, uaresi, vidre ?-iT aRniSnuli forma, magram ukeTesi, vidre * _erTvarskvlaviani;
?? zRvruli forma, uaresi, vidre ?-iani, magram odnav ukeTesi, vidre *?
aRniSvniani forma da a.S.
CanarTi
3. 1
100
es niSnebi erTmaneTTan fardobaSi unda iqnes aRqmuli, eseni absoluturi

aRniSvnebi ar aris _ iseTi mosaubreebic ki, romlebic CamonaTvalis Sefasebis dros, am aRniSvnebis gamoyenebisas sasurvel alRos amJRavneben, erTi
calkeuli winadadebis Sefasebisas aseT faqiz gradacias veRar axdenen da
maT mier adre moxdenili gradaciis monacemebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. amis
Sedegad, misaRebobis TvalsazirisiT iseTi zRvruli winadadeba, rogoricaa
(a), sxvadasxva konteqstSi misaRebobis sxvadasxva doneze eqceva, anu SeiZleba sxvadasxva aRniSvniT aRiniSnos _ roca gramatikulad sruliad miuRebel
formasTan uxdebaT misi Sedareba, (a) SeiZleba ? aRniSvniT aRiniSnos, magram
roca nakleb zRvrul winadadebas udareben, SeiZleba ?? an ?* Sefaseba miiRos.
aRniSvnaTa aseTi aSkara Seusabamoba sinamdvileSi sulac araa winaaRmdegobrivi; es mxolod im faqts asaxavs, rom zRvruli winadadeba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
sxvadasxva nimuSTan iqna Sedarebuli.
enaTmecnierebi Tvlian, rom `msgavsi nimuSebis gamogoneba mxolod sintaqsologebs SeuZliaT~. am enaTmecnierTa azriT, sintaqsis Teoria mTlianad
bunebrivi gziT mopovebul masalas unda eyrdnobodes, xolo xelovnuri eqsperimentuli monacemebi verc romelime hipoTezis damamtkicebel masalad gamodgeba da verc mis sawinaaRmdego argumentaciad. isini aseve ewinaaRdegebian, roca zogierTi mkvlevari daskvnebs sakuTar alRoze dayrdnobiT akeTebs
da mas monacemebis erT-erT wyarod aqcevs, vinaidan mkvlevrebis amgvarma midgomam SeiZleba eqsperimentis araswori an calmxrivi mimarTulebiT warmarTva
gamoiwvios. anu sintaqsologebma, romlebic eqsperimentis subieqtad sakuTar
Tavs miiCneven, SeiZleba sakuTari intuicia, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, TavianTive
Teoriebis gansamtkiceblad gamoiyenon.
sintaqsologebi, romlebic saeqsperimento nimuSebis gamoyenebas emxrobian, miuTiTeben, rom maTze damyarebuli Sedegebi xandaxan erTaderTi gzaa
sando uaryofiTi mowmobis mosapoveblad, anu imis dasamtkiceblad, rom garkveuli tipis winadadeba mosaubreTaTvis miuRebelia (da maSasadame, safiqrebelia, rom gramatikulad gaumarTavia). maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba winadadebis
CaTvla aragramatikulad mxolod imis gamo, rom igi metyvelebaSi ar gvsmenia.
eqsperimentuli winadadebebis momxreebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom maT zRvruli
winadadebebis nimuSebze mosaubreTa reaqciis Seswavla ainteresebT, miuxedavad imisa, ismis Tu ara msgavsi winadadebebi zepir metyvelebaSi. roca mecnieri muSaobs Teoriaze, Tu rogor aris codna winadadebis struqturis Sesaxeb
warmodgenili adamianis gonebaSi, mosaubreTa reaqciebi rTul winadadebebze
erTob mravlismomcemia. es informacia uSualod dakavSirebulia TeoriasTan,
rom sintaqsuri codna adamianSi aracnobier sistemad arsebobs da bunebriv metyvelebaSi martivi winadadebebis xmarebis Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs. bevri sintaqsologi monacemTa wyarod sakuTari intuiciis gamoyenebasac uWers
mxars da aRniSnavs, rom xSirad eqsperimentisTvis lingvisti ufro sando piria,
vidre Tundac mocemul (sakvlev) enaze mosaubreni, radgan es ukanasknelebi
SeiZleba `misaRebobis~ cnebas im formebisgan ver arCevdnen, romlebic Tavis
droze gramatikis maswavleblebma `swor~ formebad daaswavles. mocemul en-
aze mosaubreebs SeiZleba sxva mikerZoebebic aRmoaCndeT, magaliTad, STabeWdilebis moxdenis an lingvistis maameblobis survili. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
ama Tu im saxis faruli mikerZoebisgan arc erTi saeqsperimento situacia ar
aris dazRveuli da patiosani mecnieri maT Tavidan acilebas unda cdilobdes,
ganurCevlad imisa Tu vis intuitur monacemebs Seiswavlis. eqsperimentebTan
dakavSirebuli mikerZoebebi da Secdomebi mxolod lingvistikis problema ar
gaxlavT, isini sxva eqsperimentul mecnierebebSic xdeba. eqsperimentulma masalebma, maT moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli potenciuri problemebis miuxedavad,
sintaqsuri wesebisa da principebis gamovlenaSi da sintaqsis calkeuli Teoriebis gamocdaSi Seufasebeli roli iTamaSes.
3.2 komponentTa Tanmimdevroba, aRniSvnebi

da Tematuri rolebi
3.2.1 leqsikuri kategoriebi da leqsikoni
axla ukve mzad varT inglisur da sxva enebis magaliTze garkveul sintaqsur masalas gavecnoT. am ganyofilebaSi monacemebs SedarebiT tradiciul aRweriT terminebSi gavecnobiT. SeZlebisdagvarad ar gamoviyenebT dawvrilebiT
formalur wesebs. piriqiT, SevecdebiT, zogierTi zogadi sintaqsuri procesis intuituri gaazreba gadmogceT. am procesebze imisTvis SevCerdebiT,
rom am Tavis ramdenime momdevno ganyofilebaSi da momdevno TavSi sintaqsis
formaluri Teoriis ganvrcobisaTvis safuZveli SegiqmnaT. am TavSi magaliTebad moyvanili yvela winadadeba Cveni SeTxzulia da iseTi agebulebisaa, rom
saTqmelis TvalsaCinoebad gamogvadges. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi winadadeba konkretul enaze mosaubreTa xelSia gamovlili, anu maTi SefasebebiTaa aRbeWdili, raTa gangvesazRvra, misaReb winadadebebad Tvlidnen maT, Tu ara. yvela
negatiuri monacemi (anu is nimuSebi, romlebic mosaubreebma TavianTi enisTvis
miuReblad CaTvales da romlebic Cven gramatikulad gaumarTavad migvaCnia) *
varskvlaviT iqneba aRniSnuli.
me-2 TavSi vnaxeT, rom inglisuri enis leqsikonSi sityvebi ramdenime leqsikur klasad, an kategoriad iyofa. am leqsikur kategoriebSi Sedis:
(3) a. zmna (zmn.)
(attack, appear, burglarize, carry, fall, hit, kill,
kiss, love, marry, quit, Seteva, gamoCena,

b. zedsarTavi (zed.)

gaZarcva, Treva, davardna, dartyma,

mokvla, kocna, siyvaruli, daqorwineba, Sewveta)
(careful, fair, happy, idiotic, lucky, old, red,
frTxili, samarTliani, bednieri, suleluri,
iRbliani, Zveli, wiTeli)

g. zmnizeda (zmniz.)
(again, carefully, fairly, luckily, never, very,

(isev, frTxilad, samarTlianad, sabednierod, arasdros, Zalian)
d. saxeli (sax.)
(brother, friend, girl, happiness, king, lover,

Moor, sword, witch, Zma, megobari, gogona, bedniereba, mefe, satrfo,
mavri, xmali, jadoqari)
101
102
e.

v.

z.
sakuTari
saxeli (sak.s)
determineri
(msazRvreli?) (d)
Tandebuli (Tan)
T. nacvalsaxeli
(nac.)
i. damxmare zmnebi

(inglisurSi) (damx.)
(bianka, dunkani, dezdemona, hamleti,

qeiTi, makbeti, ofelia)
(a, an, that, the, this)
(vin, Tan ze, Si da a.S. inglisurSi : about, for,

from, in, of, to, under)
(me, Sen, is, Cemi da a. S. inglisurSi : I, me,

we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they, them)
(can, must, should, will, did, is, were, have,
had)
rogorc me-2 TavSi iTqva, aqedan zogierTi (pirveli xuTi) Ria kategoriaa,
romlebsac mosaubreni drodadro axal wevrebs amateben, xolo danarCeni
oTxi (v-i) daxuruli kategoriebia. Ria klasis kategoriebSi zogi sityva mxolod fuZiseuli morfemebisgan Sedgeba (fair, girl, Kate, quit, very), maSin, roca
sxvebi (burglarize, idiotic, lover, luckily), morfologiurad, morfemaze an sxva
romelime kategoriaze afiqsis darTviT aris nawarmoebi.
leqsikur kategoriaTa umetesoba ama Tu im semantikur maxasiaTeblebTana
aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, zedsarTavebi, Cveulebriv, iseT Tvisebebs da
maxasiaTeblebs asaxavs, romlebsac mosaubreni adamianebs an sagnebs miaweren
(frTxili, iRbliani, Zveli, wiTeli). zmnebi, rogorc wesi _ qmedebebs, movlenebs, an mdgomareobebs (Treva, Seteva, Sewyveta, daqorwineba). sakuTari
saxelebi calkeuli cocxali arsebebis: adamianebis da cxovelebis (bianka, qeiTi, fido), geografiuli adgilebis: qalaqebis an qveynebis (londoni, safrangeTi) an ama Tu im sagnebisa da obieqtebis saxelebia, romlebic adamianebis
mieraa saxeldebuli, magaliTad, restornebis, maRaziebisa Tu komerciuli
produqciis (pepsi, viagra). meore mxriv, sityvebs, romlebic zogadad sagnebsa
da adamianebs (daukonkreteblad) aZlevs saxels, sazogado saxelebi ewodeba
(magaliTad, ZaRli, spilo, qali, jadoqari, mefe, xe, saxli, xmali). modiT,
SevTanxmdeT: arsebiT saxelebs wignSi saxelebad movixseniebT, zedsarTav saxelebs ki _ zedsarTavebad.
bevri semantikuri cneba SeiZleba erTze meti leqsikuri kategoriiT iyos
gamoxatuli, xolo bevri leqsikuri kategoria ramdenime, erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli semantikuri cnebebis gamosaxatad ixmareba. magaliTad, sityvebi `qorwineba~ da `sirbili~ qmedebasac Seesabameba (`vqorwindebi~, `davrbivar~) da saxelebadac gamoiyeneba (`maTi qorwineba bednieri gamodga~, `sirbili
mexerxeba~;) inglisur enaSi saxelebi honor da beauty SegviZlia abstraqtuli
cnebebis gamosaxatavad vixmaroT (zedsarTavebis honorable, beautiful nacvlad),
zogi Tandebuli (ze, Si, Tan; inglisuri in, on, under, at, beside) mdebareobas
an mimarTulebas (to, from) asaxavs, zogierTi maTganis (of, by, about, with) xmarebas ki am cnebebTan araviTari kavSiri ar gaaCnia. amgvarad, imis miuxedavad,
rom sityvis leqsikur kategorias da mis mniSvnelobas Soris kavSiri aSkaraa,
es kavSiri kompleqsuria da teqstSi erTi-ori nimuSis moyvaniT misi warmoCena
ar moxerxdeba. amis gamo SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mocemuli sityvis leqsikuri

kategoriis gansazRvra mxolod mis mniSvnelobaze dayrdnobiT yovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar iqneba. maSasadame, ama Tu im sityvis leqsikuri kategoriis gansazRvrisas, upirveles yovlisa, mis morfologiur da sintaqsur maxasiaTeblebs unda viTvaliswinebdeT _ bevr SemTxvevaSi, diagnostirebisTvis gacilebiT ufro sando maCveneblebs.
2 TavSi Cveni yuradReba umTavresad am leqsikuri kategoriebis morfologiuri maxasiaTeblebisken iyo mipyrobili; am TavSi ufro maT sintaqsur
niSan-Tvisebebs da gonebrivi gramatikis im wesebs ganvixilavT, romlebic
winadadebaSi maT adgilmdebareobas gansazRvravs. am wesebis zemoqmedebis zogierT magaliTs 2 TavSi gavecaniT, roca sadiagnostiko sintaqsuri CarCoebi
ganvixileT. gaixseneT, magaliTad moyvanili frazebis (an sityvaTa jgufis) am
CarCoebSi, garkveul poziciebSi mxolod konkretuli leqsikuri kategoriebis sityvebi Tavsdeboda. magaliTad, vnaxeT, rom zogierT CarCoSi mxolod
mxolobiT ricxvSi mdgari saxelis moTavseba SeiZleboda, zogSi ki mxolod
zedsarTavisa. Tumca, am sadiagnostiko CarCoebis ukan moqmedi logika jerjerobiT ar gangvixilavs, anu, ar gviCvenebia, rogor ukavSirdebian isini inglisuris sintaqsis wesebs, an am enis winadadebebis struqturas. am sakiTxebs
qvemoT ganvixilavT.
Tumca, sintaqsuri CarCoebis Cvenma mokle mimoxilvam TvalsaCinod gviCvena, winadadebebSi sityvaTa mdebareobis Tavisebureba kerZod, rom frazis an
winadadebis struqturis SigniT ama Tu im leqsikuri kategoriis sityvaTaTvis
garkveuli poziciebia gankuTvnili. (ase rom ar iyos, es CarCoebi ama Tu im leqsikuri kategoriis wevrobis dasadgenad ar gamodgeboda) igive SeiZleba iTqvas
zemoT moyvanil (1) da (2) magaliTebzec:
1)
a. Desdemona will marry a Moor. dezedemona mavrs

colad gahyveba.
b. Macbeth has killed the king.
makbetma mefe mokla.
2)
a. * Marry will Moor a Desdemona.
b. * Killed the Macbeth has king.
am winadadebebSi gamoyenebuli yvela sityva magaliT (3)-Si leqsikur kategoriebs ganekuTvneba. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom sityvebi will da has damxmare
zmnebis kategoriis wevrebia. es daxuruli leqsikuri klasia, romelic modalur damxmare zmnebs, sxvagvarad _ modalur zmnebs moicavs. aseTebia,
magaliTad, sityvebi can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
(aramodaluri damxmare zmnebia be, do, have.) magaliT(2)-Si nimuSad moyvanili
winadadebebis aragramatikuli statusi gviCvenebs, rom TiToeuli leqsikuri
kategoria winadadebis mxolod gansazRvrul adgilas Cndeba. sityvebi maTi ama
Tu im leqsikuri kategoriisadmi kuTvnilebis gauTvaliswineblad nebismier
poziciaSi ver ganTavsdeba. magaliT (1)-Si gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebi (4a)-s leqsikuri kategoriebis wyobas Seesabameba; gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadebebi magaliT(2)-Si leqsikur kategoriebs adgils ise miuCens, rogorc (4b)-Si da (4g)-Si aris naCvenebi, rac inglisuri enis gramatikis wesebiT
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104
dauSvebelia:
(4) a. sakuTari saxeli _ damxmare zmna _zmna _ determineri

(msazRvreli) sazogado saxeli
b. * zmna _ damxmare zmna _ saz. saxeli _ determineri _

sak. saxeli
g. * zmna _ determineri _ sak. saxeli _ damxmare zmna _ saz. saxeli
meore mxriv, magaliT (1)-is winadadebebSi TiToeuli sityva SeiZleba meoriT iqnas Canacvlebuli, Tuki es ukanasknelic imave leqsikur kategorias miekuTvneba. amis ilustrirebas magaliT (5)-Si vxedavT:
(5) a. Macbeth will marry a Moor. a. makbeti mavrTan iqorwinebs.
b. Desdemona may kiss the Moor. b. dezdemonas SeuZlia mavrs akocos.
g. Macbeth must marry that which. g. makbetma im jadoqarTan unda iqorwinos.
d. Duncan has carried this sword. d. dunkani am xmals atarebda.
Tu winadadebis kompozicia misi Semadgeneli sityvebis leqsikur kategoriaTa mimarT `mgrZnobiarea, swored aseT suraTs miviRebT. arsebiTad, (4a)Si mocemuli YmagaliTi garkveuli yaidis _ kerZod, (1)-s da (5)-is msgavsi winadadebis agebis receptad gamodgeba. SeiZleba mogeCvenoT, rom (4a)-s msgavsi
Ymodelebis CamonaTvalis gakeTeba Zneli ar iqneba, Tu yvela im SesaZlo Tanmimdevrobas gansazRvravT, romelTa dacviTac inglisuri sityvebis leqsikuri kategoriebi gramatikulad swor inglisur winadadebebs Seadgens, magram
sinamdvileSi amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom inglisurSi (iseve, rogorc msoflios nebismier sxva sametyvelo enaSi) gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebis odenoba usasruloa; amgvarad, aseTi Ymodelebis
CamonaTvali sruli ver iqneba. gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadebebis modelebis CamonaTvlis Sedgena rom gvecada, igive problemas gadavawydebodiT _
es siac usasrulo iqneboda. swored am mizeziT, winadadebaTa amgvari arasrulyofili Ymodeli, winadadebis struqturis Sesaxeb codnis safuZvlad ar gamogvadgeba. amis miuxedavad, sintaqsis Teoriis am da sxva maT msgavs modelebSi
Sejamebul informaciaze dayrdnoba unda SeeZlos. raki Cvens tvinebs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT, unda arsebobdes wesebis sasruli sistema, romelic am YmodelebSi warmodgenil codnas safuZvels Seuqmnis. amgvar sistemas
mesame nawilSi ganvixilavT.
marTalia, gramatikulad gamarTuli inglisuri winadebebis raodenoba sasrulia, magram morfemebis (da sityvebisa) ki _ ara, rogorc meore TavSi aRvniSneT. im gansxvavebuli morfemebis raodenoba, romlebic yvela mosaubrem
icis, albaT ukiduresad didia, aTobiT aTasi, magram mainc sasrulia, rac imas
niSnavs, rom mosaubris gonebriv leqsikonSi maTi CamoTvla SesaZlebelia. es
zogadad gaziarebuli faqtia. TiToeuli im morfemisTvis, romelic mosaubrem
icis, mosaubris gonebrivi leqsikoni leqsikur erTeuls Seicavs _amaSi misi
warmoTqmis wesis, misi mniSvnelobis, misi leqsikuri kategoriis gansazRvrac
igulisxmeba. rogorc 2 TavSi aRiniSna, bolomde naTeli ar aris, rom TiToeuli sityva leqsikonSi Camoyalibebuli saxiT arsebobs, vinaidan sityvaTa umetesoba, Cveulebrivi produqtiuli wesebis meSveobiT, morfemebiT iwarmoeba.
Tuki inglisuri enis gramatika yvela morfemis CamonaTvals da im produqtiul
wesebs Seicavs, romelTa meSveobiTac es morfemebi sityvebs qmnian, maSin unda

vivaraudoT, rom am morfemebiT da wesebiT warmoqmnil sityvebs leqsikonSi
eqsplicituri CamoTvla aRar sWirdeba. es gansakuTrebiT im enebs exeba, romelTac morfologiuri afiqsaciis kompleqsuri da produqtiuli sistemebi
gaaCniaT, rogoricaa zapoteki, sadac TiToeuli zmnis fuZe daaxloebiT 2000
sityvas awarmoebs. zogierT Semoklebul leqsikonSi gamotovebulia produqtiuli morfologiuri wesebiT nawarmoebi sityvebi. SesaZloa, Cveni gonebrivi leqsikonebic swored aseve iyos Sedgenili.
meore mxriv, zogierTi sityva morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT arawesieri,
an idiosinkrazulia; magaliTad, zmnis go warsuli drois forma aris went da
ara goed; aseTi sityvebi leqsikonSi unda iyos Setanili, radgan maTi arsebobis
gamoTvla mxolod gramatikis arsebul wesebze dayrdnobiT SeuZlebelia. bevr
sityvas wesieri morfologiuri struqtura aqvs, magram iseTi morfologiuri
wesebiTaa warmoqmnili, romlebic mTlad produqtiuli araa; magaliTad, saxelebi zmnebisgan SeiZleba sufiqsaciis sxvadasxva araproduqtiuli wesebiT
warmoiqmnas. sufiqsebis amgvar nairferovnebas amJRavnebs sityvebi pressure,
appearance, appendage, government da sxva, romlebic kontrastirebs iseT
ararsebul sityvebTan, rogorebicaa *pressance, *governure, *appearange da
a.S. leqsikonSi pirveli tipis sityvebic unda iqnes Setanili.
rogor unda gavigoT, ra tipis informaciaa Setanili leqsikur erTeulSi?
Cven yoveli sityvis sintaqsur distribucias SeviswavliT, sxvadasxva yaidis
eqsperimentul monacemebs viyenebT, maT Soris, Sexedulebebs gramatikuli
gamarTuloba-gaumarTaobis Sesaxeb, romlebic mSobliur enaze mosaubreTa
intuicias efuZneba. yovelma mosaubrem icis, rogor unda warmoTqvas esa Tu
is morfema sakuTar idioleqtze _ enis im konkretuli formiT, romelsac
es mosaubre iyenebs. es unari rom ara, adamianebi winadadebebs ver warmoTqvamdnen, sxva mosaubreTa mier warmoTqmul winadadebebSi ki morfemebs ver
amoicnobdnen. inglisur enaze ori mosaubris idioleqti erTmaneTisgan SeiZleba sakmaod gansxvavdebodes, vTqvaT maT leqsikonSi arsebuli morfemebis, an am morfemebis warmoTqmis Taviseburebebis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,
inglisuri enis dialeqtebi gansxvadeba morfemebis either, tomato, Caribbean
warmoTqmis TaviseburebiT, zogierT mosaubres ki garkveuli sityvebis warmoTqmis idiosinkrazuli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia (magaliTad, im sityvebisa,
romlebic kiTxviT, dawerilobiTi formiT gaicnes da ara zepiri metyvelebis
gziT). amis miuxedavad, nebismieri calkeuli mosaubris leqsikonSi arsebobs
warmoTqmis garkveuli wesi, romelic TiToeul morfemasTan aris dakavSirebuli, imisgan damoukideblad, msgavsia Tu ara warmoTqmis es Tavisebureba
sxva mosaubris gonebriv leqsikonSi arsebuli wesisa.
morfemis leqsikuri erTeuli misi mniSvnelobis gansazRvrasac unda Seicavs; es imisTvis aris saWiro, rom mosaubreebma koherentuli winadadebebis
warmoqmna da sxva mosaubreTa naTqvamis gageba SeZlon. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi,
mosaubrem SeiZleba misTvis ucnobi sityva an morfema waikiTxos an moisminos,
misi mniSvneloba ki ar icodes; aseT SemTxvevaSi, mosaubrem SeiZleba (gaucnobierebladac ki) am sityvas an morfemas leqsikuri erTeuli gamouZebnos, ma-
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106
gram es leqsikuri erTeuli sruli ver iqneba, sanam mosaubre mis mniSvnelobas
ar daadgens. imis zusti aRwera, Tu rogor da saxiTaa morfemebis mniSvneloba
adamianis gonebaSi warmodgenili, Zalze rTulia, am sakiTxis bevri aspeqti
dRemde sakmaod bundovania. miuxedavad amisa, leqsikuri erTeulebis mniSvnelobis zogi aspeqti, rogorc amas 2.3 ganyofilebaSi vnaxavT, sintaqsur wesebze garkveul (SezRuduli Zalis) gavlenas axdens.
amasTan, morfemis leqsikur erTeuls leqsikuri mniSvnelobis (zmna, saxeli Tu zedsarTavi da a.S. ) gansazRvrebac unda erTvodes. amas is faqtic adasturebs, rom mosaubreebma aracnobierad ician sakuTari enis morfologiuri
wesebi, romlebic morfemebis leqsikuri kategoriebis mimarT mgrZnobiarobas
amJRavnebs, razec me-2 TavSi visaubreT da isic davZineT, rom gramatikuli
winadadebebis Sedgenis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unari sityvaTa leqsikuri kategoriebis maTsave codnazea damokidebuli (es sakiTxebi am TavSi ganvixileT).
sityvaTa sintaqsuri kategoriebis mixedviT aracnobieri dayofa da xmareba
gaunaTlebel mosaubresac ki SeuZlia, iseTsac ki, romelsac mSobliuri enis
gramatika arasodes uswavlia. amgvarma mosaubrem SeiZleba iseTi gramatikuli
terminebis mniSvneloba ar icodes, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, zmna, zedsarTavi da
a.S. magram maTi xmareba sakuTar enaze iseve SeuZlia, rogorc ganaTlebul mosaubres, Tu isini erT dialeqtze saubroben; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maT im
sityvebis sintaqsuri kategoriebi ician, romlebsac iyeneben. terminebi `zmna~
da `zedsarTavi~ am cnebaTa mxolod yvelasaTvis mosaxerxebeli iarliyebia. ama
Tu im enaze mosaubreebs instinqturad esmiT am gramatikuli niSan-Tvisebebis
raoba. sxvagvari gramatikuli infromacia leqsikuri erTeulebis Sesaxeb Cvens
teqstSi qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli.
Cveulebrivi leqsikonebi Seicavs informacias calkeuli sityvebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, maTi daweris wesis, xandaxan ki maTi istoriuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, amgvari informacia mosaubris gonebrivi leqsikonis ZiriTad
nawils ar warmoadgens, vinaidan adamians isec SeuZlia mSobliur enaze metyveleba da wera, rom enis istoriis Sesaxeb araferi icodes.
CanarTi
3. 2
morfologia da leqsikoni
rogorc teqstSi aRiniSna, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom leqsikoni im sityvaTa Sesabamis leqsikur erTeulebs ar Seicavdes, romlebic enis produqtiuli morfologiuri wesebiTaa nawarmoebi, magaliTad, sityvebi `klavs~ da
`klavda~. meore mxriv ki, iseTi inglisuri zmnuri formebi, rogorebicaa grew,
went leqsikonSi aucileblad unda iyos ganmartebuli, rogorc arawesieri zmnebis grow da go warsuli drois formebi. warsuli drois es formebi nawilebad
Tu calkeul morfemebad arc daiyofa. rogorc me-2 TavSi aRvniSneT, aseT sityvebs tradiciulad portmanto morfemebi ewodeba.
amis miuxedavad, inglisuri enis sintaqsis wesebi amgvar arawesier portmanto warsuli drois formebs sxva zmnebis warsuli drois formebisgan (romlebic produqtiuli morfologiuri wesiT, zmnis fuZeze -ed sufiqsis darTviTaa nawarmoebi) gankerZoebiT ar ganixilavs. magaliTad, modaluri zmnebi
107
(rogorebicaa can an may) zmnis fuZes win unda uZRodes, da mas namyo drois sufiqsiani zmna ar unda mosdevdes. amgvarad, winadadeba Macbeth may kill Dunkan
(`makbetma SeiZleba dunkani moklas~) gramatikulad gamarTuli formaa, xolo
*Macbeth may killed Dunkan _ ara. warsuli drois arawesieri portmanto formebi am TvalsazrisiT iseve moqmedebs, rogorc warsuli drois arawesieri formebi: Henry may go to France gramatikulad swori formaa, xolo *Henry may went to
France _ ara.
ratom aris, rom sintaqsuri wesebi warsuli drois yvela formasTan erTnairad moqmedebs, imis miuxedavad, iyofa Tu ara isini or morfemad? erTi axsna isaa, rom warsuli drois portmanto formebi, rogoricaa went da grew ori
morfemisgan Sedgeba: fuZiseuli morfemis arawesier formas warsuli drois
nulovani morfema mosdevs. (gaixsneT me-2 Tavi, sadac nulovan morfemebze
vsaubrobdiT.) meore axsna ki aseTia: warsuli drois yvela zmnur formas aqvs
abstraqtuli Ziri [+ warsuli drois sufiqsi] (me-2 Tavi gaixseneT), imis miuxedavad, ukavSirdeba Tu ara es Ziri calkeul morfemas sityvis SigniT.
zogierTi lingvistis azriT, leqsikoni, morfemebTan da arawesier zmnebTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebis garda, morfologiis yvela wess
Seicavs. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, inglisuri enis es ori komponenti amave enis
yvela sityvas awarmoebs _ leqsikur erTeulebSi maTi CaricxviT, Tu produqtiuli morfologiuri wesebis meSveobiT sxva leqsikuri erTeulebisgan maTi
warmoqmniT. sxva enaTmecnierebi fiqroben, rom sintaqsuri da morfologiuri
wesebi erTmaneTTan ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli. gavrcelebulia azri,
rom sintaqsis wesebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sityvaTwarmoebaze _ maTi
zemoqmedebiT morfemebi winadadebis erTi poziciidan moereze inacvleben da
am dros sxva morfemebs uerTdebian. am midgomis Tanaxmad, sintaqsis wesebi zegavlenas axdenen warsuli drois formebis warmoqmnaze, roca winadadebaSi zmnis (udroo) fuZeebs warsuli drois morfemebTan gadaanacvleben. es sakiTxebi
me-5 TavSia ganxiluli.
saintereso sakiTxia: gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan (da ramdenad) ganaTlebuli mosaubris gonebrivi leqsikoni gaunaTlebeli adamianis gonebrivi leqsikonisgan; fsiqologiur eqsperimentebze da Tavis tvinis dazianebiT gamowveul enobriv darRvevebze (afazia) dakvirvebis Sedegad imis bevri
mowmoba arsebobs, rom leqsikonSi Semavali TiToeuli leqsikuri erTeuli
orTografiul reprezentaciasac (daweris wess) moicavs. zogierTi afaziuri
pacienti wera-kiTxvis unars inarCunebs, magram metyvelebis unars kargavs da
piriqiT. sintaqsuri wesebis ganxilvisas dawerisa da gamoTqmis wesebis sxvaobaze fiqri ar gviwevs, amitom bgerebis gamoxatvisas sirTuleebi ar gvxvdeba:
me-11 TavSi ganxiluli fonetikuri transkrifciis sistemis nacvlad, saamisod inglisuri enis tradiciul damwerlobas viyenebT.
a)
aageT (4a)-Si gamoyenebuli Ymodelis Sesatyvisi xuTi damatebiTi winadade

ba. am winadadebebisTvis SearCieT sityvebi (3)Si mocemuli CamonaTvalidan.arian Tu ara es winadadebebi gramatikulad gamarTuli? Tu inglisuri Tqveni mSobliuri enaa, gadwyvetilebis miRebisas SegiZliaT sakuTar
savarjiSo
3. 1
108
b)
g)
intuicias daeyrdnoT. Tu ara, iqneb moaxerxoT da rCevisTvis inglisurenovan nacnobs mimarToT. Tu aseTi nacnobi ar gyavT, maSin, inglisuris,
rogorc meore sasaubro enis Tqveneul codnas miendeT.
magaliT (4)-is modelebi am xuTi leqsikuri kategoriis: damxmare zmnis,
determineris, sakuTari saxelis, sazogado saxelisa da zmnis SesaZlo
kombinaciiT miRebuli winadadebebis sam variants iZleva. maTgan erTerTi gramatikulad gamarTulia, ori danarCeni ki _ gaumarTavi. Tumca, am xuTi leqsikuri kategoriis 120 SesaZlo kombinacia arsebobs. am
kategoriebis sxvadasxva kombinacia mosinjeT da xuTi damatebiTi modeli SeadgineT. TiToeuli Ymodeli winadadebis SedgenisaTvis safuZvlad
gamoiyeneT, sityvebi ki (3) magaliTis CamonaTvalidan SearCieT. am gziT
scadeT gramatikulad swori winadadebis erTi damatebiTi Ymodeli mainc
ipovoT.
TargmneT winadadebebi (1a) da (1b) inglisuris garda romelime sxva enaze;
es ena Semdgom X enad movixsenioT. (Tundac es sxva ena Tqveni mSobliuri
ena iyos; Tu mSobliuri ena ar aris, rCevisTvis am enaze mosaubre megobars
an nacnobs mimarTeT, an is ena gamoiyeneT, romelsac swavlobdiT). axla
gvipasuxeT: X enaze Sedgenil am winadadebebSi sityvaTa igive raodenobaa, rac winadadebebSi (1a) da (1b)? Tu ara, ganmarteT, ratom. TiToeuli
am winadadebisTvis magaliT (4)-is msgavsi Ymodeli SeadgineT. aris Tu ara
erTnairi es ori Ymodeli? Tu ara, ganmarteT, ratom. aageT ori damatebiTi winadadeba X enaze, romlebic imave models (Ymodelebs) Seesabameba,
oRond axla sxva sityvebi gamoiyeneT. (Tu darwmunebiT ver ambobT, romel leqsikur kategorias ganekuTvneba esa Tu is sityva, sakuTar alRos
daeyrdeniT.)
3.2.2 Tematuri rolebi da komponentTa

Tanimidevroba inglisur enaSi
sintaqsis kidev erTi aspeqti, romelic me-2 TavSi mokled aris ganxiluli,
komponentTa Zireuli Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT enaTa tipologiur klasifikacias ukavSirdeba. komponentTa Zireuli Tanmimdevroba martiv winadadebaSi
sityvaTa tipobriv Tanmimdevrobas gulisxmobs, magaliTad aseTs:
(6) a. Macbeth murdered Duncan.
b. Duncan murdered Macbeth.
a. makbetma mokla dunkani.

b. dunkanma mokla makbeti.
(7) a. Othello liked Desdemona.
b. Desdemona liked Othello.
a. otelos dezdemona moswonda.

b. dezdemonas otelo moswonda.
a. Othello pleased Desdemona.

b. Desdemona pleased Othello.
a. otelo axarebda dezdemonas.

b. dezdemona axarebda otelos.
(8)
winadadebaTa es wyvilebi erTsa da imave sam sityvas Seicavs (or sakuTar

saxelsa da zmnas), magram sityvaTa gansxvavebuli Tanmimdevrobis gamo, TiToeuli sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisaa. ase magaliTad, (6a) Si mkvleli makbetia,
(6b)-Si ki _ msxverpli; msgavsad, (7a) da (8b) dezdemonasadmi otelos damokidebulebas gvacnobs, xolo (7b) da (8a) mis mimarT dezdemonas damokidebulebas
gadmogvcems.
sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobasa da mniSvnelobas Soris amgvari urTierTkavSiris
tradiciuli ganmarteba kidev erT urTierTkavSirs emyareba _ urTierTobas
winadadebis struqturis ganmsazRvrel sintaqsur wesebs, damokidebulebaTa
(referenciis) semantikur wesebsa (semantic rules of reference) da Tematuri rolis miniWebas (thematic roles assignment) Soris. rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, iseTi saxelebi, rogorebicaa otelo da makbeti, Cveulebriv, rogorc cocxal
adamianebs, ise warmosaxviT personaJebs ganekuTvneba, xolo mas (pirovneba,
adamiani) visac es saxelebi ganekuTvneba, referenti ewodeba. meore mxriv, zmnebi ganekuTvneba iseT qmedebebsa da movlenebs, romelTagan TiToeuls erTi
an erTze meti monawile hyavs, romlebic maTTvis gankuTvnil rols asruleben.
magaliTad, mkvlelelobas ori monawile mainc unda hyavdes: agenti, romelic
qmedebas asrulebs (mkvleli) da mimRebi, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba qmedeba (msxverpli). amis msgavsad, mowonebis Tu gaxarebis qmedeba gulisxmobs
gancdis subieqts (experiencer), romlis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobacaa aRwerili winadadebaSi da Tema, romelic winadadebaSi gamoxatul damokidebulebaSia gacxadebuli.
terminebs, rogorebicaa agenti, mimRebi, gancdis subieqti (eqsperienseri)
da Tema, romlebic winadadebaSi aRweril situaciaSi an qmedebaSi monawileTa
semantikur rolebs gansazRvravs, sxvagvarad Tematuri rolebi, anu -rolebi _ Teta-rolebi ewodebaT. monawileebs, romlebTanac es Teta-rolebia
dakavSirebuli, zmnis argumentebi ewodebaT. TiToeuli zmnis mniSvnelobis
reprezentacia gonebriv leqsikonSi im argumentebis raodenobas gansazRvravs,
romlebic maT gaaCniaT da Teta-rolebs, romlebic maTTanaa dakavSirebuli.
yoveli Teta-roli winadadebaSi konkretul sintaqsur pozicias Seesabameba. magaliTad, winadadebaSi (6) agentis roli subieqtis pozicias eniWeba (es
pozicia zmnis win mdgom saxels ukavia), maSin, roca mimRebis roli obieqtis
pozicias ukavSirdeba (am pozicias zmnis Semdeg mdgomi saxeli ikavebs). roca
Teta-roli sintaqsur pozicias amgvarad eniWeba, am poziciaSi moxvedrili
saxelis referenti aRiqmeba, rogorc zmniT gamoxatul moqmedebaSi am TetarolTan dakavSirebuli monawile. (6a)-Si saxels `makbeti~ swored subieqtis
pozicia uWiravs, amgvarad, am saxelis referenti (kerZod, Seqspiris piesis
personaJi) zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebis agenti _ monawilea (kerZod, mkvleli)
saxeli `dunkani~ obieqtis pozicias ikavebs, amgvarad, misi referenti moqmedebis mimRebad (anu msxverplad) aRiqmeba.
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110
am Teta-rolebs magaliTSi (6b) adgilebi aqvT Secvlili, vinaidan winadadebaSi saxelebi `makbeti~ da `dunkani~ urTierTs enacvleba. agentis Teta-rolis
miniWeba subieqtis poziciisadmi, xolo mimRebis Teta-rolisa _ obieqtis poziciisadmi iseTi zmnebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelTa meSveobiT gamoxatul qmedebaSi ori Tematuri roli monawileobs, rogorc qvemoT moyvanil
magaliTebSi:
(9) a. henrim qeTrins akoca.

b. otelom dezdemona daaxrCo.

g. Sailokma antonios uCivla.
am modelebis ganmeorebadoba mowmobs, rom Tematuri rolis miniWebis
procesebi gramatikis zogad wesebs warmoadgens; anu, eseni calkeuli zmnebis
idiosinkrazuli Tvisebebi ar aris da amis gamo am zmnebis leqsikur erTeulebSi eqsplicitur wardgenas ar saWiroebs. raki zmnebis murder (mokvla) da
kiss (kocna) leqsikuri erTeulebi iseT qmedebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic agentis monawileobasac gulisxmobs da mimRebisasac, es Teta-rolebi
subieqtis da obieqtis poziciebs Sesabamisad, Teta-rolis miniWebis produqtiuli zogadi wesebiT eniWebaT.
meore mxriv, fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis aRmwer zmnebTan dakavSirebuli
Tematuri rolebis miniWeba nakleb prognozirebadi procesia. zogi zmna (vTqvaT, like -mowoneba, hate -siZulvili, admire-gaRmerTeba) gancdis subieqtis
rols subieqtis poziciiT ukavSirdeba, rogorc es magaliT (7)-Sia maSin, roca
sxva zmnebi (rogorebicaa please siamovnebis miniWeba, gaxareba; disgust _ zizRi; impress STabeWdilebis moxdena) sapirispiro suraTs warmoaCenen, rogorc
magaliT (8)-Si aris naCvenebi. fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis aRmwer zmnaTa or
klass Soris arsebuli aseTi kontrasti mowmobs, rom sul mcire, zogierTi zmnis saleqsikono ganmartebebi mainc mxolod maT mier aRweril situaciebTan
dakavSirebuli Tematuri rolebis gansazRvras ki ar unda Seicavdes, aramed
dawvrilebiT (eqsplicitur) ganacxads, Tu winadadebis romeli poziciebia
kavSirSi TiToeul Tematur rolTan. zogierTi lingvisti am Tvalsazriss ar
eTanxmeba da acxadebs, rom yvela Teta-rolis miniWeba zogadi wesebiT xdeba,
maT Soris igulisxmeba fsiqologiuri mdgomarebis aRmweri zmnebis ori klasic.
magaliTad moyvanil yvela winadadebaSi, romlebic jer-jerobiT ganvixileT, subieqtis da obieqtis poziciebi sakuTar saxelebs uWiravs. Tumca, am
poziciebis dakaveba, rogorc magaliT (10)-Sia naCvenebi, nacvalsaxelebsac
SeuZlia:
10) a. He Kissed her. `man akoca mas~.

b. You broke it.
`Sen gatexe is~.
es poziciebi SeiZleba determinerianma frazebmac (df-ebi) daikavos, rogorc magaliTSi (11):
11) a. The king kissed the princess.
b. Three witches prepared a vile broth.
a. mefem princesas akoca.
b. samma jadoqarma saZageli SeWamandi moamzada.
determineriani anu msazRvreliani fraza, Cveulebriv, Seicavs erT deter-
miners mainc (Cvens magaliTebSi, artikli the an a, ricxviTi saxeli sami), saxels (mefe, princesa, megobari, Rvino), xSirad erT an ramdenime zedsarTavs
(magaliTad, saZageli). rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, determineriani frazebi SeiZleba sxva leqsikuri kategoriebis sityvebsac Seicavdes. nacvalsaxelebi da
determineriani frazebi, iseve rogorc saxelebi, adamianebTan da cxovelebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. amgvarad, roca nacvalsaxeli an determineriani
fraza subieqtis an obieqtis pozicias ikavebs, misi referenti am poziciisaTvis Teta-rolis miniWebasTan dakavSirebul monawiled aRiqmeba.
rogorc wesi, saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs da determinerian frazebs erTi
da igive gare sintaqsuri distribucia gaaCniaT. anu, winadadebis nebismier poziciaSi, sadac ar unda aRmoCndes saxeli, SeiZleba nacvalsaxelma an determinerianma frazam Caanacvlos. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, (10) da (11) magaliTSi
mocemuli masala ufro zogad models qmnis. mesame nawilSi am faqtis axsnas
SevecdebiT: saxelebi da nacvalsaxelebi determineriani frazebis mxolod
garkveuli nairsaxeobaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini determiners ar Seicaven.
(unda iTqvas, rom zogierT enaSi, magaliTad, frangulSi, gansazRvruli (definituri) determineriani frazebi SeiZleba nacvalsaxelebad iqnes gamoyenebuli, xolo sxva enebSi, magaliTad, germanulsa da portugaliurSi, saxelebs
xandaxan win determinerebi uZRvis.) Cvens momdevno diskusiaSi am kategoriebidan nebismieris aRsaniSnavad determinerian frazas gamoviyenebT.
zmnebi qona (have) da floba (own) iseT situaciebs asaxavs, romlebSic qonis
Tu flobis urTierTobaSi ori monawilea CarTuli: mflobeli (xSirad, Tumca ara yovelTvis _ adamiani, pirovneba) da Tema (flobis sagani). mflobelis
Teta-roli subieqtis pozicias eniWeba, xolo Temis Teta-roli _ obieqtis
pozicias:
(12) a. Lear has a doughter.
b. The Dauphin owns some tennis balls.
a. lirs (erTi) qaliSvili hyavs.
b. dofins CogburTis ramdenime burTi aqvs.
zogierT winadadebaSi determineriani frazebi mflobelebadaa interpretirebuli, maSinac ki, roca winadadebaSi ar aris iseTi zmna, rogric aris
`qona~ (have). (gaxsovdeT, rom axla termins determineriani fraza im mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT, romelic saxelebs da zedsarTavebs, aseve determineris Semcvel, determinerian frazebsac moicavs):
(13) a. Lears daughter loved him.
b. Henry disliked the Dauphins tennis balls.
g. The daughter of Lear loved him.
d. Henry disliked the tennis balls of the Dauphin.
a. liris qaliSvils uyvarda igi.
b. henrim dofinis CogburTis burTebi aiTvalwuna.
g. liris qaliSvils uyvarda igi.
d. henrim dofinis CogburTis burTebi aiTvalwuna.
am winadadebebSi mflobelis Teta-roli an saxelis win, nominalur
msazRvrels eniWeba, rogorc (13 a-b)-Si, an of Tandebulis momdevno pozicias.
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112
es Tandebuli determinerian
frazas Semadgeneli,
flobis TemasTan
dakavSirebuli saxelis Semdeg dgas, rogorc es magaliTebSia (13 g-d).
(nominaluri msazRvrelis pozicias klitika s marjvena kididan erTvis,
rogorc me-2 TavSi iTqva.) roca determineriani fraza uSualod Tandebuls
mosdevs, mas am Tandebulis obieqts vuwodebT, swored ise, rogorc zmnis
obieqti arsebobs. Tandebulisa da misi obieqtis erTobliobas Tandebulian
frazas, sxvagvarad of-s uwodeben. amgvarad, mflobelis pozicia moyvanil
magaliTSi (13 g-d) of Tandebulis obieqtia. yuradReba miaqcieT: saxelobiT
brunvaSi mdgari msazRvrelis pozicia magaliTSi (13a) da agreTve is pozicia,
romelic magaliTSi (13g) of Tandebuls uWiravs, aSkarad im determinerian
frazis farglebSia moqceuli, romelic flobis Temas ukavSirdeba, vinaidan
frazebi Lears daughter da The daughter of Lear zmnis win mdebare subieqtis
poziciaSi gvxvdeba.
Tematuri rolis kidev erTi tipi, romelic inglisur enaSi eniWeba konkretul sintaqsur pozicias, samizne Teta-rolia (goal -role). is an erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadanacvlebis gamomxatveli moqmedebis dasrulebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, an im monawilesTan, romelic recipientiviT funqcionirebs
moqmedebaSi da mflobelis rols erTi adamianidan meores gadascems. es samizne Teta-roli to Tandebulis Semdeg mdgomi iribi obieqtis pozicias eniWeba,
romelic qvemoT, magaliT (14)-is winadadebebSi obieqtis poziciis Semdeg dgas:
(14) a. Shylock lent money to Antonio.
b. The Dauphin sent tennis balls to the king.
g. Harry passed the wine to Falstaff.
a. Sailokma antonios fuli asesxa.
b. dofinma CogburTis burTebi mefes gaugzavna.
g. harim falstafs Rvino gadaawoda.
uSualod zmnis Semdeg mdgari obieqtis pozicias xSirad pirdapiri obieqtis pozicias uwodeben, raTa iribi obieqtis poziciisgan iqnes gansxvavebuli. magaliTSi (14) agentis da mimRebis Teta-rolebi Sesabamisad subieqtis da
pirdapiri obieqtis poziciebs eniWeba, rogorc zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi.
samizne da mimRebi Teta-rolebis miniWeba SeiZleba sxvagvaradac moxdes.
egreT wodebul obieqtis ormag konstruqciaSi zmnas obieqtis ori pozicia
mosdevs; samizne Teta-roli obieqtis pirvel pozicias eniWeba, xolo mimRebis
Teta-roli _ obieqtis meore pozicias:
(15) a. The Dauphin sent Henry tennis balls.

b. Hal passed Falstaff the wine.

a. dofinma henris CogburTis burTebi gaugzavna.

b. helma falstafs Rvino gadaawoda.
amgvarad, obieqtis pirvel pozicias magaliT (15)-Si igive Teta-roli eniWeba, romelic magaliT (14)-Si iribi obieqtis pozicias hqonda miniWebuli, maSin,
roca obieqtis meore pozicias magaliT (15)-Si igive pozicia aqvs miniWebuli,
romelic magaliT (14)-Si pirdapiri obieqtis pozicias gaaCnda.
inglisur enaSi Tematur rolTa miniWebis wesebis mokle mimoxilva jer ar
dagvisrulebia; arsebobs kidev ramdenime tipis Teta-roli, romlebic jer
ar gangvixilavs da Teta-rolebis miniWebis Cvens mier ganxiluli versiebis

alternatiuli gzebi. Tumca, Cveni ganxilva am Teta-rolebis Sesaxeb zogad
STabeWdilebas SegiqmnidaT, imis gacnobierebaSi dagexmarebodaT, Tu rogor
ukavSirdeba es rolebi ama Tu im sintaqsur poziciebs inglisuri winadadebebis
struqturaSi da rogor zemoqmedebs yovelive es am winadadebebis semantikur
interpretaciaze. ZiriTadi sakiTxebis Sejameba cxril (16)-Si aris mocemuli:
(16)
Teta-roli
agenti
garemocva
pozicia
mdebareoba
subieqti
winadadebis TavSi,
zmnis win
mimRebi
uSualod
obieqti
zmnis Semdeg
(a) like tipis-zmnebi
subieqti
subieqti
(b) please tipis-zmnebi
obieqti
Tema
(a) like tipis zmnebi
(b) please tipis zmnebi
gancdis
obieqti
ixileT zemoT
ixileT zemoT

subieqti
ixileT zemoT

ixileT zemoT
(a) Tandebuliani
samizne
dativuri
to-s Semcvel Tf-ebSi
iribi
obieqti
pirdapiri
obieqtis poziciis
(micemiTi brunva)
konstruqcia
(to-s obieqti)
Semdeg
(b)ormagi obieqtis
pirveli obieqtis
uSualod zmnis
konstruqcia
determineriani
Semdeg
frazebi
mflobeli
(a) have zmnebi
subieqti
(b) determineriani
saxelobiT
frazebis SigniT

brunvaSi mdgomi
ixileT zemoT
saxelis win
msazRvreli

an of Tandebulis
of Tandebulian
obieqti
Tf-ebSi, saxelis
Semdeg
113
114
savarjiSo
3. 2
a)
qvemoT nimuSad moyvanili TiToeuli winadadebisTvis SeadgineT yvela im

saxelis da determineriani frazis CamonaTvali, romelic winadadebaSi SegxvdebaT. gaxsovdeT, rom zogierTi determineriani fraza saxelobiTi brunvis
msazRvrelis poziciaSi, Tavis mxriv sxva determinerian frazebs an saxelebs
Seicavs. Tqvens CamonaTvalSi saxelisa Tu determineriani, frazis gverdiT is
Teta-rolic miuTiTeT, romelic maT winaddebaSi aqvT miniWebuli. SegiZliaT
Teta-rolebis (16)-Si moyvanil cxrils daeyrdnoT.
(i)
Henrys wife hated Falstaff.
(ii)
Iago attacked Othello.
(iii)
Falstaff drank the wine.
(iv)
Caesars power frightened Brutus.
(v)
Bassanio handed the ring to Portia.
(vi)
Claudius gave Hamlets father some poison.
henris cols falstafi sZulda.

iagom otelos Seutia.
falstafma Rvino dalia.
keisris Zalaufleba brutuss aSinebda.
basaniom beWedi porcias miawoda.
klavdiusma hamletis mamas

sawamlavi misca.
b) Tqveni CamonaTvalis TiToeul saxelTan Tu determinerian frazasTan erTad is sintaqsuri poziciac miuTiTeT, romelic mas ukavia (subieqtisa, obieqtis, iribi obieqtis, nominaluri msazRvrelis).
3.2.3 komponentTa Tanmimdevroba sxva enebSi

ukve vnaxeT, rom Cveulebriv inglisur winadadebebSi subieqti zmnis win
dgas, xolo zmna _ obieqtis win. am mizeziT, inglisuri xSirad subieqti-zmnaobieqti (SVO) wyobis enad moixsenieba. (unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierT inglisur
winadadebaSi sityvaTa gansxvavebul wyobas vxvdebiT; amaT ekuTvnis is SemTxvevebic, roca winadadebis erTi an meti komponenti erTi poziciidan meoreze inacvlebs; ixileT qvemoT magaliTi (22).) rogorc me-2 TavSi vnaxeT, bevr
sxva enaSi gansxvavebuli situacia gvaqvs. magaliTad, martivi winadadebebi
iseT enebSi, rogorebicaa Cikasau da Turquli, rogorc wesi, komponentTa su
bieqti-obieqti-zmna (SOV) wyobisken amJRavnebs midrekilebas _ obieqti zmnis
win (da subieqtis Semdeg) dgas, maSin, roca martivi winadadebebi zapotekSi,
Tanamedrove standartul arabulsa da Tanamedrove irlandiurSi zmna-subieqti-obieqti (VSO) wyobisaa, romelSic subieqti zmnis Semdeg dgas da obieqtis
win. raki Tavidan subieqti da obieqti inglisuri enis sityvaTa wyobis konteqstSi ganvsazRvreT, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, ratom viyenebT igive terminebs
winadadebis gansxvavebuli poziciebis aRsaniSnad sxva enebSi. magaliTad, ratom varqmevT uSualod zmnis momdevno pozicias inglisurSi obieqtis pozi-
cias, xolo standartul arabulSi igive pozicia subieqtis poziciad ratom

iTvleba? pasuxi im Teta-rolebSi unda veZioT, romlebic am poziciebs eniWeba;
termini `subieqti im pozicias esadageba, romelsac agentis Teta-roli aqvs
miniWebuli, xolo termins òbieqti im pozicias mivakuTvnebT, romelsac,
Cveulebriv, mimRebis Teta-roli eniWeba. (Tumca, gaxsovdeT, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi am poziciebs gansxvavebuli Teta-rolebi aqvs miniWebuli, rogorebicaa gancdis subieqtis da Tematuri rolebi im zmnebTan, romlebic fsiqologiur mdgomareobas gamoxataven). amis msgavsad, termins ìribi obieqti im
poziciasTan mimarTebaSi viyenebT, romelsac Cveulebriv samizne Teta-roli
eniWeba. amgvarad, Teta-rolis moniWebis modeli, enaTa Soris aSkara sxvaobebis miuxedavad sxva enebis winadadebaTa struqturaSi amave poziciebis amosacnobad saWiro safuZvels gvaZlevs.
enaTa umetesoba komponentTa Tanmimdevrobis mxriv erTze met wyobas amJRavnebs. magaliTad, standartul arabulSi zmna subieqti-obieqti komponentTa yvelaze gavrcelebuli wyobaa, magram xSirad subieqti zmnas win uswrebs da inglisuris msgavsad, subieqti zmna obieqti wyobas qmnis:
uTayl Dasdamuuna.

(V S O) (standar-
(17) a. qatala

tuli arabuli)

mokla+3mamr.mxol. otelo dezdemona

`mokla otelom dezdemona.
(V S O)
b. uTayl qatala Dasdamuuna.

otelo mokla+3mamr.mxol. dezdemona

òtelom mokla dezdemona.
magaliTSi (17) gramatikuli niSnebi, afiqsebi da nacvalsaxelebi Semdegnairad aris Semoklebuli. piris aRmniSvneli Semoklebebi 1, 2 da 3 aRniSvnebiTaa
gamosaxuli (pirveli, meore da mesame piri); gramatikuli ricxvi _ aRniSvniT
mxol. (mxolobiTi ricxvi) da mrav. (mravlobiTi); gramatikuli sqesi _ mamr.
(mamrobiTi) da mdedr. (mdedrobiTi). brunvebi ase Semokldeba _ sax. (saxelobiTi), ak. (akuzativi _ braldebiTi), (mic.) _ micemiTi, igive dativi da (naT.)
naTesaobiTi. dro ase Semokldeba _ war. (warsuli dro), aw. (awmyo dro), aspeq
ti _ sr. (sruli aspeqti) da usr. (usruli, anu gangrZobadi aspeqti).
swored aseve, Tanamedrove irlandiuri ena xSirad VSO wyobis enad miiCneva, magram zogierTi tipis konstruqciebSi VSO Tanmimdevrobac gvxvdeba.
magaliTad, SOV an VSO Tanmimdevroba gvxvdeba CarTuli mimReobis garkveul
tipebSi, (dialeqtis mixedviT) rogorc amas makloski wers (1983). (CarTuli
mimReoba damokidebuli winadadebis _ anu ZiriTadi (rTuli Tanwyobili) winadadebis Semadgeneli ufro mcire winadadebis erT-erTi saxeobaa. CarTuli
mimReoba iseT zmnas Seicavs, romelsac mimReobis sufiqsi aqvs darTuli, magram drois sufiqsi ar gaaCnia. mimReobis sufiqsis nimuSi inglisur enaSi aris
sufiqsi _ed, mas xandaxan en formiT vxvdebiT. es sufiqsi aseve gvxvdeba vnebiTi gvaris winadadebebSi, vTqvaT rogoricaa Duncan was murdered, da sruli
aspeqtis konstruqciebSi, rogoricaa Macbeth has murdered Duncan da Portia
115
116
had given her word.)
amgvarad, ise Cans, rom standartul arabul enaSi da Tanamedrove irlandiurSi ori subieqturi poziciaa (erTi zmnis poziciis win da meore mis Semdeg),
an sxvagvarad, am enebSi zmnisTvis gankuTvnilia ori pozicia (erTi subieqtis
poziciis win da meore mis Semdeg). Cveni naTqvami SeiZleba ise iqnes aRqmuli,
TiTqos erTi da igive faqti orgvari formulirebiT gadmoveciT, magram qvemoT vnaxavT, rom sinamdvileSi is, rac vTqviT, am ori enis Sesaxeb arsebuli
ori Teoriis gamoZaxilia.
germanuls da holandiurs xSirad SOV wyobis enebad aRweren, miuxedavad
imisa, rom xSirad sxvagvari wyobis mimarT midrekilebas es enebic amJRavneben,
kerZod SVO wyobisadmi. SOV Tanmimdevroba im klauzulebSi gvxvdeba, romlebic
ZiriTad zmnasTan erTad damxmare zmnasac Seicaven, rogorc magaliT (18a)-Sia
naCvenebi; am SemTxvevaSi Tanmimdevroba, rogorc wesi, aseTia: S-AUX(damx.z)-OV, rogorc xedavT, damxmare zmna meore poziciaSia. SOV Tanmimdevroba qvewyobili winadadebebis garkveuli tipis damokidebul klauzulaSic (winadadebebi, romlebsac ZiriTadi winadadebebi moicavs) gvxvdeba, amis nimuSia magaliTi
(18b). Tumca, mTavar klauzulebSi da martiv winadadebebSi, romlebic mxolod
erT zmnas (da arcerT damxmare zmnas) Seicavs, zmna meore poziciaSi dgas, rac
xSirad SVO wyobas iwvevs, rogorc (18g)-Si da (18b)-s ZiriTad klauzulebSia:
(18) a. Romeo hat Juliet geksst.
(S-AUX-O-V)
(germanuli)
romeom julietas akoca.
b. Ich glaube dass [Romeo Juliet ksste].
(.... [S-O-V])
me mgoni(a), (rom) romeo julietas kocnida.
g. Romeo ksste Juliet.
(S-V-O)
romeo julietas kocnida.
winadadeba (18g)-Si zmnas igive pozicia ukavia, romelic winadadeba (18a)Si damxmare zmnas uWiravs; igive SeiZleba iTqvas zmnaze glaube (mgonia, mjera)
winadadeba (18b)-s mTavar winadadebaSi. es adasturebs, rom germanul enaSi zmnas ori pozicia gaaCnia: erTi winadadebis bolos, xolo meore _ sxva poziciaSi, obieqtis win.
Turqul enaSi, rogorc wesi, komponentTa Tanmimdevroba Semdegnairia:
SOV, rogorc (19a)-Si aris naCvenebi, magram SesaZlebelia sxva kombinaciebic:
SVO, VSO da OVS, rogorc winadadebaSi (19 b-d):
(19) a. Hamlet Ophelia-y p-t.
(S-O-V)
(Turquli)

hamletma ofelia+brald.brunva kocna+ warsuli.
`hamletma ofelias akoca~.
b. Hamlet p-t Ophelia-y.

(S-V-O)
hamletma kocna+warsuli ofelia+ brald.
`hamletma akoca ofelias~.
g. p-t Hamlet Ophelia-y.

(S-V-O)
kocna+warsuli hamletma ofelias.
àkoca hamletma ofelias~.
d. Ophelia-y p-t Hamlet.
(O-V-S)
ofelia+brald. kocna+warsuli hamletma.

ofelias akoca hamletma.
iseve, rogorc standartuli arabulis da germanulis SemTxvevaSi, Turqul enas subieqtisTvis, zmnisa da obieqtisTvis erTze meti pozicia gaaCnia.
italiuri, Cveulebriv, SVO wyobis enad iTvleba da es Cveulebrivi Tanmimdevrobaa iseTi klauzulebisTvis, romlebic subieqtsac Seicavs da obieqtsac.
Tumca, gavrcelebulia iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca subieqti zmnis Semdeg dgas da
ara mis win, Tuki zmnas obieqti ar mosdevs. amis nimuSia winadadeba (20b):
(20) a. Gianni ha telefonato.
(S-AUX-V)
(italiuri)

janim (telefoniT) dareka.

b. Ha telefonato Gianni.
(AUX-V-S)
dareka (telefoniT) janim.
amgvarad, davrwmundiT, rom italiur enaSic subieqtisTvis erTze meti poziciaa gankuTvnili. metic, franguli, italiuri, portugaliuri da espanuri
enebi _ yvela es ena, Cveulebriv, SVO wyobis enebad iTvleba, im SemTxvevaSi
ki roca zmnis obieqtad umaxvilo nacvalsaxeli gvevlineba, SOV wyobisken amJRavnebs midrekilebas:
(21)
a. Lear les aime.
(S-O-V)
(franguli)

lirs isini uyvars.

b. Portia lo vi.
(S-O-V)
(espanuri)
porciam is dainaxa.
umaxvilo nacvalsaxelebs, romlebic am magaliTebSi zmnebs win uZRvis,
nacvalsaxelis klitikebi ewodeba. rogorc vxedavT, am enebs obieqtis ori
pozicia aqvT (erTi zmnas mosdevs, xolo meore zmnis win dgas), Tumca, ukanaskneli poziciis dakaveba mxolod nacvalsaxelis umaxvilo klitikebs SeuZliaT.
xandaxan SVO wyobisgan gansxvavebul Tanmimdevrobas garkveul pirobebSi
inglisuri enac ki avlens, magaliTad, (22)-is msgavs winadadebebSi:
(22) a. Bianca, I admire. (OSV)
biankas (me) vaRmerTeb.
b. Have you any ducats? (VSO)
gaqvs (Sen) dukatebi?
g. Ì love you, said Romeo. ( OVS)
`(me) miyvarxar (Sen)~,

Tqva romeom.
magaliTi (22a) topikalizaciis agebis nimuSia _ masSi zmnis obieqti subieqtis win Tematur (topic) pozicias ikavebs; magaliTi (22b) SekiTxvaa, romelSic
zmnas have subieqtiswina pozicia uWiravs; xolo (22g) winadadebis wamosawevi
konstruqciis (sentence-lifting) nimuSia. aseTi konstruqciis dros winadadeba citirebisTvis gankuTvnil brWyalebSia moqceuli da mTavari zmnis _ say
obieqtis rols TamaSobs, zmnis win dgas, xolo subieqti zmnas mosdevs.
2.2 ganyofilebaSi vnaxeT, rom inglisur enaSi iribi obieqtis pozicia
pirdapiri obieqtis pozicias mosdevs; amgvarad, iribi obieqtis Semcveli winadadebis komponentTa Tanmimdevroba aseTia: S-V-O-IO (IO iribi obieqti). meore
mxriv, samizne Teta-roli, romelic, Cveulebriv, am pozicias aqvs miniWebuli,
obieqtis ormag konstruqciaSi SeiZleba pirveli obieqtis pozicias mieniWos.
subieqti-obieqti-zmna da zmna-subieqti-obieqti wyobis enebSi iribi obieqtis
pozicia, Cveulebriv, pirdapiri obieqtis pozicias emezobleba _ zogierT
enaSi igi pirdapiri obieqtis win mdebareobs, zogSi _ mas mosdevs, bevr enaSi
117
118
ki orive varianti SesaZlebelia. zapotekSi iribi obieqtis pozicia pirdapiri

obieqtis pozicias mosdevs, rasac Sedegad `zmna-subieqti obieqti iribi
obieqti~ Tanmimdevrobas iwvevs:
(23) B-didy Gyeeihlly
bx:ady
Lieb (S-V-O-IO )
sr.asp.-micema maikma kalia felipes.
misca
maikma kalia felipes.
`maikma felipes kalia misca~.
meore mxriv, Tanamedrove arabulSi (24), TurqulSi (25) da CikasauSi (26)
iribi obieqti SeiZleba obieqtis pozicias uswrebdes, an piriqiT, mosdevdes:
(24) a. ?rasala
uTayl
khiTaab-an li Dasdamuuna.
(S-V-O-IO)
gaugzavna+3p.mamr. mxol. otelom werili+brald.

dezdemonas.

òtelom dezdemonas werili gaugzavna~.
b. ?arsal
uTayl
li Dasdamuuna khiTaab-an.
(V-S-IO-O)

gaugzavna+3pmamr.mxol. otelom dezdemonas werili+brald.

òtelom dezdemonas werili gaugzavna~.
(25) a. Kralbir yabanc-ya
eldiven
ver-di.

(S-IO-O-V)
mefem yaribi+ mic. xelTaTmani micema+warsuli
`mefem yaribs xelTaTmani misca~.
b. Kraleldiven-i-ni yabanc-ya
ver-di.
(S-O-IO-V)
mefem.xelTaTmani+Tavisi+bral.yaribi+mic.brunva
micema+warsuli
`mefem Tavisi xelTaTmani yaribs misca~.
(26) a. Bianca-at
Katharina-A
holisso im-a-tok.
(S-IO-O-V)
bianka.sax.brunva katarina+bral. wigni mic.+micema+warsuli
`biankam katarinas wigni misca~.
b. Bianca-at
holisso -A

Katharina im-a-tok. (S-O-IO-V)
bianka-sax. wigni+brald. katarina mic-micema-warsuli
`biankam wigni katarinas misca~.
erTi enis farglebSi komponentTa Tanmimdevrobis variaciis es nimuSebi
msoflios bevri enis suraTs warmogviCens. msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana asobiT
SeiZleba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yuradRebas sxva sintaqsur poziciebsac _ kerZod, zedsarTavebis, zmnizedebisa Tu garemoebebis, Tandebulebis, uaryofiTi nawilakebis da a.S. poziciebs mivapyrobT. amaTgan zogierT
SemTxvevas me-4 da me-5 TavebSi ganvixilavT. amgvarad, enebis daxarisxebis tradiciulma praqtikam sityvaTa dominanturi Tanmimdevrobis modelebis mixedviT SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos, vinaidan igi gverds uvlis im faqts, rom
TiToeuli enis farglebSi xSirad SeiZleba zmnis, subieqtis, obieqtebis da a.S.
ori an meti pozicia gvqondes.
magram sakiTxi, Tu ra rols TamaSobs es sintaqsuri variaciebi sintaqsis
Teoriaze, kvlav Riad rCeba. jer-jerobiT ar gangvixilavs wesebi, romlebic
winadadebis struqturas gansazRvravs _ mxolod sxvadasxva enebis martiv
winadadebebSi poziciaTa mdebareobis mokle aRwera da Sesabamisi magaliTebi
119
SemogTavazeT. bevri lingvisti miiCnevs, rom winadadebis ZiriTadi struqtura

msoflios yvela enas erTi aqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom es struqtura gacilebiT
ufro rTulia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans. nawilobriv im faqtze dakvirvebiT,
rom subieqtebi, zmnebi da obieqtebi xSirad erTi da imave enis farglebSic ki
gansxvavebul poziciebSi gvxvdeba, varaudoben, rom winadadebis struqturas
yvela enisTvis erTi universaluri modeli gaaCnia. es modeli TiToeuli tipis komponentisTvis ramdenime sxvadasxva pozicias Seicavs; am TvalsazrisiT,
variaciebs sityvaTa TanmimdevrobaSi (rogorc calkeul enebSi, ise enaTa Soris) is faqti iwvevs, rom calkeul komponentebs erTze meti SesaZlo pozicia
gaaCniaT, romlebSic isini SeiZleba sxvadaxva SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndnen. TvalsaCinoebisTvis modiT, warmovidginoT (hipoTeturi diskusiisaTvis), rom yvela
enas zmnis sami pozicia gaaCnia, rogorc magaliT (27)-Si moyvanil modelSi:
(27) [zmna]1 _ subieqti _ [zmna]2 _obieqti _ [zmna]3
roca zmna zmnis pirvel poziciaSi dgas, maSin VSO wyobas viRebT; Tu zmnis
meore poziciaSia, maSin SVO wyoba miiReba; dabolos, Tu zmnas mesame pozicia
uWiravs, maSin komponentebis wyobaa SOV. (ra Tqma unda, am modelSi winadadebis ZiriTadi struqturaa mocemuli; damxmare zmnebis, iribi da pirdapiri
obieqtebis, Tu garemoebebis poziciebi masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli). an,
sxvagvarad, SegviZlia magaliT (28)-Si moyvanili modelis msgavsi gansxvavebuli universaluri modeli warmovadginoT, romelSic zmnis erTi poziciaa, magram subieqtis ori da obieqtis ori pozicia:
(28) [subieqti]1 _ [obieqti]1 _zmna _[subieqti]2 _ [obieqti]2
Tu subieqtisa da obieqtis poziciebi zmnis win dgas, Sedegad SOV wyobas viRebT; Tu orive pozicia zmnas mosdevs, komponentTa Tanmidevroba VSO. roca
subieqtis pirveli pozicia da obieqtis meore pozicia gvaqvs, SVO viRebT.
Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli faqtebi inormaciis TvalsazirisiT sakmao safuZvels ar iZleva, rom (27) da (28) nimuSebs Soris arCevani gavakeToT. bevri lingvisti miiCnevs, rom orive midgoma nawilobriv mainc marTebulia.
SeviswavloT tibeturi enidan nimuSad moyvanili ramdenime winadadeba. am
winadadebebidan samSi zmnas sruli aspeqtis gamomxatveli `mtkicebiTi~ nawilakebi mosdevs, romlebic qveSmiweriT ganmartebebSi `perf~. SemoklebiTaa
aRniSnuli. am mtkicebiT nawilakebs Soris gansxvavebas yuradRebas nu miaqcevT, mxolod is gaiTvaliswineT, rom TiToeul maTgans iseTive datvirTva
aqvs, rogorc inglisur enaSi _ damxmare zmnas.
(1)

(2)
ngas
khos
dkaryol
chags song.
me.moTx.br finjani gavtexe+perf.

`me finjani gavtexe~.
nga-la
dep
sprad byung.
is.moTx.br me. mic.brunva wigni momca+perf.

`man wigni momca~.
savarjiSo
3. 3
120
(3)
khos

(4)
cookie
bzas duk.
is.moTx.br. funTuSa SeWama +perf.

`man funTuSa SeWama~.
tengsang
kho
khyang-pa rgyab gi - red.
es dReebi is saxls aSenebs + awmyo uwyveteli

àm dReebSi is saxls aSenebs~.
(a) SeadgineT yvela im sityvis CamonaTvali, romlebic am winadadebebSi
SegxvdaT da TiToeul maTgans inglisuri Targmani miuwereT. erTad daajgufeT is sityvebi, romlebic erTsa da imave leqsikur kategorias (zmna, zmnizeda, saxeli da sxva) ekuTvnis.
(b) axla am monacemebze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, rogoria tibetur enaSi
komponentebis ZiriTadi Tanmimdevroba. pasuxi SegiZliaT imgvarive formuliT
gamosaxoT, rogoriTac inglisuri winadadebebis komponentTa wyoba giCveneT:
subieqti _ (damxmare zmna) _ zmna _ (obieqti) _ (iribi obieqti). am modelSi
komponentebi, romlebic zog winadadebaSi gvxvdeba, sxvebSi ki _ ara, frCxilebSia Casmuli. zmnis, damxmare zmnis (an mtkicebiTi nawilakebis), subieqtis,
obieqtis, iribi obieqtis da drois garemoebis poziciebi miuTiTeT.
3.2.4 brunvis niSnebi da komponentTa Tanmimdevroba

zogierT enaSi subieqtis, obieqtis da pirdapiri obieqtis gageba (cnebebi) im
poziciasTan ki ar aris dakavSirebuli, romlebic maT winadadebaSi uWiravT, aramed garkveul afiqsebs ukavSirdeba, romlebsac brunvis niSnebs uwodeben. brunvis niSnebi winadadebebSi saxelebs an nacvalsaxelebs erTvis. zemoT ukve vnaxeT,
rom Turqulsa da CikasauSi zmnis obieqti braldebiT (sxvagvarad, akuzativi)
brunvaSi idga da rom iribi obieqti, romelsac inglisur enaSi win Tandebuli
to edgeboda, am enebSi micemiTi brunviT (dativi) iyo gamosaxuli. swored aseve,
CikasauSi subieqti saxelobiTi brunviT (sxvagvarad, nominativi) aRiniSneba. am
enebSi subieqti, obieqti da iribi obieqti brunvis niSnis mixedviTac amoicnoba.
maT msgavsad, iribi obieqti rusul enaSic micemiT brunvaSi dgas, xolo sakuTari
saxeliT gamoxatul msazRvrels naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani erTvis.
(29)
a. Gamlet otdal
erep Goracjiu. (S-V-O-IO) (rusuli)

hamletma misca Tavis qala horacio+mic.br

hamletma Tavis qala horacios misca.

b. Gamlet otdal erep mertvogo advokata
Goracjiu.

hamletma misca Tavis qala+naT.br mkvdari advokati+naT.br

horacio + mic.br

hamletma mkvdari advokatis Tavis qala horacios misca.
raki am enebSi subieqtebi, obieqtebi da iribi obieqtebi brunvis niSnebis
mixedviT amoicnoba, mosaubreebs maTi identifikaciisTvis winadadebis komponentTa Tanmimdevrobaze dakvirveba ar esaWiroebaT. evropuli enebis bevri
mkvlevari mecnieri damkvidrebul tradiciaze dayrdnobiT miiCnevs, rom am
enebSi komponentTa SedarebiT Tavisufal Tanwyobas (rogorc (30)_Si rusuli enidan moyvanili winadadebebis meSveobiT darwmundiT) swored es garemo-
eba ganapirobebs da piriqiT, brunvis niSnebis uqonlobam inglisur enasa da

CinurSi is gamoiwvia, rom am enebSi subieqtisa da obieqtis poziciebi SedarebiT ucvlelia.
(30)
a. Gamlet
otdal Goracjiu erep.
(S-V-IO-O)
hamletma misca horacio-mic.br Tavis qala.
hamletma misca horacios Tavis qala.
b. Goracjiu
Gamlet otdal

erep.
(IO-S-V-O)
horacio-mic.br hamletma misca Tavis qala.
horacios hamletma Tavis qala misca. (swored horacios
misca hamletma Tavis qala; an: horacios ki hamletma
Tavis qala misca)

g. Goracjiu
otdal erep

Gamlet
(IO-V-O-S)
horacio-mic.br misca Tavis qala hamletma.
horacios Tavis qala hamletma misca. (swored horacios misca hamletma Tavis qala.)

d. Goracjiu Gamlet erep
otdal.
(IO-S-O-V)
horacio-mic.br hamletma Tavis qala misca.
hamletma Tavis qala horacios misca. (swored horacios misca hamletma Tavis qala).

enebs, romelTac winadadebaSi komponentTa SedarebiT Tavisufali wyoba
aReniSnebaT, arakonfiguraciuli enebi ewodebaT. am TvalsazirisiT maT konfiguraciuli enebi upirispirdeba. am enebis magaliTad inglisuri gamodgeba.
inglisurs komponentTa SedarebiT fiqsirebuli poziciebi aqvs. bolo wlebSi
enaTmecnierebi Tvlian, rom brunvisniSnian da konfiguraciul enebs Soris
fundamenturi sxvaoba arsebobs da rom frazis struqturis wesebi (romlebic winadadebis struqturaSi ama Tu im tipis komponentebs garkveul fiqsirebul pozicias miuCens) mxolod meore tipis enebs gaaCniaT.
bevri lingvisti ki am tradiciuli Sexedulebis mimarT skeptikuradaa ganwyobili da brunvis niSnianobasa da komponentTa SedarebiT Tavisufal Tanwyobas erTmaneTs ar ukavSirebs. es mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom am ori yaidis
enebs Soris ufro meti msgavsebaa, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans. es enaTmecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom komponentTa SedarebiT Tavisufali wyobis mqone enebSic
ki, rogorc wesi, arsebobs uniSno (neitraluri) wyoba, romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro xSiradac ki ixmareba. es mecnierebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom aseT
enebSi komponentTa wyobaSi momxdari cvlilebebi winadadebis mniSvnelobis
sxvadasxvagvar cvlas iwveven. magaliTad, (30 b-d) magaliTis rusuli winadadebebi Sinaarsobrivad TiTqmis identuria (29a) da (30a) winadadebebisa, magram
maTi zusti sinonimebi ar aris. rogorc (30b-d) winadadebebis meoreuli Semoklebuli ganmartebebi gviCvenebs, maT Soris niuansuri gansxvaveba arsebobs
Zvel informaciasa (TiToeuli winadadebis ZiriTadi Tema _topic) da axal informacias (fokusi) Soris sxvaobis TvalsazrisiT. es dakvirvebebi mowmobs,
rom egreT wodebul arakonfiguraciul enebSi komponentTa Tanwyobis variaciebi maSin Cndeba, roca komponentebi winadadebis iseTi poziciebisken miis-
121
122
wrafvis, romlebic garkveul semantikur maxasiaTeblebTanaa dakavSirebuli

_ maTSi Tematuri rolebis garda, sxva faqtorebic moqmedebs (rogorebicaa
Tema da fokusi).
aseve SemCneulia, rom iseTi enebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, inglisuri
zogierT iseT niSan-Tvisebas avlens, romlebic, rogorc wesi, arakonfiguraciul, brunviniSnian enebs axasiaTebs. magaliTad, zemoT, magaliT (22)-Si
moyvanili winadadebebi TvalsaCinod gviCvenebs, rom garkveul pirobebSi komponentTa wyobis variacia inglisur enasac axasiaTebs, iseve rogorc brunvis
niSanTa SezRuduli xmareba, Tumca, es ukanaskneli winadadebis komponentTa
wyobaze TiTqmis aranair pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom
nominaluri msazRvrelis amocnoba Zalze advilia maTze darTuli s klitikis meSveobiT da rom iribi obieqtebis identificireba maT win mdgari to
Tandebulis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli. s klitika da to Tandebuli xandaxan, Sesabamisad, naTesaobiTi da micemiTi brunvis niSnebad gvevlineba. amis
miuxedavad, es elemenetebi, subieqtisa Tu obeqtis msgavsad, winadadebis gansazRvrul, sagangebod maTTvis gankuTvnil poziciebSi unda gamoCndes, rogorc magaliT (31)-Si aris naCvenebi:
(31)
a. *Henry disliked tennis balls the Dauphins. (SeadareT
winadadeba 13b-s)
b. *Shylock to Antonio lent money. (SeadareT winadadeba 14a-s)

a. henrim aiTvalwuna CogburTis burTebi dofinisa.
b. Sailokma antonios asesxa fuli. (inglisuri enisTvis
gaumarTavi wyoba)
msgavsi situaciaa inglisur nacvalsaxelebTan dakavSirebiTac. iq, rogorc
me-2 TavSi aRvniSneT, nacvalsaxelebis fuZeebi saxelobiTi, braldebiT (akuzativi) an naTesaobiT brunvis afqisebs erwymis da portmanto morfemebs qmnis.
rogorc me-2 TavSi iTqva, brunvebi, romlebic fuZiseul morfemas amgvarad erwymis, nacvalsaxelis fuZed iTvleba da ara nacvalsaxelad, romelsac brunvis
niSani aqvs darTuli. nacvalsaxelebi I, we, you, he, she, they saxelobiTi brunvis fuZes Seicavs, xolo nacvalsaxelebi me, us, you, her, him, them braldebiTi
brunvis Zirs Seicavs, nacvalsaxelebi my, our, your, his, her, its, their _ naTesaobiTi brunvis fuZes, da nominaluri msazRvrelis poziciaSi, -s klitikis
gareSe Cndeba:
(32)
a. They kissed her.
b. She kissed them.
g. You drank my wine.
d. His daughters betrayed him.

maT akoces mas (mdedr.).

man (mdedr.) akoca maT.

g. Sen (Cven) dalie(T) Cemi Rvino.

d. misma qaliSvilebma uRalates mas (mamr.).
saxelobiT brunvis fuZiani nacvalsaxelebi mxolod subieqtis poziciaSi SeiZleba Cadges, maSin, roca braldebiT da naTesaobiT brunvisfuZianebi,
Sesabamisad, obieqtis da nominaluri msazRvrelis poziciebSi dganan, rogorc
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(33) magaliTSi xedavT:

(33)
a. *Them kissed her.
b. *She kissed they.
g. *You drank him wine.
d. *His Daughters betrayed my.
braldebiTi brunvisfuZiani nacvalsaxelebi iribi obieqtis pozicias, anu
to Tandebulis obieqtis pozicias ikavebs:
(34)
a. The Dauphin sent tennis balls to him.
b. Shylock lent money to them.
amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisuri nacvalsaxelebis umetesoba
subieqtis, obieqtis Tu nominaluri msazRvrelebis rolSi brunvis fuZeebis
wyalobiT advilad amoicnoba, amas Sedegad sityvaTa TanmimdevrobaSi raime
SesamCnevi Tavisufleba ar moaqvs. es faqti safuZvels umagrebs Sexedulebas,
rom brunvisniSnianoba da komponentTa Tavisufali Tanmimdevroba erTmaneTTan pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca ki es Sexeduleba Tavidan Zalze sarwmunod gamoiyureboda.
axla iaponuri enidan moyvanil magaliTebs davakvirdeT. am winadadebebSi
bevr sityvas brunvis niSani aqvs darTuli, romelTac qveSmiweriT ganmartebaSi b.n- SemoklebiT aRvniSnavT:
(1)
(2)
gakusei-ga
Taro-ga
dalia.
sensei-no
hon-o
suteta.
taro-b.n maswavlebeli-b.n wigni moisrola.

`tarom maswavleblis wigni moisrola~.
(3)
Sensei-ga

(4)
sake-o nonda.
studenti-b.n sake-b.n
`studentma sake dalia~.
Mari-ni
gakusei-no
hon-o
watasita.
maswavlebeli-b.n mari-b.n studenti-b.n wigni gadasca.

`maswavlebelma maris studentis wigni gadasca~.
gakusei-ga
sensei-ni
hanasi-ta.
studenti-b.n
maswavlebeli-b.n elaparaka.
`studenti maswavlebels elaparaka~.
a) SeadgineT im iaponuri sityvebis CamonaTvali, romlebic am winadadebebSi gvxvdeba da TiToeul maTgans inglisuri Targmani miuwereT. kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemisas prefiqsebis saxiT warmodgenil brunvis niSnebs yuradRebas
nu miaqcevT.
b) am winadadebebze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT, winadadebis komponentTa ra
Tanmidevroba axasiaTebs iaponur enas. gamoyaviT zmnis, subieqtis, obieqtis
da iribi obieqtis poziciebi.
g) axla CamonaTvalSi Setanili sityvebis brunvis niSani - sufiqsebi CamowereT. gaixseneT Cveni saubari brunvis niSnebis Sesaxeb iseT enebSi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, rusuli, gamoyaviT am winadadebebSi TiToeuli brunvis _ saxelobiTis, braldebiTis, naTesaobiTisa da micemiTis niSani - sufiqsi.
savarjiSo
3. 4
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3.2.5 Semasmenlebi (predikatebi) da argumentTa struqtura

gaixseneT, rom TiToeuli zmnis Sesatyvisi ganmarteba gonebriv leqsikonSi
im argumenetebis raodenobas gansazRvravs, romlebic am zmnas gaaCnia _ anu
monawileTa raodenobas yovel im qmedebasa Tu situaciaSi, romelsac es zmna
gamoxatavs da aseve adgens TiToeul am argumentTan dakavSirebuli Tetarolebis ricxvs. (ixileT zemoT ganyofileba 2.2) zmnis mniSDvnelobis am aspeqts
misi argumentis struqtura ewodeba.
zmnebi xSirad im faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT xarisxdeba, Tu ramdeni argumenti gaaCniaT maT TavianT argumentTa struqturaSi. Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli zmnebis umetesi nawili an orargumentianebi iyo (magaliTad, agenti da
mimRebi, an gancdis subieqti da Tematuri Teta-rolebi), an samargumentiani
(magaliTad, agentis, mimRebis da samizne an recipientis Teta-rolebi). yvela es zmna iseT winadadebebSi gvxvdeba, romlebic obieqtis pozicias Seicavs
(davazustoT: pirdapiri obieqtis pozicias); aseT zmnebs gardamavali (tran
zituli) zmnebi ewodeba. (brunvisniSniani enis SemTxevevaSi gardamaval zmnad
iseTi zmna iwodeba, romelsac braldebiTi brunvisniSniani argumenti aqvs).
amasTan, samargumentian zmnas aucileblad iribi obieqtic gaaCnia (anu meore
obieqti obieqtis ormag konstruqciaSi; aseT zmnebs xandaxan ditranzituli
zmnebi ewodeba). Tumca, inglisurSi, iseve, rogorc araerT sxva enaSi, bevr
zmnas mxolod erTi argumenti aqvs; raki aseT zmnebs, rogorc wesi, pirdapiri
obieqti ar mosdevs, maT gardauvali (intranzituli) zmnebi ewodeba. am argumentTan dakavSirebul Teta-rols, Cveulebriv, subieqtis pozicia eniWeba,
rogorc (35) magaliTidan darwmundebiT:
(35) a. falstafma gaicina (xmamaRla).
b. romeo movida (dagvianebiT).
sakmaod xSirad gardauval zmnebs zmnizeda mosdevs, romelic Sesrulebuli moqmedebis dros, an kidev ragvarobas aRwers, rogorc magaliT (35)-Sia.
bevr gardauval zmnas Tandebuliani fraza (Tf) mosdevs, romelic, rogorc
magaliT (36a)-Sia an zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebisa Tu situaciis adgil-mdebareobas ukavSirdeba, an, rogorc (36b)-Sia _ moqmedebis mizans, an Temas _
magaliTi (36g):
(36) a. Timon lived in Athens.
b. The king went to the witches.
g. The king laughed at the jesters joke.
a. Timoni aTenSi cxovrobda.
b. mefe kudianebTan wavida.
g. mefes masxaris xumrobaze gaecina.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am zmnebs or-ori argumenti aqvT, isini mainc gardauvalia, radgan samives Tandebuliani fraza (Tf) mosdevs da ara pirdapiri obieqti.
zogierT gardauval zmnas, maT Soris arrive, come, occur maTi determineriani fraza (df) (Tuki es fraza ganusazRvrelia) uSualod mosdevs da pirdapiri
obieqtis pozicias ikavebs da ara subieqtisas, romelSic igi Cveulebriv gvxvdeba.
(37) a. There has occurred a disaster.
b. Adisaster has occurred.

a.-b. ubedureba moxda.
g. There arrived three wise men from the east.
d. They arrived from the east.
g. sami brZeni kaci (mogvi) movida aRmosavleTidan.
d. isini aRmosavleTidan movidnen.
bevri lingvisti Tvlis, rom am determineriani frazisTvis miniWebuli Teta-roli (Tematuri Teta-roli) yovelTvis pirdapiri obieqtis pozicias eniWeba da rom determineriani fraza yovelTvis iq iwyeba, maSinac ki, roca obieqtis determinerianma frazam SeiZleba daukavebel poziciaze gadainacvlos,
rogorc (37b) da (37d)-Sia naCvenebi. gadanacvlebuli determineriani fraza
saxelobiT brunvaSi dgeba da ara braldebiTSi, rogorc amas (37d) magaliTi
mowmobs. varaudoben, rom es gadanacvleba mxolod im mizeziT xdeba SesaZlebeli, rom zmna Tavis obieqtis determinerian frazas braldebiT brunvas ver
aniWebs; zmnebs, romlebic ase moqmedebs, uakuzativo zmnebi (braldebiTis
uqoneli) ewodeba. ganusazRvreli determineriani fraza SeiZleba obieqtis
poziciaSi darCes, rogorc (37a) da (37g) winadadebebSi. CarTuli (Tu Cadgmuli _ expletive) nacvalsaxeli (iq) subieqtis daukavebel pozicias ikavebs,
xolo obieqtis determineriani fraza sxva brunvaSi dgeba.
unda iTqvas, rom mxolod zmna ar aris is kategoria, romelsac argumentTa
struqturis qona SeuZlia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zedsarTavebze, Tandebulebze da arsebiT saxelebze. kategoriebs, romlebsac argumentTa struqtura
gaaCniaT, am argumentebisTvis Teta-rolebis miniWeba SeuZliaT, predikatebi ewodebaT. mosazreba, rom zedsarTavebi predikatebiviT funqcionireben,
gakvirvebas ar unda iwvevdes, vinaidan zedsarTavebi iseT niSan-Tvisebebs
gamoxataven, romlebic adamianebs an sagnebs axasiaTebs. zedsarTavebis umetes
nawils mxolod erTi argumenti gaaCnia. es argumenti, rogorc wesi, zedsarTaviT aRwerili situaciis Tematur monawiled aris interpretirebuli.
xSirad zedsarTavebi Tavad determinerian frazaSic gvxvdeba _ uSualod
saxelis win. aseTia determineriani frazebi: `SeSlili mefe~, òri venecieli
vaWari~. aseT SemTxvevaSi zedsarTavis Teta-roli im determinerian frazas
eniWeba, romelsac zedsarTavi gansazRvravs. xandaxan zedsarTavi ise funqcionirebs, rogorc im winadadebis mTavari predikati, romelSic igi gvxvdeba.
aseT dros inglisur enaSi mas, Cveulebriv, zmna be uZRvis win, daakvirdiT
magaliTs (38):
(38) a. Desdemona was beautiful.
b. Duncan is dead.
g. These witches are strange.
a. dezdemona lamazi iyo.
b. dunkani mkvdaria (an: mokvda).
g. es jadosnebi (kudianebi) ucnaurebi arian.
aq zmnas be uSualod dakavSirebuli argumentTa struqtura ar gaaCnia da
arc Teta-rolebs aniWebs. amis nacvlad igi damxmare zmnis rols kisrulobs,
xolo winadadebis subieqti zedsarTavis argumentadaa interpretirebuli.
bevr enaSi, magaliTad rusulSi da haitis kreolur enaSi, aseT winadadebebSi
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zmna saerTod ar aris:

(39) a. Masha umnaja. (rusuli)

maSa+sax.br Wkviani+sax.br

`maSa Wkviania~.
b. Vdye gwo. (haitis kreoluri)

vedie didi.

`vedie didia~.
inglisur enaSic ki, winadadebebi, romlebSic zmna be gamotovebulia,
mosaubreebs SesaniSnavad esmiT, xolo inglisuris zogierT dialeqtSi aseTi
winadadebebi gramatikulad gamarTul formebadac iTvleba (aseTive suraTia
Jargonuli afro-amerikuli inglisuris zogierT nairsaxeobaSi):

You crazy. (afro-amerikuli inglisuri)
Sen giJi

`Sen giJi xar~.
dabolos, zogjer zedsarTavebi im determineriani frazidan gandevnil
zedsarTavebad (adjunct) warmogvidgeba, romlebsac isini gansazRvraven. ixileT
magaliTi (41), sadac zedsarTavebis Teta-roli winadadebis subieqts eniWeba:
(41) a. Falstaff walked home drunk

b. Caesar fell to the floor dead.

a. falstafi Sin mTvrali dabrunda.

b. keisari iatakze mkvdari daeca.
zogierT zedsarTavs ori argumenti aqvs. vTqvaT, zedsarTavebs, romlebic
adamianis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas aRweren, magaliTad, angry braziani da
suspicious eWviani, gaaCniaT gancdis subieqti da Tematuri subieqti, iseve,
rogorc zmnebs like, hate, suspect:
(42) a. Katherine was angry at Petruccio.
b. Portia was suspicious of Shylock.
g. Katherine hates him.
d. Portia Suspected Shylock.
a. katarina petruCioze gabrazebuli iyo.
b.
porcias eWvi Sailokze hqonda.

g. katarinas sZuls igi.

d. porcias eWvi Sailokze hqonda.
gaixseneT, rom iseTi zmnebi, rogorebicaa like, hate, TavianT gancdis subieqtis Teta-rols subieqtis pozicias aniWeben, xolo Tematur Teta-rols _
obieqtis pozicias, rogorc (42 g-d)-Si. zedsarTavebi angry, suspicious maTsave
msgavsad funqcionirebs: eseni TavianT gancdis subieqtis Teta-rols subieqtis pozicias aniWeben, xolo TavianT Tematur rols _ determinerian frazas, romelsac maT Semdeg mdgari Tf (Tandebuliani fraza) Seicavs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom at Tandebulis Semcveli Tandebuliani frazebi Cveulebriv adgil-mdebareobas ukavSirdeba, magaliTSi (42a) at Tandebuliani Tf
amgvarad ar aris gamoyenebuli; brunvisniSnian enaSi es Tandebuli brunvis
niSnad gvevlineba: Tavis obieqts zedsarTaviT aRweril situaciaSi Tematur
monawiled gansazRvravs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas magaliT (42b)-s of Tandebulze.
amgvarad, es Tandebuliani frazebi iseTi zmnebis obieqtebis msgavsia, rogorebicaa, magaliTad hate, suspect (42g-d) winadadebebSi; es Tandebuliani frazebi
am zedsarTavebis obieqtebadac ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT. amgvari Tandebuliani
frazebi, Cveulebriv, zedsarTavis damatebad aRiqmeba da ara obieqtebad. termini damateba subieqtis garda winadadebis nebismier wevrs aRniSnavs, romelic
predikatis argumentis funqcias asrulebs. amgvarad, zmnis pirdapiri da iribi
obieqtebic damatebebia _ eseni zmnebis damatebebia da maT Teta-rolic zmnis
mier eniWebaT; maSasadame, Tandebulis obieqti Tandebulis damateba iqneba.
roca Tandebuliani fraza imisTvis ixmareba, rom raRacas (drosa Tu
sivrceSi) adgili miuCinos, igi iribad miuTiTebs situaciaze, romelSic adamiani, sagani Tu situacia am miCenil adgilas imyofeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tandebuli predikatis funqcias kisrulobs da or arguments Soris droismier Tu
sivrciseul urTierTobas gansazRvravs; am Teta-rolebTan dakavSirebul argumentebs SegviZlia vuwodoT Temisa da mdebareobis, an figurisa da safuZvlis argumentebi. rogorc magaliTebSi (38) da (42) moyvanili zedsarTavebi,
Tandebulebi zogjer, zmnis be Semdeg winadadebis mTavari predikativiT moqmedebs. magaliTi (43):
(43) a. The magician was on the island.
b. Harflour is in France.

a.jadoqari kunZulze iyo.

b. arflo safrangeTSia.
aq winadadebis subieqti interpretirebulia rogorc Tema, an figura,
xolo Tandebulis obieqti _rogorc mdebareoba, an safuZveli. sxva SemTxvevebSi, roca Tandebuliani frazebi determineriani frazebis farglebSi
eqceva, rogorc magaliTSi (44), Tandebulis Temis an figuris Teta-roli im
determinerian frazas eniWeba, romelic Tandebulian frazas Seicavs:
(44) a. The magician on the island had a daughter.

b. Henry besieged a city in france.
a. kunZulze (=mcxovreb) jadoqars qaliSvili hyavda.

b. henrim safrangeTSi (= mdebare) qalaqs alya Semoartya.
amgvarad, Tandebulebs, iseve rogorc zedsarTavebs, sakuTari argumentebisTvis Teta-rolebis mimniWebeli zmnebis msgavsi unari gaaCniaT.
dabolos, ukve davrwmundiT, rom zogierTi saxeli (rogorebicaa, magaliTad, qorwineba, mkvleloba, sibraze ) situacias an movlenas asaxavs. aseT saxelebs or-ori argumenti gaaCniaT da maT Teta-rolebs aniWeben. zedsarTavebis
msgavsad, pirdapiri obieqti uSualod arc saxelebs mosdevs. maTi damatebebi,
rogorc wesi, Tandebuliani frazebia, rogorc (45) magaliTSia naCvenebi:
(45) a. Katherines anger at petruchio was no surprise.
b. Macbeths murder of Duncan shocked Malkolm.
a. katarinas sibraze petruCios mimarT gasakviri ar yofila.

b. makbetis mier dunkanis mkvlelobam malkolms Tavzari dasca.
winadadeba (46a)-Si saxeli anger (sibraze) (rogorc misi monaTesave zedsarTavi angry _ gabrazebuli) iseT situacias ukavSirdeba, romelSic gancdis subieqti da Tema figurirebs; (45b)-Si saxeli murder (mkvleloba) (iseve, rogorc
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128
misi monaTesave zmna murder _ mkvleloba) ukavSirdeba viTarebas, sadac agenti da mimRebi monawileobs. rodesac zedsarTavis angry da zmnis murder gancdis subieqtis da agentis Teta-rolebi winadadebis subieqtis pozicias eniWeba, saxelis anger gancdis subieqtis Teta-roli da saxelis agentis murder Teta-roli nominaluri msazRvrelis pozicias eZleva; garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
es pozicia ise funqcionirebs, rogorc subieqtis pozicia determineriani
frazis farglebSi. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, saxelis sxva Teta-roli saxelisave
Tf-s damatebas eniWeba. amgvarad, (42a-b) winadadebebis Tandebulebis msgavsad
da (43) Tu (44) winadadebebis Tandebulebisgan gansxvavebiT, (45) magaliTis Tandebulebi brunvis niSnebis funqcias kisrulobs.
iseTi saxelebic ki, romlebic movlenebs da situaciebs ar ukavSirdeba,
predikativiT funqcionirebs. magaliTad, saxelebi king, witch, friends da misTanani, rogorc ganyofileba 3.2.1-Si iTqva, adamianebis, cxovelebis da sagnebis garkveul tips gamoxataven. es saxelebi iseT niSan-Tvisebebs asaxaven,
romlebic maT Semcvel determinerian frazebs miekuTvneba; amgvarad, roca
determinerian frazas the foolish king (SeSlili mefe) mefe liris misamarTiT
viyenebT, lirs mTliani determineriani fraza gansazRvravs; saxeli am determineriani frazis SigniT, mis win mdgari zedsarTavis msgavsad, im Tvisebis aRmniSvnelad aris interpretirebuli, romelic am pirovnebas (lirs) miewereba.
zedsarTavebisgan da Tandebulebisgan gansxvavebiT, saxeli SeiZleba uSualod zmna be-s Semdeg ar idges da ise funqcionirebdes, rogorc winadadebis
mTavari predikati. yovel SemTxvevaSi, inglisur enaSi asea:
(46) a. * Puck is sprite.
b. *Banquo was ghost.
a. elfi feriaa.
b. banqo aCrdili iyo.
sainteresoa, rom iseT enebSi, romlebic gansazRvruli Tu ganusazRvreli
artiklebis xmarebas ar moiTxovs, magaliTad, rusulSi, zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis msgavsi winadadebebi gramatikulad sruliad gamarTulia (gaixseneT, be zmnis eqvivalenti rusulSic gamotovebulia.)
(47)
a. Kolja durak. (rusuli)
kolia+sax.br suleli+sax.br
`kolia sulelia~.

b. Vorona ptica.
yvavi frinveli.
`yvavi frinvelia~.
Ainglisur enaSi aseT zmnebs, rogorc wesi, win determineri uZRvis; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mTliani determineriani fraza predikativiT funqcionirebs:
(48)
a. Lear was the father of Goneril.
b. Puck was a sprite.
g. Banquo was a ghost.

a. liri gonerilis mama iyo.

b. elfi feria iyo.

g. banqo aCrdili iyo.
am egreT wodebul predikatis nominalur konstruqciebSi determineriani fraza, romelic zmna be-s obieqtad gvevlineba, ise ar aris interpretire
buli, TiTqos romelime axal referents gansazRvravdes (rogorc determineriani frazebis Semcvel wina winadadebebSi iyo); amis nacvlad, igi winadadebis subieqtis referentisadmi miweril niSan-Tvisebadaa gagebuli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mas predikatuli interpretacia gaaCnia, imis analogiuri, rogoric zedsarTavebs aqvT magaliT (38)-Si. arsebiTad, determineriani
frazebis es predikatebi struqturuladac (38) magaliTis zedsarTavis predikatebis msgavsia _ orive zmna be s damatebebia da TavianT Teta-rols orive
subieqtis pozicias aniWebs.
aqamde Cvens msjelobaSi determinerisa da mis Semdeg mdgomi saxelis (da
maT Soris Casmuli zedsarTav(eb)is) mimarT (rogorebicaa, magaliTad, SeSlili
mefe _ the foolish king an mxolod artikliani forma _ the king) termins `determineriani fraza~ (df) viyenebdiT. Tandebulisa da misi determineriani frazis
(magaliTad, in the forest) erTobliobis aRsawerad vxmarobdiT termins `Tandebuliani fraza~ (Tf). am terminebis analogiiT, zedsarTavisa da misi damatebis
erTobliobas zedsarTavian frazas vuwodebT (zf). ase, magaliTad, inglisur enaSi fraza angry ar Petruccio _ `petruCioze gabrazebuli~ zedsarTaviani
frazaa. swored aseve, zmnis da misi damatebis (an damatebebis, Tu aseTi erTze
meti gaaCnia) erTobliobas zmniani fraza (zmnf) ewodeba. ase, magaliTad, fraza sent tennis balls to the king _ `CogburTis burTebi mefes gaugzavna~ (man mas
isini) winadadeba (14b)-Si _ The dauphin sent tennis balls to the king zmniani fraza
(zmnf) iqneba. dabolos, saxelisa da misi damatebis erTobliobas saxeliani
fraza (sf) ewodeba. amgvarad fraza father of Goneril winadadeba (48a)-Si, kerZod,
misi determineriani frazis farglebSi _ the father of Goneril saxeliani frazaa,
iseve rogorc fraza murder of Duncan winadadeba (45b)-Si. Tu iseT sityvas, rogoricaa zmna, zedsarTavi an saxeli, damateba ar mosdevs, sityvam SeiZleba
mTliani frazis funqcia ikisros. magaliTad, winadadebaSi Henry laughed _
`henrim gaicina~ sityva laughed mxolod zmna ar aris; igi zmniani frazasaviTac
funqcionirebs. amis msgavsad, winadadeba (41a)-Si _ Falstaff walked home drunk
-`falstafi Sin mTvrali dabrunda~ zedsarTavi drunk -`mTvrali~ zedsarTaviani frazis funqcias kisrulobs.
sityvebis Tu frazebis amgvar erTobliobas, rogorebicaa determineriani
fraza, Tandebuliani fraza, zedsarTaviani fraza, zmniani fraza da saxeliani
fraza _ saxelwodeba im leqsikuri kategoriis mixedviT aqvs darqmeuli, romlis wevrsac is Seicavs, rogorc wesi, frazis pirveli leqsikuri kategoriis
wevris mixedviT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cvens mier aqamde ganxilul inglisur masalaSi asea. ase magaliTad, determineriani fraza the foolish king Seicavs the
determiners; zedsarTaviani fraza angry at Petruccio zedsarTavs angry da ase
Semdeg. aseT sityvebs (determineri determinerian frazaSi, zedsarTavi _
zedsarTavian frazaSi, zmna _ zmnian frazaSi da a.S) im frazebis Tavebi, an saTao sityvebi hqviaT, romelTa SemadgenlobaSic isini Sedian. Tu X kategoria XP
frazis Tavia, maSin vambobT, rom XP frazas saTaveSi X udgas. amgvarad, frazis
Tavebi sakuTar damatebasTan erTobliobas qmnian (an erwymian mas), raTa imave
leqsikuri kategoriis saxelwodebiani fraza warmoqmnan, romelsac TviTon mie-
129
130
kuTvnebian. ganyofilebaSi 3.3 frazis struqturis am sakiTxs ufro detalurad

SeviswavliT.
savarjiSo a.
3. 5
miuTiTeT, rogori zmnebi gvaqvs magaliTad moyvanil Semdeg winadadebebSi: gardamavali, ditranzituli Tu gardauvali. yuradReba miaqcieT im
faqts, rom zogierTi zmna SeiZleba gardamavalic iyos da gardauvalic.
miuTiTeT rogor gamoiyeneba TiToeuli es zmna Tqvens mier gansaxilvel
konkretul winadadebaSi
1. Romeo sang to Juliet.

2. Henrys invasion of France terrified the Dauphin.
3. Petruccio resided in Italy.
4. The soothsayer gave Caesar a warning.
5. Othello was distrustful of his wife.
b.
g.
1. romeom julietas umRera.

2. safrangeTSi henris SeWram dofini SeaSina.
3. petruCio italiaSi cxovrobda.
4. misanma keisari gaafrTxila.
5. otelo Tavis cols ar endoboda (undoblobiT ekideboda).
calke CamowereT is predikatebi, romlebic am winadadebebSi SegxvdaT.
TiToeul predikats miuwereT ramdenargumentiania igi, gamoyaviT es argumentebi da miuTiTeT, romeli Teta-rolebi aqvs miniWebuli TiToeul
maTgans.
miuTiTeT TiToeul zmnas, saxels, Tandebuls, zedsarTavs, romelic Cvens
winadadebebSi SegxvdaT, mosdevs Tu ara damateba da Tu mosdevs, rogori.
3.2. 6 gadarCeva, implicituri argumentebi, nulovani

nacvalsaxelebi da Teta-kriteriumebi
zmnis argumentTa struqturis leqsikuri gansazRvra xandaxan gadarCevis
praqtikas ukavSirdeba. ase magaliTad, Tu zmnis leqsikuri gansazRvreba iseT
movlenasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic agentisa da mimRebis monawileobas
gulisxmobs, maSin vambobT, rom zmna agentis argumentisa da mimRebis argumentis SerCevas axdens. SerCevis, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, seleqciis cneba gulisxmobs, rom predikati (zmna an zedsarTavi) garkveuli Teta-rolis mqone
arguments irCevs. amis Semdeg ki nebismieri winadadeba, romelSic es predikati
aRmoCndeba, im determinerian frazas unda Seicavdes, romelsac es Teta-roli
aqvs miniWebuli. magaliTad, Tu zmna irCevs agentis, mimRebis, samizne rols, an
gancdis subieqtis da Tematur rols, maSin TiToeuli es Teta-roli nebismier
im winadadebis determinerian frazas unda mieniWos, romlebSic (winadadeba
igulisxmeba) es zmna aRmoCndeba. amgvarad, (49) magaliTSi moyvanili winadadebebis gramatikuli gaumarTaoba SeiZleba im faqtiT aixsnas, rom zmnis erT-erTi
Teta-rolis miniWeba ar xdeba, vinaidan winadadeba ar Seicavs determinerian
frazas im poziciaSi, sadac am Teta-rolis miniWeba unda moxdes:
(49)
a. *Harry gave to Falstaff. (mimRebis Teta-rolis miniWeba ar xdeba)

b. *Harry gave Falstaff. (mimRebis Teta-rolis miniWeba ar xdeba)

g. *Gave the wine to Falstaff. (agentis Teta-rolis miniWeba
ar xdeba)

d. *Loves Desdemona. (gancdis subieqtis Teta-rolis miniWeba
ar xdeba)

e. *Harry admires. (Tematuri Teta-rolis miniWeba ar xdeba)

v. *The king besieged.(mimRebis Teta-rolis miniWeba ar xdeba)
a. harim falstafs misca.
b. harim falstafi misca.

g. falstafs Rvino misca.

d. uyvars dezdemona.

e. hari aRmerTebs.

v. mefem alya Semoartya.
mosazreba, rom zmnis mier SerCeuli yvela Teta-roli arguments nebismier
im winadadebaSi unda mieniWos, sadac es zmna Cndeba, mxolod erTi waxnagia im
zogadi principisa, Teta-kriteriumis saxeliT rom aris cnobili. am sakiTxze
qvemoT visaubrebT.
meore mxriv, arcTu iSviaTad, zogierTi zmnis garkveuli argumentebi xandaxan arasavaldebulo, araaucilebeli xdeba. TvalsaCinoebisTvis Semdegi
magaliTebi ganvixiloT:
(50)
a. The king attacked (the city). (SeadareT 49v-s).
b. Portia gave money (to a charity). (SeadareT 49b-s).
g. Soldiers kill (their enemies).
d. Romeo arrived (at Juliets house).
e. Harry laughed (at Falstaff).
a. mefem Seutia (qalaqs).
b. porciam fuli gasca (misca) (saqvelmoqmedo organizacias).

g. jariskacebi klaven (TavianT mtrebs).

d. romeo mivida (julietas saxlSi).

e. haris gaecina (dascina) (falstafs).
roca arasavaldebulo argumenti gamotovebulia, zmniT gamoxatuli qmedeba
an situacia xSirad gamotovebuli argumentis Sesabamis monawiles Seicavs xolme. magaliTad, marTalia, (50a)-s pirdapiri obieqti aklia, magram Cven am zmnis
Sinaarsi mainc ise gvesmis, rogorc pirdapiri obieqtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
gavigebdiT: mefem Seutia raRacas (an viRacas); swored aseve, (50d)-s Tandebuliani
fraza aklia, magram Cven gvesmis, rom romeo sadRac mivida. igive exeba arasavaldebulo argumentebs (50b) da (50g) winadadebebSi: sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT maTi
arseboba aucilebeli ar aris, magram semantikuri mosazrebebiT savaldebuloa.
maT implicituri (faruli, nagulisxmevi) argumentebi ewodebaT. meore mxriv,
(50e) winadadeba `haris gaecina~ aucileblad ar gulisxmobs, rom haris sicili
viRacis an raRacisadmi aris mimarTuli. amgvarad, obieqti-argumenti (50e)-Si
mxolod sintaqsurad arasavaldebulo ki ara, semantikuradac araaucilebelia,
vinaidan es winadadeba implicitur arguments ar moiTxovs.
aSkaraa, rom axla xelaxla gadasaxedi gvixdeba daskvna, romelic (49) wina-
131
132
dadebaze dayrdnobiT gamovitaneT: rom zmnis yvela Teta-roli yvela im winadadebis farglebSi unda iyos miniWebuli, romelSic zmna gvxvdeba. amis gasakeTeblad erTi ram iqneba aucilebeli: leqsikonSi, zmnis argumentTa struqturaSi
TiToeuli argumenti unda ganisazRvros, rogorc savaldebulo an arasavaldebulo. Sesabamisi principi Teta-kriteriumisTvis mxolod imas moiTxovs, rom
savaldebulo Teta-rolebi iqnes miniWebuli. meore mxriv, (50a-d) da (50e)-s Soris arsebuli kontrasti mowmobs, rom sintaqsuri aucilebloba da semantikuri
aucilebloba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba: zogierTi argumenti semantikuri
TvalsazrisiT savaldebuloa, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sintaqsuri aucilebloba ar arsebobs. pirobebi, romlebic gansazRvravs, aris Tu ara mocemuli
argumenti savaldebulo, an piriqiT, arasavaldebulo, rTulia da Znelad mosaxelTebeli da amitom am sakiTxSi CaRrmaveba aq marTebulad ar migvaCnia.
imis miuxedavad, rom calkeuli zmnebi maTi argumentebis aucileblobaaraaucleblobis TvalsazrisiT erTob ucnaur variaciebs qmnis, mniSvnelovani
ganzogadebis principi mainc arsebobs: inglisuri ena subieqtis argumentis gamotovebis saSualebas arasdros iZleva, sul mcire, srul winadadebebSi mainc;
igi yovelTvis savaldebuloa. (gamonaklisad SeiZleba pirad dRiurSi weris
stili CavTvaloT, romlisTvisac (isev inglisurSi) pirveli piris nacvalsaxelis gamotoveba ucxo ar aris.) meore mxriv, bevr enaSi, magaliTad, italiursa
da espanurSi (qarTulSic) subieqti SeiZleba yovelTvis gamotovebuli iyos,
rogorc magaliT (51)-Si vxedavT:
(51)
a. Ha
visto Petruccio.
(italiuri)

has (have+3mxol. )
seen Petruccio. (inglisuris magaliTze)

man (orive sqesi)
naxa petruCio.
`naxa petruCio~ (petruCio naxa).

b. Vimos la casa
de Otelo.

(espanuri)

saw+ 3mravl. the house of Othello. (inglisuris magaliTze)
vnaxeT (orive sqesi) saxli otelosi.
`vnaxeT otelos saxli~ (otelos saxli vnaxeT)
Tumca, rogorc inglisuri winadadebebis (50a-d) implicituri obieqti-argumentebis SemTxvevaSi, am espanuri da italiuri winadadebebis gamotovebuli
subieqtebic semantikuri TvalsazrisiT savaldebuloa. magram (51) magaliTis
gamotovebuli subieqtebi ise ar interpretirdeba, rogorc (50a-d)-s inglisuri implicituri obieqti-argumentebi; piriqiT, isini iseve aRiqmeba, rogorc gansazRvruli nacvalsaxelebi (rogorebicaa he, we, they, you). am enebSi
zmnas, rogorc wesi, subieqti-argumentis sufiqsi erTvis, romelic subieqtis
pirsa da ricxvs gamoxatavs (magram ara gramatikul sqess) -CanarTis Semdeg
CanarTi
3. 3
nulovani obieqtebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom italiuri da espanuri enebisTvis nulovani obieqtebi
mxolod subieqtis poziciaSia dasaSvebi, zogierT enaSi isini sxva, maT Soris,
obieqtis poziciaSic gvxvdeba. igive exeba Cikasausac, romelsac SeTanxmebis
afiqsebi subieqtisTvisac aqvs da obieqtisTvisac, oRond, mxolod pirveli da

meore piris nacvalsaxelebisTvis:
a. Lhiyohli-li.

devna(awmy)+1p. mxol.
`(me) mivdev (mas)~.
b. Ofi-at
sa-lhiyohli.
ZaRli-sax. 1p.mxol.+devna
`ZaRli momdevs (me)~.
c. Chi-lhiyohli-li.
2p.mxol+devna+1p.mxol.
`(me) mogdev (Sen)~.
am nimuSebSi gamotovebuli obieqtebi gansazRvrul nacvalsaxelebadaa interpretirebuli, rogorc gamotovebuli subieqtebi magaliT (51)-Si da piriqiT, gansxvavdeba magaliT (50)-is ganusazRvreli implicituri argumentebisgan.
amgvarad, bunebrivi iqneba, Tu davaskvniT, rom am enebisTvis subieqtis Tu obieqtis poziciebSi gansazRvruli nulovani nacvalsaxelebis gamoCena dasaSvebia.
subieqtis Tu obieqtis poziciebSi nulovani nacvalsaxelebi Cinur enaSic
misaRebia. magaliTad, mxolobiTis mesame pirSi mdgomi (Ria, xiluli) nacvalsaxeli ta arasavaldebuloa, sulerTia, subieqtis poziciaSi idgeba igi (d), Tu
obieqtis poziciaSi (e):
shuo
(ta) bu
renshi
Lisi.
d) Zhangsan
Jangsani Tqma (is) ar cnoba lisi.
`Jangsanma Tqva, rom ar icnobs lisis~.
shuo
Lisi
bu
renshi (ta) .
(e) Zhangsan
Jangsani Tqma lisi ar cnoba is.
`Jangsanma Tqva, rom lisi ar icnobs mas~.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Cinur enaSi, Cikasausgan gansxvavebiT, zmnas SeTanxmebis afiqsebi ar gaaCnia.
nulovan subieqtur nacvalsaxelebsa da nulovan obieqtur nacvalsaxelebs
Soris Cinur enaSi saintereso gansxvavebaa. Tu ta nacvalsaxeli (d) da (e) winadadebebSi xilulia, igi an mTavari winadadebis subieqtis (Jangsani), an sxva pirovnebis referentTanaa dakavSirebuli, iseve, rogorc inglisuri Targmanis
he da him nacvalsaxelebi ((d) Zhangsan said that he does not know Lisi; (e) Zhangsan
said that Lisi does not know him). igive SeiZleba iTqvas SemTxvevaze, roca CarTuli winadadebis subieqti nulovania (anu, roca ta nacvalsaxeli gamotovebulia), rogorc (d) winadadebaSi. magram rodesac obieqturi nacvalsaxelia
nulovani, rogorc (e) winadadebaSi, amis interpretireba SeiZleba mxolod
imgvarad, rom saubari romeliRac sxva pirovnebazea. am faqtma zogierT enaTmecniers uari aTqmevina Sexedulebaze, rom Cinur enaSi nulovani nacvalsaxelebis gamoCena obieqtis poziciaSi misaRebia. am azris sawinaaRmdegod, Cvens
winadadebebSi obieqtis poziciaSi sxvadasxvagvari nulovani argumenti Cndeba.
133
134
SeTanxmebis es sufiqsi imisgan damoukideblad Cndeba, Tu rogor aris warmodgenili TviT subieqti _ impliciturad, xilulad Tu ara. (51) magaliTSi
zmnebi ise funqcionirebs, TiTqos subieqtis poziciaSi uxilav, an gamouTqmel
nacvalsaxelebTan aris SeTanxmebuli. es me-2 TavSi ganxilul egreT wodebul
nulovan afiqsebTan (morfologiaSi) qmnis analogias. am gamouTqmel nacvalsaxelebs nulovan nacvalsaxelebs vuwodebT. nulovani subieqtebis arseboba
(51)-is msgavs winadadebebSi SeiZleba im principis sawinaaRmdego masalad gamodges, romlis mixedviTac yoveli savaldebulo Teta-roli aucileblad miniWebuli unda iqnes. Tumca, sinamdvileSi es winadadebebi xsenebul princips
ar ewinaaRmdegeba maSin, roca gamouTqmel nacvalsaxelebs Seicavs. aseT dros
am winadadebebis interpretireba ise xdeba, TiTqos TiToeul am nimuSSi zmnis
subieqtis Teta-roli gamouTqmel subieqtur nacvalsaxelebs eniWeba.
enebi erTmaneTisgan imiTac gansxvavdeba, gaaCniaT Tu ara maT nulovani
gansazRvruli nacvalsaxelebi da Tuki gaaCniaT, winadadebis romel poziciebSi aris misaRebi am nacvalsaxelebis gamoCena. umetes SemTxvevebSi, nulovani nacvalsaxelebis amocnoba zmnisTvis darTuli SeTanxmebis afiqsebiT
SeiZleba, asea, vTqvaT, italiursa da espanurSi. tradiciuli gramatikis bev
ri warmomadgeneli amtkicebs, TiTqos am enebSi nulovani subieqturi nacvalsaxelebi imitom aris misaRebi, rom maT SeTanxmebis subieqturi afiqsebi gaaCniaT, xolo inglisuris msgavsi enebisTvis nulovani nacvalsaxelebi ucxo
imis gamoa, rom am enaSi subieqtis SeTanxmebas SedarebiT mwiri morfologia
aqvs _ masSi (morfologiaSi) SeTanxmeba niSniT maSin aris gamoxatuli, roca
subieqti mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi dgas da isic mxolod awmyo droSi.
Tumca, msoflio enebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom amgvari
axsna mTlad marTebuli araa. zogierT enaSi (magaliTad, germanulSi) subieqtis SeTanxmebis aRmniSvneli mravali afiqsi arsebobs, magram ara nulovani
subieqturi nacvalsaxelebi, maSin, roca sxva enebSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad,
Cinuri) nulovani subieqturi nacvalsaxelebi gvaqvs, oRond maT SeTanxmebis
gamomxatveli afiqsebi ar gaaCnia. es faqti xSirad dabneulobas iwvevs, Tumca
sruliad aSkaraa: aseT enebze (magaliTad, Cinurze) mosaubreni amgvar damabnevel viTarebas Tavs SesaniSnavad arTmeven. Tu mosaubres azris ufro eqspliciturad gamoTqma surs, SeuZlia, xiluli (Ria) subieqturi nacvalsaxeli ixmaros. amgvarad, nulovani nacvalsaxelis subieqtur poziciaSi Casma adamianTa sametyvelo enebs Soris lingvisturi variaciebis parametradac SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. am parametrs ori Rirebuleba aqvs da bavSvebi enis aTvisebis procesSi asaTvisebeli enisTvis am parametris Rirebulebis miniWebas swavloben.
am sakiTxs me-6 TavSi mivubrundebiT. nulovani subieqtis parametri ukanaskneli xanis mecnierul kvlevaTa ZiriTad sakiTxad iqca. sintaqsologebi nulovani subieqtis mqone enebs (rogoricaa, magaliTad, italiuri) sxva enebs
adareben, raTa daakvirdnen, SeeTavsebian Tu ara gramatikis sxva maxasiaTeblebi nulovani subieqtis arsebobis SesaZleblobas.
Tu zmnis argumentTa struqturaSi yoveli savaldebulo Teta-roli im winadadebis ama Tu im elements mieniWeba, maSin savaraudod zmnasTan erTad gamoCenil imden determinerian frazas vipoviT, ramdeni argumentic aris; magaliT
(49)-ze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es molodini savsebiT marTebulia,
iseve, rogorc amis sapirispiro SemTxvevac: Cveulebriv, winadadebis TiToeul
determinerian frazas Teta-roli unda mieniWos _ es zemoT naxsenebi egreT wodebuli Teta-kriteriumis kidev erTi aspeqtia. magaliTad, ganvixiloT Cvens
teqstSi zemoT moyvanili (14) winadadebebi, romlebic Seicaven subieqts, obieqts da irib obieqts. aq maT xelaxla moviyvanT da (14 )-s davarqmevT:
(14 )
a. Shylock lent money to Antonio.
b. The Dauphin sent tennis balls to the king.
g. Harry passed the wine to Falstaff.
a. Sailokma antonios fuli asesxa.
b. dofinma CogburTis burTebi mefes gaugzavna.
g. harim falstafs Rvino gadaawoda.
rogorc vxedavT, agentis Teta-roli subieqtis pozicias eniWeba, mimRebis
roli _ obieqtis pozicias, xolo samizne Teta-roli ki iribi obieqtis pozicias. amgvarad, TiToeul am pozicias is Teta-roli eniWeba, romelic zmnis
argumentTa struqturiTaa ganpirobebuli. zmnebi, romlebic samze nakleb arguments irCevs, am tipis winadadebaSi ver moxvdeba:
(52)
a. *Macbeth murdered Duncan to Banquo. (SeadareT 6a-s)

b. *Othello liked Desdemona to Iago. (SeadareT 7a-s)

g. *Othello pleased Desdemona to Cassio. (SeadareT 8a-s)

d. *Henry kissed Katherine to the Dauphin. (SeadareT 9a-s)

e. *Three witches prepared a vile broth to Macbeth.(SeadareT 11b-s)
a. makbetma dunkani banqos mokla.
b. otelos dezdemona moswonda.

g. otelom dezdemona kasios gaaxara.

d. henrim katarinas dofins akoca.

e. samma kudianma makbets saZageli SeWamandi moamzada.
(52) magaliTis es zmnebi im movlenebs an situaciebs ukavSirdeba,
romlebSic mxolod ori monawile figurirebs: agenti da mimRebi (murder, kiss,
prepare), an _ gancdis subieqti da Tema (like da please). amitomaa, rom es zmnebi
iribi obieqtis monawileobas gamoricxavs: irib obieqts samizne Teta-roli
unda mieniWos, magram am zmnebiT gamoxatuli movlenis /situaciis buneba
iseTia, rom am Tematuri rolis mqone monawiles ar moiTxovs. Sesabamisad, (52)
magaliTis winadadebebis interpretireba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan irib obieqts
Sesaferisi Teta-roli ver eniWeba.
msgavsi mosazrebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom zmnebi, romlebic
mxolod erT arguments irCevs, rogorc wesi, winadadebaSi pirdapir obieqtis
arsebobas gamoricxavs. movlenebs, romelTac es zmnebi gamoxatavs, Sesaferisi
Teta-roli ar gaaCniaT (aseTia, magaliTad, mimRebi monawile), rom am poziciaSi
mdgom determinerian frazas mianiWon:
(53)
a. *Harry laughed Falstaff.
b. *Romeo died Juliet.

a. haris gaecina (harim gaicina) falstafi.

b. romeo mokvda julieta.
Cveni molodinis sapirispirod, bevri aseTi zmna determinerian frazas
saSualebas aZlevs pirdapiri obieqtis poziciaSi Cadges, Tuki aseTi determineriani fraza uSualod movlenas ukavSirdeba. saamiso magaliTebs (54)-Si
135
136
ipoviT:
(54)
a. Falstaff laughed a hearty laugh.

b. Romeo died a painfull death.
a. falstafma guliani siciliT gaicina. (an: falstafs guliani
siciliT gaecina;
b. romeo mtkivneuli sikvdiliT mokvda.
am determinerian frazebs monaTesave obieqtebi ewodebaT, vinaidan
morfologiurad xSirad TviTon zmnasTan arian dakavSirebulni. es monaTesave obieqtebi Cveulebriv iseT zedsarTavs Seicaven, romelic movlenis
romelsame niSan-Tvisebas aRwers. Tumca, yvela gardauvali zmna rodi èqceva~
ase monaTesave obieqtebs. gansakuTrebiT es braldebiTis uqonel (araakuzatiur) zmnebze occur da arrive iTqmis:
(55)
a. * A disaster occurred a quick occurence.
b. * Romeo arrived a welcome arrival.
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, braldebiTis uqoneli zmnebi monaTesave obieqtebs im mizezis gamo ar iCenen, rom braldebiTi brunvis miniWebis unari ar
aqvT, rogorc (37) magaliTi mowmobs. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, raime mimarTebis
mqone yvela gamonaTqvami (referring expressions) (nacvalsaxelebi, saxelebi, determineriani frazebi) brunvis fuZis saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili _ saxelobiTi brunva iqneba es, braldebiTi, Tu micemiTi, maSinac ki, Tu brunvis fuZes
morfologiuri afiqsebi Riad ar erTvis. am pirobas brunvis filtri ewodeba.
amgvarad, (55) magaliTSi winadadebebis gramatikuli gaumarTaoba SeiZleba
swored am brunvis filtris arsebobiT aixsnas: am determineriani frazebisTvis brunvis miniWeba SeuZlebelia.
Teta-kriteriumis ori ZiriTadi principi (56) formulirebaSia moyvanili:
(56)
Teta-kriteriumi

a. predikatis mier SerCeuli TiToeul (savaldebulo)

Teta-roli referenciul gamoTqmas (rogoricaa

determineriani fraza) unda mieniWos.

b. TiToeul referenciul gamoTqmas Teta-roli unda

mieniWos.
sintaqsis zogierTi Teoria Teta-kriteriumis ufro mkacrad gansazRvrul
versias gvTavazobs. am Teoriebis mixedviT, Teta-rolebsa da referenciul
gamoTqmebs Soris erTi-erTze Sesabamisoba arsebobs: TiToeuli Teta-roli
mxolod erT arguments unda eniWebodes, da piriqiT, TiToeuli argumenti mxolod erT Teta-rols unda Seesabamebodes. sxva Teoriebis mixedviT ki, zogierT SemTxvevaSi calkeul referenciul gamoTqmebs SeiZleba ori da orze meti
Teta-rolic mieniWos. am sakiTxs aq ar CavuRrmavdebiT.
savarjiSo
3.6
qvemoT moyvanili nimuSebis TiToeuli wyvili erT gramatikulad gamarTul

da erT gaumarTav winadadebas Seicavs. yvela am SemTxvevaSi, gramatikulad
gaumarTavi magaliTi Teta-kriteriumis principebis darRveviTaa Sedgenili,
an referenciuli gamoTqmebisTvis savaldebulo Teta-rolis miniWeba ver xdeba, an referenciuli gamoTqma ar Seesabameba Teta-rols. gramatikulad gamarTul TiToeul winadadebas mouZebneT is Teta-roli, romelsac zmna TiToeul
arguments aniWebs. TiToeuli am gaumarTavi winadadebisTvis daadgineT Tetaroli an argumenti, romelic mis gaumarTaobas iwvevs. SeadareT igi mis win mdgar gramatikulad gamarTul winadadebas.
1. a. Shylock handed the money to Antonio.
b.* Shylock handed to Antonio.
2. a. The kings troops entered the city.

b. *The kings troops entered the city to Shylock.
3. a. Henry laughed at Falstaff.

b. * Henry laughed the book at Falstaff
4. a. Juliet died a sad death.

b. *Died a sad death.
1. a. Sailokma antonios fuli gadasca; b. Sailokma antonios

gadasca.
2. a. mefis jari qalaqSi Sevida; b. mefis jari qalaqSi

Sailoks Sevida.
3. henris falstafze gaecina; b. henris falstafze wigni gaecina.
4 .a. julieta sevdiani sikvdiliT mokvda; b. sevdiani

sikvdiliT mokvda.
3.2.7 semantikuri SerCeva, kategoriaTa SerCeva da CarTuli

winadadebebi
ukve vnaxeT, rom zmnebi iseT argumentebs irCeven, romelTac garkveuli
Teta-rolebi gaaCniaT; aseve irCeven zmnebi am argumentebis konkretul semantikur niSan-Tvisebebs. magaliTad, zmna murder (mokvla) moiTxovs, rom agentis
argumentic da mimRebisasac adamianebi iyvnen. zmna drink (daleva) moiTxovs, rom
agentis argumenti sulieri iyos, mimRebis argumenti ki _ Txevadi formis. am
tipis moTxovnebs SerCevis (an sxvagvarad, saseleqcio) SezRudvebi ewodeba.
(57) magaliTSi moyvanili winadadebebi am SezRudvebs arRvevs: determineriani
frazebi, romlebic am winadadebebSi subieqtis da obieqtis poziciebSi gvxvdeba, im erTeulebs ukavSirdeba, romelTac zmnisTvis aucilebeli zogierTi
niSan-Tviseba akliaT. es niSan-Tvisebebi zmnas im argumentebisgan esaWiroeba, romlebic am poziciebisTvis miniWebul Teta-rolebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
(winadadebebis TavSi mdgari Zaxilis niSnebi (!) maT semantikur anomaliurobaze
miuTiTebs.)
(57)
a. !The rock murdered the tree.
kldem xe mokla.

b. ! The wine drank the king.
Rvinom mefe dalia.
magaliTad, (57b)-Si obieqtis poziciaSi mdgom determinerian frazas mimRebis roli eniWeba, magram zmnis drink leqsikuri gansazRvreba moiTxovs, rom
es Teta-roli im argumentTan iyos dakavSirebuli, romelic SerCevis SezRud-
137
138
vas eqvemdebareba da romelic moiTxovs, rom igi siTxe iyos. azri metaforulad rom gamovxatoT, xandaxan am SerCevis SezRudvebs varRvevT. magaliTad,
bunebis damcvelma SeiZleba xismWrelze Tqvas, rom man xe mokla, mebaRem SeiZleba ganacxados, rom romelime mcenares swyuria da wyali unda daalevinos.
aseTi sityvaTxmarebis dros mosaubre mxolod adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs cxovels, mcenares an usulo sagans miawers, sulieri arsebisTvis
damaxasiTebel Tvisebebs ki _usulo sagans. metaforis Zalmosileba swored
SerCevis SezRudvis arsebobaze dgas, romelic adamianis Tu cxovelis Tvisebebs am argumentebs aniWebs.
SerCevis ama Tu im yaidis SezRudvebs inglisur enaSi sakuTar argumentebs
yvela zmna uwesebs. xSir SemTxvvaSi am SezRudvebs Teta-rolis is tipi ganapirobebs, romelic arguments aqvs miniWebuli. magaliTad, gancdis subieqti
aucileblad sulieri unda iyos, vinaidan usulo sagnebs, abstraqtul cnebebs, Tvisebebs da movlenebs fsiqologiuri damokidebulebebis qona ar SeuZliaT. amis gamo yvela zmna, romelic gancdis subieqtis arguments irCevs (like,
hate, resent, worry _ mowoneba, siZulvili, aRSfoTeba, wuxili da a.S), referenciul gamoTqmas moiTxovs, romelsac sulier arsebad yofnis niSan-Tvisebas am Teta-rolis miniWeba matebs. meore mxriv, zmnebs, romlebic argumentad agents irCeven, subieqtad usulo sagnebis, an abstraqtuli cnebebis qona
SeuZliaT, roca zmniT gamoxatul qmedebas raRac usulo, abstraqtuli ram
sCadis. magaliTad, zmnas kill, zmnisgan murder (orive zmna `mokvlas~ niSnavs)
gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba usulo agentic hqondes da sulieric:
(58)
a. Brutus killed Caesar. `brutusma keisari mokla~.

b. Madness killed Lear. `liri sigiJem mokla~.
usulo agents xSirad mizezs uwodeben. mizezi ar unda agverios instrumentSi, romelic, SeiZleba, mizezis msgavsad, iseTi zmnis subieqtad mogvevlinos, agents rom irCevs. ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi:
(58)
g. A dagger killed Caesar. _ `keisari xanjalma mokla~.
es usulo subieqti ufro instrumentia, vidre mizezi, vinaidan zmniT

gamoxatuli qmedebis iniciatori igi ar aris. instrumentebi, mizezebisgan gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba agentTan erTad, with Tandebulian obieqtad warmogvidges:
(58)

d. Brutus killed Caesar with a dagger. _ `brutusma keisari

xanjliT mokla~.
arCevis im SezRudvebTan erTad, romlebic argumentebis semantikur

niSan-Tvisebebs uwesdeba, predikatebs aseTive SezRudvebis daweseba maTive
argumentebis leqsikur kategoriazec SeuZliaT. SerCevis amgvari moTxovna
kategoriis SerCevis (sxvagvarad c-SerCeva) saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi semantikur SerCevas, anu s-SerCevas upirispirdeba. zemoT nimuSad moyvanili
zmnebis umetesoba damatebad determinerian frazebs, Tandebulian frazebs an
zedsarTavian frazebs irCevs, an _ determineriani frazebis da Tandebuliani

frazebis garkveul kombinaciebs. magaliTad, zmna murder damatebad determinerian frazas irCevs (Macbeth murdered the king -`makbetma mefe mokla~; zmna
live cxovreba _ Tandebulian frazas (Timon lived in Atens _ `Timoni aTenSi
cxovrobda~); zmnebi give, lend, pass (micema, sesxeba, gadacema) damatebad determinerian frazas da Tandebulian frazas irCevs (romelTac TavSi to Tandebuli udgaT), an _determinerian frazas da determinerian frazas (Shylock
lent money to Antonio; Shylock lent Antonio the money _ `Sailokma antonios fuli
asesxa~), xolo zmnebi be, seem, become (yofna, (raRacad) Cveneba, (raRacad)
qceva) _sxva SesaZlebel variantebs Soris, zedsarTavian frazas (Othello became jealous _ òtelom ieWviana~, sityvasityviT: otelo eWviani gaxda).
rogorc wesi, am damatebebis leqsikuri kategoriebi Tavisufali araa; ase
magaliTad, iseTi zmnis mimRebi-argumenti, rogoricaa murder- `mkvleloba~,
determineriani fraza unda iyos da ara zedsarTaviani fraza, xolo iseTi zmnis mdebareobis argumenti, rogoricaa live-`cxovreba~, Tandebuliani fraza
unda iyos da ara determineriani fraza, rogorc amas (59) magaliTi mowmobs:
(59)
a. *Macbeth murdered angry at Duncan. (SeadareT 6a-s)

b. *Timon lived Athens. (SeadareT 36a-s)
Cndeba kiTxva: unda iyos Tu ara aseTi faqtebi Setanili am zmnebis leqsikur ganmartebebSi, Tu TiToeuli maTgani prognozirebadia? erTi SexedviT
is daskvna ufro marTebuli Cans, rom kategoriis SerCevis yvela niSan-Tviseba sruliad prognozirebadia. magaliTad, Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom zmna murder
Tavis mimReb arguments SerCevis SezRudvas uqvemdebarebs, imisTvis, raTa
gamoxatos, rom subieqti adamiania. magram subieqtis adamianobas mxolod
determineriani frazebi (maT Soris, saxelebi, nacvalsaxelebi da df-ebi,
romelTa saTao sityvebi determinerebia) gamoxatavs. zedsarTaviani frazebi,
magaliTad, angry at Duncan -`dunkanze gabrazebuli (sityvasityviT _ braziani)~ Tvisebas ukavSirdeba. amis gamo is faqti, rom zmnis murder damateba
(59a)-Si determineriani fraza unda iyos, SerCevis im semantikuri SezRudvis
wyalobiT, romelsac es zmna eqvemdebareba, savsebiT prognozirebadi faqtia.
swored aseve, faqti, rom zmnis live mdebareobis argumenti Tf unda iyos, da
ara saxeli an determineriani fraza, rogorc (59b)-Si, advilad SeiZleba aixsnas im mosazrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mdebareobas mxolod Tandebuliani
fraza gamoxatavs.
meore mxriv, Sesabamis monacemebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
suraTi mTlad mkafio araa. upirveles yovlisa, ganvixiloT (59b)-s Semdeg
ganmartebuli debuleba, rom mdebareobas mxolod Tandebuliani fraza, anu
Tf gamoxatavs. xsenebul winadadebaSi gvaqvs faqti, rom sakuTari saxeli Athens _ àTeni~ mdebareobas gamoxatavs. Tumca, kontrasti (59b) da (60a)-s Soris
cxadyofs, rom zogjer Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTTan axlos mdgari zmnebi,
romlebic msgavsi an erTnairi Teta-rolebis mqone argumentebs irCevs, am
argumentebisTvis SeiZleba sxvadasxva kategoriebs irCevdnen. aseTive kontrasti gvaqvs (60b-e)-Si TiTqmis sinonimur zmnebs Soris:
139
140
(60) a. The Greeks inhabited Athens (....long before the age of Pericles).

b. Romeo arrived at Juliets house. (= 50d)

g. *Romeo arrived Juliets house.

d. Romeo reached Juliets house.

e. *Romeo reached at Juliets house.
es magaliTebi miuTiTebs, rom damatebis leqsikuri kategoriis prognizireba xandaxan SeuZlebelia; igi im zmnis idiosinkraziuli maxasiaTebelia, romelic
arguments irCevs da amitom zmnis leqsikur ganmartebaSi unda iqnes Setanili.
jer-jerobiT im damatebaTa saxeobebis nimuSebis mokle mimoxilva SemogTavazeT, romlebic SeiZleba zmnam airCios. sinamdvileSi kategoriis SerCevis
speqtri gacilebiT ufro mravlismomcvelia. sruli suraTis gaTvalsaCinoebisTvis Cveni diskusiiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebidan unda gadavuxvioT da winadadebis Sedgenis, agebis (klauzuluri komplementacia) sintaqsi SeviswavloT
_ procesisa, romelic did winadadebebSi ufro mcire winadadebis CarTviT
rTuli winadadebis warmoqmnis saSualebas iZleva. zmnebi, romlebic sametyvelo moRvaweobis aqts gamoxatavs (say, tell, announce, proclaim, inform, promise _ Tqma, moyola, gamocxadeba, gancxadeba, Setyobineba, Sepireba da a.S)
an fiqris, azrovnebis process, gonebriv moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba (believe,
think, know, forget, remember, doubt _ rwmena, fiqri, codna, daviwyeba, xsovna,
daeWveba da a.S), Cveulebriv mTliani winadadebisgan Semdgar damatebas irCevs,
romlebic ganmartavs, Tu ris Tqmaze, fiqrze, rwmenaze, daviwyebaze, codnaze
da a.S. aris saubari mTavar winadadebaSi. am CarTul winadadebebs, Cveulebriv,
win egreT wodebuli damatebis Semqmneli sityva (comlementizer) uZRvis, iseTi
sityva, rogoricaa that_ `rom~, xolo damatebis mqmneli sityvisa da CarTuli
winadadebis erTobliobas damatebis mqmneli fraza (complementizer phrase),
anu d m f ewodeba. zogierTi zmna, magaliTad, think, know (fiqri, codna) damatebad mxolod dmf-s irCevs, rogorc magaliT (61a)-Si vxedavT; sxva zmnebi,
magaliTad, tell, inform (Tqma, Setyobineba) damatebad determinerian frazas
irCevs, romelsac dmf damateba mosdevs, rogorc (61b) winadadebaSi vxedavT;
sxva zmnebi, magaliTad, say da mention (Tqma, xseneba) arasavaldebulo Tandebulian frazas (Tf) irCevs, romelsac dmf mosdevs. amis TvalsaCinoebas warmoadgens winadadeba (61g). damatebis mqmneli frazebi SeiZleba subieqtis poziciaSic Segvxvdes, Tuki isini semantikurad eTavseba im Teta-rols, romelsac
zmna am pozicias aniWebs. Sesatyvis nimuSs winadadeba (61d) warmoadgens:
(61)
a. Hamlet knew that his father had been murdered.
hamletma icoda, rom mamamisi mokles.

b. Antonio told Bassanio that his ship was lost.
antoniom basanios uTxra, rom misi gemi daikarga.

g. Antony said (to Cleopatra) that he loved her.
antoniusma (kleopatras) uTxra, rom (mas) uyvarda (igi).

d. That Lysander had fallen in love with Helena astonished Hermia.
rom lisandres Seuyvarda elene, (aman) gaakvirva hermia.
(wyobis dacviT) hermias gaukvirda, rom lisandres
elene Seuyvarda. an:
hermia iman gaakvirva, rom lisandres elena Seuyvarda.
tradiciul gramatikebSi CarTul winadadebebs CanarTi (damokidebuli

klauzula) ewodeba, xolo maT win mdgar dm-sebs daqvemdebarebuli kavSirebi
ewodeba. ukanasknel termins bolodroindel lingvistikaSi naklebad iyeneben,
magram termini `CanarTi~ (`CarTuli winadadeba~) dRemde xSirad gamoiyeneba.
roca nimuSad (61) magaliTis msgavsi rTuli winadadebebi moaqvT, lingvistebi
damokidebuli winadadebis dmf-s Cveulebriv kvadratul frCxilebSi svamen,
raTa massa da mis Semcvel mTavar winadadebas (matriculi klauzula) Soris
zRvari mkafiod aRiniSnos, rogorc es winadadeba (62)-Sia Sesrulebuli:
(62)
Portia said [that the quality of mercy is not strained].

porciam Tqva, rom gulmowyalebas zRvari ar aqvs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom (61) da (62) nimuSebis msgavsi CarTuli winadadebebi
dmf-ebad iTvleba, dms (damatebis mqmneli sityva) yovelTvis savaldebulo
ar aris; swored ise, rogorc zogierT determinerian frazas ar gaaCnia Ria
determineri, aseve ar Seicavs Ria dms-s; ase magaliTad, dms that SeiZleba gamotovebul iqnes winadadebebSi (61a), (61b) da (62), magram ara (61d)-Si (an (61g)Si, Tuki es winadadeba Tandebulian frazasa da damatebis mqmnel frazas (dmf)
Seicavs). miuxedavad amisa, yvela am CarTul winadadebas dmf-ebad ganvixilavT.
(61-62) winadadebebi iribi diskursis nimuSebia; CarTuli winadadeba mTavar winadadebaSi gadmocemuli naTqvamisa Tu CAanafiqris Sinaarss gadmoscems,
magram savadlebulo ar aris, originalur versias imave sityvebiT imeorebdes;
irib diskursSi damokidebuli winadadeba SeiZleba naTqvamis an CAanafiqris
perifrazs warmoadgendes; magaliTad, (61) damokidebuli winadadebebidan
TiToeuli mesame piris nacvalsaxelebs Seicavs pirveli an meore piris nacvalsaxelebis nacvlad, romlebsac Seqspiri Tavis piesebSi iyenebda _ misi personaJebis metyveleba, fiqris Tu gansjis procesi mosaubris piriT aris gadmocemuli. Tu mosaubres Tavdapirveli gamonaTqvamis zusti sityvebiT gadmocema surs, damatebis mqmnel sityvas that gamotovebs, naTqvamis intonacias da
mdinarebas SeinarCunebs; roca igive dawerilobiTi formiT xdeba, mosaubris
piriT gameorebuli naTqvami wesisamebr brWyalebSia Casmuli. naTqvamis ase
gadmocemas pirdapiri diskursi ewodeba.
iribi diskursis pirdapiri diskursisgan gamorCevis kidev erTi xerxi infinitikuri klauzulis (winadadebis) gamoyenebaa, rogorc moyvanil (63) winadadebebSi ixilavT (61)-sa da (62)-Si CarTuli winadadebebi an damokidebuli klauzulebi dasrulebuli winadadebebia; imis garda, rom yoveli maTgani damatebis
mqmneli sityviT iwyeba, inglisur enaSi maT calke, damoukidebel winadadebebad
arsebobac SeuZliaT. meore mxriv ki, kvadratul frCxilebSi moqceuli damokidebuli winadadebebi aseTsave damoukidebel winadadebebad ver iarsebebs, rasac
magaliTi (64) gviCvenebs; am winadadebebs mxolod CarTuli winadadebebis saxiT
SeuZliaT funqcionireba, romlebic irib diskurss gadmoscemen:
(63)
a. Antonio is hoping [for his ship to come in].

b. [For Shylock to shed a drop of blood] would violate the law.

g. Petruccio expects [to marry Katherine].

d. [To marry Katherine ] would please Petruccio.

e. Lady Macbeth told her husband [to kill the king].
141
142

v. Goneril believed [him to be a fool].

a. antonios imedi aqvs [misi xomaldis dabrunebis].

b. [SailokisTvis sisxlis erTi wveTis daRvra] kanonis

darRvevas moaswavebs.

g. petruCio moelis [katarinasTan qorwinebas].

d. [katarinasTan qorwineba] gaaxarebda petruCios.

e. ledi makbetma qmars daavala [mefis mokvla].

v. gonerils sjeroda [misi sigiJe].
(64)
a. *For Shylock to shed a drop of blood.

b. *To marry Katherine.

g. *Him to be a fool.
infinitivuri klauzulebi inglisur enaSi zmnur frazebs Seicavs,
romelsac saTao sityvad am zmnis Ziris forma aqvs, mas ki, Tavis mxriv, win to
uZRvis, xandaxan, Tumca, ara yovelTvis, infinitivi infinitivuri dms-Ti (da
matebis mqmneli infinitivuri sityviT) iwyeba. xSirad infinitivuri klauzulis pirvel elementad damatebis mqmneli sityva for dgas, rogorc amas (63a)
da (63b) winadadebebSi vxvdebiT, aseT infinitivs for Tandebuliani infinitivi
ewodeba. im sasruli (finite) CarTuli winadadebebis msgavsad, romelTac win
that dms uZRvis, es for Tandebuliani infinitivebic damatebis mqmneli frazebia; Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom struqturulad isini dmf-ebis msgavsia,
rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ori tipis winadadeba erTmaneTis identuri ar aris.
amis gamo erTmaneTisgan maT gansasxvaveblad am sityvis Zirs viyenebT [-piris
niSani] (gamoiTqmis Semdegnairad: minus plus piris niSani). piriani dmf-ebi,
maTi piriani saTao dms-is msgavsad, ase aRiniSneba [+piris niS.], maSin, roca
infinitivuri dmf-ebi da maTi infinitivuri saTao dms-ebi (damatebis mqmneli
sityvebi) _ Semdegnairad unda aRvniSnoT: [-piris.niS.].
Tu infinitivuri klauzula damatebis mqmnel sityvas for ar Seicavs, da
Ria subieqturi determineriani fraziT iwyeba, rogorc winadadebaSi (63v),
mas gansakuTrebuli piris niSniani infinitivi (exceptional case marking infinitive) ewodeba. es terminologia im faqts asaxavs, rom determinerian frazas infinitivis subieqtis poziciaSi mTavari winadadebis zmna (braldebiT brunvas
aniWebs zmna believe winadadebaSi), TiTqos igi am zmnis obieqti iyos, miuxedavad imisa, rom semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, daqvemdebarebuli (damokidebuli)
winadadebis subieqtadaa interpretirebuli. zogierTi lingvistis azriT,
gansakuTrebuli piris niSniani infinitivebi, for Tandebuliani infinitivebis
msgavsad, damatebis mqmneli frazebia; sxva lingvistebi fiqroben, rom isini
droian frazebs (drf) miekuTvnebian, romelTac saTao elementad infinitivuri nawilaki to aqvT. droian frazebs ganyofilebaSi 3.3 da me-5 TavSi ganvixilavT.
bevri infinitivuri klauzula to +zmna kombinaciis win Ria determinerian
frazas ar Seicavs. amis nimuSs winadadebebSi (63g) da (64) xedavT. am SemTxvevaSi
ararsebuli subieqti imis msgavsadaa interpretirebulia, msgavsad nulovani
subieqturi nacvalsaxelisa nulovani subieqtis mqone enebSi: igi interpretirebulia rogorc nacvalsaxeli, romelic imave referents ukavSirdeba, ra-
sac winadadebis nebismier adgilas mdgari saxeliani fraza. magaliTad, (63g)

winadadebaSi gamotovebuli subieqti interpretirebulia, rogorc nacvalsaxeli he, romelic imave pirovnebas ukavSirdeba, vinc mTavari winadadebis
subieqtad (petruCio) warmogvidgeba. magaliTad, (63g) winadadebis perifrazirebisas infinitivis nacvlad piriani CarTuli winadadeba rom gvexmara,
maSin gamotovebuli subieqtis nacvlad nacvalsaxeli gaCndeboda: Petruccio
expects that he will marry Kate. _ `petruCio moelis, rom qeiTs colad SeirTavs~. amgvarad, inglisuri infinitivebi, Cveulebrivi inglisuri piriani
klauzulebisgan gansxvavebiT da espanuri, italiuri da Cinuri enebis piriani klauzulebis msgavsad, saSualebas iZleva, rom maTs subieqtur poziciaSi
nulovani nacvalsaxelebi gaCndes. sintaqsologebi infinitivebis subieqtur
poziciaSi am implicituri gamouTqmeli (nulovani) nacvalsaxelis aRsaniSnavad Semoklebas PRO iyeneben, rogorc winadadeba (65)-Si:
(65)
Petruccioi expectcts [PROi to marry Kate].
am winadadebaSi Semoklebis gverdiT miwerili i indeqsi miuTiTebs, rom gamouTqmeli nacvalsaxeli PRO ise unda iqnes interpretirebuli, TiTqos imave
referents ukavSirdeba, rasac mTavari winadadebis subieqti, Petruccio. uxmo
nacvalsaxelisa da mTavari winadadebis subieqts Soris arsebul amgvar kavSirs koreferentoba (co-reference) ewodeba. Ria (xilul) nacvalsaxelebTan,
iseT winadadebebSi, rogoricaa Petruccio expects he will marry Kate koreferencia arasavaldebuloa. roca gamouTqmeli PRO CarTul infinitur klauzulaSi
subieqtur poziciaSi koreferentulia mTavari winadadebis determinerian
frazasTan (rogorc winadadeba (65)-Si), Cven vambobT, rom PRO-s mTavari winadadebis determineriani fraza marTavs. (65) winadadebis msgavs konstruqciebs
subieqturi kontrolis konstruqciebs vuwodebT, vinaidan PRO s mTavari
winadadebis subieqti akontrolebs. iseve, rogorc zemoT naxsenebi gansakuTrebuli pirisniSniani infinitivebis SemTxvevaSi, zog enaTmecniers miaCnia,
rom es kontrolirebadi (marTuli) infinitivebi damatebis mqmneli frazebia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Ria dms-ebs ar Seicavs yovel SemTxvevaSi, standartul inglisurSi. (inglisuri enis zogierT regionul dialeqtSi marTuli
infinitivebi Ria dms-ebs Seicavs, ris gamoc SesaZlebeli xdeba Semdegi saxis winadadebebis arseboba: I am hoping for to see my true love. _ìmedi maqvs, rom Cems
namdvil siyvaruls Sevxvdebi~. swored aseve, marTuli infinitivebi frangul
da italiur enebSi, im prepoziciuri nawilakebiT iwyeba, romlebic Cven dms-s
mivakuTvneT.)
damokidebuli klauzulis kidev erT saxeobas, romelsac inglisuri enis
gramatika ganixilavs, egreT wodebuli mcire klauzulebi ewodeba. mcire klauzulebi, rogorc maTi saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs, ufro mcirea, vidre piriani
klauzulebi da infinitivebi. isini dms-ebs, damxmare zmnebs, gramatikuli drois
niSnebs, an infinitivis win mdgari to nawilakis msgavs elementebs ar Seicavs.
bevri mcire klauzula zmnasac ki ar Seicavs, mxolod subieqtur determinerian
frazebs, romelTac iseTi predikatebi mosdevs, rogorebicaa zf-ebi (zedsarTaviani frazebi) da determineriani frazebi. amis nimuSia winadadeba (66):
(66)
a. Goneril considers [her father foolish].
143
144
b. The suitors made [Kate angry].

g. Goneril considers [her father a fool].
d. The lords made [Macbeth their king].
a.gonerili Tvlis [mamamiss giJad].
b.xelis mTxovnelebma (damxmare zmna) [qeiTi gaabrazes].

g. gonerili Tvlis [mamamiss giJad].

d. lordebma (damx. zmna) [makbeti mefed gaixades].
aRqmis procesis gamomxatveli zmnebi (rogorebicaa see, hear, feel _ danaxva,
smena, SegrZneba) da sxva pirze zemoqmedebis gamomxatveli zmnebi rogorebicaa
make da let, rogorc wesi, mcire klauzulebs irCeven, romlebic mxolod
subieqtur determinerian frazas da uniSno, uafiqso zmnian frazas Seicaven,
anu zmnian frazas saTao elementad zmnis Ziri aqvs. amis TvalsaCinoebas (67a-g)
winadadebebSi ixilavT:
(67)
a. Macbeth saw [ the forest move towards the castle].

b. Juliet heard [Romeo call out her name].

g. Lear let [his daughters take over the realm].

a. makbetma dainaxa (rogor) [iZvris tye (an: daiZra tye)

cixe-simagrisken].

b. julietam gaigona (rogor) [axsena romeom misi saxeli].

g. lirma (saSualeba misca) [Tavis qaliSvilebs

samefo gadaebarebinaT].
uniSno da uafiqso zmniani fraza inglisur enaSi modaluri zmnebis (can,
should, must, may, will da ase Semdeg) damatebadac gvevlineba, magaliTad, (68ab) winadadebebSi:
(68)
a. Caesar should [follow the soothsayers advice].
b. Kate must [choose a husband].

a. keisars unda [daejerebina misnis rCeva].

b. qeiTma unda [airCios qmari].
zogierT enaSi, vTqvaT, frangulSi uniSno da uafiqso zmnuri frazebi infinitivuri damatebebisgan (rogoricaa (63v)) ganuyofelia. zogi enaTmecnieri
(67-68) winadadebebSi warmodgenil zmnur frazebs inglisur enaSic ki infinitivebad miiCnevs da ara mcire klauzulebad.
raki mcire klauzulebi damatebis mqmnel sityvebs, damxmare zmnebs an
gramatikuli drois niSnebs ar Seicavs, rogorc wesi, isini damatebis mqmnel
an droian frazebs ar miekuTvneba. ar arsebobs iseTi Ria elementi (subieqturi determineriani frazis da predikatiuri frazis garda), romelic SeiZleba mcire klauzulis saTao elementad CaiTvalos. maS, ra saxis frazaa mcire
klauzula _ Tuki mas frazad CavTvliT? erTi varaudiT, mcire klauzulis
saTao elementi igive elementia, romelic saTaveSi predikativ frazas udgas; amgvarad, (66a)-Si mcire klauzulis saTao elementi zedsarTavia, xolo
mTliani mcire klauzula (subieqturi determineriani frazis CaTvliT) _
garkveuli tipis zedsarTaviani fraza (zf), maSin, roca winadadeba (67a)-Si
mcire klauzula garkveuli yaidis zmniani frazaa, romelsac saTao sityvad
zmna move aqvs. zogierTi mecnieri ki fiqrobs, rom mcire klauzulas saT

aveSi gramatikuli drois gamouTqmeli (nulovani) niSnebi udgas da rom Tavad

mcire klauzulebi droiani frazis erT-erTi saxeobaa. Tumca, iseTi enaTmecnierebic arseboben, romlebic mcire klauzulebs klauzulebad saerTod ar
Tvlian da miiCneven, rom iseTi zmnebi, rogoricaa consider (CaTvla, miCneva)
(66a) winadadebaSi or damoukidebel damatebas irCevs (determinerian frazas,
romelsac zedsarTaviani fraza mosdevs). aq TiToeuli am Teoriis ganmamtkicebeli dasabuTebis motana saWirod ar migvaCnia; Cven am frazebs ubralod
mcire klauzulebad (mk) movixseniebT, sadao sakiTxebs ki ganze gadavdebT.
axla kategoriaTa SerCevis sakiTxs davubrundeT. wina gverdebze klauzaluri damatebebis modelTa farTo speqtri ganvixileT. am ganxilvis Sedegad
gamotanili umTavresi daskvna, rom garkveuli zmnebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvadebian imiT, Tu romel models dauSveben sakuTar farglebSi. zogierTi
zmna [pir.niS.]dmf damatebas (damatebis mqmneli fraziT Seqmnili damateba)
irCevs, sxvebi [+pir.niS.]dmf damatebebs, zogi ki ama Tu im saxis mk damatebas
(mcire klauzuliT warmodgenili damateba); zogierT zmnas am mxriv erTze
meti varianti gaaCnia. metic, im zmnebs Soris, romlebic damatebad [-pir.niS.]
dmf-s irCevs, zogierTi for Tandebulian infinitivebs irCevs, zogi _ gansakuTrebul brunvis niSnian infinitivebs, xolo zogierTebi _ marTul (kontrolirebad) infinitivebs. dabolos, rogorc davrwmundiT, zogierTi zmna
TavianT dmf damatebasTan erTad, determineriani fraziT an Tandebuliani
fraziT warmodgenil damatebasac irCevs. erTianad, maTi odenoba 20 erTamenTisgan gansxvavebul kombinacias aRwevs. rogorc (69)-Si motvanili winadadebebi mowmobs, zmna SeiZleba mcdarad arCeul klauzulur damatebasTan erTadac
Segvxvdes:
(69)
a. * Caesar thought Brutus to stab him.

b. * Petruccio wanted that he married Kate.

g. * The soothsayer told to Caesar that he should beware the

ides of March.

d. * Portia told for Antonio to repay Shylock.
metic, Tu inglisuris garda sxva enebis masalas ganvixilavT, situacia
ufro rTuladac ki mogveCveneba. magaliTad, espanursa da italiurSi piriani dmf damatebebi SeiZleba iseT zmnas Seicavdes, romelsac TxrobiTi an
kavSirebiTi kilos afiqsebi aqvs darTuli. am enebSi zmnebi, romlebic dmf
damatebebs irCevs, SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan imiT gansxvavdebodes, TxrobiTi
kilos afiqsebi aqvs mas darTuli Tu kavSirebiTis. standartul amerikul inglisurSic ki, zogierTi zmna, magaliTad, demand, insist, require moTxovna,
daJineba, moTxovna (brZaneba) kavSirebiTi kilos dmf damatebas irCevs. es dama
teba zmnaSi subieqturi SeTanxmebis afiqsis uqonlobiT amoicnoba, rogorc
magaliTSi (70):
(70)
a. Antony demands [that the conspirators be punished].

b. *Antony demands [(that) the conspirators are punished].

a. antoniusi moiTxovs, [ rom SeTqmulebi daisajon].

b. antoniusi moiTxovs[ (rom) SeTqmulebi daisajnen].
(61-70) moyvanili monacemebi cxadyofs, rom aucilebelia erTmaneTisgan
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146
ganirCes klauzuluri damatebebis sxvadaxva saxeoba, magram imazec miuTiTebs,

rom im zmnebis leqsikur erTeulebs, romlebic am damatebebs irCeven, specifikuri klauzuluri damatebebis arCeva unda SeeZloT.
Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, zmnis mier arCeuli leqsikuri kategoria, mTlianad an nawilobriv, prognozirebadia. prognozireba SeiZleba an im Teta-rolis mixedviT moxdes, romelsac zmna am arguments aniWebs, an _ semantikuri
SerCevis SezRudvebis mixedviT, romelsac zmna mas (arguments) uqvemdebarebs.
erTi aseTi magaliTi ukve ganvixileT, kerZod is faqti, rom zmnis murder mimRebis argumentis kategoria determineriani fraza unda iyos, romelic zmnis
mier dawesebul SerCevis SezRudvas eqvemdebareba. ufro zogadi tendencia
iseT argumentebs moicavs, romelTac gancdis subieqtis Teta-roli aqvT miniWebuli: rogorc Tavadac darwmundiT, es sulier referentebs exeba. aseTi argumentebi yovelTvis determineriani frazebi unda iyos da ara sxva leqsikuri
kategoriis wevrebi (magaliTad, zedsarTaviani frazebi an zmnuri frazebi).
amas (71) magaliTic adasturebs:
(71)
a. Henry likes Falstaff.

b. Shylock annoyed the judge.

g. *Angry likes Falstaff.

d. *Shylock annoyed kill.

a. henris moswons falstafi.

b. Sailokma mosamarTle gaaRiziana.

g. *sibrazes moswons falstafi.

d.*Sailokma gaaRiziana mokvla.
es SezRudva zmnebis like, annoy leqsikur erTeulebSi farulad (eqspliciturad) ar unda iqnes Setanili, vinaidan igi gancdis subieqtis im Teta-rolis
gverdiT movlenad ganixileba, romelsac zemoT moyvanili zmnebi, Sesabami
sad, TavianT subieqtis da obieqtis poziciebs aniWeben. gancdis subieqtis
Teta-roli mxolod im komponents SeiZleba mieniWos, romelic sulier arsebas aRniSnavs, aseTi erTeulebis aRniSvna ki mxolod determinerian frazebs
SeuZlia (maT Soris, saxelebsa da nacvalsaxelebs, iseve rogorc Ria (xilul)
determinerian frazebs), zmnebs da zedsarTavebs ki _ ara.
CanarTi
3. 4
kiTxvebi
yvela zmna (61a-g) magaliTebSi iseT damatebis mqmnel frazas (dmf) irCevs,
romelic damatebis mqmneli sityviT that iwyeba, romelic xSirad arasavaldebuloa. meore mxriv, iseT zmnebs, rogorebicaa ask da wonder, rogorc wesi, am
yaidis CarTuli winadadebebi ar mosdevs; maT Semdeg mxolod iseTi CarTuli
winadadeba SeiZleba idges, romelic wh asoTSeTanxmebiT dawyebuli sityvebiT: who, what, where, why da a.S. iwyeba. amgvar dmf-ebs [+WH] dmf-ebi ewodeba.
(a) Henry wondered [who Williams served under].
(b) Guildenstern asked Hamlet [what they should say].
(g) *Henry wondered [(that) William served under Captain Gower].
(d) *Guildenstern asked Hamlet [(that thay should say something].

(a) henris aintersebda, [vis emsaxureboda uiliamsi].
(b) gildensternma hkiTxa hamlets [ra unda eTqvaT maT].
Cveulebriv, es faqti im SerCevis SezRudviT aixsneba, romelsac es zmnebi
TavianT Tematur argumentebs uqvemdebarebs. zmnebi ask da wonder iseT movlenebsa da situaciebs ukavSirdeba, romlebSic viRac kiTxvas svams, an warmoTqvams; amgvarad, am zmnebis leqsikuri erTeulebi moiTxovs, rom maTi Tematuri argumenti kiTxvas asaxavdes. inglisur enaSi wh asoTSeTanxmebiT dawyebuli winadadebebi, rogorc wesi, kiTxviT winadadebebad aRiqmeba, rogorc (e) da
(v) winadadebebSi:
(e) Who do you serve under?
(v) What should they say?
(e) vis emsaxurebi (visi xelqveiTi xar)?
(v) ra unda Tqvan (maT)?
meore mxriv, dmf-iani damatebebi (61) winadadebaSi kiTxvebad interpretirebuli ver iqneba; isini ufro deklaraciuli xasiaTis gancxadebebad an
Sexedulebebad aRiqmeba. amgvarad, faqti, rom zmnebis ask da wonder dmf damatebebi wh asoTSeTanxmebiT dawyebuli sityvebiT unda daiwyos, rogorc (a)
da (b) magaliTebSi da ara deklaratiuli dms-Ti _ that, rogorc (g) da (d) winadadebebSi, SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom es zmnebi iseT Tematur argumentebs
irCeven, romlebic SeiZleba kiTxvebad iqnes interpretirebuli. sapirispiro
Tvisebas amJRavneben think, doubt (fiqri, daeWveba) zmnebi: eseni iseT Tematur
arguments irCeven, romlebic deklaratiul gancxadebad an Sexedulebad interpretirdeba. saamiso magaliTebia (z-i):
(z) Henry thinks/doubts [that Williams serves under Captain Gower].
(T) *Henry thinks/doubts [who Williams serves under].
(i) *Henry thought/doubted [what Guildenstern should say].
(z) henri fiqrobs/eWvobs [rom uiliamsi kapitan
gaueris xelqveiTia].
(T) henri fiqrobs/eWvobs [visi xelqveiTia uiliamsi.]
(i) henri fiqrobda/eWvobda [ra unda eTqva gildensterns].
bevri inglisuri zmnisTvis, maT Soris tell, know, forget orive tipis damateba misaRebia. Cveulebriv, roca romelime aseT zmnasTan [+WH]dmf gvxvdeba,
igi ise aRiqmeba, rogorc pasuxi kiTxvaze da ara rogorc kiTxva.
imis miuxedavad, rom CarTuli kiTxvebi (maT sxvagvarad irib kiTxvebsac
uwodeben) (a-b) winadadebebSi martiv pirdapir kiTxvebs hgavs (rogorebicaa
(e-v) winadadebebi) _ orive wh asoTSeTanxmebiT iwyeba _ maT Soris aris sxvaobac, romelic sityvaTa TanmimdevrobaSi Cans: martiv (pirdapir) kiTxvebSi wh
asoTSeTanxmebiT dawyebul sityvas damxmare zmna mosdevs, romelic misi Cveulebrivi poziciidan (subieqtis poziciis Semdeg) gadanacvlebulia. damxmare
zmnis gadanacvlebas subieqtis wina poziciaze subieqtisa da damxmare zmnis
inversia ewodeba. es da sxva faqtebi pirdapiri da iribi kiTxvebis sintaqsis
Sesaxeb ufro vrclad me-5 TavSia ganxiluli.
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148
Cven ukve ganvixileT calkeuli zmnebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul klauzulur damatebebs irCeven, magram Tu romel klauzulur damatebas airCeven es zmnebi, prognozirebas ar eqvemdebareba. samagierod, prognozirebadia is faqti, rom ama Tu im tipis CarTuli winadadebebi am zmnebis
damatebebad mogvevlineba (eat, kiss, murder da a.S. zmnebisgan gansxvavebiT).
amis prognozireba am ori jgufis zmnebis mier aRweril qmedebebsa Tu movlenebs Soris arsebuli Tvisobrivi gansaxvavebis mixedviT SeiZleba. raki CarTuli klauzulebi, rogorc wesi, mtkicebebs, gancxadebebs warmoadgens (naTqvami fraza, mosazreba, idea) da ara Cveulebriv obieqtebs, aqedan TavisTavad
gamomdinareobs, rom isini mxolod movlenebisa Tu situaciebis aRmniSvneli
iseTi damatebebi an predikatebi unda iyos, romlebic ganacxads, mtkicebas
unda Seicavdes. (72) magaliTSi moyvanili winadadebebis miuRebeli statusic
swored amiT aixsneba:
(72)
a. *Portia ate [that the quality of mercy is hot strained].

b. *Lysander kissed [that he loved Helena].

a. porciam SeWama, [rom gulmowyalebas zRvari ar aqvs].

b. lisandrem akoca, [rom elene uyvars].
es winadadebebi anomaliuria, vinaidan gamonaTqvami an mosazreba ar iWmeva,
maTi kocna SeuZlebelia. is faqti, rom (72)-Si gamoyenebuli zmnebi damatebad
dmf-ebs ver airCevs, maT mniSvnelobaze dayrdnobiT prognozirebadia. rom
SevajamoT, kategoriis SerCeva nawilobriv zmnis argumentTa struqturaze
dayrdnobiT aris prognozirebadi, magram mxolod nawilobriv.
savarjiSo
3. 7
qvemoT, nimuSebad moyvanili winadadebebi gramatikulad gaumarTavia (an

semantikuri TvalsazrisiT anomaliuri), vinaidan isini zmnis mier kategoriaTa SerCevasTan dakavSirebul erT an met maxasiTebels ar iTvaliswinebs. daasaxeleT TiToeul SemTxvevaSi semantikuri SerCevis, an kategoriis SerCevis is
SezRudva, romelic winadadebas gaumarTavs, an anomaliurs xdis, Semdeg ki
imave winadadebas gramatikulad Tu semantikurad `bunebrivi forma mieciT.
(1) *The witches stirred the tree.
(2) *Shylock died Bassanio.
(3) *Portia ate that mercy is admirable.
(4) *Antony informed to Cleopatra that she was beautiful.
(5) *Kate should angry at Petruccio.
(6) *The lords made.
(1) kudianebma (jadoqrebma) xes mouries.

(2) Sailokma mokvda basanio.
(3) porciam SeWama, rom gulmowyaleba aRfrTovanebas imsaxurebs.
4-5-6. TargmanSi savarjiSos Sesasruleblad aucilebeli niuansebi (Sinaarsoblivi Tu sintaqsuri) ver SenarCundeba.
3.3 frazebi da sakomponento struqtura

3.3.1 frazis struqturis warmoCena: xeebi da
kvadratuli frCxilebi
mosazreba, rom winadadebaSi sityvebi erTad jgufdeba, raTa frazebi Seq
mnas, imas gulisxmobs, rom winadadeba mxolod sityvaTa garkveuli Tanmimdev
roba ar aris: igi frazebisgan Sedgeba. am frazebis Sedgenis Taviseburebebi
yoveli winadadebis specifikur struqturas gansazRvravs. es struqtura
SeiZleba sintaqsuri xisebri diagramebiT iqnes warmodgenili, romlebic
TqvenTvis me-2 TavSi SemoTavazebul xisebr diagramebs gvanan, romlebic sityvis morfologiuri struqturis TvalsaCinoebas axdendnen. am ganyofilebaSi
SeityobT, rogor unda Sedges xisebri diagramebi frazebisa da winadadebebis
struqturis warmosaCenad. aqve gagacnobT ramdenime teqnikur termins, romlebic am xisebri diagramebiT gamosaxuli struqturuli urTierTkavSirebis
aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneba. cnebebi, romlebTanac es terminebia dakavSirebuli,
sakmaod martivia. SesaZloa, terminebis daswavla mogeCvenoT mosawyen saqmed,
magram, amis miuxedvad, daswavla aucilebelia, vinaidan sintaqsis wesebTan
dakavSirebuli Cveni Semdgomi diskusia swored maTi gamoyenebiT unda warimarTos. statiebi da wignebi, romelTa wakiTxvac momavalSi mogixdebaT, isev da
isev am terminebiT iqneba savse.
ganyofilebaSi 3.2 zmnebsa da sxva leqsikur kategoriebs (zedsarTavebi,
Tandebulebi, saxelebi) Soris paralelebi gavavleT da gamovkveTeT, rogor
xdeba maT mier maTive damatebebisTvis Teta-rolebis miniWeba. am msjelobisas
vTqviT, rom frazebis Sesadgenad leqsikuri kategoriebi TavianT damatebebs
erwymis. magaliTad, Tandebulisa da misi obieqtis erToblioba Tandebulian frazas (Tf) qmnis; zedsarTavisa da misi damatebis erToblioba _ zedsarTavian frazas (zf) da ase Semdeg. amgvari frazebis nairgvarobas ixilavT 3.2
ganyofilebis magaliT (73)-Si. (73)-is TiToeuli striqoni komponentTa iseT
kombinacias Seicavs, romlisgan garkveuli yaidis fraza warmodgeba; gverdiT
TvalsaCinoebisTvis Sesabamisi frazebia miwerili, romlebic wina TavebSi moyvanili magaliTebidan gemaxsovrebaT:
(73)
a.
Tandebuli + determineriani fraza (df) qmnis

Tandebulian frazas (Tf) _ in Athens, to the king da a.S.

b. 1). zedsarTavi + Tandebuliani fraza qmnis zedsarTavian
frazas (zf) _ angry at Petruccio da a.S.
2). zedsarTavi damoukidebladac qmnis zedsarTavian

frazas _ angry, suspicious da a.S.

g. 1). saxeli + Tandebuliani fraza qmnis saxelian frazas

(sf) _ murder of Duncan, father of Goneril da a.S.
2). saxeli damoukidebladac qmnis saxelian

frazas _ murder, wine, lords da a.S.
3). zedsarTavi + saxeliani fraza qmnis isev saxelian

frazas _ old king of France, happy lover, red sword da a.S.
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150

d. 1). determineri + saxeliani fraza qmnis determinerian
frazas (df) _ the murder of Duncan, a daughter da a.S.
2). saxeli an nacvalsaxeli damoukidebladac qmnis

determinerian frazas _ Duncan, she da a.S.

e. 1). zmna + determineriani fraza qmnis zmnian

frazas (zmf) _ suffocated Desdemona, sued Antonio da a.S.
2). zmna + Tf qmnis zmnian frazas _ lives in Athens,

laughed at Falstaff da a.S.
3). zmna + determineriani fraza + Tf qmnis zmnian

frazas _ passed the wine to Falstaff da a.S.
4). zmna +damatebis mqmneli fraza (dmf) qmnis zmnian

frazas _ say that Falstaff likes wine da a.S.
5). zmna + dmf qmnis zmnian frazas _ told Bassanio that his

ship was lost da a.S.
6). zmna + zmniani fraza qmnis zmnian frazas _ should follow

his advice da a.S.
7). zmna zmnian frazas damoukidebladac qmnis _ arrived,

died da a.S.

v.
determineriani fraza + zmf qmnis winadadebas _

Timon lives in Athens, Henry laughed at Falstaff da a.S.

z.
damateba + winadadeba qmnis dmf-s _ that his father had been murdered da a.S.
(73)-Si CamoTvlili TiTqmis yvela fraza leqsikuri kategoriisa da mis
Semdgom mdgari frazis kombinaciiT aris Sedgenili, ris Sedegadac iqmneba
axali fraza, romelic saxelwodebas Tavdapirveli leqsikuri kategoriis
mixedviT iRebs; ase, magaliTad, X + YP fraza qmnis XP frazas. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, yoveli XP fraza Seicavs X leqsikur kategorias da romelime
damatebiT YPkategorias. am ganzogadoebuli formulirebiT frazebis Semdegi
saxeobebi miiReba: winadadeba (determineriani fraza + zmf) da determineriani
fraza (df), romelic xandaxan mxolod saxelisgan an nacvalsaxelisgan Sedgeba
da ara determinerisa da saxelis kombinaciisgan. amgvari frazebis struqturas
qvemoT, ganyofileba 3.4-Si ganvixilavT.
(73) magaliTSi warmodgenili wesebiT Sedgenili frazebi, rogorc zemoT
iTqva, SegviZlia grafikulad, xisebri diagramebiT warmovadginoT. TiToeuli
calkeuli frazis SemTxvevaSi struqtura ase Tu ise martivia _ amaSi magaliT
(74) ze dakvirvebac dagarwmunebT. es sqemebi (73)-Si CamoTvlil kombinaciebs
eyrdnoba. magaliTad, (73a)-Si naTqvamia, rom Tandebuliani fraza (Tf) Tandebuli + determineriani fraza kombinaciiT miiReba; grafikulad es situacia gamosaxulia (74a) _ sqemaSi xazebisa Tu totebis meSveobiT, romlebic Tandebulian
frazas mis Semadgenel komponentebTan akavSireben: T-sTan (Tandebuli) marcxena toti, xolo determinerian frazasTan marjvena toti. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
zedsarTaviani frazis sqemazec, romelic (73.b.1)-is formulirebas eyrdnoba,
determineriani frazis _ (73.d.1)-isas, xolo saxeliani fraza (73 g.1)-s.
(74).
a.

Tf
df
b.
sf
d.
sf
Tf
df

g.
zf
Tf
(74)-Si TiToeul xes mxolod ori toti aqvs, romlebic frazis or nawils
Seesatyviseba. magram (73)-Si warmodgenili zogierTi zmniani fraza sami
nawilisgan Sedgeba da ara orisgan; magaliTad, zmf SeiZleba Seicavdes zmnas,
determinerian frazas da Tandebulian frazas an dmf-s, rogorc, Sesabamisad,
(73.e.3)-sa da (73e.5) -Sia miTiTebuli. amgvari frazebi Semadgenel nawilebs samsami totiT ukavSirdeba, rogorc (75a)-sa da (75b)-Si; meore mxriv, zogierTi
fraza mxolod sakuTari erTi nawilisgan Sedgeba; magaliTad, determineriani
fraza SeiZleba mxolod saxelisgan Sedgebodes, xolo saxeliani fraza- mxolod saxelisgan; amgvari frazebis xeebs TiTo-TiTo toti gaaCniaT, rogorc
(75g)-sa da (75d)-Si;
(75)
a.
b.
zmf
df
zmf
Tf
df
dmf
g.

df
sak.saxeli
d.
sf
saxeli
xisebri diagramebi, rogoric (74-75)ia, markirebuli kvanZebis jgufisgan Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTs vertikaluri an diagonaluri xazebiT ukavSirdebian. TiToeuli kvanZi erT komponents, komponentis nawils, an im frazas warmoadgens, romlis struqturis TvalsaCinoebisTvisacaa Sedgenili.
TiToeuli xis ZirSi, swored ise, rogorc foTlebi namdvili xis totebze,
damaboloebel kvanZebs vxedavT. xis zeda nawilSi ganTavsebul kvanZebs Sua
kvanZebi ewodeba. yoveli xe magaliTebSi (74-75) zustad erT Sua kvanZs Seicavs
da erTidan samamde damabolebel kvanZs. es xeebi struqturis mxolod erT dones aTvalsaCinoebs: isini mTliani frazis Semadgenel nawilebs warmogvidgens.
Tumca, zogierTi es Semadgeneli nawilic TavisTavad aris fraza da frazis
sakuTari Sinagani struqtura gaaCnia. magaliTad, warmoidgineT iseTi zedsarTaviani frazis (74b) xisebri diagrama, romelic zedsarTavisa da Tandebuliani frazisgan Sedgeba, rogorc zf Angry at the witches _ kudianebze gabrazebuli~. am zedsarTaviani frazis farglebSi sakuTari Sinagani struqtura
Tandebulian frazasac aqvs. igi magaliT (74a)-Sia ilustrirebuli da Tandebulsa da determinerian frazas Seicavs. amgvari zedsarTavian frazis ufro
151
152
sruli xisebri diagrama ise gamoiyureba, rogorc (76)-Si xedavT, (76) romelic
(74a) -sa da (74b)-s SerwymiT aris miRebuli:
76)
zf
Tf
df
magram es xec ki ar aris sruli, vinaidan determineriani frazis the witches

struqturas ar gviCvenebs, romelic determinerisa da mis Semdgom mdgari saxeliani frazisgan Sedgeba, rogorc (74g)-Si; es saxeliani fraza mxolod saxelisgan Sedgeba, rogorc (75d)-Si; amgvarad, frazis sruli struqturis amsaxveli xisebri diagrama (77)-is diagrama iqneba:
(77)
zf
Tf
df
sf
(77)-Si yoveli damaboloebeli kvanZi leqsikuri kategoriebis saxelwodebebiTaa markirebuli: d(etermienri), z(edsarTavi), s(axeli) da T(Tandebuli),
xolo yoveli damaboloebeli kvanZi _ frazis saxeliT, rogorebicaa zedsarTaviani fraza, saxeliani fraza, determineriani fraza da a.S. amgvarad, TiToeuli damaboloebeli kvanZi frazis struqturis im pozicias warmoadgens,
romelSic SeiZleba esa Tu is inglisuri sityva Cajdes. xisebr diagramaSi es
faqti leqsikur kategoriaTa kvanZebs qveS sityvebis miweriT gamoixateba, rogorc magaliT (78)-Sia naCvenebi:
(78)
zf
Tf
z
angry
df
T
at
d
the
sf
s
witches
roca ori kvanZi erTmaneTs diagonaluri xaziT ukavSirdeba, es imaze

miuTiTebs, rom ufro didi komponenti, romelic ufro zeda kvanZiT aris aris
warmodgenili, mcire kvanZs Seicavs, romelic ufro qveda kvanZiT aris warmodgenili. ufro mcire Semadgeneli nawili misi Semcveli didi komponentis
qvekomponentad ganixileba. amgvarad, magaliTSi (78) leqsikuri kategoriis
Sesatyvisi Tandebuliani kvanZi da frazis kvanZi determineriani fraza, romelic mas uSualod mosdevs, orive frazis Tandebuliani frazis qvekomponentebi iqneba. xSirad enaTmecnierebi sityvis `Seicavs~ xmarebas eridebian da
`dominirebas~ amjobineben. amgvarad, yoveli komponenti dominirebs sakuTar
qvekomponentebze.
xisebri diagramis kvanZebi swor xazze ewyoba da marcxnidan marjvniv aris
mimarTuli. es marcxnidan marjvniv mimarTuli wyoba im droebiT Tanmimdevrobas asaxavs, romliTac mocemuli kvanZebis mier dominirebadi sityvebi warmoiTqmeba, rogorc es inglisur da bevri sxva enis standartul orTografiebSia (damwerlobiT sistemebSi). Cveulebriv, sintaqsologebi aseT Tanwyobas
winmavlobis urTierTobis mxriv ganixilaven da aRniSvnebs `marcxniv~ da
`marjvniv~ sityvebis im droebiTi Tanwyobis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben, romliTac
maTi Semcveli fraza an winadadeba warmoiTqmis. amgvarad, is faqti, rom magaliT (78)-Si z kvanZi Tf kvanZis winmavalia, imas moaswavebs, rom z kvanZis mier
dominirebuli sityva (angry) Tf kvanZis mier dominirebuli sityvebis (at the
witches) win warmoiTqmis. inglisur enaze mosaubres es bunebrivad moeCveneba,
magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom marcxnidan marjvniv mimarTuli konvenciuri
damwerloba msoflios yvela enisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad,
arabuli da Cinuri ena damwerlobaSi sapirispiro Tanmimdevrobas amJRavnebs
(marjvnidan marcxniv). amis miuxedavad, enaTmecnierebaSi sintaqsuri xisebri diagramebi yovelTvis marcxnidan marjvniv mimarTul konvenciur wyobas
iyeneben _ maSinac ki, roca diagramebi arabuli da Cinuri enebis sintaqsur
struqturas asaxavs.
winmavlobis (droebiTi Tanmimdevroba) da dominantobis (Semcvelobis)
urTierToba winadadebis struqturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia, romelTa
gamosaxva xisebri diagramebis meSveobiT SeiZleba. orive saxis urTierTobas
tranzituli ewodeba. Tu A win uswrebs B-s, B C-s, maSin C-s A c uswrebs.
msgavsad, Tu A B -ze dominirebs, xolo B C -ze, maSin A C-zec dominirebs.
magaliTad, (78) winadadebaSi angry zedsarTavi at Tandebulis win dgas; at
Tandebuli the determiners aswrebs; amis gamo the determiners aswrebs
angry zedsarTavic. swored aseve, (78)-Si zmf kvanZi dominirebs Tf kvanZze,
Tf kvanZi _ df kvanZze da, Sesabamisad, zf kvanZi dominirebs df kvanZze.
winmavlobis da dominantobis urTierToba tranzituli urTierTobebia,
xolo uSualo winmavlobis da uSualo dominantobis urTierTobebi _
ara. Tuki X komponenti win uswrebs Z komponents, maSin X uSualod Zis win
dgas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu frazaSi maT Soris sxva komponenti ar dgas. amgvarad,
Tu X win uswrebs Y s, xolo Y Z komponents, maSin X uSualod Z-is win ver
idgeba. magaliTad, (78)-Si at Tandebuli saxelis witches uSualod win ar dgas,
radgan maT Soris the determineria. swored aseve, Tu X dominirebs Y ze,
153
154
xolo Y Z komponentze, maSin X uSualod Z-ze ver idominirebs. magaliTad,

zedsarTaviani frazis kvanZi (78) magaliTSi determineriani frazis kvanZze
uSualod ar dominirebs.
Tu X uSualod Z-ze dominirebs, maSin Z X-is uSualo komponentia.
vTqvaT, (78) magaliTSi zedsarTavi da Tandebuliani fraza zedsarTaviani
frazis uSualo komponentebi arian; Tandebuli da determineriani fraza _
Tandebuliani frazis uSualo komponentebi, da ase Semdeg. roca erTi da igive
kvanZi or kvanZze uSualod dominirebs, isini erTmaneTis toli komponentebia.
amgvarad, erTmaneTis toli komponentebia: zedsarTavi da Tandebuliani
fraza, Tandebuli da determineriani fraza, determineri da saxeliani fraza.
toli komponentebi erTmaneTs emezobleba, Tumca, aucilebeli ar aris, yvela
mezobeli komponenti erTmaneTis toli komponenti iyos. magaliTad, (78)Si Tandebuli at determiner the-s mezoblad dgas, magram es ori komponenti
sulac araa erTmaneTis toli. determineri saxeliani frazis witches toli
komponentia, xolo Tandebuli mTliani determineriani frazis _ the witches
toli komponentia. amis sapirispirod, arc erTmaneTis toli komponentebi
dganan aucileblad mezoblobaSi _ yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdeni
toli komponentia frazaSi Tu winadadebaSi. Tu kvanZi uSualod dominirebs
or qvekomponentze, aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom saqme binarul (ormag)
ganStoebasTan gvaqvs, vinaidan dominanti kvanZidan ori toti gamodis. Tu igi
sam qvekmponentze dominirebs, maSin _ trinarul (sammag) ganStoebasTan gvaqvs
saqme. dabolos, Tu dominireba mxolod erT kvanZze xdeba, aseT SemTxvevaSi,
ganStoebis uqonloba gvaqvs. sammagi ganStoebis mqone struqturaSi marcxena
toli komponenti marjvena tol komponents ar emezobleba. magaliTad, (75a)s xisebr diagramaSi, romelSic zf uSualod dominirebs z-ze, determinerian
frazaze da Tandebulian frazaze (es diagrama iseTi frazis struqturas
aTvalsaCinoebs, rogoricaa pass the wine to Falstaff an murder Duncan with a knife),
zmna mis Tf tol komponents ar emezobleba. amgvarad, toloba da mezobloba
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli cnebebia.
axla modiT, mTliani winadadebis frazuli struqtura zemoT moyvanil
terminebSi ganvixiloT. (79) magaliTi TvalsaCinoebisTvis gamogvadgeba:
(79)
The lords will discover that Macbeth murdered Duncan with a knife.

lordebi Seityoben, rom makbetma dunkani daniT mokla.
(79) winadadebaSi saxelebi lords da knife saxelian frazebs damoukideblad
qmnian. maT mier Seqmnili saxeliani frazebi, maT win mdgar determinerebTan (the,
a ) SerwymiT determinerian frazebs (The lords; a knife) qmnian. sityvebi Macbeth
da Duncan orive sakuTari saxelebia, amgvarad, TiToeuls determineriani
frazis Seqmna damoukideblad SeuZlia; (79) oTxi determineriani frazisgan
Sedgeba. ukanaskneli determineriani fraza (a knife ) mis win mdgar with
TandebulTan erTad Tf with a knife-s qmnis. es Tandebuliani fraza zmnas
murdered da determinerian frazas Duncan erwymis da zedsarTavian frazas
qmnis: murdered Duncan with a knife. es zmniani fraza win mdgar determinerian
frazas Macbeth erwymis da winadadebas Macbeth murdered Duncan with a knife
qmnis. es winadadeba, Tavis mxriv, damatebis mqmnel sityvas that uerTdeba da
damatebis mqmnel frazas (dmf) that Macbeth murdered Duncan with a knife viRebT.
axla es damatebis mqmneli fraza erwymis mis win mdgom zmnas discover da zmnian
frazas _ discover that Macbeth murdered Duncan with a knife qmnis, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, will modalur zmnasTan erTad ufro did zmnian frazas will
discover that Macbeth murdered Duncan with a knife warmoqmnis. es zmniani fraza
erwymis mis win mdgar determinerian frazas The lords da ase viRebT srul (79)
winadadebas. axla SegviZlia am frazis struqtura, romelic frazaTqmnadobis
safexurebrivi procesis Sedegad miviReT, (80)-Si xisebri diagramis saxiT
warmovadginoT:
(80)
w(inadadeba)
df
zmf
sf
the
s
lords
zf
z
will
dmf
discover damateba
that
w(inadadeba)
df
dmf
sak. saxeli
Macbeth
Tf
df
Murdered
df
sak. saxeli with d

Duncan
sf
a s(axeli)
knife
(80) -Si warmodgenili xisebri diagrama winadadebis frazaTa ierarqiuli

struqturis TvalaCinoebas axdens. masSi TiToeul kvanZs qveS sityva aqvs miwerili. Tumca, xandaxan enaTmecnierebi arasrul xisebr diagramebsac iyeneben, anu yoveli komponentis Sinagan struqturas ar ganmartaven. xSirad, es saTanado adgilis uqonlobis gamo keTdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca gamotovebuli struqtura sxva lingvistebisTvis isedac gasagebia; sxva SemTxvevebSi,
lingvists SeuZlia is struqtura gamotovos, romelic mocemul SemTxvevaSi
ganxilvis sagans ar warmoadgens. ase mecnieri struqturis im nawilis ganxilvas
gaamartivebs, romelic msjelobis saganTan aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad,
rodesac ganStoebis uqoneli kvanZi mxolod erT kvanZze dominirebs, ufro
zeda an qveda kvanZis, masTan erTad ki misgan gamomavali kvanZis gamotoveba
dasaSvebia. roca gamotovebuli struqtura ganStoebis mqone erT an met kvanZs
Seicavs, xisebri diagramis gamotovebuli struqturis wils samkuTxediT gamosaxaven da am nawilSi Semaval sityvebs samkuTxedis qveS miuweren. xandaxan, diagramaSi zogierTi sityvac gamotovebulia, an gamosaxulebas mravalwertilis
155
156
meSveobiTaa Camocilebuli. (81) da (82) magaliTebSi xisebri diagramebi (79) winadadebis struqturis Semoklebul da arasrul TvalsaCinoebas warmoadgens:
(81)
w
df
The lords
zmf
z
zmf
will
dmf
that Macbeth zmf
discover
(82)
The lords will discover
dmf
dam.
that
w
df
Macbeth
zmf
z
murdered
df
Duncan
Tf
with. . .
rodesac winadadebis frazaTa struqturis warmosaCenad enaTmecnierebi

(80), (81) da (82) is msgavs xisebr diagramebs iyeneben, isini mocemul enaze mosaubreTa gonebriv gramatikebSi am winadadebebis struqturul warmosaxvasac iTvaliswineben. es lingvistebi sulac ar amtkiceben, TiTqos winadadebis
warmoTqmisas mosaubrem gonebaSi amgvari xisebri diagramebi unda warmoidginos. struqturis aseTnair gamosaxvas mxolod da mxolod is mizani aqvs, rom
komponentTa struqturis ori umniSvnelovanesi abstraqtuli maxasiaTebeli warmoadginos: winmavloba da dominantoba. es sakomponento struqturis
(an maT Sesaxeb implicituri codnis) is abstraqtuli Tvisebebia, romelTac
lingvistebi ufro mSobliur enebze mosaubre adamianTa gonebriv gramatikebs
miakuTvneben, vidre im diagramebs, romlebic am maxasiTeblebs vizualurad,
grafikuli saSualebebiT aTvalsaCinoeben. marYTlac, enaTmecnierebi am urTierTobebs zogjer sxva xerxebiT gamosaxaven. magaliTad, xisebri diagramebis
ganStoebebi SeiZleba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT (qvemodan zemoT) ganviTardes, CvenTvis nacnobi gamosaxulebis sarkisebri anarekliviT, sadac qvekomponentebi maTi Semcveli komponentebis zemoT iwereba.
sakomponento struqturis gamosaxvis kidev erTi meTodi kvadratuli frCxilebis gamoyenebaa. iseve, rogorc xisebri diagramis SemTxvevaSi, kvadratuli frCxilebiT markirebis SemTxvevaSic sityvaTa droebiTi Tanmimdevroba
(winmavloba) marcxnidan marjvniv mimarTuli wyobiT gamoisaxeba. aRniSvnis am
157
or saxes Soris sxvaoba dominantobis (Semcvelobis) warmoCenis xerxebSi mdgomareobs. magaliTad, Tu X dominirebs Y-ze, maSin es ukanaskneli X-iT markirebul kvadratul frCxilebSi eqceva. ase magaliTad, Tu saxeliani fraza mxolod saxels Seicavs, igi ase gamoisaxeba: [sf s], xolo iseTi saxeliani fraza,
romelic saxelTan erTad Tandebulian frazasac Seicavs, ase: [sf s Tf]. Tu X
dominirebs Y-ze, xolo Y _ Z-ze, maSin Z Y-iT markirebul kvadratul frCxilebSi moeqceva, es frCxilebi ki, Tavis mxriv, X-iT markirebuli kvadratuli
frCxilebis kidev erT wyvilSi. magaliTad, roca determineriani fraza uSualod dominirebs rogorc determinerze, ise saxelisa da Tandebuliani frazisgan Sedgenil saxelian frazebze, msgavsi situacia Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba: [df d[sf s Tf]]. (78) magaliTSi moyvanili informacia (83)-Si gamosaxuli
aRniSvniT gamoixateba:
(83)
[zf [ z angry] [ Tf [T at] [df [ d the] [sf [s witches] ] ] ] ]
xisebri diagramis msgavsad, kvadratuli frCxilebis meSveobiT gamosaxuli
struqturis Semoklebac SesaZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi winadadebis frazaTa
struqturis garkveul nawilebs ar gamovsaxavT; amis miRweva kvadratuli frCxilebis erTi wyvilis amoRebiT SeiZleba; magaliTad, (81) gamosaxuli Sekvecili xisebri diagrama ise gamoisaxeba, rogorc (84)-Sia naCvenebi; xolo (82)
moyvanili nimuSi _ (85)-Si mocemuli aRniSvniT:
(84)
[ df The lords] [zmf [ zm will] [zmf [ zm discover] [dmf that Macbeth zf] ] ] ]
(85)
[win. The lords will discover[ dmf [dms that] [win. [df Macbeth]
[zmf [z murdered] [df Duncan] [Tf with ....] ] ] ] ]
xandaxan, markirebul kvadratul frCxilebs markirebuli CarCoebiT cvlian. CarCoebiT gamosaxvisas, markirebuli CarCo mis Semadgenel komponentebs mTlianad moicavs; CarCoebi, qvekomponentebs rom Seesabameba, ufro did
CarCoebSia moqceuli, romlebic maTze dominantur komonentebs warmoadgens.
rogorc kvadratuli frCxilebiT aRniSvnis SemTxvevaSi, Sekveca aqac ramde
nime gziT xdeba, maT Soris, CarCoebis amogdebis meSveobiT.
roca aRniSvnis alternatiuli modelebi, rogorc zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevebSi, winadadebis imave abstraqtul maxasiaTeblebs gansxvavebulad gamosaxavs, am modelebs aRniSvnis variantebs uwodeben. lingvistebis msgavsad,
Cvenc umTavresad abstraqtuli struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi gvainteresebs.
aRniSvnebi, romelTa meSveobiT am Tvisebebs gamovxatavT, mxolod gamosaxvis
saSualebebia.
(a) SeadgineT frazaTa struqturis gamomxatveli diagrama TiToeuli Semdegi

winadadebisTvis. daeyrdeniT (73)-Si Camoyalibebul wesebs da xisebr diagramebs, romlebic am nawilSia warmodgenili. winadadeba (a2) -Si sityva Law
sakuTar saxelad warmoidgineT.
(a1) The Dauphin will give the old balls to the king.
(a2) The Doge believed that Portia was a doctor of Law.
(a3) The soothsayer told Caesar that he should stay in this house.
(a1) dofini Zvel burTebs mefes miscems.
(a2) doJs egona, rom porcia los eqimi iyo.
savarjiSo
3. 8
158
(a3) naTelmxilvelma keisars uTxra, rom igi am

saxlSi unda darCeniliyo.
(b) ramdeni Sua kvanZia pirveli winadadebis xisebr diagramaSi? ramden kvanZze
dominirebs zmniani kvanZis dominanti zmna give uSualod pirvel winadadebaSi? ramdeni binaruli ganStoebis kvanZia meore winadadebaSi? ramdeni
toli komponenti aqvs the determiners meore winadadebaSi? ramden kvanZze
dominirebs dmf-iani kvanZi mesame winadadebaSi? daasaxeleT Tandebuliani
frazis mqone kvanZis uSualo komponentebi mesame winadadebaSi.
(g) axla warmoadgineT komponentTa aseTive struqtura (a1-3) winadadebebisTvis kvadratuli frCxilebiT markirebis meSveobiT.
3.3.2 frazis struqturis warmosaqmneli masala: distribucia,

moZraoba, pro-formebi, waSla da marTva (koordinacia)
wina ganyofilebaSi ganvmarteT, rogor SeiZleba frazaTa komponentebis
struqturis warmoCena grafikuli xerxebiT da sakomponento struqturebis
sxvadasxva teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi warmovaCineT. struqturebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac aqtualuri frazebi da winadadebebi gamovsaxeT, (73)-Si Camoyalibebul wesebs efuZneboda, magram imis damadasturebeli masala, rom
es struqturebi sworad iyo gamosaxuli, ar mogvitania, mxolod arsebuli
faqtebis konstatireba movaxdineT. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi Cvens mier naCvenebi
xerxebis garda, bevri alternatiuli struqturis warmoCenac SeiZleba. xSirad gamocdili enaTmecnierebic ki ver Tanxmdebian, romeli konstruqcia aris
`swori~komponentTa ama Tu im struqturisTvis.
am problemis zogadi ilustrireba hipoTeturi magaliTiT SeiZleba. warmovidginoT fraza P, romelic or damaboloebel elementze, X da Y ze dominirebs, X Y-is win dgas. am situaciis aRsawerad mxolod erTi SesaZlo struqtura arsebobs: P uSualod dominirebs X -ze da Y-ze. magram warmovidginoT,
rom P sam damaboloebel elements Seicavs: X, Y, Z, _ amave TanmimdevrobiT.
hipoTeturad, aq sami struqturis arsebobaa SesaZlebeli:
(86) a. P
b. P
g.
P
P
P
P
roca damaboloebeli elementebis raodenoba izrdeba, SesaZlo struqturebis raodenoba ufro swrafad matulobs. magaliTad,
komponents,
romelsac oTxi damaboloebeli elementi gaaCnia _ 11 struqtura eqneba, Tu
xuTi damaboloebeli elementi aqvs _ 40-ze met struqturas miviRebT. iseT
winadadebebSi, sadac damaboloebeli elementebi sityvebia, es momenti ukve
problemad iqceva: 15 da 20 sityvisgan Sedgenil winadadebas komponentTa hipo-
Teturad SesaZlebeli struqturebi uzomo odenobiT eqneba. rogor amovicnoT swori struqtura? am ganyofilebis ZiriTadi problema swored es aris.
alternatiul SesaZlo struqturebs Soris, ris magaliTsac (86) nimuSi
warmoadgens, enaTmecnierebi iseT komponentebs irCeven, romelic yovel
struqturas udevs safuZvlad, Semdeg ki aseTi komponentebis arsebobis
damamtkicebel an uarsayofel masalas eZieben. (86a)-Si P uSualod dominirebs
X-ze, Y-ze da Z-ze, magram (86b) sa da (86g)-Si P uSualod sxva, damatebiT
komponentze dominirebs, romelic (86b)-Si Cven Q komponentad aRvniSneT, (86g)
-Si ki _ R komponentad. Tuki (86b) sworia, maSin arsebobs Q fraza, romelic Y
-sa da Z-s Seicavs; Tu (86g) sworia, maSin arsebobs R fraza, romelic X-sa da Y-s
Seicavs; xolo Tu (86a) aris swori, maSin arc Q arsebobs da arc R. amgvarad,
imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli struqturaa sami arsebuli kandidatidan swori,
Qs da R- is arsebobis damadasturebeli masala unda moviZioT.
ra saxis masala gamodgeboda imis mowmobad, rom sityvaTa esa Tu is Tanmimdevroba komponents Seadgens? miuxedavad imisa, rom winadadebis TiToeuli
sityva gvesmis (akustikurad), komponentis struqturis gagoneba SeuZlebelia.
yurTasmenisTvis igi iseTive mouxelTebelia, rogorc gamouTqmeli (nulovani) nacvalsaxeli. sxva dargebis (fizikis, astronomiis, biologiis) mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs iseTi uxilavi obieqtebi, rogorebicaa, atomis
nawilakebi, Savi xvrelebi, genebi da maTi arsebobis damtkiceba SesaZlebelia
sxva, xiluli obieqtebis funqcionirebis meSveobiT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sakomponento struqturaze sintaqsis Seswavlis dros: miuxedavad imisa, rom
frazebis struqturas ver vxedavT (da ar gvesmis), viciT, rom aseTi struqtura unda arsebobdes, vinaidan igi monacemTa (masalis) modelebis ganmartebisas
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. (86)-Si moyvanil sam struqturas Soris arCevanis
gakeTebisas, Cven Q ((86b)-Si) da R (86g-Si) qvekomponentebis arsebobis, an arsebobis uarmyofeli masalis motana mogvixdeba. enaTmecnierebma diagnostikuri
cdebis araerTi meTodi SeimuSaves, romelTa meSveobiT ganisazRvreba, Seadgens Tu ara sityvaTa esa Tu is Tanmimdevroba komponents; aseT cdebs sakomponento testebi (constituent tests) ewodeba. axla imis ilustrirebas movaxdenT, Tu
rogor xdeba am meTodebis gamoyeneba.
distribuciis sadiagnostiko cdebi

pirveli mowmoba, rom sityvaTa esa Tu is Tanmimdevroba komponentebs qmnis,
distribuciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. struqturis Tu winadadebis farglebSi, TiToeuli struqturuli pozicia garkveuli tipis komponentebisTvis aris
gankuTvnili. amgvarad, am poziciebs Soris zRvrebis dadgenisas SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom sityvaTa mocemuli Tanmimdevroba komponents qmnis, Tuki
igi mocemul zRvrebSi Tavsdeba. Tuki es Tanmimdevroba mocemul pozicias ar
esadageba, aucilebeli araa es imis niSani iyos, TiTqos mocemuli Tanmimdevroba komponents ver qmnis; es SeiZleba sxva tipis komponenti iyos, vinaidan
winadadebaSi poziciaTa umetesoba garkveuli kategoriis (determineriani
fraza, zedsarTaviani fraza, Tandebuliani fraza da a.S.) komponentebisTvis
aris gankuTvnili. meore mxriv, es mainc imaze miTiTebs, rom mocemuli Tanmimdevroba mocemuli poziciis sadagi tipis komponents ver Seadgens.
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160
magaliTad, martiv winadadebebSi subieqtis pozicia SedarebiT advili

amosacnobia, vinaidan igi winadadebis marcxena kideSi Cndeba (anu, dasawyisSi); amgvarad, marjvena zRvris dadgeniT SegviZlia gamovikvlioT, sityvaTa
ra Tanmidevroba esadageba mocemul pozicias. magram subieqturi poziciis
marjvena zRvari rogor davadginoT? upirveles yovlisa, amis gakeTeba mosinjvisa da SecdomaTa uaryofis safuZvelze SegviZlia. raki viciT, rom saxelebi
da nacvalsaxelebi subieqtur pozicias esadageba, SegviZlia iseT winadadebebs davakvirdeT, romelTac am poziciaSi erT-erTi aseTi elementi udgas,
Semdeg ki ganvsazRvroT, romeli leqsikuri kategoria SeiZleba mas uSualod
mosdevdes. magaliTad, martiv deklaraciul winadadebaSi misi pirveli zmna
subieqtis marjvena poziciaSi unda idges, uSualo mezoblobaSi, rogorc
(87a)-Sia naCvenebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca winadadeba aseve Seicavs garemoebas, vTqvaT, obviously, romelic zmnas uSualod uZRvis win, rogorc (87bg)-Si. subieqtsa da damxmare zmnas Soris sxva vercerTi tipis komponenti ver
Cadgeba. amas magaliTebi (87d-v) mowmobs:
(87)
a. He has visited the witches.
b. He [garem.obviously] has visited the witches.

g. He has [garem. obviously] visited the witches.
d. *He [Tf to the forest] has visted the witches.

e. *He [zm walked] has visited the witches.

v. *He [df the queen] has visited the witches.

a. is kudianebs ewvia.

b. is [garem. aSkarad] kudianebs ewvia.

g. is [garem. aSkarad] kudianebs ewvia.

d. *is [Tf tyeSi] kudianebs ewvia.

e. *is [zm wavida] kudianebs ewvia.

v. *is [df dedofali] kudianebs ewvia.
Tu sityvaTa garkveuli Tanmimdevroba winadadebaSi damxmare zmnis marcxniv gvxvdeba, rogorc (87a) da (87g) winadadebebSi, an garemoebis marcxniv,
(87b) maSin sityvaTa mocemuli winadadeba subieqtur poziciaSi unda Cadges da
am mizeziT, komponenti unda Seadginos. swored amgvari dasabuTeba iyo gamo
yenebuli (88) magaliTis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, ramac 2.2 ganyofilebaSi sityvaTa iseTi Tanmimdevrobebis gansazRvra gagviadvila, rogorebic iyo: the
witches, our murderous king, the king of Scotland, romlebic maSin im tipis komponentebs mivakuTvneT, romlebsac determineriani frazebi vuwodeT:
(88)
a. The withes obviously advised the king.

b. Our murderous king obviously has visited the witches.

g. The king of Scotland has obviously visited the witches.

d. The witches in the forest have advised the king.

a. kudianebma mefes aSkarad rCeva misces.

b. Cvenma sisxlianma mefem aSkarad kudianebs miakiTxa (ewvia).

g. Sotlandiis mefe aSkarad kudianebs ewvia.

d. kudianebma tyeSi mefes rCeva misces.
unda gvaxsovdes (es mniSvnelovania), rom zogierTi tipis winadadebaSi

subieqti ar aris pirveli komponenti; magaliTad, kiTxvebSi (ixileT 3.4 Ca
narTi) subieqturi pozicia inversiuli damxmare zmnis pozicias mosdevs, rogorc (22b)-Si, xolo topikalizaciis konstruqciebSi, rogorebicaa (22a) igi
Tematur pozicias mosdevs.
pirdapiri obieqtis poziciis zRvrebi odnav ufro Zneli dasadgenia, vinaidan zmnian frazaSi obieqtis pozicias SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis komponentebi mosdevdes; ase magaliTad, (89a)-s tipis winadadebaSi Zneli dasadgenia,
aris Tu ara Tf in the forest (89b)-s winadadebis determineriani frazis the witches toli komponenti, an aris Tu ara am determineriani frazis Semadgeneli
nawili, rogorc (89g)-Si:
(89)
a. The king met the witches in the forest.
b. The king [zmf met [df the witches] [Tf in the forest] ]

g. The king [zmf met [df the witches [Tf in the forest] ] ]
(yuradReba miaqcieT, rom zedsarTaviani frazis struqtura (89b)-Si im
Tandebulis struqturas hgavs, romelic (86a)-Si Segvxvda, maSin, roca (89g)s zmniani frazis struqtura (89b)-s Tandebulis struqturis msgavsia. Tuki
(89b)-s struqtura sworia, maSin zmna meet or damatebas irCevs (determineriani fraziT warmodgenili pirdapiri damateba da Tf), xolo fraza the witches
srul determinerian frazas qmnis (romelic zmnis meet pirdapiri damatebaa).
meore mxriv, Tu (89g)-aris swori, maSin zmna meet erT damatebas irCevs, xolo
fraza the witches in the forest determineriani frazaa.)
unda vivaraudoT, rom (89b) da (89g) orive swori frazaa. meti sizustisTvis
vTqvaT, rom (89a) struqturulad bundovani frazaa. misi struqtura (89b)-Si an
(89g)-Si ixsneba. (88a)-ze dayrdnobiT. viciT, rom Tanmimdevroba the witches srul
determinerian frazas Seadgens, iseve, rogorc es (89b) winadadebaSia; meore
mxriv, (88d)-s safuZvelze isic viciT, rom Tanmimdevroba the witches in the forest agreTve SesaZlo determineriani frazaa, rogorc (89g)-Si. axla ganvixiloT
magaliT (90)-Si moyvanili winadadebebi, romlebSic nacvalsaxelebi obieqtis
poziciaSi dgas. (gaixseneT, rom determineriani fraza SeiZleba nacvalsaxelsa
da Tandebulian frazas erTdroulad ar Seicavdes, rogorc es (87d)-Si aris
naCvenebi.)
(90)
a. The king met them in the forest.

b. The king met them.
A
a. mefe maT tyeSi Sexvda.

b. mefe Sexvda maT.
magaliTi (90a) gviCvenebs, rom zmna meet SeiZleba or damatebas irCevdes
(determineriani frazis da Tandebulian frazas, rogorc (89b)-Si), magram
(90b) mowmobs, rom mas mxolod erTi damatebis arCevac SeuZlia (determinerian
frazas, rogorc (89g)-Si). amgvarad, iseTi struqtura, rogoric (89b)-Sia, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes, vinaidan misi obieqturi determineriani fraza (88a)-s
subieqturi determineriani frazis identuria, xolo zmf-s iseTive struqtura aqvs, rogorc (90a) winadadebas. magram (89g)-s struqturac SeiZleba arsebobdes, radgan misi obieqturi determineriani fraza (88d)-s subieqturi
determineriani frazis identuria, xolo misi zmf-s struqtura (90b)-Si arse-
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162
bulis msgavsia. amgvarad, albaT (89a) struqturulad bundovani frazaa. metic, misi es struqturuli bundovaneba semantikur bundovanebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. roca Tf determinerian frazaSia moqceuli, igi determinerian
frazaSi saxels cvlis, rogorc monaTesave klauzula; magaliTad, (88d)-Si
winadadebis Sinaarsi imaze metyvelebs, rom kudianebi tyeSi arian, miuxedavad
imisa, rom im droisTvis, roca mefes rCevas aZlevdnen, SesaZloa, tyeSi arc
yofiliyvnen. meore mxriv, roca Tf zmnis damatebaa, rogorc (90a) winadadebaSi, igi zmnas saxes ucvlis da im qmedebis adgil-mdebareobaze miuTiTebs,
romelsac zmna gamoxatavs. amgvarad, Tu (89b)-s struqtura sworia, winadadeba
Sinaarsobrivad unda gadmoscemdes, rom Sexvedra tyeSi moxda, xolo Tu swori struqtura (89g)-s aqvs, maSin kudianebi, mis mixedviT, tyeSi arian (Tumca,
Sexvedris momentSi SeiZleba tyeSi ar iyvnen.)
CanarTi
3. 5
determineriani frazebis sxva saxeobebi

determineriani frazis Semadgenlobis dasadgeni sadistribucio cdis gamoyenebiT, romelic subieqturi poziciis gaCena-argaCenas emyareba, SegviZlia
determineriani frazebis axali tipebi gamovarCioT. ukve vnaxeT, rom determineriani fraza SeiZleba Seicavdes: (a) saxels an nacvalsaxels, an (b) saxels,
romelsac win determineri, an nominaluri msazRvreli da erTi an ori zedsarTavi uZRvis, rogorc (a-e) winadadebebSi:
(a) Henry kissed Kate.
(b) He kissed her.
(g) Henry kissed the princess.
(d) The young king kissed Frances beautiful princess.
(e) The brave young king kissed the beautiful princess.
a. henrim qeiTs akoca.
b. man (mamr.) mas (mdedr) akoca.
g. henrim princesas akoca.
d. axalgazrda mefem safrangeTis mSvenier princesas akoca.
e. mamacma axalgazrda mefem mSvenier princesas akoca.
sxva magaliTebSi ukve vnaxeT, rom determineriani frazis farglebSi sa
xels sakuTari damatebis arCeva SeuZlia, romelic SeiZleba iyos Tf, rogorc
es am winadadebaSia: The murder of Duncan offended the thanes of Scotland. (`dunkanis mkvlelobam Sotlandiis didebulebi aRaSfoTa.~) maSin, roca saxelebi metyvelebis an fiqris, azrovnebis procesis gamomxatveli zmnebidan aris warmomdgari, damatebad dmf (damatebis mqmneli frazebi) damatebebs irCevs. amas
mowmobs (z) da (T) magaliTebic:
(z) The announcement that Caesar was dead shocked the people of Rome.
(T) The belief that the quality of mercy is not strained inspired Portia.
z. gancxadebam, rom keisari mokvda, romis mosaxleobas
Tavzari dasca.
T. porcia imis rwmenam STaagona, rom gulmowyalebas
sazRvari ar gaaCnia.
determineriani frazebi SeiZleba monaTesave klauzulebsac Seicavdes.
isini wh kompleqsiT dawyebuli sityvebiT iwyeba, aseTia who, (romelic adamianze iTqmis) an which (adamianis garda):
(i) The man who Puck saw in the forest fell in love with the first
woman who he saw.
(k) The books which Prospero owned were in his study.

i. kacs, romelic pakma tyeSi dainaxa, pirvelive qali
Seuyvarda, romelic (man) dainaxa.
k. wignebi, romlebic prosperos hqonda, mis kabinetSi iyo.
*(winadadebebi originalis sintaqsuri wyobis dacviTaa Targmnili. (mTarg.
Sen.))
es monaTesave klauzulebi (CarTuli winadadebebi) im CarTul kiTxvebs
hgavs, romlebzec 3.4 CanarTSi iyo saubari, magram CarTuli kiTxvebisgan
gansxvavebiT, monaTesave klauzulebi wh kompleqsiT dawyebuli sityvebis
magier that damatebiT iwyeba; magaliTad: wh -ze dawyebuli yvela sityva (i)-sa
da (k)-Si SeiZleba that ma Caanacvlos. determineriani frazis sxva saxeobebis
arsebobac SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, Tu saxeli determinerian frazaSi
mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas (kings, forests _ mefeebi, tyeebi da a.S.), determineri
SeiZleba gamotovebul iqnes; igive SeiZleba iTqvas mxolobiT ricxvSi
mdgar abstraqtul saxelebzec (beauty, integrity silamaze, mTlianoba) da
krebiT saxelebze (wine, sand _ Rvino, sila da a.S.). meore mxriv, ricxviTi
saxelebi (two, three _ori, sami) da raodenobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi (every,
all _ yoveli, yvela da a.S), romlebic xSirad ise funqcionireben, rogorc
determinerebi determinerian frazebSi, magaliTad, winadadebebSi: three
witches da all fairies _`sami kudiani~, yvela feria~, SeiZleba sxva determinerian
frazebis determinerebSic Segvxdes, aseTebia the (gansazR. artikli) three
witches da all (yvela) fairies. Tumca, determinerian frazaSi yvela determineri
rodi gvxvdeba. yuradReba miaqcieT: many the witches, three many witches, all
many witches (bevri+ gansazR. artikli kudiani, sami bevri kudiani, yvela bevri
kudiani) miuRebeli formebia. amgvarad, determineriani frazebi SeiZleba
Seicavdes nulovan (arcerT), erT an or determiners _ imis mixedviT, Tu ra
saxis saxels Seicavs determineriani fraza da rogori determinerebiT aris
igi Sedgenili.
faqtia, rom (89a)-s interpretireba sxvagvarad SeiZleba da orive struqtura swori iqneba.
sadistribucio argumentis kidev erTi saxeoba iseT SemTxvevebs moicavs,
sadac elementebis sxvadasxvagvari kombinacia erTsa da imave gare distribuciis niSnebs amJRavnebs, rac imas mowmobs, rom es kombinaciebi erTi da imave
tipis komponentis (determineriani fraza, zmniani fraza da a.S) variantuli
formebia. ganyofilebaSi 2.2 saubari iseT saxelebsa da nacvalsaxelebs exeboda, romlebsac iseTive gare sintaqsuri distribucia axasiaTebT, rogoric
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164
determinerebisa da saxelebis Semcvel determinerian frazebs. winadadebis

romel poziciaSic ar unda aRmoCndes determineriani fraza, igi yovelTvis
SeiZleba nacvalsaxelma an saxelma Caanacvlos. am dakvirvebis safuZvelze
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelebi da nacvalsaxelebi determineriani frazebia; nacvalsaxelebi da saxelebi rom imave kategorias ar miekuTvnebodes,
romelTac sxva determineriani frazebi ekuTvnis, maSin gramatikas subieqturi poziciis, pirdapiri obieqtis poziciis, nominaluri msazRvrelis, Tan
debulis obieqtisa da a.S poziciebis SesaZlo damkaveblebad igive CamonaTvali unda gaemeorebina (nacvalsaxeli, saxeli da determineriani fraza). metic,
nebismieri zmna, romelic kategoriis arCevisas damatebad determinerian frazas irCevs, am poziciaSi nebismieri tipis determinerian frazas iguebs (maT
Soris, saxelsac da nacvalsaxelsac). es mosalodnelia, Tuki nacvalsaxelebi
da saxelebi determineriani frazebia. meore mxriv, Tu eseni determineriani
frazebi ar aris, maSin zmnis leqsikur erTeulSi SesaZlo damatebad yvela am
sami kategoriis CamoTvla iqneba saWiro, xolo imis ganmartebas, Tu ratom
meordeba erTi da igive CamonaTvali (nacvalsaxeli, saxeli, an determineriani fraza) TiToeuli zmnis SemTxvevaSi, ver movaxerxebT. ufro mokled rom
vTqvaT, nacvalsaxelebis, saxelebis da determineriani frazebis sxva tipTa
saerTo sadistribucio niSan-Tvisebebi frazaTa unificirebuli kategoriis
(rac ar unda vuwodoT mas) arsebobas Zirs umagrebs.
gadanacvleba, rogorc winadadebis Sedgenilobis dasadgeni cda

winadadebis SedgenilobasTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi cda gadanacvlebis wess efuZneba. topikalizaciis struqturis warmoqmnaSi, romelic ganyofileba 3.2.3 Si mokled mimovixileT, swored gadanacvleba monawileobs.
misi TvalsaCinoebisTvis adre (22a) winadadeba moviyvaneT, romelsac aq (91a)
magaliTs davarqmevT da kvlav gavimeorebT:
(91)
a. Bianca, I admire.
b. I admire Bianca.

a. (daax.) biankaa, (me) rom vaRmerTeb.

b. (me) biankas vaRmerTeb.
topikalizaciis am konstruqciis amocnobas mxolod misive sityvaTa uCveulo wyoba ki ar aadvilebs, aramed misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, gamorCeuli intonacia, melodia, SemaRleba da xmis aweva, romliTac topikalizebuli sityva
warmoiTqmis. (91a)-Si intonaciis gansxvavebulobaze gamsxvilebuli Srifti da
sasveni niSani miuTiTebs. zmnis admire pirdapiri obieqti, rogorc wesi, zmnis
Semdeg dgas, rogorc (91b) magaliTSi. (91a) winadadebebSi igi piriqiT, winadadebis TavSi, Tematur poziciaSi gvxvdeba. (91a)-Si sakuTari saxeli Bianca,
misi mdebareobis miuxedavad, pirdapiri obieqtia _ im Tematuri Teta-rolis
gamo, romelic mas winadadebis semantikuri interpretaciiT eniWeba da romelic (91a)-sa da (91b)-Si erTmaneTis identuria.
sakuTari saxelebi erTaderTi elementebi ar aris, romelTa topikalizaciac SesaZlebelia. Tematur poziciaSi SeiZleba gadainacvlos: nacvalsaxelebma
(92a), saxelebma (92b), zedsarTavebma (92g), zmnizedebma (92d) da zmnebma (92e):
a. Her, I admire, but him, I despise.

b. Sieges, I dislike; but battles, I can tolerate.
g. Reckless, Falstaff may be; but criminal, he is not.
d. Slowly, the witches stirred the cauldron.

e. Cordelia feared that Lear might die, and die he did.

a. mas (mdedr.) _ vaRmerTeb, magram is (mamr.) _ mezizReba.

b. alyebi _ ar miyvars, magram brZolebis atana _

SemiZlia. (sityvasityv.)

g. TavzexelaRebuli _ SeiZleba (falstafi) iyos,

borotmoqmedi ki _ ara.

d. nela (auCqareblad), kudianebi qvabs urevdnen.

e. kordelias eSinoda, rom liri SeiZleba momkvdariyo,

da mokvda kidec (sityva-sityviT: sworedac mokvda. )
neitraluri (aratopikalizebuli) winadadebebi, romlebsac es magaliTebi
Seesabameba, (93) magaliTSia mocemuli:
(93)
a. I admire her; but I despise him.

b. I dislike sieges; but I can tolerate battles.

g. Falstaff may be reckles; but he is not criminal.

d. The witches stirred the cauldron slowly.

e. Cordelia feared that Lear might die, and he did die.

a. imas vaRmerTeb, magram is mezizReba.

b. alyebi ar miyvars, magram brZolebi SemiZlia avitano.

g. falstafi SeiZleba TavzexelaRebuli iyos,

magram ara borotmoqmedi.

d. kudianebi qvabs nela urevdnen.

e. kordelias eSinoda, rom liri SeiZleba

momkvdariyo da (igi) mokvda kidec.
gadanacvlebis Teoriis mixedviT, (92) magaliTis winadadebebs igive ZiriTadi struqtura aqvs, rogorc maT mewyvile winadadebebs (93) magaliTSi. erTaderT gansxvavebas gamsxvilebuli SriftiT dabeWdili sityvebis pozicia qmnis es sityvebi zmnian frazaSi Tavdapirveli poziciidan Tematur poziciaSi,
winadadebis TavSi gadainacvleben (92). isic SesaZlebelia, rom CarTuli winadadebebidan sityva Tematur poziciaSi, mTavari winadadebis TavSi gadaadgildes, rogorc (94g-d)-Sia naCvenebi, sadac topikalizebuli sityvis Tavdapirveli pozicia (_) defisiT aris aRniSnuli:
(94)
a. Antony said that he loved Cleopatra.

b. Juliet heard Romeo call out her name.

g. Cleopatra, Antony said [ that he loved _____ ].

d. Romeo, Juliet heard [ _____ call out her name].
a. antoniusma Tqva, rom kleopatra uyvarda.

b. julietam gaigona, rogor warmoTqva romeom misi saxeli.

g. antoniusma kleopatra(ze) Tqva, rom uyvars.

d. romeom _julietam gaigona, _ misi saxeli warmoTqva.
(95)-Si moyvanili masala gviCvenebs, rom topikalizaciisTvis damaxasiaTe(92)
165
166
beli gadanacvleba ori an meti sityvisgan Sedgenil frazaSic SeiZleba moxdes;

Sesabamisi neitraluri winadadebebia mocemuli (96) magaliTSi:
(95)
a. The beautiful French princess, Henry kissed _____ .

b. The king of England, I admire _____; but the Dauphin of France,

(96)

I despise _____ .
g. The unfortunate realm that Lear ruled over, Cordelia knew

[ that Goneril and Regan would inherit _____ ].
a. henrim mSvenier frang princesas akoca (mSvenieri

frangi princesa iyo, henrim rom akoca).
b. inglisis mefe(a), (rom ) vaRmerTeb, magram safrangeTis
dofini _____ mZuls.
g. liris mier marTul ubedur samefos _____ kordeliam
icoda _ gonerili da regani miiRebdnen memkvidreobiT.
a. Henry kissed the beautiful French princess.
b. I admire the king of England; but I despise the Dauphin of France.
g. Cordelia knew [that Goneril and Regan would inherit
the unfortunate realm that Lear ruled over].

a. henrim safrangeTis mSvenier princesas akoca.

b. inglisis mefes vaRmerTeb, magram safrangeTis

dofini mZuls.

g. kordeliam icoda, [rom gonerili da regani memkvdreobiT

miiRebdnen ubedur samefos, romelsac liri marTavda].
meore mxriv, sityvaTa zogierTma Tanmimdevrobam SeiZleba winadadebis
TavSi gadainacvlos. amas (97)-Si moyvanili gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadebebic mowmobs:
97)
a. * the beautifull French, I admire _____ princess.

b. * king of, I admire _____ England, but despise the, _____ Dauphin of France.

g. *would inherit the, Cordelia knew that Goneril and

Regan _____ unfortunate realm that Lear ruled over.
(97)-is TiToeul magaliTSi im sityvaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic (96)-is neitralur

winadadebebSia mocemuli, winadadebis TavSi, Tematur poziciaSia gadatanili, maT
adgils ki defisiani aRniSvnebi ikavebs asea (95)-Si, magram (97)-Si naCvenebi Tanmimdevroba gramatikulad araswor winadadebebs qmnis. ratom xdeba ase?
sityvaTa topikalizebuli Tanmimdevroba, romelsac (95) magaliTSi vxedavT, imave tipis leqsikuri kategoriebisgan Sedgeba, romelTac Cvens mier
adre ganxiluli determineriani frazebi miekuTvneba, maSin, roca (97)-is frazebi Cvens mier adre ganxilul frazaTa tipebs ar Seesabameba. amgvarad, (95)-sa
da (97)-s Soris arsebuli kontrastis yvelaze martivi axsna is aris, rom topikalizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konstruqciebi Tematur poziciaSi mxolod
erTi komponentis gadanacvlebiT igeba. (92-94) magaliTebSi gadanacvlebuli
komponenti marto erTi sityvisgan Sedgeba, maSin, roca (95)-Si gadanacvlebuli komponenti ori an meti sityvisgan aris Sedgenili. Tumca, gadanacvlebis wesi, romlis meSveobiTac Tematuri pozicia warmoiqmneba, am sxvaobebis
mimarT mgrZnobiarobas ar amJRavnebs: igi Tematuri poziciisken erTaderT
komponents anacvlebs, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ramdeni sityvisgan Sedgeba es

komponenti. amgvarad, (95)-sa da (97)-s Soris arsebuli kontrasti imas mowmobs,
rom sityvaTa gadanacvlebuli Tanmimdevrobebi (95)-Si komponentebi an frazebia, xolo (97)-Si ki _ ara. raki topikalizacias praqtikulad nebismieri kategoria eqvemdebareba, topikalizaciis Semadgenlobis dasadgeni cda, rogorc
wesi, ise moqmedebs, rogorc sakomponento struqturis dasadgeni xerxi.
Tuki am cdas sxva im kategoriebs mivusadagebT, romlebsac aqamde ganvixileT, mosalodnel Sedegs miviRebT: Tu winadadeba iseT komponents Seicavs,
rogoric aris Tandebuliani fraza, zedsarTaviani fraza, dmf an zmniani
fraza, am komponentma SeiZleba Tematur poziciaSi gadainacvlos. is axal
winadadebas Seadgens, romelic topikalizebuli komponentiT daiwyeba. winadadebebi, romlebic topikalizebul predikatul frazebs Seicavs, iseTebs,
rogorebic aris (zedsarTaviani fraza) da zmf (zmniani fraza), xSirad ufro
bunebrivad JRers, Tuki maT win sxva winadadeba dgas, imave zedsarTaviani
frazisa Tu zmniani frazisagan Sedgenili. Tu sityvaTa iseTi Tanmimdevrobis
gadanacvlebas SevecdebiT, romelic komponents ar qmnis, maSin Sedegad iseT
gramatikulad gaumarTav formebs miviRebT, rogorebic (97)-Si Segvxvda. amis
TvalsaCinoebas magaliTebi (98-100) warmoadgens. (98)-s TiToeul winadadebaSi sityvaTa kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmuli Tanmimdevrobebi komponentebs
(Tandebuliani fraza, zedsarTaviani fraza, dmf da zmnian frazas qmnis.
(98)
a. Harry brought his army [to France]. (Tf)

b. Katherine was [angry at her suitor]. (zf)

g. Hamlet knew [that his father had been murdered]. (dmf)

d. Kate must [choose a husband]. (zf)

a. harim Tavisi jari safrangeTSi Seiyvana.

b. katarina Tavis xelismTxovnelze iyo gabrazebuli.

g. hamletma icoda, rom mamamisi mokles.

d. qeiTma qmari unda airCios.
(98a)-Si Tanmimdevroba army to komponenti ar aris, radgan sityva army komponentis his army ganuyreli nawilia, xolo sityva to am determineriani frazis
nawili araa _ igi Tandebuliani frazis to France ganuyreli nawilia. amgvarad,
sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobebi, romlebic italikiTaa dabeWdili, sxvadasxva komponentebis nawilebs moicaven, magram Tavad komponentebi ar arian. (98b)-Si
fraza angry at her zedsarTaviani frazis komponents qmnis, Tu sityva her is
nacvalsaxelia, romelic Tandebulis at obieqtad gvevlineba, magram (98b)-Si
igi determineriani frazis her suitor nawilia, xolo mTliani determineriani
fraza at Tandebulis obieqtia; amgvarad, italikiani Tanmimdevroba srul
komponents ver qmnis; sruli rom iyos, igi mTlian determinerian frazas unda
Seicavdes. (98g)-Si italikiani Tanmimdevroba knew that his father komponents ar
Seadgens, vinaidan daqvemdebarebuli Tanmimdevroba that his father kvadratul
frCxilebSi Casmuli CarTuli dmf-s arasruli nawilia. (98d)-Si Tanmimdevroba must choose komponenti araa, vinaidan zmna choose zmniani frazis choose a
husband arasruli nawilia, maSin, roca modaluri zmna must am zmniani frazis
nawili ar aris.
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168
(99)-sa da (100) magaliTebSi arsebuli kontrasti gviCvenebs, rom topikalizacias mxolod is kvadratul frCxilebSi moqceuli Tanmimdevrobebi eqvemdebareba, romlebic komponentebs qmnis:
(99)
a. To France, Harry brought his army _____ (Tandebuliani fraza)

b. Everyone expected her to be angry at Petruccio, and .......

angry at her suitor, Katherine was _____ (zedsarTaviani fraza)

g. That his father had been murdered, Hamlet knew _____ (dmf)

d. Her father ordered her to choose a husband, so .......
choose a husband, Kate must _____ (zmniani fraza)(100)
(100) a. * army to, Harry brought his _____ France.

b. Everyone expected her to be angry at Petruccio, and ....

* angry at her, Katherine was _____ suitor.
g. * knew that his father, Hamlet _____ had been murdered.

d. Her father ordered her to choose a husband, so ...
* must choose Kate _____ a husband.
amgvarad, topikalizaciis konstruqcia sruliad sando sadiagnostiko cda

da xerxia Sedgenilobis dasadgenad _ ara mxolod determineriani frazis
kategoriebisTvis, aramed Tf, (zedsarTaviani ), dmf da zmf (zmnuri) kate
goriebisTvis.
pro-formebi
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom nacvalsaxelebi SeiZleba determineriani frazebiviT
funqcionirebdes da rom isini maT win mdgari determineriani frazebis koreferentebadac SeiZleba iqnen interpretirebulni, rogorc (101)-Si:
(101)
a. [Petruccio] expects that he(i) will mary Kate.

b. [The king of France](i) ordered Henry to pledge allegiance to him (i).
g. Cordelia asked [our foolish king] about his(i) plans.
d. Oberon liked [the forest](i) for its climate.

a. petruCio moelis, rom qeiTs colad SeirTavs.

b. safrangeTis mefem henris ubrZana, misTvis erTguleba Seefica.

g. kordeliam Cvens SeSlil mefes misi gegmebis Sesaxeb hkiTxa.

d. oberons tye misi havis gamo uyvarda.
am magaliTebis kvadratul frCxilebSi moqceuli determineriani frazebis ganxilva komponentebad ori TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba: isini subieqtur an
obieqtur poziciaSi gvxvdeba da isini maTTan erTad indeqsirebuli nacvalsa
xelebis antecedentebiviT (ganmarteba : win mdgomi wevri) funqcionirebs. rom
davazustoT, mas igive referenti aqvs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom nacvalsaxels
ar SeiZleba antecedentad hqondes sityvaTa iseTi Tanmimdevroba, romelic
determineriani fraza ar aris; magaliTad, (102a)-Si nacvalsaxeli him igives
ar niSnavs, rasac Tanmimdevroba the king of, vinaidan ar arsebobs iseTi komponenti, romelic am nacvalsaxelis antecedentis rols Seasrulebs. (102b)-Si
nacvalsaxels him igive mniSvneloba ar aqvs, rac Tanmimdevrobas foolish king,
vinaidan es Tanmimdevroba sruli determineriani fraza ar aris. (es SeiZleba
sruli saxeliani fraza iyos, magram iseTi nacvalsaxelebis antecedenti, ro-
goricaa him, determineriani fraza unda iyos.)

(102)
a. *[The king of] (i) France ordered Henry to pledge

allegiance to him(i) England.

(The king of France ordered Henry to pledge allegiance to
the king of England)
b. *Cordelia asked our [foolish king](i) about your him(i).

(Cordelia asked our foolish king about your foolish king)
determineriani frazebis garda, kidev erTi kategoria, romelic nacvalsaxelis antecedentad funqcionirebs, dmf-a (damatebis mqmneli fraza). is it
nacvalsaxelis antecedentad gvevlineba, rogorc warmodgenil magaliTSi
Cans (103a-b). Tumca, am nacvalsaxelis antecedentoba mxolod srul dmf-s SeuZlia, amas (103g-d) magaliTi adasturebs, sadac italikiT moyvanili TanmimdevrobebiT iseTi dmf-ebis ageba, romlebic it nacvalsaxelis antecedentobas
gaswevs, arabunebrivia. (es rom SesaZlebeli iyos, maSin (103g)-s Sinaarsi iseTi
iqneboda, TiTqos Sailoks sjeroda, rom antonio veronaSi cxovrobda, (103d)
ki imaze metyvelebda TiTqos hamletis dedas eWvi hqonda, rom misi (hamletis)
mama sakvebis mouneleblobam mokla.)
(103)
a. ortia stated [dmf that Antonio would live in Venice](i),

b. Hamlet knew [dmf that his father had been killed
by poison](i) because he heard it(i) from his fathers ghost.
g. Portia stated that Antonio would live in Venice,
but Shyilock didnt believe it.
but Shylock believed it in Verona.
d. Hamlet knew that his father had been killed by poison,
but his mother suspected it by indigestion.
kontrasti (103a-b)-sa da (103g-d)-s Soris gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia, vinaidan italikiT moyvanili Tanmimdevrobebi (103g-d)-Si xandaxan sruli dmfebic SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, im konteqstSi, rogorsac (103e-v) gvTavazobs:
(103)
e. Portia stated that Antonio would live, but Shylock didnt believe it.

v. Hamlet knew that his father had been killed,

and his mother suspected it.

e. porciam ganacxada, rom antonio icocxlebs,
magram Sailoks es ar sjeroda.

v. hamletma icoda, rom mamamisi mokles,
xolo dedamisi amas eWvobda.
mizezi, Tu ratom aris arabunebrivi am Tanmimdevrobebis srul dmf-ebad
ganxilva (103g-d) winadadebebSi isaa, rom igi moiTxovs Tandebulian frazebs
in Venice da in Verona ((103g)-Si) da ((103d)-Si) _ by poison da by indigestion adgili am dmf-ebis gareT, maT Semcvel zmnur frazebSi moeZebnos. am frazebSi
isini am zmnuri frazebis zmnebis gansazRvrebebad iqneba aRqmuli. magaliTad,
(103g) aseT SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavs, rom porciam gancxadeba veneciaSi gaakeTa da
Sailokma es gancxadeba veronaSi daijera, xolo (103d) _ TiTqos hamletma es
codna Sxamis meSveobiT SeiZina, xolo dedamiss eWvi sakvebis mouneleblobis
169
170
gamo gauCnda. mosaubreebi, Cveulebriv, aseT interpretaciebs ar akeTeben,

rogoric (103d) SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs da amiT italikiani Tanmimdevrobebis dmfebad ganxilvis arabunebrivobas amtkiceben.
predikatuli kategoriebi, rogorebicaa zmniani fraza da zedsarTaviani
fraza, SeiZleba so proformis antecedentebi iyos, rogorc (104)-Si moyvanili
masala mowmobs; es proforma xSirad winadadebis TavSi Cndeba da subieqtsa da
damxmare zmnas Soris inversias iwvevs (ixileT CanarTi 3.4), rogorc (104g-d)-Si:
(104)
a. Henry will [pass the wine to Falstaff]i, and Bardolph will do soi too.

b. Kate seems [angry at her father]i, and Bianca seems soi too.

g. Oberon must [face the consequences of his actions]i,

and soi must Puck.

d. Kate is [angry at her father]i, and soi is Bianca.

a. henri falstafs Rvinos miawodebs.
da bardolfic igives izams.

b. qeiTi mamamisze gabrazebuli Cans. da aseve (Cans) biankac.

g. oberonma Tavisi namoqmedars Tvali unda gausworos.
da igive unda qnas pakma(c).

d. qeiTi mamamiszea gabrazebuli da asevea biankac.
proforma so gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania zmnuri an zedsarTaviani frazis sakomponento struqturisaTvis Rirebuli masalis mowodebis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, (105) magaliTis ganxilvis Semdeg viciT, rom Tanmimdevroba
pass the wine Tavadac zmniani frazasaviT funqcionirebs, xolo zedsarTavi
angry aseve Tavadaa zedsarTaviani fraza:
(105)
a. Henry will [pass the wine]i and Bardolph will do soi too.

b. Kate is [angry]i, and soi is Bianca.
pass the wine da angry (105)-Si dasrulebuli frazebia, magram (104a-b)Si _ arasruli; sxvagvarad, proforma so (106)-Si am Tanmimdevrobebs unda
ukavSirdebodes, rac ar xdeba:
(106)
a. ?* Henry will [pass the wine]i to Falstaff, and Bardolph

will do soi to Pistol.
b. ?* Kate is [angry]i at her father, and soi is Bianca at her mother.

a. henri Rvinos falstafs gadaawodebs, xolo

bardolfi _ fistols (igives izams fistolisTvis).

b. qeiTi mamazea gabrazebuli, xolo bianka ki _ dedaze.
(106)-is magaliTebis gramatikuli gaumarTaoba imas mowmobs, rom pass the
wine sruli zmniani fraza ar aris, roca mas uSualod mosdevs Tandebuliani
fraza to Falstaff, rogorc warmodgenil (104a) da (106a) magaliTebSi. aseve TvalsaCinoa, rom zedsarTavi angry srulyofil zedsarTavian frazad ar iTvleba, roca (104b)-sa da (106b)-Si, mas Tandebuliani fraza at her father mosdevs.
amgvarad, (107)-is magaliTebSi moyvanili struqturebi swori ver iqneba:
(107)
a. Henry [zmf will [zmf pass the wine] [Tf to Falstaff] ] ]

b. Kate [zmf is [zf angry] [Tf at her father] ]
piriqiT, Tf to Falstaff ufro mcire zmnian frazaSi unda iqnes CarTuli,
xolo angry zedsarTavis Semcveli zf aseve unda Seicavdes Tandebulian fra-
zas at the father. amas (104) magaliTis kvadratuli frCxilebis wyobac mowmobs.
rogor SevuTavsoT es faqti (105) magaliTis monacemebs? amis yvelaze martivad da bunebrivad ganmarteba Teta-kriteriumisa da SerCevis Teoriis urTierTqmedebis fonze SeiZleba: razec visaubreT ganyofileba 2.6-Si. (104a-b)-m
rom mkafio da Tanmimdevruli interpretacia miiRos, Tandebulian frazebs to
Falstaff da at her father Teta-rolebi unda mieniWos da amgvarad, TiToeuli im
leqsikuri kategoriis damatebad unda warmoCndes, romelsac maTTvis misaniWebeli Teta-roli eqneba. (104a)-Si Tf to Falstaff zmnis pass damateba unda iyos
da ara modaluri zmnisa will, rogorc es (107a)-Sia, vinaidan mxolod zmnas pass
gaaCnia misTvis misaniWebeli samizne Teta-roli. msgavsi mizezis gamo, (104b)-Si
Tf at her father zedsarTavis angry damateba unda iyos. ganyofileba 2.6-Si ukve
iTqva, rom X leqsikuri kategoriis damateba iseTiPXP frazis farglebSi unda
moeqces, romlis saTao sityva X iqneba; (106) swored amis magaliTia.
kidev erTi predikatuli kategoria, romelic inglisur enaSi proformis
antecedentis rols asrulebs, saxeliani frazaa. is SeiZleba ganusazRvreli
nacvalsaxelis one (vinme, viRac, erTi) antecedentis funqciasac asrulebdes.
erTi SexedviT, one nacvalsaxelis antecedenti determineriani fraza unda
iyos, rogorc es magaliT (108)-Sia:
(108)
a. Petruccio wanted [a wife]i and Hortensio wanted onei too.

b. Macbeth stabbed [a king]i in Scotland, and Claudius
poisoned onei in Denmark.

a. petruCios coli undoda da igive (coli)
undoda hortenziosac.

b. makbetma SotlandiaSi mefe daniT gangmira, xolo
klavdiusma daniaSi igi (igulisxmeba: iseTive mefe) mowamla.
(es sityva inglisuri enis rTul winadadebebSi imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom
pirvel winadadebaSi naxmari saxelis gameoreba ar moxdes. amis nimuSebia zemoT
moyvanili winadadebebi Tumca, misi gamoCena msgavs winadadebebSi SeiZleba damabneveli gamodges. sxva nacvalsaxelebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac determineriani fraziT warmodgenili antecedentebi gaaCniaT, one im determineriani frazebis koreferentul elementad ar interpretirdeba, romlebic (108)
magaliTebSi arian Tanaindeqsirebulni. amis nacvlad, misi referenti antecedentis msgavsi sxva individumia ((108a) magaliTSi _ sxva, meore coli, (108b)Si ki _ sxva mefe). es ase iqneboda, antecedenti rom determinerian frazis
farglebSi Semavali saxeliani fraza yofiliyo, vinaidan saxeliani frazebi
SeiZleba predikatebad iqnes interpretirebuli, raSic zemoT, 2.5 ganyofilebaSi davrwmundiT. ufro vrcel masalasTan gacnoba im mosazrebas umagrebs safuZvels, rom one sinamdvileSi saxeliani frazaa. am frazas antecedentadac
saxeliani fraza aqvs da ara mTliani determineriani fraza:
(109)
a. Petruccio wanted [a vocal wife]i , but Hortensio wanted

[a quiet onei].
b. Macbeth stabbed [the Scottish king]i, and Claudius
poisoned [the Danish onei].

a. petruCios xmauriani coli undoda,
hortenzios _ mSvidi.
171
172

b. makbetma Sotlandiis mefe daniT mokla,
klavdiusma daniisa (anu: daniis mefe) _ mowamla.
aSkaraa, rom one-is antecedentad (109a)-Si saxeliani fraza wife gvevlineba
da ara determineriani fraza a vocal wife; igive situaciaa magaliT (109b)-Si. metic, nacvalsaxeli one TviTonaa saxeliani fraza da ara determineriani fraza,
vinaidan sxvagvarad gagviWirdeboda im faqtis axsna, rom mas win determineri
da zedsarTavi uZRvis. amgvarad, proforma one saxeliani frazis Sedgenilobis sadiagnostiko cdas safuZvels uqmnis. es cda Tandebuliani frazis zusti
mdebareobis gansazRvris saSualebas gvaZlevs, roca igi determineriani frazis farglebSia moqceuli, rogorc magaliT (110)-is pirvel klauzulebSi:
(110)
a. ?* Macbeth stabbed the king [of Scotland],
and Claudius poisoned the one in Denmark.

b. ?* Portias description [of Antonios obligations] influenced
the Dukes one of Shylocks sentence.

a. ? *makbetma Sotlandiis mefe daniT gangmira,
klavdiusma daniis (mefe) _ mowamla.

b. ? *porcias mier aRwerilma [antonios valdebulebebma]
gavlena moaxdina hercogis(aze) (valdebulebaze)
Sailokis ganaCenis mimarT.
magaliT (110)-is winadadebebis ucnauroba advilad aixsneba, Tuki or faqts
gaviTvaliswinebT: pirveli: One saxeliani frazaa, romelsac antecedentad
saxeliani fraza aqvs da meore: kvadratul frCxilebSi moqceuli Tandebuliani frazebi, romlebic semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, saxelebis king da description damatebebad interpretirdebian, swored saxeliani frazis uSualo
komponentebi unda iyvnen da ara determineriani frazisa. (110a-b) winadadebebSi es ori moTxovna ver Tanxvdeba; TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, ukanaskneli Tandebuliani fraza saxeliani frazis fraglebSi unda iyos moqceuli, magram am
pozicias ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeli one ikavebs. amgvarad, magaliTi (110)
kidev erT dadasturebas aZlevs hipoTezas, rom X predikatuli leqsikuri
kategoriis damateba XP frazaSi unda iyos moqceuli.
nulovani proformebis waSla

Sedgenilobis dasadgeni kidev erTi cda iseT process moicavs, romelic
tradiciulad waSlas ukavSirdeba. saamiso magaliTi, romelic yvelaze xSi
rad xdeba ganxilvis sagani, zmniani frazis waSlaa. am procesis TvalsaCinoebad (111) magaliTs gTavazobT, sadac waSlili zmniani frazis pozicia defisiT
aRiniSneba:
(111)
a. Henry has [zmf passed the wine to Falstaff],
and Bardolph will _____ too.
b. Petruccio will [zmf find a wife ], and Hortensio will _____ too.

a. henrim Rvino falstafs miawoda da bardolfic amas izams.

b. petruCio cols ipovis da aseve _ hortenzioc.
rogorc magaliT (111)-is winadadebaTa interpretacia gviCvenebs, waSlili
zmniani fraza imave mniSvnelobis frazad aRiqmeba, ra mniSvnelobac wina winadadebis kvadratul frCxilebSi moqceul antecedent zmnian frazas aqvs;
ase magaliTad, (111a)-Si meore winadadeba Bardolph will too im azris gamoTqmis
eliptikur gzad aRiqmeba, rom falstafs Rvinos bardolfic miawodebs. waSlis Teoriis Tanaxmad, zmniani fraza maSin iSleba, roca mis win sxva, misi identuri zmniani fraza dgas, magram winadadebis Sinaarsis gaazrebisas waSlili
fraza iseve interpretirdeba, rogorc wauSleli. am faqts Tavisi axsna gaaCnia: Tematuri rolis miniWebis wesebi winadadebaze manamde axdens zemoqmedebas, sanam zmniani frazis waSlis procesi daiwyeba.
am konstruqciebis gaanalizebis kidev erTi xerxi gamouTqmeli (nulovani)
zmf proformebis cnebas efuZneba. am alternatiuli midgomis Tanaxmad, inglisur enas proforma so-sTan Sesapirispireblad nulovani sapirwone gaaCnia,
romelic zemoT ganxiluli nulovani nacvalsaxelebis msgavsia; es nulovani
proforma antecedentad zmnian frazas irCevs da amis gamo ise interpretir
deba, rogorc misi identuri elementi. romeli midgomac ar unda avirCioT, zmniani frazis waSla Semadgenlobis dasdgen cdad, Tu testad mainc gamodgeba,
vinaidan nulovani proformis antecedenti, an waSlili zmniani fraza, orive
Teoriis Tanaxmad, sruli zmniani fraza unda iyos. am mizezis gamo, qvemoT
moyvanili winadadebebi gramatikulad gaumarTavia, vinaidan maTi antecedentebi sruli zmniani frazebi araa:
(112)
a. * Henry has passed the wine to Falstaff,
and Bardolph has _____Pistol.

b. * Petruccio will find a wife, and Bianca will _____ a husband.
zmniani frazis waSla mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca waSlili zmniani frazis (nulovani zmf proforma) win damxmare zmna dgas; xSirad, roca winadadebaSi sxva damxmare zmna ar aris, inglisur enaSi damxmare zmna do ixmareba:
Petruccio [zmf found a wife], and Hortensio did _____ too.
(113)

(. . . Hortesio did find a wife too.)
(113)-Si moyvanili winadadebebi gansakuTrebul interess imsaxurebs, vinaidan maT magaliTze kargad Cans, rom antecedenti determineriani fraza
arsebiTad aris sufTa saxis zmniani fraza find a wife, da ara droiani zmniani
fraza found a wife; antecedenti es droiani zmniani fraza rom iyos, maSin Sedegad gramatikulad gaumarTav formas miviRebdiT, magaliTad, aseTs: * Hortensio did found a wife. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zmniani formis waSla, Cvenda
gasakvirad, imaze miuTiTebs, rom zmniani fraza drois aRmniSvnel morfemas
ar Seicavs; metic, `droiani dmf~ arsebiTad ori nawilisgan Sedgeba _ gramatikuli droisgan, romelic iseve funqcionirebs, rogorc will modaluri zmna
(11b) winadadebaSi da _ udroo zmniani frazisgan, romelic waSlili zmniani
frazis (an nulovani zmf proformis) antecedentad gvevlineba, rogorc es
magaliT (114)-Sia:
droiani fraza
(114)
dro
zmf
zmna
df
find
a wife
173
174
faqtobrivad, am suraTs safuZvels zmniani frazis Sedgenilobis sakvlevi

sxva cdebic umagrebs. magaliTad, topikalizaciis zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi
sufTa saxiT warmodgenili im zmniani frazis gadanacvlebasac gulisxmobs,
romelsac win damxmare zmna uZRvis. Tuki winadadebaSi aseTi damxmare zmna ar
aris, droianma zmnianma frazam SeiZleba topikalizacia ar ganicados, rogorc amas (115a) winadadebis magaliTze vxedavT; samagierod, sufTa saxiT
warmodgenilma zmnianma frazam adgili unda icvalos, xolo damxmare zmna do
droian formas Seerwymeba:
(115)
a. *Kates father thought that she loved him,
and loved him, she _____.
b. Kates father thought that she loved him,
and love him, she did _____.

a-b. qeiTis mamas egona, rom mas (mdedr.) uyvarda igi (mamr.)

da mas (mdedr.) marTlac uyvarda igi (mamr.).
igive iTqmis so proformis dmf antecedentze (116) winadadebaSi: so proformis antecedenti sufTa saxiT warmodgenili zmniani fraza unda iyos, da
ara droiani zmniani fraza, vinaidan TviT so udroo elementia:
(116)
a. *Henry [passed the wine to Falstaff]i, and Bardolph soi too.

b. Henry [passsed the wine to Falstaff]i, and Bardolph did soi too.
amgvarad, Sedgenilobis dasadgen samive cdas moulodnel daskvnamde miv
yavarT: droiani zmniani frazebi sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris zmniani frazebi;
Tuki isini mainc SeiZleba CaiTvalos komponentebad, maSin es zmniani frazebi
gansxvavebuli tipis zmnian frazebad unda CavTvaloT, albaT, iseT droian
dmf-d, rogoric magaliT (114)-Si Segvxvda. Tu am magaliTSi warmodgenili
struqtura sworia, is unda ganvmartoT, ratom aris warsuli drois niSani
zmnis sufiqsad warmodgenili; am sakiTxze me-5 TavSi visaubrebT.
koordinacia (SeTanxmeba)
Sedgenilobis dasadgeni ukanaskneli testi SeTanxmebas ukavSirdeba _
konstruqciaTa iseT klass, romelic erTi da imave tipis SemaTanxmebeli
nawilakiT, an and (da) kavSiriT gamoyofil or komponents moicavs. koordinacias praqtikulad nebismieri kategoria eqvemdebareba, maT Soris damatebis
mqmneli fraza (dmf) _ (117a), winadadeba (w) _ (117b), droiani fraza (df) _
(117g), zmniani fraza (zmf) _ (117d), zedsarTaviani fraza (zf) _ (117e), Tan
debuliani fraza (Tf) _ (117v), determineriani fraza (df) _ (117z) da saxeliani fraza (117T). TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, mTliani winadadeba ise ìqceva,
rogorc gansaxilveli kategoriis erTi calkeuli SemTxveva; amgvarad, X fraza _ da -X fraza ise ìqceva~, rogorc calkeuli X fraza P:
(117)
a. Hamlet knew [dmf [dmf that his father had been poisoned]
and [dmf that his stepfather was a murderer] ].

b. Hamlet knew that [w [w his father had been poisoned]
and [w his stepfather was a murderer]

g. Petruccio [df [df found a beautiful woman] and [df married her] ].

d. Petruccio will [zmf[zmf find a beautiful woman] and [zmf marry her] ].
e. The [zf [zf strong] and [zf handsome] ] king considered the princess
[zf [zf
beautiful] and [zf intelligent] ].
v. The king walked [Tf [Tf across the field ] and [Tf into the forest] ].
z. [df [df Macbeth ] and [df his wife] ] killed [df [df him] and
[df his son] ].
T. The [sf [sf Doge of Venice ] and [sf gentlemen of the court] ]
were impressed by Portias [sf [df skill] and [df intelligence] ].
a. hamletma icoda, rom mamamisi mowamles da rom

misi maminacvali mkvleli iyo.

b. hamletma icoda, rom mamamisi mowamles da (xolo)
misi maminacvali mkveleli iyo.

g. petruCiom lamazi qali ipova da masze iqorwina.

d. petruCio lamaz qals ipovis da masze iqorwinebs.

e. Zlieri da lamazi mefe princesas lamazad da
Wkvianad Tvlida.

v. mefem mindori gadaira da tyeSi (Sevida).

z. makbetma da misma colma is da misi vaJi mokles.

T. venecieli doJi da karis darbaislebi
porcias garjilobam da gonierebam gaaoca.
mxolod komponentebis SeTanxmebaa SesaZlebeli; (118g-d) winadadebebi
gramatikulad gaumarTavia, vinaidan aq sityvaTa SeTanxmebuli Tanmimdevrobebi komponentebi araa:
(118)
a. Oberon [Tf [Tf lived in the forest] and [Tf ruled over the forest] ].

b. [w [w The merchant of Venice was broke]
and [w the merchant of Verona was rich] ].

g. *Oberon lived in the and ruled over the forest.

d. *The merchant of Venice was broke and Verona was rich.

a. oberoni tyeSi cxovrobda da tyis mbrZanebeli iyo
(tyes marTavda).

b. venecieli vaWari gaRatakebuli iyo da (xolo)
veroneli vaWari mdidari (iyo).

g. oberoni _Si cxovrobda da tyis mbrZanebeli iyo.

d. venecieli vaWari gaRatakebuli iyo da (xolo)
verona mdidari (iyo).
amas garda, roca SesaTanxmebeli komponentebi erTsa da imave kategorias
ar miekuTvneba, SeTanxmeba SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, marTalia, zmnas write damatebad determineriani frazis an Tandebuliani frazis arCeva SeuZlia, rogorc amas winadadeba (119a)-Si vxedavT, magram (119b)-Si determineriani frazis
da Tandebuliani frazis SeTanxmeba ar xdeba; swored aseve, miuxedavad imisa,
rom zmnas appear SeiZleba nawilak to-ze dawyebuli infinitivuri klauzula
(sawyis formaSi mdgari droiani fraza), an Tf _ am SemTxvevaSi outside the castle
mosdevdes, rogorc (119g)-Si, es kategoriebi (119d)-Si SeTanxmebas ar eqvemdebareba:
(119)
a. The scribe wrote a book and the king wrote to his wife.

175
176
b. *The scribe wrote [[df a book] and [Tf to his wife] ].

g. The forest appeared [df to move]. Soon, it appeared
[Tf outside the castle].

d. *The forest appeared [ [df to move] and [Tf outiside the castle] ].

a. mweralma wigni dawera da (xolo) mefem cols miswera
(werili dawera).

b. mweralma wigni dawera da mis cols.

g. tye TiTqos daiZra. male igi cixe-simagris gareT aRmoCnda.

d. tye TiTqos daiZra da cixe-simagris gareT.
magaliTebi (119b) da (119d) msgavsTa SeTanxmebis kanonzomierebas arRvevs.
es kanonzomiereba moiTxovs, rom erTmaneTs mxolod `msgavsi komponentebi~ (ma
galiTad, erTi da imave kategoriis wevri komponentebi) SeeTanxmos. unda aRi
niSnos, rom am kanonzomierebis Tanaxmad, determineriani frazebis iseTi SeTanxmeba, rogoric (117v)-Sia, kidev erTxel amtkicebs _ nacvalsaxelebi, saxelebi,
determineriani frazebis sxva saxeobebi _ yvela erT kategorias miekuTvneba.
Sedgenilobis dasadgeni cdebis Sesaxeb msjeloba aq davasruloT. zemoT
ukve vnaxeT, rom es cdebi komponenturi Sedgenilobis Taobaze am TavSi gaSlili msjelobis empiriulad dasamowmebeli kargi masalaa. SesaZloa, am sakiTxebze Cveni msjeloba drodadro zedmetad gamartivebuli iyo, sirTulis Semomtani araerTi faqtoric gamovtoveT, magram Cvens mier warmodgenili masala
warmodgenas SegiqmnidaT, Tu rogor iyeneben enaTmecnierebi am cdebs inglisur da sxva enebSi winadadebis sakomponento struqturis sisworis dasadgenad.

qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi zedsarTavi alone winadadebis boloSi dgas:
savarjiSo
3. 9
(1)
Falstaff must drink his beer alone.
falstafma ludi martom unda dalios.
es winadadeba or zmf kvanZs Seicavs: erTi zmf kvanZi uSualod dominirebs

zmnaze must, xolo meore aseve uSualod dominirebs zmnaze drink. raki zed
sarTavi winadadebis boloSi dgas, mkafiod ar ikveTeba, Tu romeli zmf
kvanZi dominirebs masze.
(a) am winadadebisTvis ori xisebri diagrama SeadgineT; erT diagramaze zedsarTavi ufro zeda dmf kvanZis uSualo komponenti unda iyos, xolo meore
xeze _ zedsarTavze masze ufro qvemoT mdebare dmf kvanZi unda dominirebdes.
(b) Semdegi masala (1) winadadebis komponenturi struqturis Sesaxeb mamtkicebel monacemebs Seicavs. es monacemebi gadanacvlebas, dmf-s waSlas da proformebs ukavSirdeba. es monacemebi gamoiyeneT imis dasadgenaT, Tu zemoT,
Tqvens mier Sedgenili romeli xisebri diagramaa swori. TiToeul magaliTs
daurTeT ganmarteba, Tu rogor `muSaobs~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi esa Tu is
cda da SeadgineT argumenti erTi romelime struqturisTvis.
(2) The king stated that Shylock must drink his beer alone, and drink

his beer alone Shylock must.
mefem ganacxada, rom Sailokma ludi martom unda dalios

da Sailokma ludi unda dalios kidec martom.
(3) * The king stated that Shylock must drink his beer alone, and drink his beer Shylock must
alone.
(4) The king stated that Shylock must drink his beer alone, and Henry must too.
mefem ganacxada, rom Sailokma ludi martom unda dalios da henric ase
unda moiqces.
(5) * Shylock must drink his beer alone, and Henry must with Pistol.
(6) The king stated that Shylock must drink his beer alone, and so must Henry.
(es winadadeba, iseve, rogorc winadadeba (4),

gulisxmobs, rom ludi henrimac martom unda dalios.)
3.3.3. frazis struqturis warmoeba frazis struqturuli wesebiT:

inglisuri enis mini-gramatika
3.2 ganyofilebaSi sintaqsis Teoriis araerTi Zireuli cneba SemovitaneT
da sxvadaxva saxis frazebis arsebobaze visaubreT. 3.3.1 ganyofilebaSi giCveneT, rogor warmoadgenen grafikulad am struqturebs enaTmecnierebi, xisebri diagramebi iqneba es, Tu kvadratuli frCxilebiT markirebuli aRniSvna,
xolo ganyofilebaSi 3.3.2 am struqturebis sisworis mamtkicebeli zogierTi
masala (sxva SesaZlo struqturebTan SepirispirebiT) moviyvaneT. am ganyofilebaSi ki vimsjelebT, Tu rogor warmodgeba es struqturebi frazis struqturuli wesebis meSveobiT _ msjelobis kvaldakval Cven am TavSi inglisuri
enis minigramatikas, anu inglisuri enis gramatikis mikrokosmis models avagebT. es modeli sruli ver iqneba, magram misi imdenad ganvrcoba ki SegviZlia,
rom sakmao moculobis masalas gaswvdes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cveni modeli
inglisuri enis sruli gramatikis birTvs, arss warmoadgens, misi agebulebis,
ConCxis warmodgenas gagviadvilebs.
am minigramatikis arss frazis struqturuli wesebi qmnis _ wesebi, romlebic nebismieri inglisuri frazis struqturas gansazRvravs. am wesebis araformaluri wardgena (73) magaliTiT daviwyeT; am ganyofilebaSi gaCvenebT,
rogor SeiZleba zemoxsenebuli wesebis formulireba im tradiciuli aRniSvnebis meSveobiT, romlebsac enaTmecnierebi frazis struqturul wesebze
dayrdnobiT iyeneben. am frazebs lingvistebi konteqstisgan Tavisufal saredaqcio wesebs uwodeben (context-free rewrite rules).
modiT, jer is wesi gavixsenoT, romliTac Tandebuliani frazebi (73a) warmoiqneba:
(73)
a.Tandebuli (T) + determineriani fraza (df) qmnis Tandebulian frazas (Tf): in Athens, at Falstaff, to the king da a.S.
frazis struqturis Sesaqmneli wesis standartuli aRniSvniT, es situacia
ase gamoiyureba:
177
178
(120) Tandebuliani fraza (Tf) Tandebuli (T)

determineriani fraza (df)
isari ()frazis struqturuli wesis warmodgenisas cvlis sityvas `Seicavs~ (an, meti sizustisaTvis, ùSualod Seicavs~, an ùSualod dominirebs~).
sityva, an Semoklebuli aRniSvna, romelic isris marcxniv dgas, im frazis
saxelwodeba iqneba, romelsac mocemuli wesi gansazRvravs. isris marjvniv am
frazebis uSualo komponentebis saxelwodebebs xedavT; eseni marcxnidan marjvnivaa dawerili _ im TanmimdevrobiT, rogoriTac warmoiTqmis. (rogorc
frazis struqturis xisebri diagramiT gamosaxvis SemTxvevaSi, marcxnidan
marjvniv mimarTuli aRniSvna iseTi enebis SemTxvevaSic ki gamoiyeneba, rogorebicaa arabuli da iaponuri, romelTa tradiciuli orTografiebi sapirispiro, marjvnidan marcxnivaa mimarTuli.) amgvarad, magaliTi (120) gveubneba,
rom Tandebuliani fraza uSualod dominirebs Tandebulsa da determinerian
frazaze da rom Tandebuli determinerian frazas win uswrebs.
axla (73b)-Si moyvanili is wesebi ganvixiloT, romlebic zedsarTavian frazebs qmnis:
(73)
b. 1. zedsarTavi (z) + Tandebuliani fraza (Tf) qmnis
zedsarTavian frazas (zf): angry at Petruccio,
suspicious of Shylock da a.S.
2. zedsarTavi zedsarTavian frazas damoukidebladac
qmnis: angry, suspicious da a.S.
es wesebi (121)-Si ase iqneba warmodgenili:
(121) a. zedsarTaviani fraza zedsarTavi Tandebuliani fraza
b. zedsarTaviani fraza zedsarTavi
(121a)-Si, wesis Tanaxmad, zedsarTaviani fraza uSualod dominirebs zedsarTavze da Tandebulian frazaze; (121b) Si wesi gvkarnaxobs, rom zedsarTaviani fraza uSualod dominirebs mxolod zedsarTavze. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es ori wesi SeiZleba erTmaneTis winaaRmdegobrivi mogeCvenoT, sinamdvileSi
mxolod or gansxvavebul versiasTan gvaqvs saqme; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, TiToeuli wesi inglisur enaSi zedsarTaviani frazis warmoqmnis gansxvavebul
xerxs Seesabameba. amis miuxedavad, (121) magaliTSi wesebis siWarbe aRiniSneba. orive wesi mowmobs, rom zedsarTaviani fraza uSualod dominirebs zed
sarTavze, xolo zedsarTavi zedsarTaviani frazis yvelaze marcxena uSualo
komponentia. raki TiToeuli wesi (121)-Si amas erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
amtkicebs, Teorias ganzogadeba aklia. sxva dargebis mecnierebis msgavsad,
lingvistebic yovelTvis cdiloben TavianT modelebs naWarbevi CamoaSoron.
am SemTxvevaSi lingvistebi agvareben siWarbis sakiTxs (121a) da (121b) winadadebaTa Sesatyvis wesebs erT wesad aerTianeben, xolo zedsarTavian frazaSi
zedsarTavis Semdeg mdgomi Tandebuliani frazis arasavaldebulobis warmosadgenad Semoklebebs frCxilebSi svamen:
(122)
zf
(Tf)
aseTive konvenciuri Semokleba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli saxeliani frazis (sf) Sedgenis im araformaluri wesebis warmosadgenad, romlebsac (73 g.1)Si, (73g.2)-sa da (123)-Si gaecnobiT :
(73) g. 1. saxeli + Tf qmnis saxelian frazas: murder of Duncan,
father of Goneril da a.S.s
2. saxeli saxelian frazas damoukidebladac qmnis:
murder, beauty, wine, lords da (123) sf s (Tf) a.S.
Tumca, frCxilebiT aRniSvna im sami ZiriTadi versiis warmosadgenad ar
gamodgeba, romelTa safuZvelzec determineriani frazis Sida struqtura
(73d)-Si erTaderT wesamde daiyvaneba. arasavaldebulo xasiaTi sxvadasxva
kategorias Soris arCevans gulisxmobs da ara erTaderT versiamde dayvanas:
(73) d. 1. determineri (d) + saxeliani fraza (sf) qmnis
determienerian frazas (df): the murder of Duncan,
a daughter of Lear da a.S.
2. sakuTari saxeli an nacvalsaxeli TavisTavad qmnis
determinerian frazas: Duncan, he, she da a.S.
amgvari arasavaldebulobis warmosadgenad sxvagvari konvenciuri
Semoklebis gamoyenebaa saWiro: xveul frCxilebSi Casmis meSveobiT, rogorc
(124)-Sia naCvenebi:
(124)
d sf
df
sakuTari saxeli

nacvalsaxeli
am aRniSvnaSi, xveul frCxilebSi moqceuli TiToeuli striqoni erT-erT

asarCev versias warmoadgens; es wesi gvkarnaxobs, rom determineriani fraza
SeiZleba uSualod dominirebdes: (a) determinerze, romelsac sakuTarsaxeliani fraza mosdevs, (b) sakuTar saxelze, (g) nacvalsaxelze. xveuli frCxi
lebiT aRniSvna frCxilebSi Casmis nacvlad SegveZlo (123) magaliTSic gvexmara, Tuki (àrafers~ niSnavs) niSans Tandebuliani frazis alternativad
gamoviyenebdiT. amis nimuSs (125)-Si naxavT:
(125)
sf s
{ }
Tf
erTi sityviT, (123) da (125) magaliTebi erTmaneTis eqvivalenturia.

arasavaldebulobis kidev erTi nairsaxeoba, romlis gamosaxvas frCxilebiT aRniSvna ver gaswvdeba, saxelis win mdgar (prenominalur) zedsarTavebs
ukavSirdeba. gaixseneT, rom saxelian frazebSi saxels win SeiZleba ramdenime
zedsarTavi moudiodes. rom vcadoT da es faqti (123)-Si warmodgenil wesTan
gavaerTianoT _ saxelis wina poziciaSi mdgari da frCxilebSi moqceuli zedsarTavis damatebiT, rogorc es (123)-Sia naCvenebi, aseT SemTxvevaSi, erTze
meti zedsarTavis adgili aRar darCeboda:
(123) sf (z) s (Tf)
179
180
am problemas mxolod erTze meti zedsarTavis poziciis damatebiT ver

movagvarebT, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi zedsarTavebis odenobas garkveviT dadgenili zRvari ar gaaCnia. am momentis moxelTebis erTi xerxi (73g.3) modelze
dayrdnobiT saxeliani frazisTvis axali wesis SemuSavebaa, rogorc es (126)Sia gakeTebuli:
(73)
g. 3. zedsarTavi + saxeliani fraza qmnis saxelian frazas
(126)
sf z sf
miuxedavad imisa, rom (126) mxolod erTi zedsarTavis pozicias gvTavazobs,
mas rekursiulad moqmedebis unari gaaCnia, anu TiToeul SemTxvevaSi zedsarTavis axali poziciis damateba dasaSvebi xdeba. magaliTad, warmovidginoT,
rom (123)-Si moyvanil wesze dayrdnobiT saxelian frazas king of England (inglisis mefe) vqmniT. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia es saxeliani fraza (126)-Si warmodgenil wesze dayrdnobiT mis win mdgar zedsarTavTan gavaerTianoT. amis
Sedegad ufro didi saxeliani fraza _ old king of England (inglisis moxuci
mefe) warmoiSveba. isev (126) wesis gamoyenebiT es fraza SegviZlia kidev ufro
gavzardoT _ stupid old king of England (inglisis suleli moxuci mefe). (126)Si Semotanili wesi SegviZlia rekursiulad gamoviyenoT (yovel jerze). am wesis meSveobiT nebismieri raodenobis zedsarTavis Semcveli saxeliani fraza
SeiZleba warmoCndes. esec aRvniSnoT: zedsarTavebis ase damateba TavisTavad
gulisxmobs, rom es prenominaluri zedsarTavebi erTmaneTis toli komponentebi ver iqneba. piriqiT, TiToeuli zedsarTavi tolobas TviT saxelian
frazas uwevs, rac SeTavsebadia zemoT, (109) magaliTSi proformasTan one
dakavSirebiT moyvanil masalasTan, romelic mowmobs, rom saxelian frazaSi
prenominaluri zedsarTavis Semdeg mdgari masala Tavad saxelian frazasaviT
funqcionirebs.
SegviZlia frCxilebiT aRniSvna da xveuli frCxilebiT aRniSvna gavaerTianoT da zmniani frazebis SesaZlo struqturaTa (73e)-Si Camowerili versiebi am xerxiT warmovadginoT:
(73)
e. 1. zmna + determineriani fraza qmnis zmnian
frazas (zmf) _ suffocated Desdemona, sued Antonio da a.S.
2. zmna + Tandebuliani fraza qmnis zmnian
frazas _ lives in Athens, laughed at Falstaff da a.S.
3. zmna + determineriani fraza + Tf qmnis zmnian
frazas _ passed the wine to Falstaff da a.S.
4. zmna +damatebis mqmneli fraza (dmf) qmnis zmnian
frazas _ say that Falstaff likes wine da a.S.
5. zmna + determineriani fraza+ dmf qmnis zmnian frazas _ told Bassanio
that his ship was lost da a.S.
6. zmna + zmniani fraza qmnis zmnian frazas _ should
follow his advice, must choose a husband da a.S.
7. zmna zmnian frazas damoukidebladac
qmnis _ arrived, died da a.S.
frCxilebSi moqceva aq aRniSvnis erTaderTi xerxi xdeba, romelsac (1), (2),
(3) da (7) winadadebebSi asaxuli situaciebis kombinireba da erT wesad Camoya-
libeba SeuZlia, ise, rogorc es (127) magaliTSia naCvenebi:

(127) zmniani fraza (zmf) determineriani fraza (df)
Tandebuliani fraza (Tf)
am wesis Tanaxmad zmniani fraza iseT zmnas Seicavs, romelsac arasavaldebulo wesiT mosdevs determineriani fraza da agreTve, romelsac, Tavis mxriv,
Tf mosdevs; amgvarad, igi am oTx _ (1), (2), (3) da (7) winadadebaSi zustad oTx
SesaZlo arCevans gansazRvravs. (5) da (6) winadadebaSi asaxuli versiis SemosaerTeblad xveuli frCxilebiT aRniSvna gaxdeba saWiro. modiT, jer (5)-iT
daviwyoT, winadadebiT, romlis Sesabamisi wesi gveubneba, rom zmniani fraza
SeiZleba Seicavdes zmnas, determinerian frazas da dmf-s (damatebis mqmneli
fraza); sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zmnian frazaSi determineriani frazis Semdeg
mdgomi komponenti SeiZleba Tandebuliani frazis magier dmf-s Seicavdes. am
situaciis asaxvis erTi xerxi Cveulebriv frCxilebSi moqceul xveul frCxilebSi Tf-sa da dmf-s gamosaxva iqneba:
(128)
zmf zm (df)
{ }
Tf
dmf

iseve, rogorc (123) magaliTis Sesabamisi wesis SemTxvevaSi, (128)-Sic, SegviZlia xveuli frCxilebi Cveulebriv frCxilebSi movaqcioT da xveul frCxilebs SigniT mesame striqonze aRniSvna (`zero, anu araferi~) davamatoT.
(73e.5)-is situaciis amgvarad SemoerTebiT (128) is Sesabamisi wesi cxadyofs,
rom dmf-s zmnian frazaSi CarTva ise SeuZlia, rom win determineriani fraza
ar uZRvodes, swored iseve, rogorc es SeuZlia Tandebulian frazas, vinaidan
(128) magaliTSi win mdgomi determineriani fraza arasavaldebuloa. amgvarad,
(128) is formulireba Tavis farglebSi adgils (73e.4)_sac miuCens.
dabolos, SemosaerTebeli gvaqvs (73e.6), romlis Sesabamisi wesis Tanaxma
dac zmniani fraza iseT zmnas unda Seicavdes, romelsac zmniani fraza mosdevs.
aq SemosaerTeblad (128) magaliTTan misadagebis sami ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobs.
pirveli isaa, rom SegviZlia zmniani fraza determineriani frazis alternativad davsaxoT, rac xveuli frCxilebis gamoyenebiT unda gakeTdes, rogorc
(129)-Sia naCvenebi; am modelis mixedviT, zmniani fraza SeiZleba Seicavdes zmnas, romelsac sxva zmniani fraza mosdevs, am zmnis Semdeg, Tavis mxriv, arasavaldebulo Tandebuliani fraza an dmf idgeba.
(129)
dmf zm
{ } { }
(
df )
zmf
df )
dmf

an, sxvagvarad, SegviZlia zmniani fraza (127) modelis xveul frCxilebSi Tandebulian frazisa da dmf-s mesame SesaZlo alternativad SevitanoT, rogorc
es (130) magaliTSia gakeTebuli; es wesi gulisxmobs, rom zmnisa da sxva zmniani
frazis Semcveli zmniani fraza SeiZleba (Tumca, aucielebeli araa) am zmnasa
181
182
da am zmnian frazas Soris determinerian frazasac Seicavdes.
(130)
zmf zm (df)
{ }
(
Tf
dmf
zmf
dabolos, SegviZlia kidev erTi wyvili xveuli frCxilebis gamoyenebiT (127)

magaliTSi zmnis momdevno poziciebis yvela versias alternativad zmniani
frazac mivaTvaloT. amis TvalsaCinoebas (131) magaliTSi xedavT; am modelis
Sesabamisi wesis Tanaxmad, Tu zmniani fraza zmnisa da sxva zmniani frazisgan
Sedgeba, am modelSi sxva komponentis gamoCena SeuZlebelia.
(131)
zmf zm
(df)
{ }
(
zmf
Tf )
dmf

(129), (130) da (131) magaliTebis Sesabamisi wesebi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
Teoriebs warmoadgens imis Taobaze, Tu rogor gansazRvravs inglisur enaSi
frazis struqturuli wesebi zmniani frazis struqturas. amaTgan romelime
erTi Teoriis siswore rom davadginoT, unda gavarkvioT, SeiZleba Tu ara,
zmnisa da sxva zmniani frazis dominanturi zmniani fraza sxva komponentebsac
Seicavdes; kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, did zmnian frazas ufro mcire zmniani frazis momdevno poziciaSi Tf an dmf edgas, rogorc es (129)-magaliTidan gamomdinareobs; aseve SeiZleba Tu ara determineriani fraza zmnasa
da zmnian frazas Soris idges, rac (130) is Sesabamisi wesiTaa gansazRvruli.
magram Tqven dainaxavT, rom am wesebis zemoqmedebis gamocda sakmaod rTuli
aRmoCndeba, vinaidan mkafiod ar ikveTeba, SeiZleba Tu ara rom did dmf-Si,
ufro mcire dmf-Si, an am mcire dmf-s romelime qvekomponentSi damatebiTi
komponentebic Sediodes. magaliTad, (129)-is Sesabamisi wesisamebr, Tf an dmf
SeiZleba ufro mcire zmnian frazas mosdevdes; (132g-d)-Si moyvanil masalaze
dakvirvebiT, erTi SexedviT, aseTi ram TiTqos SesaZlebelia:
(132)
a. Antonio [zmf should [ zmf follow her advice] ]
b. Kate [zmf must [zmf choose a husband] ]

g. Antonio should follow her advice [dmf that he should be silent]

d. Kate must choose a husband [Tf in one month]

a. antoniom mis rCevas unda misdios.

b. qeiTma qmari unda airCios.

g. antoniom mis rCevas unda misdios, rom Cumad unda iyos.

d. qeiTma qmari erT TveSi unda airCios.
Tumca, es monacemebi mxolod maSin aris aqtualuri, Tu damatebiT dmf-ze
(132g)-Si da Tandebulian frazaze (132d)-Si uSualod dominirebs ufro didi

zmniani fraza, romelic modalur zmnazec dominirebs. (132g)-Si, ra Tqma unda,
gansxvavebuli situaciaa: aq damatebis mqmneli frazis interpretireba ise
xdeba, TiTqos igi saxelis advice damateba iyos, romelic determineriani frazis the advice that he should be silent saxelian frazaSi Sedis. amas topikalizacia
da proformasTan dakavSirebuli cdebic mowmobs. es cdebi damatebis mqmnel
frazas determineriani frazis nawilad ganixilavs da ara ufro didi zmniani
frazis uSualo komponentad:
(133) a. Her advice that he should be silent, Antonio should follow______.
b. *Her advice, Antonio should follow ______that he should be silent.
g. Antonio should follow her advice that he should be silent,

and Bassanio should follow it too.
(it = misi (mdedr.) rCeva, rom Cumad iyos).

d.*Antonio should follow her advice that he should be silent,

and Bassanio should follow it that he should speak out.
(it = misi (mdedr.) rCeva)

a. mis rCevas, rom Cumad iyos, antonio yurad iRebs.
b. mis rCevas, antonio misdevs, rom igi Cumad unda iyos.
g. antonio yurad iRebs mis rCevas, rom Cumad
unda iyos da basanioc yurad iRebs mas (rCevas).
d. antonio misdevs (yurad iRebs) mis rCevas,
rom Cumad unda iyos, xolo basanio misdevs mas
(mis rCevas), rom saTqmeli unda Tqvas.
(132g)-is dmf-s rom zeda zmf kvanZi uSualod marTavdes, ris SesaZleblobasac (129) magaliTi gansazRvravs, maSin (133b) da (133d) gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebi iqneboda, xolo (133a) da (133g) winadadebebi ki _ara. amasTanave, Tandebuliani frazis mdebareoba (133d)-Si mTlad naTeli araa. Tuki im
nakleb savaraudo SesaZleblobas ukuvagdebT, rom es Tf mis win mdgari determineriani frazis nawilia, mainc bundovani rCeba, masze ufro didi zmnini fraza uSualod dominirebs, rogorc (129) is Sesabamisi wesiTaa SesaZlebeli, Tu
ufro mcire zmniani fraza an ufro didi zmniani frazis zemoT mdgomi kvanZi
(winadadebis). samwuxarod, amasTan dakavSirebiT komponentTa Semadgenlobis
cdebi damajerebel informacias ar iZleva, raTa mis safuZvelze daskvna gakeTdes. axla (130)-s Sesabamisi wesiT gansazRvrul predikacias mivubrundeT.
am wesis Tanaxmad, determineriani fraza SeiZleba mcire zmnian frazasa da zmnas Sorisac ganTavsdes. zemoT ukve davrwmundiT, rom percefciuli zmnebisa
da kauzativuri zmnebis damatebebi am models Seesatyviseba. gavixsenoT maga
liTi (67), romelsac aq (134)-is saxiT vimeorebT:
(134)
a. Macbeth [zmf saw [df the forest] [zmf move

towards the castle] ]
b. Juliet [zmf heard [df Romeo ] [zmf call out her name] ]
g. Lear [zmf let [df his daughters] [zmf take over the realm]
Tu (134)-Si moyvanili struqturebi sworia, maSin es winadadebebi (129) da
(131) konkurenti winadadebebis nacvlad safuZvels (130)-s umagrebs. magram bo-
183
184
lomde gasagebi mainc araa, (130)-is mier daSvebuli SesaZleblobiT, uSualod

dominirebs Tu ara zeda zmf kvanZi determinerian frazaze. (67) magaliTze msjelobis dros ukve aRvniSneT, rom determineriani fraza ufro mcire zmniani
frazis subieqtadaa interpretirebuli da davaskveniT, rom determineriani
fraza da ufro mcire zmniani fraza erTad im komponents qmnis, romelsac maSin mcire klauzula vuwodeT:
(135) [zmf zmna [ mk df zmf] ] (mk = mcire klauzula)
maSasadame, komponentTa Sedgenilobis dasadgeni standartuli cdebi
winaaRmdegobriv masalas gvaZlevs imasTan dakavSirebiT, pirdapir dominirebs
Tu ara ufro zeda zmf kvanZi determinerian frazaze, rogorc (134)-Sia naCvenebi, Tu, rogorc (135) magaliTSia, am determinerian frazaze (uSualod) mcire
klauzulisgan warmomdgari komponenti dominirebs. kerZod, topikalizacias
Tan dakavSirebuli cdis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom mcire klauzulis iseTi
komponenti, romelic determineriani frazisa da zmniani frazisgan Sedgeba
(rogorc 136a-Si), arc arsebobs, magram, amave dros, proformebTan dakavSirebuli cdebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom es qvekomponenti percefciul zmnebTan Cndeba (rogorc 136b-Si) da ara kauzativur zmnebTan
(rogorc 136g-Sia):
(136) a. Juliet hoped that she would hear Romeo call out her name, and

*? [Romeo call out her name], she heard _____.
b. Juliet heard Romeo call out her name, and her mother
heard it too.
(it = es (rogor wamoiZaxa romeom misi saxeli)
g. Lear let his daughters take over the realm,
* but Henry VIII didnt let it.
(it =es (rom mis qaliSvilebs samefo gadebarebinaT)

a. julietas imedi hqonda, rom gaigonebda,
rogor wamoiZaxebda romeo mis saxels da gaigona,
(rom) [romeom misi saxeli wamoiZaxa].
b. julietam gaigona, rogor wamoiZaxa romeom misi
saxeli da es dedamismac gaigona.
g. lirma mis qalSivlebs samefo gadabarebis saSualeba misca,
henri VIII m ki (Tavis qaliSvilebs) es ar gaakeTebina.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es masala mTlad Tanmimdevruli araa, SegviZlia
hipoTeturad davaskvnaT, rom mcire zmniani frazis win mdgar determinerian
frazas, rogorc (130) magaliTze dayrdnobiT igulisxmeba, SeiZleba zogierTi
zmniani fraza mainc Seicavdes, rac sami urTierTdapirispirebuli Teoriidan
(129, 130, 131) sakiTxs (130)-Si warmodgenili wesis sasargeblod wyvets.
axla inglisuri enis frazobrivi struqturis Cvens mier Sedgenili minigramatika ori axali wesiT gavamdidroT, romlebic (73v) da (73z) magaliTebSi
mocemul araformalur wesebs warmogvidgens:
(73)
v. determineriani fraza + zmniani fraza qmnis winadadebas:

Timon lives in Athens, Henry laughed at Falstaff da a.S.

z. damatebis mqmneli sityva + winadadeba qmnis damatebis
mqmnel frazas: that his father had been murdered da a. S.
(137) winadadeba determineriani fraza zmniani fraza

(138) damatebis mqmneli fraza damatebis mqmneli sityva
winadadeba
frazis struqturis wesebi srulad am ganyofilebis boloSia warmodgenili.
mniSvnelovania ar dagvaviwydes, rom frazis struqturis wesebi, romlebic aqamde gagacaniT, inglisuri enis frazaTa struqturasTan dakavSirebuli
wesebis arasruli CamonaTvalia. maTi srulad ganxilva Cvens mizans ar warmoadgenda. garda amisa, am TavSi araerTi iseTi winadadeba ganvixileT, romelTa
struqturis ganmartebas es wesebi ar moicavs. magaliTad, iseTi determinerian frazebs, romlebic nominalur msazRvrels an erTze meti determineris
Semcvel sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobas gulisxmobs, es wesebi aseve ar moicavs. inglisuri enis ufro sruli minigramatika ufro rTul da kompleqsur wesebsac
unda moicavdes, raTAa aseT masalas gaswvdes.
enis aqtualur sityvebs frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli yvela wesi
rodi moicavs; isini mxolod leqsikur kategoriebad aris dayofili: saxelebad, zmnebad, zedsarTavebad da frazaTa kategoriebad, rogorebicaa Tandebuliani fraza (Tf), determineriani fraza (df), zedsarTaviani fraza (zf) da
a.S. amgvarad, am wesebis meSveobiT frazis struqtura SeiZleba winadadebaTa
erTobliobisTvis dadgindes, calkeuli winadadebis Semadgenloba ki (romelSic, ra Tqma unda, swored aqtualuri sityvebi Sedis) ar ganisazRvreba. imisTvis, rom Cvenma minigramatikam enis aqtualuri sityvebi moicvas, igi inglisuri enis minileqsikonsac, anu zemoT ganxiluli gonebrivi leqsikonis miniaturul modelsac unda Seicavdes. gaixseneT, rom predikativTa kategoriis (zmna,
zedsarTavi) TiToeuli leqsikuri erTeuli mis argumentTa struqturis Tu
SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli maxasiaTeblebis warmodgenas unda axdendes. zemoT, magaliT (3)-Si mocemuli miniaturuli leqsikoni amisTvis karg safuZvels
gviqmnis, Tumca, bevri sityva, romelic Cvens msjelobaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebda, arc masSia Sesuli; magaliTad, iseTi zmnebi, rogorebicaa see, let,
say, think, tell; an iseTi saxelebi, rogorebicaa murder, advice da damatebis mqmneli iseTi sityva, rogoricaa that. metic, (3)-Si moyvanili CamonaTvali masSi
Semavali predikatuli sityvebis argumentTa struqturas da kategoriis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul maxasiaTeblebs ar warmogvidgens. im sityvaTa sruli leqsikuri erTeulebis Camoweras, romlebic aqamde Cvens wignSi samsjelo masalad
moviyvaneT, ramdenime gverdi mainc dasWirdeba. amitom mxolod vityviT, rom
Cveni minigramatika marTlac Seicavs leqsikons, romelic im leqsikuri erTeulebisgan Sedgeba, romelTa maxasiaTeblebi 3.2 ganyofilebaSi ganvixileT.
Cveni minigramatika, romelic miniaturul leqsikons da am ganyofilebaSi
ganxilul frazis struqturul wesebs Seicavs Seicavs, imis gansazRvras gviad
gvilebs (Tan sruliad meqanikurad), aris Tu ara sityvaTa esa Tu is konkretuli Tanmimdevroba gramatikulad gamarTuli _ gamarTuli am gramatikis wesebis
Tanaxmad. magaliTad, modiT gavarCioT winadadeba (13g), romelic aq meordeba:
(13)
g. The daughter of Lear Loved him. liris qaliSvils uyvarda igi.
185
186
jer TiToeul sityvas leqsikonSi veZebT da mis Semcvel leqsikur kategorias vadgenT, Semdeg sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobisa Tu frazis TiToeuli sityvis
Sesabamis leqsikur kategorias mis zeda xazze vwerT, rogorc (139) magaliTSia
mocemuli:
(139)
d
s
nac.s
zm.
T
sak.s
The
daughter
of
Lear
him.
loved
Semdeg am sityvebs frazis struqturuli wesebis mixedviT frazebad

vajgufebT da frazis struqturis amsaxvel miniaturul xeebs vqmniT. pirvel
safexurze, sityvebze `saxeli~ da `nacvalsaxeli~ determineriani fraza kvanZi unda dominirebdes, ise, rogorc (140) magaliTSi, vinaidan nacvalsaxelebsa
da saxelebs determinerian frazasTan dakavSirebuli wesis (124) garda, sxva
wesi arc moicavs:
(140)
df
The
daughter
df
sak.s
zm.
of
Lear
loved
nacs.
him.
momdevno safexuri: ukve viciT, rom Tandebulze nebismier SemTxvevaSi Tf

kvanZi dominirebs da rom aucileblad unda arsebobdes iseTi determineriani
fraza, romelic Tandebulian frazaSi Tandebulis Semdeg idgeba. amas (120)
magaliTis Sesabamisi wesi gansazRvravs. metic, viciT, rom zmnis yoveli gamoCenisas masze zmf kvanZi dominirebs. isic viciT, rom (140) magaliTSi zmnis
Semdeg mdgari determineriani fraza SeiZleba am determinerian frazaSi iqnes
CarTuli, vinaidan amis SesaZleblobas (130)-is Sesabamisi wesi iZleva. raki
zmnis love leqsikuri erTeuli gvamcnobs, rom igi pirdapir obieqtad determinerian frazas irCevs (romelsac Tematur Teta-rols aniWebs), am moTxovnis
dakmayofileba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu (rogorc (141) magaliTSi
vxedavT) determineriani fraza toli komponentia zmnian frazaSi Semavali
love zmnisTvis:
(141)
zmf
Tf
The
daughter
df
zm
sak.saxeli
of
Lear
df
nacs.
loved
him.
Semdegi safexuri: rogorc viciT, yvela saxelze saxeliani fraza unda dominirebdes, xolo saxelis Semdeg mdgari Tandebuliani fraza ki SeiZleba am saxe
lian frazaSi iqnes CarTuli. raki (140) magaliTSi Tandebuliani fraza isea
interpretirebuli, rogorc saxelis daughter argumenti, Tamamad SegviZlia
ganvacxadoT, rom saqme gamarTul frazasTan gvaqvs. es saxeliani fraza mis win
mdgari determineris damateba unda iyos, vinaidan determinerian frazas wesi
erTaderTi wesia, romelic saxeliani frazis kategorias moicavs. CamoTvlili
safexurebis SeerTebiT (142) situacias viRebT:
(142)
zmf
df
sf
df
zm
Tf
df
nacs.
sak.s
The
daughter
of
him.
loved
Lear
dabolos, (137) magaliTis Sesabamis wesze dayrdnobiT viciT, rom determineriani fraza da zmniani fraza SeiZleba erTmaneTs Seerwyas da srulyofili
winadadeba Seqmnas, rogorc magaliTSi (143).
(143)
winadadeba
zmf
df
sf
zm
Tf
df
nacs.
sak.s
The
daughter
df
of
Lear
loved
him.
187
188
winadadebis dasrulebuli xisebri diagrama amgvarad SegviZlia gamovsa

xoT. Cven viciT, rom (13g)-Si sityvaTa Tanmimdevroba gramatikulad gamarTul
winadadebas qmnis. es rom SeuZlebeli iyos, maSin gvecodineboda, rom sityvaTa
es Tanmimdevroba gramatikulad gamarTul winadadebas ver qmnis. magaliTad,
Tu sityvaTa imgvari Tanmimdevroba, rogorsac (13g)-Si vxedavT, zmnas ar Seicavs, masSi arc zmniani fraza iqneba (vinaidan zmna zmniani frazis savaldebulo qvekomponentia); aqedan gamomdinare, verc winadadeba iqneba gramatikulad
gamarTuli (vinaidan zmniani fraza, (137)-is Sesabamisi wesis Tanaxmad, savaldebulo qvekomponentia kategoriisa, romelsac winadadebas vuwodebT). minigramatikis aseTi meqanikuri gamoyeneba gramatikuli gamarTulobis Sesamowmebeli erT-erTi xerxia _ im gonebrivi gamoTvlis modelia, romelsac mSobliur enaze mosaubre adamiani maSin mimarTavs, roca mas enaTmecnieri nimuSad
SeTavazebuli winadadebis misaReboba-miuReblobis Taobaze azris gamoTqmas
Txovs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom aseTive proceduris meSveobiT ganisazRvreba
ara mxolod winadadebis, aramed sxva kategoriaTa gramatikuli gamarTulobac; magaliTad, Cven viciT, rom sityvaTa iseTi Tanmimdevroba, rogoricaa
daughter of Lear, gramatikulad swori saxeliani frazaa, xolo Tanmimdevroba
loved him _ gramatikulad gamarTuli zmniani fraza.
rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, frazis struqtruli wesebi erTaderTi wesebi ar aris, romelTac winadadeba unda daeqvemdebaros, raTa gramatikulad
swori iyos. magaliTad, Tu nimuSad moyvanili winadadeba iseT sityvas Seicavs,
romelic Cvens leqsikonSi ar Sedis, maSin Cvens mier Seqmnili minigramatika mas
gramatikulad gaumarTav winadadebebs miakuTvnebs. raki Cvens minigramatikaSi
Seqmnili leqsikoni ar Seicavs iseTi ararsebuli sityvebis leqsikur erTeulebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, spritchy, becarp da a.S. maT verc romelime
kategoriis dasaxelebiT CavanacvlebT. Sesabamisad, amgvar ara-sityvaTa Semcvel frazebs (rogorebsac magaliT (144)-Si xedavT) verc kategoriaTa saxelwodebebis mwkrivs gavadevnebT. maT Cveni gramatika sworad agebul winadadebebad ar miiCnevs:
(144)
a. *Kate grew spritchy.

b. * Portia becarp weary.
mosaubrem, romelsac (144a)-s msgavsi winadadeba esmis, SeiZleba daaskvnas,
rom spritchy sityvaa, ucnobi Sinaarsis mqone zedsarTavia; mosaubre, albaT,
Tavis leqsikonSi axal leqsikur erTeulad mis Setanas gadawyvets; amgvarad,
mosaubris gramatikaSi es winadadeba gramatikulad gamarTul winadadebad
Seva. swored ase miviRebT miaxloebul models, Tu rogor ivseben bavSvebi
leqsikons enis aTvisebis procesSi. am sakiTxs mieZRvneba Cveni wignis me-6 Tavi.
zogadad, Cveni minigramatika gulisxmobs, rom gramatikulad gamarTul
winadadebaSi erTi sityva SegviZlia imave leqsikuri kategoriis sxva sityviT
CavanacvloT, vinaidan winadadebis struqturis amsaxveli xisebri diagrama
(da frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli is wesebi, romlebic mocemuli
struqturis TiToeul nawils frazaSi ganTavsebis saSualebas aZlevs) ucvleli darCeba. Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom predikatisadmi wayenebuli
saseleqcio (SerCevis) moTxovnebi unda dakmayofildes. magaliTad, (13g) wina-
dadebaSi zmnis love Canacvleba zmniT arrive, rogorc (145) magaliTSi, SeuZlebelia, vinaidan zmnas arrive am determineriani frazisTvis misaniWebeli damatebiTi Teta-roli ar gaaCnia.
(145) * The daughter of Lear arrived him.
amgvarad, raki Cveni gonebrivi gramatikebi iseT leqsikur erTeulebs Seicavs, romlebic zmnebs argumentTa struqturas da saseleqcio (SerCevis) maxasiaTeblebs ganusazRvravs, es pirobebi dakvirvebas da Seswavlas moiTxovs. am
momentis moxelTebaSi Semdegi midgoma dagvexmareba: igulisxmeba, rom leqsikuri kategoriis wevrTa saseleqcio maxasiaTeblebi Semowmebulia, raki winadadebas aseTi struqtura aqvs miniWebuli. ase magaliTad, (145)-Si winadadebis
struqturaSi him nacvalsaxelis Casmis erTaderTi xerxi is iqneba, Tu igi jer
im zmnian frazaSi Seva, romelsac saTao sityvad zmna arrive aqvs (igi arasavaldebulo Tf damatebas irCevs da ara determinerian frazas). amgvarad, es winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia, igi zmnis arrive saseleqcio maxasiaTebels
(kategoriaTa SerCevasTan dakavSirebul niSan-Tvisebebs) ar eqvemdebareba.
zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom gramatikis garkveuli modeli gamarTulobagaumarTaobis sasinj cdad (testad) gamodgeba. isic SesaZlebelia, rom gramatikis wesebi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT mivmarToT da winadadebis warmosaqmnel modelad gamoviyenoT: aseT SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebul wesSi isari imis instruqciad iqneba aRqmuli, rom
isris marcxena mxares mdgomi kategoriis saxelwodeba isris marjvena mxares
mdgomi leqsikuri kategoriebis TanmimdevrobiT unda iqnes Canacvlebuli.
magaliTad, winadadeba rom SevadginoT, winadadebis warmosaqmneli is wesi
unda gamoviyenoT, romelic Tanmimdevrobas determineriani fraza _ zmniani fraza moiTxovs. amis Semdeg am kategoriaTa saxelwodebebi _ rogorc
determineriani frazisa da zmniani frazis wesebiTaa gansazRvruli _ uSualo qvekomponentTa dasaSvebi TanmimdevrobiT unda CavanacvloT. am process
manamde gavagrZelebT, sanam leqsikur kategoriaTa saxelwodebebis rigs ar
SevqmniT: d(etermineri), s(saxeli), zm(na), T(andebuli) da ase Semdeg. am etapze
leqsikonidan iseT aqtualur sityvas SevarCevT, romelic TiToeul am kategorias ganekuTvneba. magaliTad, termins `zmna~ zmniT loved SevcvliT. am process leqsikuri CarTva (Casma, Camateba) ewodeba. roca TiToeuli kategoriis
dasaxelebas misi leqsikuri wevriT SevcvliT, miRebuli struqtura Semowmdeba, raTa davrwmundeT, rom TiToeuli leqsikuri wevris maxasiaTeblebi damakmayofilebelia; magaliTad, Tu zmna murder zmnis poziciaSi Caismeba, unda
davrwmundeT, rom am winadadebaSi subieqturi da obieqturi determineriani
frazebi adamianebs ukavSirdeba (gaixseneT am zmnis saseleqcio SezRudvebi, kerZod is, rom kill zmnisgan gansxvavebiT, misi subieqturi da obieqturi
poziciebi aucieleblad adamianis aRmniSvnel sityvebs unda ekavoT). Tu yvela
am sityvis saseleqcio moTxovnebi dakmayofilebulia, Sedegad gramatikulad
gamarTul winadadebas miviRebT. gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebis ase
nabij-nabij warmoqmnis process sxvagvarad mocemuli winadadebis derivacia
ewodeba.
amgvarad, gramatikis Cveneuli modeli winadadebis derivaciis sam safe
189
190
xurs moicavs: pirveli safexuri frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs; meore _ leqsikuri CarTvis process, mesame ki
_ saseleqcio SezRudvebis Semowmebis process. Tumca, arsebobs moqmedebis
kidev erTi sfero, kerZod, gadanacvlebisa da waSlis (zemoT ganxiluli
cnebebi) satransformacio wesebis gamoyeneba, romlebic derivaciis pirvel sam
etapze warmoqmnil struqturebs cvlis. es cvlileba komponentTa waSlasa an
winadadebis im sxva poziciebze gadatanaSi mdgomareobs, romlebidanac isini
Tavdapirvelad frazis struqturis wesebis meSveobiTaa warmomdgari. magaliTad, zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom topikalizaciisa da wh frazebian gadanacvlebad konstruqciebSi komponenti (determineriani fraza an Tandebuliani
fraza) SeiZleba winadadebis sawyis poziciaSi, subieqturi poziciis win iqnes
gadanacvlebuli. vnaxeT isic, rom damxmare zmnebic SeiZleba iseT poziciebze
gadaadgildnen, romlebic ZiriTadad kiTxviT klauzulebSi subieqtis win mdebareobs (amaze CanarT 3.4 Si iyo saubari), an (14g-d)-s msgavs konstruqciebSi
gadavidnen, romlebic so zf proformis prepozirebis saSualebas iZleva. isic
davaskveniT, rom zmnis gadanacvleba winadadebis derivaciis dros iseT eneb
Si, rogoric irlandiuri da arabulia, komponentTa VSO wyobas iwvevs, sadac
zmna zmniani frazis gareT, subieqtis wina poziciaSi dgeba. amas garda, davrwmundiT, rom zmniani fraza SeiZleba waiSalos kidec, Tuki mas win misive msgavsi zf antecedenti uZRvis. es waSlisken midrekil iseT konstruqciebSi
xdeba, romelTa msgavsic (111) da (113)-Sia warmodgenili. aq imis axsnas aRar
SevudgebiT, rogor xdeba am etapze aseTi satransformacio wesebis Camoyalibeba, magram Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom gvaxsovdes: msgavsi wesebi gadmwyvet
rols asruleben mravali winadadebis warmoqmnaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom winadadebis warmosaqmnelad Cveni minigramatikis gamoyeneba amgvaradac SegviZlia, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom gramatikis Teoriis
mizani sulac ar aris im sruli modelis SemuSaveba romelsac mosaubre bunebrivi metyvelebis pirobebSi winadadebis Sedgenisas TavisTvis iqmnis da Semdeg
mas eyrdnoba. aqtualuri sametyvelo moRvaweobis dros adamianis gonebaSi mimdinare procesebi, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT ufro rTuli da kompleqsuria da
bevr sxva iseT aspeqtsac moicavs, romelTa aq moyvanasac Cveni msjelobis gasamartiveblad moverideT. metic: gramatika mxolod sametyvelo moRvaweobasa da
frazaTwarmoqmnaze rodia orientirebuli. lingvisturi codna sxva amocanebsac esadageba, Tundac sxva mosaubris mier warmoebuli winadadebis procesirebas da gagebas. gramatikis Teoria lingvisturi codnis warmodgenis modelia
da ara metyvelebis warmoebis modeli. amis miuxedavad ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom is kompiuteruli procesebi, romelTac mosaubris goneba am amocanis
Sesasruleblad asrulebs, gramatikasTan Taviseburad urTierTqmedebs, da es
urTierTqmedeba nawilobriv Cvens mier zemoT aRweril procedurebs hgavs.
frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis

sruli CamonaTvali
(120) Tandebuliani fraza Tandebuli determineriani fraza
(122) zedsarTaviani fraza zedsarTavi (Tandebuliani fraza)
191
(123) saxeliani fraza saxeli (Tandebuliani fraza)

determineri saxeliani fraza
(124) determineriani fraza
(126) saxeliani fraza saxeli
saxeli
nacvalsaxeli
saxeliani fraza
(130) zmniani fraza zmna (determineriani fraza)

Tandebuliani fraza
damatebis mqmneli fraza
zmniani fraza
(137) winadadeba determineriani fraza zmniani fraza
(138) damatebis mqmneli fraza damatebis mqmneli sityva

winadadeba
frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli (123), (124) da (126) magaliTebSi war

modgenili wesebi iseT determinerian frazebs ar moicavs, romlebic ricxvebs, an nominalur msazRvrelebs (nominal specifiers) iTavsebs.
qvemoT moyvanil monacemebze dayrdnobiT, erT an orive am wesSi Sesworebebi SeitaneT mocemuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am amocanis Sesasruleblad
imiss garkveva dagWirdebaT, dominirebs Tu ara uSualod am elementebze saxe
liani fraza, determineriani fraza an romelime sxva fraza. am kiTxvas erTze
meti SesaZlo pasuxi gaaCnia, amitom nu SeSfoTdebiT, Tuki struqturebs Soris swori versiis arCeva gagiWirdebaT, Tumca, imis ganmarteba ki mogeTxovebaT, Tu rogor Seesabameba Tqvens mier SemuSavebuli wesebi Cvens mier SemoTavazebul masalas.
1. Macbeths unpardonable murder of Duncan shocked the lords.
2. Lear adored his three beautiful daughters.
3. The three old witches lived in the dark, mysterious forest.
1. makbetis mier dunkanis upatiebelma mkvlelobam

lordebs Tavzari dasca.
2. liri Tavis sam lamaz qaliSvils eTayvaneboda.
3. sami beberi kudiani bnel, idumal tyeSi cxovrobda.
3.3.4 frazis struqturis Sedgena SezRudvebis meSveobiT

zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom winadadebebs rTuli komponenturi struqtura
aqvT, am struqturis gamosaxva xisebri diagramebis an kvadratuli frCxilebiT aRniSvnis meSveobiT SeiZleba da rom komponenturi Semadgenlobis da-
savarjiSo
3. 10
192
sadgeni cdebiT, empiriuli masalis safuZvelze imis gansazRvrac SesaZlebelia, Tu romeli struqturaa swori winadadebis mocemuli tipisTvis. zemoT
Cven davaskvniT, rom (sxva hipoTeturad SesaZlo struqturebTan SepirispirebiT) am winadadebebs aseTi struqturebi gaaCnia, vinaidan TiToeuli enis
gramatika frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebul wesebs Seicavs, romlebic am
winadadebebisTvisac da frazebis ama Tu im tipisTvis (zedsarTaviani fraza,
determineriani fraza da sxva) uSualo sakomponento struqturas gansazRvravs; gramatikulad gamarTul yovel winadadebas unda gaaCndes sakomponento struqtura, romelic frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebul am wesebze
dayrdnobiT warmodgeba _ maSinac ki, Tu es wesebi xandaxan gadanacvlebisa da
waSlis satransformacio wesebis sxvadasxvagvari Tanmimdevruli zemoqmedebiT icvleba. Tumca, frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi sakomponento struqturis erTaderTi gansamartavi saSualeba rodia. es wesebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs lingvistikis Tanamedrove TeoriaSi. eqsplicituri
formaluri aRniSvnebis meSveobiT, xsenebuli wesebi nebismieri tipis frazis
sakomponento struqturis warmosaqmnel xerxebs gansazRvravs, magram dRes
bevr lingvists miaCnia, rom adamianis sametyvelo enis gramatikas sinamdvileSi aseTi wesebi arc gaaCnia da imis asaxsnelad, rom enaSi komponentTa garkveuli struqturebis arseboba SesaZlebelia, danarCenebisa ki _ara, alternatiul ganmartebebs eZeben.
lingvistikaSi axali midgoma, nawilobriv, mecnierTa im dakvirvebam moitana, rom frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis bevri aspeqti naWarbevi da usargebloa gramatikis ama Tu im sxva niSan-Tvisebis, nawilobriv ki im
zogadi pirobebebis aRmoCenis gamo, romlebic Turme frazis struqturebze
zemoqmedebs da maTTan dakavSirebul bevr aspeqts ufro martivad da moxdeniladac ki ganmartavs. am axali midgomis Tanaxmad, gramatikis Teoria zogadi
pirobebis, anu SezRudvebis (constraints) erTobliobas Seicavs, romelic sakomponento struqturaze zemoqmedebs. am pirobebs, an SezRudvebs sakuTari
struqtura nebismieri tipis frazam unda dauqvemdebaros, xolo TiToeuli
tipis frazisTvis frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli damoukidebeli wesis Camoyalibebis saWiroeba ki ar arsebobs. im procesis TvalsaCinoebisTvis,
Tu rogor zemoqmedebs es zogadi SezRudvebi sakomponento struqturaze da
rogor gvaTavisuflebs frazis struqturis calkeuli wesis arsebobis aucileblobisagan, axla SegviZlia xelaxla ganvixiloT zemoT, magaliT (130)-Si
moyvanili masala: zmniani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesi:
(130) zmniani fraza zmna (determineriani fraza)
Tandebuliani fraza
damatebis mqmneli fraza
zmniani fraza
zmniani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi, romlebsac es wesi

moicavs, qvemoT, magaliT (146)-Sia CamoTvlili:
(146)
a. yoveli zmniani fraza Seicavs zmnisTvis
gankuTvnil pozicias.

b. zmna zmniani frazis yvelaze marcxniv mdgari
qvekomponentia.

g. zmniani fraza SeiZleba (Tumca, aucilebeli araa)
determinerian frazasac (df) Seicavdes.

d.zmniani fraza SeiZleba (Tumca, aucilebeli araa)
Secavdes Tandebulian frazas (Tf), damatebis mqmnel
frazas (dmf) an zmnian frazas (zf).

e. Tu zmniani fraza erTdroulad Seicavs determinerian
frazas (df) da sxva kategorias, df am sxva kategoriis
wevrze win idgeba, uSualod zmnis Semdeg.
modiT, axla (146a) da (146b) magaliTebi ganvixiloT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
iTvleba, TiTqos es faqtebi mxolod zmnian frazebs axasiaTebs, amis msgavsi faqtebi niSneulia sxva tipis frazebisTvisac. magaliTad, zedsarTaviani
frazis wesTan dakavSirebuli magaliTi (122) mowmobs, rom yoveli zedsarTaviani fraza aucileblad unda Seicavdes zedsarTavisTvis (z) gankuTvnil pozicias, da rom zedsarTavi unda iyos zedsarTaviani frazis marcxena kideSi
mdgomi qvekomponenti. amisave msgavsad, saxeliani frazis Sesabamisi wesi (123)
magaliTSi gveubneba, rom yoveli saxeliani fraza unda Seicavdes saxelisTvis
gankuTvnil pozicias da rom saxeliani frazis marcxena kideSi mdgomi qvekoponenti swored saxeli unda iyos. aseTi paralelizmi gvafiqrebinebs, rom arsebobs ori zogadi piroba, romelsac yvela tipis fraza unda daeqvemdebaros.
es ori piroba (147)-Sia moyvanili:
(147)
a. yoveli XP fraza unda Seicavdes pozicias, romelic X
leqsikuri kategoriis wevrisTvis iqneba gankuTvnili.
am pozicias frazis Tavi, an saTao elementi
(saTao pozicia) ewodeba.

b. XP frazis farglebSi X pozicia (anu pozicia, romelic
frazis TavisTvis aris gankuTvnili) XP frazis marcxena kideSi
mdgomi qvekomponentia, romelic saTao poziciaSi
mdgari leqsikuri wevris mier SerCeuli damatebis win dgas.
(147) magaliTSi termini X nebismieri tipis leqsikur kategorias gulisxmobs, s(axeli) iqneba es, zm(na) Tu z(edsarTavi); magaliTad, Tu X Si saxelis
kategoria Cajdeba, (147a)-s Sesabamisi wesi moiTxovs, rom es saxeliani fraza
saxelis pozicias Seicavdes, xolo (147b) moiTxovs, rom saxelis pozicia saxelian frazaSi saxelis yvela damatebaze win idges. Tu inglisuri enis gramatika (147) magaliTSi moyvanil SezRudvebs Seicavs, maSin frazis struqturas
Tan dakavSirebuli wesebi zmniani frazisTvis, zedsarTaviani frazisTvis da
saxeliani frazisTvis am informaciis gameorebas TiToeuli am tipis frazis
SemTxvevaSi aRar moiTxovs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, (147)-Si moyvanili SezRudvebi mxolod imas ki ar ganmartavs, rom zmnian frazas, zedsarTavian frazasa
da saxelian frazas paraleluri struqturebi gaaCnia _ es SezRudvebi zmniani
frazis, zedsarTaviani frazisa da saxeliani frazis struqturuli wesebis naWarbevi aspeqtebis CamoSorebiT gramatikasac gvimartivebs.
193
194
axla Tandebuliani frazisaTvis (120)-Si Sedgenili Cveni wesic ganvixiloT,

romelic gvamcnobs, rom yovel Tandebulian frazas Tandebulis (T) pozicia
unda gaaCndes, am pozicias Tandebulis df damateba mosdevs. (147) is Tanaxmad, erTaderTi Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT wesi (120) naWarbevi araa, imas
amtkicebs, rom Tandebulis damateba aris determineriani fraza da rom es determineriani fraza Tandebuliani frazis savaldebulo qvekomponentia. amis
miuxedvad, Tu Tandebulebis to, on da at saleqsikono gansazRvreba gvamcnobs, rom eseni savaldebulo df damatebas irCeven (gardamavali murder zmnis
msgavsad), maSin es faqtic unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli da Tandebuliani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesi mTlianad unda gauqmdes. am midgomas
damoukideblad umagrebs safuZvels is faqtic, rom garkveuli Tandebulebi,
rogorebicaa in, out, over, up frazaSi SeiZleba df damatebis gareSec idges,
rogorc es (148) magaliTSia:
(148)
a. Falstaff ran in (the room).

b. Portia walked out (the door).

g. Henry sailed over (the channel).

d. Othello looked up (the chimney).

a. falstafma Seirbina (oTaxSi).

b. porcia gamovida (kars gareT).

g. henrim gadacura (arxi).

d. otelom aixeda (sakvamurSi).
faqti, rom Tandebulebi erTmaneTisgan am TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdeba, Zirs
umagrebs Teorias, romlis Tanaxmad, iseT Tandebulian frazebSi, romlebic at
da to Tandebulebs romSeicavs, savaldebulo df damatebebi am Tandebulebis
saseleqcio (kategoriaTa SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli) maxasiaTeblebiT gani
sazRvreba da ara Tandebuliani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesiT,
rogorc (120-e) magaliTSi.
(147)-Si warmodgenili pirobebi (138)-Si damatebis mqmneli frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli im wesis gauqmebis saSualebas iZleva, romlis Tanaxmad, damatebis mqmneli fraza (dmf) Seicavs damatebis mqmnel sityvas (dms) da
mis momdevnod mdgom CarTul winadadebas. (147a) iTvaliswinebs faqts, rom
damatebis mqmneli fraza damatebis mqmneli sityvis pozicias unda Seicavdes,
xolo (147b) ki faqts, rom damatebis mqmneli sityva damatebis mqmneli frazis
marcxena kideSi mdgomi qvekomponenti unda iyos. im faqtis gasaTvaliswineb
lad, rom CarTul winadadebas damatebis mqmneli frazac Seicavs, mxolod imis
aRiarebaRa gvWirdeba, rom winadadebis pozicia _dms-s Semdeg mdgomi pozicia _ damatebis poziciaa, anu iseTi dms, rogoricaa that, winadadebas savaldebulo damatebad irCevs. es viTareba saSualebas gvaZlevs, damatebis mqmneli
frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli fraza gavauqmoT, riTac inglisuri
enis gramatikis Cveni Teoria kidev ufro martivdeba.
frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi pirobebis Teorias,
romelsac mokled (147)-Si gaecaniT, X-dabrkolebis Teorias uwodeben. (147a)Si warmodgenili piroba, romelic frazis struqturaze zemoqmedebas axdens, msoflios yvela sametyvelo enas esadageba. meore mxriv, (147b) piroba
mxolod iseT enebs moicavs, romlebic saTao poziciiT dawyebuli mdgradi

struqturebisken aris midrekili: aseTi enaa Tundac inglisuri, sadac zmnebi,
saxelebi, Tandebulebi da damatebebi sakuTar damatebebs win uswreben. bevri
sxva ena, magaliTad, Turquli da iaponuri, saTao poziciiT dasrulebuli
mdgradi struqturiT xasiaTdeba. es enebi iseT pirobebs eqvemdebareba, romlebic SegviZlia (147b) pirobis sarkisebr anareklad warmovidginoT _ aq saTao pozicia (X) XP-is, qvekomponenti marjvena kideze moudis, da frazis Tavis
momdevno poziciaSi dgas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xazisebri Tanmimdevrobis
urTierToba frazis Tavsa da frazis Tavis damatebebs Soris enaTa sxvaobis
kidev erTi parametria; am Teoriis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli enis gramatika am or
parametrs Soris erT-EerTs irCevs, anu an saTao poziciiT dawyebuli mdgradi struqtura gaaCnia, an saTao poziciiT dawyebuli mdgradi struqtura,
miuxedvad imisa, Tu romeli leqsikuri kategoriis sityva moeqceva frazas
saTaveSi; es Teoria TiTqmis yvela enas moicavs, Tumca, kargad cnobili gamonaklisebic arsebobs. meore mxriv, zogierTi lingvisti amtkicebs, rom (147b)
-Si warmodgenili piroba universaluria, xolo saTao poziciiT dasrulebuli
struqtura gadanacvlebis satransformacio wesis meSveobiTaa warmomdgari,
marcxniv mimarTuli gadanacvlebis analogiurad, rasac inglisur enaSi topikalizacia, wh-gadanacvleba da subieqtisa da damxmare zmnis inversia gulisxmobs. es alternatiuli midgoma enaTaSorisi sxvaobisadmi, romlis safuZvlad
saTao poziciisa da damatebis wyobis Taviseburebaa aRebuli, antisimetriis
Teoriis saxeliT aris cnobili.
axla inglisuri frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebul wesebs mivubrundeT.
rogorc vnaxeT, X-dabrkolebis (147-Si moyvanil) pirobaTa gaziareba Tandebuliani frazis da damatebis mqmneli frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebul
wesebs auqmebs da amave dros zmniani frazis, zedsarTaviani frazis da saxeliani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesebiT gaTvaliswinebul faqtebsac
moicavs (da maT iTvaliswinebs). axla (146) -Si moyvanili faqtebi ganvixiloT:
kerZod, zmniani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesi, romelic (130-e)
magaliTSia gaTvaliswinebuli; (146g) mowmobs, rom zmniani fraza SeiZleba (mag
ram ara aucileblad) Seicavdes df damatebas, xolo (146d) -s mixedviT, zmniani
fraza aseve SeiZleba arasavaldebulo pozicias Seicavdes Tf, dmf an zmf damatebisTvis. Tumca, arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom am damatebebis arasavaldebulod miCneva SesaZloa damabnevelic aRmoCndes, vinaidan aq mcire dazustebaa
saWiro: zogierT zmnasTan maTi gamoCena savaldebuloa, xolo zogierT sxvasTan
_ SeuZlebeli. magaliTad, zmniani fraza, romelsac saTao poziciaSi say zmna
udgas, damatebis mqmnel frazas unda Seicavdes, amiT zmnis leqsikuri erTeuli gvamcnobs, rom es zmna aucileblad irCevs amgvar damatebas, maSin, roca
zmniani fraza, romelsac saTao poziciaSi zmna run aqvs, dmf damatebas SesaZloa arc Seicavdes, vinaidan am zmnis leqsikuri erTeuli Sesabamis saseleqcio
maxasiaTebels ar Seicavs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, zmnian frazaSi ama Tu im damatebis gamoCenas sinamdvileSi zmniani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli
wesi ki ar gansazRvravs, aramed im leqsikuri wevris saseleqcio (kategoriaTa
SerCevis) maxasiaTebeli, romelic zmniani frazis saTao poziciaSi Cadgeba. igi-
195
196
ve SegviZlia vTqvaT zedsarTaviani frazisa da saxeliani frazis kategoriaze.

isini Tandebulian frazas damatebad im SemTxvevaSi irCeven, Tu saTao poziciaSi mdgomi saxeli an zedsarTavi aseTs airCevs. raki amgvari faqtebi saseleqcio
SezRudvebSi gaTvaliswinebulia, gramatikas am informaciis gamocalkevebiT
mowodebis saWiroeba aRar aqvs, roca zmniani frazis, zedsarTaviani frazis da
saxeliani frazis struqturis ganmsazRvrel wess ayalibebs. es imas niSnavs, rom
am kategoriaTa frazis struqturac SeiZleba gamartivdes, rac, Tavis mxriv,
inglisuri enis gramatikis Cvens mier SemuSavebul models amartivebs.
vivaraudoT, rom rac iTqva, sworia; mxolod erTaderTi faqti gvaqvs zmniani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebeli, kerZod is,
rom zmniani fraza erTdroulad Seicavs rogorc df damatebas, ise Tf, dmf
an zf damatebebs da determineriani fraziT warmodgenili damateba im meores
aucileblad win unda uZRodes. navaraudevia, rom es im pirobis gverdiTi efeqtia, romelsac determineriani fraza unda daeqvemdebaros. kerZod, saubaria
zemoT naxseneb brunvis filtrze (brunvis filtri teqstSi (55) magaliTTan
dakavSirebiT vaxseneT, araakuzativuri (braldebiTis armqone) zmnebis konteqstSi), romelic moiTxovs, rom yovel determinerian frazas brunva unda
mieniWos. zemoT iTqva, rom braldebiTi (akuzativuri) brunva mxolod iseT
determinerian frazas unda mieniWos, romelic braldebiT brunvis mimniWebel
zmnas emijneba. momijnaveobis es piroba Tandebulis mier brunvis miniWebis situaciasac esadageba, Tumca es procesi im faqtiT iniRbeba, rom Tandebuli
erT damatebaze mets arasdros irCevs. brunvis filtris arsebobasa da brunvis miniWebis procesze momijnaveobis pirobaze msjelobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom obieqturi df uSualod unda mosdevdes zmniani frazis SemadgenlobaSi mdgom zmnas, xolo zmniani frazisgan eqsplicitur struqturul wess
ar unda moiTxovdes. ukanasknel wlebSi enaTmecnierebma braldebiTi brunvis
miniWebis mimarT alternatiuli Teoriebi wamoayenes. es Teoriebi momijnaved dgomis pirobas ar eyrdnoba. am axal midgomebs safuZvlad is Tvalsazrisi
udevs, rom zmniani frazis komponentTa Tanmimdevroba ise unda iqnas ganxiluli, rom TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebiT eqsplicituri ganacxadebi frazis
struqturuli wesebis formiT ar gakeTdes.
zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom zmniani frazis, zedsarTaviani frazis, Tandebuliani
frazisa da damatebis mqmneli frazis struqturebTan dakavSirebuli wesebi
SeiZleba gauqmdes da ufro zogadi pirobebiT iqnes Canacvlebuli, iseTebiT,
rogorebic (147) -Sia mocemuli. amas, bunebrivia, iseT konieqturamde (anu
Sesworebebamde) mivyvarT, rom frazis yvela kategoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
struqturuli wesebi SeiZleba gauqmdes, rasac Teoria frazis struqturis
Sesaxeb X-dabrkolebis Teoriis da SerCevis zogad pirobebamde dahyavs. Tumca,
frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli ori wesi, erTi SexedviT, am models
ar Seesabameba. kerZod, saubaria determineriani frazisa da winadadebis
struqturul wesebze, romlebic, Sesabamisad, (124) da (130) magaliTebSia
warmodgenili. determineriani frazis struqturuli wesi (147a) gvamcnobs,
rom determineris pozicias yoveli df fraza unda Seicavdes, magram iseTi
determineriani frazebis arseboba, romlebic mxolod saxels an nacvalsaxels
Seicavs, amgvar midgomas eWvqveS ayenebs. sanam am problemas CavuRrmavdebodeT,

im determineriani frazebis struqtura ganvixiloT, romlebic swored
determinerebs Seicavs. (147b) -s mixedviT, determineri determineriani frazis
marcxena kideSi mdgomi komponenti unda iyos, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saTao
poziciiT dawyebuli struqturebis mqone iseT enebSi, rogoric inglisuria.
arsebiTad, (147b) -Si warmodgenili piroba mxolod im kategoriebs esadageba,
romlebic damatebebs irCevs, Cven ki jerjerobiT determineri am kuTxiT ar
gangvixilavs. miuxedavad amisa, miviCnieT, rom saxeliani fraza, romelic
determineriani frazis farglebSia moqceuli, determineris damateba unda
iyos. am SemTxvevaSi (147b) swor Sedegs viRebT. saxeliani fraza determineriani
frazis farglebSi imis gamo Cndeba, rom igi the da a(n) determinerebis
savaldebulo damatebaa. aseT midgomas damoukideblad safuZvels iseTi
CvenebiTi, anu miTiTebiTi nacvalsaxelebis qceva ganapirobebs, rogorebicaa
this, that, these da those, sadac determineris Semdeg saxeliani frazis dgoma
savaldebulo ar aris, amas es magaliTic mowmobs:
(149)
a. This (castle of Harfleur) is in France.

b. Those (books) belong to Prospero.

a. is (arfloris cixe-simagre) safrangeTSia.

b. eseni (wignebi) prosperos ekuTvnis.
am magaliTebSi subieqtur poziciaSi mdgomi determineriani frazebis
farglebSi moqceuli sf qvekomponentebis arasavaldebulo xasiaTi Zneli
gasaTvaliswinebelia. amis mizezi determineriani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi wesis arsebobaa, rogoric (124) -Sia warmodgenili; meore
mxriv, Tu davaskvniT, rom saxeliani frazis gamoCena determinerian frazaSi
determineris saseleqcio maxasiTeblebiTaa ganpirobebuli, maSin (149) magaliTis gaTvaliswineba mxolod imis aRiarebiTac SesaZlebelia, rom CvenebiTi
determinerebi arasavaldebulo saxelian frazebs irCeven, the da a(n) determinerebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic savaldebulo sf-ebs irCeven.
axla im determineriani frazebis problemas mivubrundeT, romlebic mxo
lod nacvalsaxelisa an sakuTari saxelisgan arian Sedgenilni, isini X-dabrkolebis zogadi pirobis (gaixseneT (147a)) sawinaaRmdego magaliTebs warmoadgenen. sxva enebidan moyvanili monacemebi mowmobs, rom es ori SemTxveva
erTmaneTisgan mcired gansxvavdeba. nacvalsaxelebze saubrisas ivaraudeba,
rom isini iseTi determinerebia, romlebmac damatebad saxeliani frazis arCeva ver SeZles. es faqti maSinve gadaWrilad acxadebs ararsebuli determineris
problemas _ Tu nacvalsaxelebi determinerebia, maSin xsenebuli problema
iluzoruli yofila _ es naTels hfens, Tu ratom ar gvaqvs am SemTxvevaSi
saxeliani fraza; nacvalsaxeli mis damatebad arCevas ver axerxebs. amgvari
Sexeduleba Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba xelovnuric Candes, magram zogierT
enaSi, magaliTad, frangulsa da espanurSi misi sisworis mamtkicebel masalas
vpoulobT. am enebSi gansazRvruli determinerebi braldebiT brunvaSi mdgomi
nacvalsaxelebis homofonuria. amis ilustrirebad franguli enidan moyvanili nimuSi (150) gamodgeba:
197
198
a. Jean connat le garon.

Jean knows the (mamr.mxol.) boy.
Jani icnobs gans. artikli biWs (mamr.mxol.)
`Jani biWs icnobs~.

b. Jean le
connat.
(150)
Jean him knows .
`Jani mas icnobs~.

g. Jean connat
les garons.
Jean knows the (mamr. mravl.) boys.
Jani icnobs
biWebs (mamr.mravl.)
`Jani biWebs icnobs~.

d. Jean les
connat.

Jean them (mamr.) knows.
`Jani maT icnobs~.
rac Seexeba determineriani frazebis Semcvel sakuTar saxelebs, sxva enebis
masalis gaanalizeba problemis sxvadasxvagvar gadaWras gvTavazobs. bevr enas
brunvis niSnebis rTuli sistema gaaCnia. am enebSi sakuTari saxelebi sazogado
saxelebTan morfologiurad did msgavsebas amJRavnebenE, rac gvafiqrebinebs,
rom sakuTari saxelebi aq saxelis gansakuTrebuli saxeobaa. inglisurSic ki
zogierT saxels xSirad win Ria determineri ar uZRvis, rogorc, magaliTad,
mravlobiT brunvaSi mdgomi ganusazRvreli df-ebis (books -wignebi an soldiersjariskacebi), abstraqtuli saxelebis (beauty-silamaze) da krebiTi saxelebis
(wine-Rvino) SemTxvevaSi. unda vivaraudoT, rom es determineriani frazebi nulovan (gamouTqmel) determiners Seicavs, romlebic zemoT ganxiluli nulovani nacvalsaxelebis analogiuria. am SemTxvevaSi determineris pozicia determinerian frazaSi ar daikargeba; mas gamouTqmeli determineri daikavebs.
es daskvna dasabuTebas germanuli da portugaliuri enebis masalidan iRebs,
sadac sakuTar saxelebs win SeiZleba gansazRvruli determineri uZRodes,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es determineri ufro arasavaldebuloa, vidre aucilebeli. zogierT enaTmecniers miaCnia, rom es saxelebi, sakuTari saxelebis
CaTvliT, transformaciul gadanacvlebas ganicdis da determineris cariel
poziciaSi dgeba, rac ararsebuli determineris problemas odnav gansxvavebulad warmogvidgens. amgvarad, SesaZloa, rom yvela determineriani fraza,
maT Soris, iseTebic, romlebic TiTqos mxolod erTi nacvalsaxelisgan an
sakuTari saxelisgan Sedgeba, marTlac esadagebodes frazis struqturasTan
dakavSirebul im zogad models, romelic (147) -Si X-dabrkolebis wesebiTaa
gansazRvruli. determineriani frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli Cveni
wesi am SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba gauqmdes.
Tu es midgoma sworia, maSin frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli mxolod
erTi wesia iseTi, romelic (147) -is X-dabroklebis wesebiT gansazRvrul models gamoeyofa, kerZod, winadadebis ganmsazRvreli wesi (137):
(137)
winadadeba determineriani fraza _ zmniani fraza
es wesi Cvens mier aqamde ganxilul arc erT wess ar hgavs. (147a) -s mier gansazRvruli wesebiT, saTao pozicias misi arc subieqturi df-s pozicia Seesabameba
da arc zmniani frazis pozicia. Tumca, gaixseneT, rom zmniani frazis waSlaze
msjelobisas Cven vivaraudeT, rom winadadeba ise unda iqnes gaanalizebuli,
rogorc droiTi fraza, anu df _ fraza, romelsac saTao poziciaSi droiTi
leqsikuri kategoriis wevri udgas. iseTi winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic momavali drois Sesabamis modalur will zmnas Seicavs, (magaliTi (151)), SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom es modaluri zmna damatebad zmnian frazas irCevs da droiTi
frazis farglebSi saTao (droiTi kategoriis kuTvnil) pozicias ikavebs:
(151) Henry will invade France.
henri safrangeTSi SeiWreba.
roca winadadeba will modaluri zmnis Sesabamis modalur zmnas ar Seicavs,
zmnas drois afiqsi droiTi kategoriis poziciaSi daerTveba. me-5 TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor daerTvis drois sufiqsi ZiriTad zmnas.
Tumca, zemoT Tqmuli subieqturi determineriani frazis pozicias ar
iTvaliswinebs. am poziciis arsebobis X-dabrkolebis Teoriis terminebSi
gansamartavad unda aRvniSnoT, rom aq subieqtis poziciis gansasazRvrad Xdabrkolebis damatebiTi piroba gvaqvs:
(152) yoveli XP, anu X fraza Seicavs msazRvrels an subieqtur pozicias, romelic saTao pozicias win uZRvis da sxva YP, anu Y frazisTvis aris gankuTvnili.
(152) -Si Y, iseve rogorc X, leqsikuri kategoriis mixedviT icvleba;
amgvarad, XP da YP sxvadasxva kategoriebs ganekuTvneba. xSir SemTxvevaSi Y determineria. anu, frazis an winadadebis subieqti, Cveulebriv, determineriani
frazaa. Tumca, es faqti X-dabrkolebis TeoriiT ar aris gansazRvruli. SesaZloa, misi axsna subieqtis mier uzrunvelyofil Tematur rolze dayrdnobiT
iyos SesaZlebeli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba sarwmuno Candes, TiTqos es piroba sxva sa
xis frazebs ar miesadageba, zemoT ukve ganvixileT rigi konstruqciebi, romlebSic, savaraudod, msazRvrelis pozicias frazis Tavis wina fraza ikavebs.
erTi aseTi SemTxveva nominaluri msazRvrelebis Semcvel determinerian frazebs moicavs, romelTa SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiT brunvaSi mdgari determineriani fraza determineriani frazis Semadgeneli saxelis win dgas, rogorc, maga
liTad, determinerian frazaSi the kings daughters. aSkaraa, rom naTesaobiTSi
mdgari determineriani fraza mis Semcvel determinerian frazaSi determineris pozicias ver daikavebs, vinaidan saTao poziciebis dakaveba mxolod sityvebs SeuZliaT, frazebs ki _ara. amgvarad, Tuki msazRvrels an subieqtur
pozicias determineriani frazac Seicavs, rogorc amas (152) magaliTi gvkarnaxobs, am determineriani frazebis struqturis gaTvaliswinebac moxerxdeba.
rac Seexeba iseT kategoriebs, rogorebicaa zedsarTaviani fraza, zmniani
fraza, saxeliani da Tandebuliani frazebi, adrec SevniSneT, rom am frazebs
egreT wodebul mcire klauzulis konstruqciebSi SeiZleba win determineriani frazebi edges. Tu mcire klauzulebi mxolod da mxolod X frazebia, rom-
199
200
lebic Ria df subieqtebs Seicavs, maSin SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom (152) -Si
warmodgenili piroba yvela am kategoriasac miesadageba. magaliTad, winadadebaSi Juliet heard Romeo call out her name determineriani fraza Romeo zmniani frazis Romeo call out her name msazRvrelis poziciaSi Cadgeba. mcire klauzuluri
konstruqciebis garda, zmniani fraza Ria df subieqts ar Seicavs. aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis X-dabrkolebis Teoria gansazRvravs, rom msazRvrelis pozicia
determinerian frazaSi carieli iqneba. Tumca, gamoTqmuli varaudebis Tanaxmad, winadadebis subieqti (qvemdebare) zmniani frazis msazRvrelis poziciidan warmodgeba da transformaciul gadanacvlebas ganicdis _ msazRvrelis
poziciidan droiTi frazis poziciaze, yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseT enebSi, romlebsac komponentTa SVO Tanmimdevroba axasiaTebs, Tundac inglisurSi. am
mosazrebas sxvagvarad zmniani frazisSida subieqtis hipoTeza (Vp-Internal
Subject Hypothesis) ewodeba.
komponentebTan dakavSirebuli cdebis Sedegebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom X-Si
msazRvrelis pozicia saTao X-is toli komponenti ver iqneba; igi ufro X komponentis tolia, am SemTxvevaSi X uSualod dominirebs saTao X-ze da X-is damatebebze, rogorc (153) magaliTSi:
(153)
XP
msazRvreli
... (sadac mravalwertili X-is

damatebebis mdebareobas aRniSnavs
X-dabrkolebiT gansazRvruli struqturis es zogadi Sabloni yvela frazis ConCxisebr struqturas Seadgens.
3.4 Sejameba
am TavSi sintaqsis Teoriis ZiriTadi cnebebi ganvixileT. maTze msjeloba
im umTavresi monacemebis zogadi mimoxilviT daviwyeT, romelTac sintaqsis
Teoria efuZneba. am masalaSi mSobliur enaze mosaubreTa mier frazis, gamoTqmis Tu winadadebis misaReboba-miuReblobis Sesaxeb msjeloba igulisxmeba.
enaTmecnierebi am monacemebs winadadebis gramatikuli sisworis dasadgenad
iyeneben, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, gonebrivi gramatikis sintaqsur SedgenilobasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi da SezRudvebi Camoayalibon.
Semdeg yuradReba daeTmo leqsikur kategoriebs (sityvaTa klasisa, romlis wevrebs mniSvnelovani morfologiuri da sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebi
aerTianebT) da davrwmundiT, rom imis ganzogadebac SeiZleba, Tu rogor da
ra kanonzomierebiT erwymis erTmaneTs sityvebi winadadebis Sesadgenad. vna

xeT, rom zogierTi leqsikuri kategoria sxvebs miekuTvneba _ maT garkveuli
damokidebulebiT ukavSirdeba, maSin, roca danarCenebi ise funqcionireben,
rogorc predikatebi. TiToeuli im sityvis leqsikuri erTeuli, romelic ise
funqcionirebs, rogorc predikati, mis argumentTa struqturis (mis mier arCeul argumentTa CamonaTvali) specifikaciasac (ganmartebas) Seicavs da im
Tematur rolebsac miuTiTebs, romlebsac igi TiToeul am arguments aniWebs,
_ agentis roli iqneba es, mimRebis Tu samizne roli, riTac migvaniSnebs, Tu
ra rolia gankuTvnili argumentisTvis im situaciasa Tu movlenaSi, predikati
rom asaxavs. predikats sakuTari argumentis SezRudvebSi moqcevac SeuZlia,
_es argumentis sintaqsur kategoriasac (kategoriaTa arCeva, anu c-SerCeva)
Seexeba da farul semantikur maxasiaTeblebsac (saseleqcio SezRudvebi, anu
s-SerCeva). Teta-rolebis miniWeba erT ufro zogad SezRudvas eqvemdebareba,
romelsac -SerCeva, an -seleqcia ewodeba. -seleqcia moiTxovs, rom yovel
savaldebulo -rols sareferento kategoria, xolo yovel sareferento
kategorias -roli mieniWos.
Tematuri rolebi, rogorc wesi, winadadebaSi garkveul sintaqsur
poziciebs ukavSirdeba, iseTebs, rogorebicaa subieqtis pozicia, pirdapiri
obieqtis pozicia, nominaluri msazRvrelis pozicia da ase Semdeg. calkeuli
enebi erTmaneTisgan winadadebis struqturaSi am poziciaTa (mwkrivuli) TanmimdevrobiT gansxvavdeba, lingvistebi ki enebs mTavar komponentTa Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT axarisxeben, ris mimarTac amJRavneben isini midrekilebas.
komponentTa Tanmimdevroba mravalgvari SeiZleba iyos: subieqti _ zmna _
obieqti, subieqti _ obieqti _ zmna, zmna _ subieqti _ obieqti da ase Semdeg. konfiguraciul enebSi, magaliTad, inglisurSi, ZiriTad komponentTa
Tanmimdevroba ase Tu ise fiqsirebulia, xolo egreT wodebul arakonfiguraciul enebSi, rogoric, Tundac, rusulia, komponentTa Tanmimdevroba odnav
ufro Tavisufalia. maT sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobis ramdenime gansxvavebuli
modeli gaaCniaT. komponentTa Tavisufali Tanmimdevroba xSirad brunvis niSnebad gamoyenebuli Ria morfemebis (nominativi-saxelobiTi, akuzativi-braldebiTi, dativi-micemiTi) arsebobas ukavSirdeba. Tumca, es urierTkavSiri absoluturi araa; magaliTad, inglisur nacvalsaxelebs (sakuTari da sazogado
saxelebisgan gansxvavebiT) Ria brunvis niSnebi aqvs, magram maTi sintaqsuri
distribucia isevea SezRuduli, rogorc sakuTari da sazogado saxelebisa. imis miuxedavad, rom es argumentebi, Cveulebriv, Riaa, nacvalsaxelebi
xSirad nulovania (gamouTqmeli), ise, rogorc nulovani subieqturi nacvalsa
xelebis, romlebic garkveuli saxeobis infinitivur (upiro) klauzulebSi da
espanuri da italiuri enebis pirian klauzulebSi gvxvdeba.
sityvebi erTad jgufdeba, rom komponentebi an frazebi warmoqmnas. yoveli
fraza misi TavisTvis (Tavi is leqsikuri kategoriaa, romlis saxelwodebac
mTel frazas eZleva, mag. determineri _ determineriani fraza (df); saxeli
saxeliani fraza (sf)) pozicias Seicavs; aseve Seicavs saTao poziciaSi mdgomi
sityvis mier arCeul nebismier damatebas. nebismieri tipis frazas (saxeliani,
determineriani, zedsarTaviani, zmniani, damatebis mqmneli da sxva) SeuZlia
201
202
iseTi Tavis damatebis funqcia gaswios, rogoric zmnis leqsikuri kategoriaa.

am damatebebs Soris klauzuluri damatebebis sxvadasxva saxeobac ganvixileT,
maT Soris, droiTi frazebi, infinitivuri frazebi da egreT wodebuli mcire
klauzulebi. TiToeuli winadadebis komponentTa wevrebi garkveuli wesiT
jgufdeba da amiT winadadebis im garkveul struqturas aZlevs dasabams, romelic grafikulad xisebri diagramebis an kvadratuli frCxilebis meSveobiT
gamoisaxeba. am struqturebs formaluri maxasiaTebelebi gaaCnia (aseTebia
windgoma, dominanturi urTierToba, romelic xisebri diagramis kvanZebs akavSirebs ), romlebic dakavSirebulia sintaqsur wyobasTan. xSir SemTxvevaSi
winadadebis sakomponento struqtura TvalnaTlivi rodia: enaTmecnierebi sakomponento struqturis dasadgen sxvadasxva cdas mimarTaven, raTa TiToeuli
tipis sintaqsuri konstruqciisTvis komponentTa swori struqtura gansazRvron; es sakomponento cdebi konkretuli frazebis sadistribucio maxasiaTeblebs emyareba. maT Sedegebs isic gansazRvravs, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebs
sityvaTa konkretuli jgufebi sintaqsur procesebTan, kerZod, rogor zemoq
medebs maTze transformaciuli gadanacvlebis wesebi, waSlis wesebi, msgavs
kategoriaTa koordinacia da proformebis interpretacia.
dabolos, SeviswavleT orgvari Teoria sakomponento struqturis Sesaxeb.
isini im wesebisa da gramatikuli SezRudvebis fonze ganvixileT, romlebic
gansazRvravs, komponentTa romeli struqturaa gramatikulad swori. pirveli Teoria konteqstisgan Tavisufal saredaqcio wesebs eyrdnoba, romlebic
nebismieri tipis frazis (determineriani, zmniani, zedsarTaviani fraza da a.S)
uSualo komponentebs da im Tanmimdevrobas gansazRvravs, romliTac es uSualo
komponentebia ganlagebuli. es wesebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT gamoiyeneba dasrulebuli winadadebis ConCxisebri struqturis gansasazRvrad; damaboloebeli kvanZebi sityvaTa poziciebs gansazRvravs, romlebic ama Tu im leqsikuri
kategoriis _ saxeli, zmna, determineri da a.S. _ saxelwodebiTaa aRniSnuli
(markirebuli). leqsikuri CarTvis procesi sityvebs leqsikonidan irCevs da maT
iseT poziciebSi ayenebs, romlebic Sesabamisi leqsikuri kategoriis saxelwodebebiTaa aRniSnuli. amgvarad warmomdgari struqturebi Semdgom unda Semowmdes,
raTa davrwmundeT, rom leqsikuri saseleqcio maxasiaTeblebi da iseTi zogadi
SezRudvebis moTxovnebi, rogoricaa -kriteriumi _ dakmayofilebulia. axla
satransformacio gadanacvlebisa da waSlis wesebic SeiZleba amuSavdes inglisuri enis kiTxviT da topikalizaciis konstruqciebSi. sintaqsuri wesis gamo
yenebis es modeli SeiZleba metyvelebis warmoebis, an (sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebisas) gramatikuli sisworis Semowmebis modeladac gamodges.
frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli meore Teoria amtkicebs, rom arsebobs zogadi SezRudva frazis struqturisTvis, romelsac yvela tipis fraza
eqvemdebareba; es X-dabrkolebis Teoriis mier gamokveTili principebia da
ara idiosinkrazuli wesebi, romlebic TiToeuli tipis frazisTvis wesebs damoukideblad gansazRvravs. es alternatiuli midgoma imas gulisxmobs, rom
yvela tipis frazas umTavresad erTi da igive ierarqiuli struqtura unda
hqondes. Tu frazas (determinerian frazas an winadadebas) iseTi struqtura
aqvs, romelic sxva kategoriis frazebisgan gansxvavdeba, maSin igi ise unda
gaanalizdes, rom es gansxvaveba moiSalos. am midgomis upiratesoba, upirveles

yovlisa, isaa, rom igi ganmartavs, Tu ratom gaaCnia TiTqmis yvela tipis frazas msgavsi struqtura (ris ganmartebac sxva wesis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia);
da meore: aseTi midgoma gramatikis ufro martiv da yovlismomcvel models
gvTavazobs da amas frazis struqturis im rTuli wesebis gauqmebiT aRwevs,
romelTa msgavsi zemoT, 3.3.3 ganyofilebaSi ganvixileT. es wesebi umetesad
isedac gadaWarbebuli iyo.
momdevno TavebSi araerT sintaqsur process ganvixilavT, romlebic am
TavSi aRweril struqturebzea agebuli.
Cowper, L. 1992. A Concise Introduction to Syntactic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Culicover, Peter. 1997. Principles and
Parameters: An Introduction to Syntactic
Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haegeman, L. 1994. Introduction to
Government and Binding Theory. Oxford:
Blackwell.
McCawley, J. 1988. The Syntactic Phenomena of English. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Radford,
Grammar.
A. 1988. Transformational
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

_____ 1997. Syntax, A Minimalist Intro-
duction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Riemsdijk, H. van and E. Williams.
1986. Introduction to the Theory of
Grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Roberts, I. 1996. Comparative Syntax. London/New York: Arnold.

dakavSirebiT.
Chinese:
Huang, C.-T. 1984. On the Distribution and

Reference of Empty Pronouns, Linguistic
Inqury, 15:531-74.
Haitian Creole:
Dchaine, R. 1993. Predicates Across Cate

gories, doctoral dissertation, University
of Massachusetts (Amherst); reproduced
and distributed by GLSA, Amhert, MA.
japanese:
Hoji , H., S. Miyagawa, and H. Tada. 1989.

NP-Movement in Japanese, in WCCFL
VIII, CSLI, Palo Alto, VA.
Kuno, S. 1973. The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Russian:
Kondrashova,
Natalia. 1996. The
Russian Copula: A Unified Approach. in
Annual Workshop on Formal Approaches
to Slavic Linguistics: the College Park
Meeting 1994 (Jindrich Toman,
ed.),
255-85. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications.
203
204
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 3.11
malagasi
axla malagasidan moyvanili masala gaarCieT. malagasi austroneziuli enaa,
am enaze kunZul madagaskarze metyveleben. qvemoT, magaliTebSi, zogierTi sityvis Sesatyvisi Semokleba gamartivebulia zogierTi morfemis Targmani _
gamotovebuli.
(1) namangy anay ny ankizy
stumroba(wars.) Cven artikli bavSvebi

`Cven bavSvebi gvestumrnen~.
(2) mihinana ahitra ny omby
Wama balaxi artikli Zroxa.

`Zroxa balaxs Wams~.
(3) matory ny mpamboly
Zili artikli glexi

`glex(eb)s sZinavs(T)~.
(4) tonga taorian ny rahalahi ko ny mpampianatra antitra
Camosvla(wars.) Semdeg art. Zma Cemi art. maswavlebeli moxuci

`moxuci maswavlebeli Cemi Zmis Semdeg Camovida~.
(5) namono ny akoho tamin ny antsy ny vehivavy
mokvla(wars.) art. qaTami meSveobiT art. dana art. qali

`qalma qaTami (qaTmebi) daniT dakla~.
(6) nandroso vary ny ankizy tamin ny lovia vaovao i - Noro.
mirTmeva(nam.) brinji art. bavSvebi meSveobiT art.TefSi

axali noro.
`norom bavSvebs brinji axali TefSebiT miarTva~.
(7) nanaseho sari-n
i-Noro ny lehilahy ny reni-n
Cveneba (wars.) naxati-sa noro art kaci art. deda- is

(naT.brunva)
ny zaza.
art. bavSvi.
`bavSvis dedam im kacs neros naxati aCvena~.
(a) rogoria mTavar komponentTa ZiriTadi Tanmimdevroba

(subieqti, obieqti, iribi obieqti, zmna,
Tandebuliani fraza ) malagasiSi?
(b) winadadebebSi naxmar sityvebze dayrdnobiT SeadgineT
leqsikoni. malagasis TiToeuli zmnis SemTxvevaSi daadgineT,
ramden arguments irCevs igi da romel Teta-rolebs aniWebs
maT. leqsikoni ise aageT, rom sityvebi, romlebic erTsa
da imave leqsikur kategorias miekuTvneba, erTad iyos
dajgufebuli.
(g) SeadgineT malagasisTvis damaxasiaTebeli frazis
205
struqturis wesebi Tandebuliani, determineriani,

zmniani da droiTi frazebisTvis.
(d) aageT (1), (4) da (7) winadadebebisTvis xisebri diagramebi,
romlebic frazis struqturis Tqvens mier Sedgenil
wesebs Seesabameba.
san lukasis olqis zapoteki (meqsikis teriotoriaze mcxovrebi

indielebis ena)
ganixileT zapotekidan moyvanili zogierTi nimuSi
(1) Ytaaz
Gyeeihlly
Lieb
arawes. cema maiki felipe.

`maiki felipes scems~.
(2) B-guty-a bzihny
srul.asp. mokvla -1 p. mxol. Tagvi.

`(me) Tagvi movkali~.
(3) Y-to oh Gyeeihlly carr
araw. gayidva maikli manqana.

`maikli manqanas gayidis~.
(4) Na ng
banguual
neitr.-yofna-3p. mxol. moxuci

ìs (orive gram.sqesi) moxucia~.
(5) B-dauh-zhya Gyeeihlly bx: ady
srul.asp-kiTxva -3p. mr. maiki kalia

maiks SesaZloa kalia aqvs naWami.
(6) Gw-a-il-rng
liebr
araw.-kiTxva-3p.mr. wignebi
`(isini) wignebs waikiTxaven~.
(7) B-didy
Gyeeihlly
bx: ady
Lieb
sr.asp. micema maiki kalia felipe

`maikma felipes kaliebi misca~.
(8) W-nnaaz Gyeeihlly bx: ady
cuahnn gyix
sr.asp. daWera maiki kaliebi -iT bade

`maikma kaliebi badiT daiWira~.
(9) N-a
Lieb
banguual
neitr.-yofna felipe moxuci

`felipe moxucia~.
(10) R-caz-a
y-guty-a bzihny
awmyo uwyv.-ndoma-1p.mxol. arawes.-mokvla me Tagvi.

`(me) Tagvis mokvla minda~.
(11) B-inydyahg
Lieb y-tooh
Gyeeihlly carr
savarjiSo 3.12
206
srul.asp.-gagoneba felipe araw.-gayidva maiki manqana

`felipem gaigo, rom maiki manqanas gayidis~.
(12) R-eihpy
Lia
Paamm la-rng gw-all-rng liebr
wars.-Tqma mis pemi

maT araw.-kiTxva isini wigni
`mis pemma maT uTxra (rom) wignebi waikiTxon~.
a. SeadgineT leqsikoni zapotekis im sityvaTagan, romlebic

zemoT moyvanil winadadebebSi SegxvdaT. Tu sityva erT
morfemaze mets Seicavs, SeecadeT, TiToeuli morfemis
mniSvneloba daadginoT da leqsikuri erTeuli (saleqsikono
ganmarteba) SeuqmnaT. sityvebi erTi da imave leqsikuri
kategoriisadmi kuTvnilebis mixedviT daajgufeT.
b. rogoria mTavar komponentTa (subieqti, zmna,
obieqti da a.S.) ZiriTadi Tanmimdevroba san lukasis
olqis zapotekSi?
g. ganixileT is ori sxvaoba, romelic inglisur enasa da
zapoteks Soris arsebobs: (1) gansazRvruli artiklebi; (2)
mxolobiT da mravlobiT ricxvSi mdgari saxelebi.
d. zapotekidan motanil magaliTebSi (2), (4), (6), (10) winadadebebis
TavSi da boloSi mdgari morfemebi pirisa da ricxvis
SemoklebebiTaa aRniSnuli. am morfemebis analizis ori SesaZlo
versia arsebobs: isini SeiZleba nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli
subieqtis klitikebi iyos, analogiurni frangul da espanur
enebSi, kerZod, magaliT (21) -Si ganxiluli nacvalsaxeluri
obieqtis klitikebisa. an eseni, SesaZloa, subieqtis SeTanxmebis
niSnebi iyos, rac (51) magaliTSi motanili italiuri da espanuri
winadadebebis subiqtis SeTanxmebis niSan-afiqsebTan qmnis
analogias. analizis am ori versiidan romeli gvibiZgebs
daskvnisaken, rom zapotekSi nulovani nacvalsaxelebi
SeiZleba subieqtis poziciaSi idges? ganmarteT da daasabuTeT
sakuTari mosazreba. axla erTmaneTs SeadareT (4) da (9)
winadadebis zmnebi da ganmarteT, ratom umagrebs safuZvels
(9) winadadebis forma nacvalsaxeluri klitikis versias.
e. san lukasis olqis zapotekSi subieqtis da zmnis poziciaTa
urTierTmimarTeba gansxvavdeba im suraTisgan, romelic
inglisur enaSi gvaqvs. CamoayalibeT ori alternatiuli Teoria,
romlebic am suraTs asaxavs.
(1) pirvelma Teoriam sityvaTa is Tanmimdevroba unda
moicvas, romelic zemoT moyvanil winadadebebSia da
saamisod mxolod frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli
wesebi unda gamoiyenos. Tqven frazis struqturasTan
dakavSirebuli wesebis is erToblioba unda CamoayaliboT,
romelic zemoT moyvanil yvela magaliTs moicavs, Semdeg am
207
wesebze dafuZnebiT unda SeadginoT xisebri diagramebi (7) da (11)

winadadebebisTvis. yuradReba miaqcieT: zapoteks ar gaaCnia
iseTi Ria damatebis mqmneli sityva, rogoricaa that inglisur
enaSi; CarTuli winadadebebi am enaSi mxolod da mxolod
droiTi frazebia, maT damatebis mqmneli frazebis
kvanZebi ar gaaCniaT.
(2) meore Teoriam is faqti unda moicvas, rom zapotekSi frazis
struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi droiTi frazebisa da
zmniani frazebisTvis inglisuri enis aseTsave wesebs hgavs: zmnis
pozicia aqac zmniani frazis farglebSia moqceuli, xolo
subieqtis df pozicia zmniani frazis gareT (mis marcxniv)
mdebareobs. es imas niSnavs, rom zemoT moyvanili nimuSebis
sityvaTa mocemuli Tanmimdevroba satransformacio
gadanacvlebis wesebis zemoqmedebiTaa miRebuli. igi im wesis
msgavsia, romlis meSveobiTac inglisur enaSi subieqtisa da
damxmare zmnis sainversio konstruqciebi warmodgeba.
CamoayalibeT zapotekis frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli
wesebi zmniani da droiTi frazebisTvis, romlebic am
Sexedulebas Seesabameba, da axseniT, rogor Secvlis
satransformacio gadanacvlebis wesi zemoTxsenebuli
wesebis mier ganpirobebul sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobas.
SeadgineT (11) winadadebisTvis xisebri diagrama frazis
struqturasTan dakavSirebul am wesebze dayrdnobiT, gamosaxeT
sityvaTa is Tanmimdevroba, romelic satransformacio
gadanacvlebis wesis amoqmedebamde iqneboda.
inglisuri enis ricxviTi nacvalsaxelebi

gaixseneT, rom inglisur enaSi piriani (droiani) zmna pirsa da ricxvSi
eTanxmeba determinerian frazas. es fraza winadadebis subieqtur poziciaSi
dgas, xolo es SeTanxmeba Riad (roca zmnas s sufiqsi erTvis) mxolod iseT
SemTxvevebSia warmodgenili, Tuki subieqtis poziciaSi mdgari determineriani fraza mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSia. vivaraudoT, rom SeTanxmebis es
urTierToba im SezRudviTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic moiTxovs, rom subieqtur determinerian frazasa da pirian zmnas erTi da igive pirisa da ricxvis
niSnebi erTvodes.
axla (1-9) winadadebebi ganvixiloT, romlebSic ricxviTi nacvalsaxelebi
all, many, some, each, every gvxvdeba. es nimuSebi mowmobs, rom inglisur enas
ricxviTi nacvalsaxelebis da saxelebis (an saxeliani frazebis) SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvagvari SezRudvebi gaaCnia. am TvalsazrisiT ricxviTi
nacvalsaxelebi CvenebiT determinerebs this, that, these, those hgavs.
1. All lords respect Duncan.
2. Many young lords respect Duncan.
savarjiSo 3.13
208
3. Some kings of Scotland admire Macbeth.

4. Each Scottish lord owns a castle.
5. Every murder of a king offends his lords,
6. * All/Many (young) lord respect(s) Duncan.
7. *Each/Every Scottish lords own(s) a castle.
8. Some lord admires Macbeth.
9. *Some lords admires Macbeth.
10. * Each/Every Scottish lord own a castle.
1. yvela lordi pativs scems dunkans.

2. bevri axalgazrda lordi pativs scems dunkans.
3. Sotlandiis zogierTi mefe makbets eTayvaneba.
4. yoveli Sotlandieli lordi cixe-simagres flobs.
5. mefis yoveli mkvleloba mis lordebs Seuracxyofs.
6. yvela/bevri axalgazrda lordi dunkans pativs scems.
7. yoveli/yvela Sotlandieli lordi cixe-simagris patronia.
8. erTi (vinme) lordi makbets eTayvaneba.
9. zogi lordi makbets eTayvaneba.
10. yovel/yvela Sotlandiel lords cixe-simagre aqvs.
varskvalvebiT aRniSnul winadadebebSi piris da ricxvis niSnebSi SeTanxmeba darRveulia.
axla Semdeg kiTxvebs upasuxeT:
a. ivaraudeT, rom leqsikonSi yoveli ricxviTi nacvalsaxeli

gansazRvrulia, rogorc [+mravlobiTi],

[mravlobiTi] (mxolobiTi ricxvi), an bundovani (ricxvis
orive niSani SesaZlebelia). SeadgineT leqsikuri erTeuli
ricxviTi nacvalsaxelebisTvis all, many, some, each, every,
da CamoayalibeT SeTanxmebis iseTi SezRudva, romelic yvela
am monacems (1-5) (6-8 magaliTebTan SepirispirebiT)
iTvaliswinebs. am amocanis Sesrulebisas im faqts daeyrdeniT,
rom saxelian frazas [+ mravlobiTi aRniSvna Seesabameba, Tuki saxeli,
romelic saxeliani frazis saTao poziciaSi dgas, [+mravlobiTi]
aRniSvniT aRiniSneba.
b. ganmarteT, ratom aris winadadebebi (6) da (7) gramatikulad
gaumarTavi, zmnaze SeTaxmebisTvis darTuli mesame piris s
sufiqsiT, Tu mis gareSe. isic axseniT, Tu ratom aris
gramatikulad gamarTuli (3) da (8) winadadebebi.
g. ganmarteT, ratom aris gramatikulad gaumarTavi
(9) da (10) winadadebebi.
d. vivaraudoT, rom ricxviTi nacvalsaxelebi determinerebia.
(1-5) nimuSebze dayrdnobiT TqviT, romel kategorias irCevs

kategoriaTa SerCevis dros sakuTar damatebad TiToeuli
es ricxviTi nacvalsaxeli?
e. SeadgineT xisebri diagrama (2) winadadebisTvis
X-dabrkolebis Teoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic frazis
struqturasTan dakavSirebul wesebze msjelobisas
3.3.4 ganyofilebaSi ganvixileT.
v. Tqveni azriT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara SeTanxmebaze dawesebuli im
SezRudvis gabaTileba, romelic pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemisas moiSvelieT, roca ivaraudeT, rom TiToeuli
ricxviTi nacvalsaxelis leqsikur erTeuls am ricxviTi
nacvalsaxelis damatebisTvis ricxvis niSnis arCeva SeuZlia?
ganmarteT sakuTari pasuxi. mianiSneT, rogor xsnis (an iqneb
ver xsnis) es Teoria (6) da (7) winadadebebis gramatikul
gaumarTaobas.
z. axla damatebiTi masala ganvixiloT:
(11) All/ Many / Some of the lords respect Duncan.

(12) *All /Many /Some of the lords respects Duncan.

(13) * All /Many /Some of the lord respect(s) Duncan.
(14) Each of the lords owns a castle.
(15) * Each of the lord own(s) a castle.
(16) * Every of the lord(s) own(s) a castle.
(11) -(12) -(13) yvela/bevri/zogi lordi (an lordTagan) pativs scems dunkans.
(14) -(15) TiToeuli lordi (an lordTagani) flobs cixe-simagres.
(16) yvela lordi cixe-simagres flobs (` _).
axla (d) -sa da (v) -kiTxvebze gacemul Tqvens pasuxebs gadaxedeT da ise
SeasworeT, rom am axal damatebiT monacemebsac gadaswvdes. ivaraudeT, rom
am magaliTebSi windebuli of naTesaobiTi brunvis niSania, romelic mis (uSualod) momdevno poziciaSi mdgomi determineriani frazis naTesaobiT brunvaze
miuTiTebs, da ara namdvili windebulis am brunvaSi dgomaze. maSasadame, Tanmimdevroba of the lords Semdegnairad unda gaanalizdes: [+naTesaobiTi] df da
ara _ [+naTesaobiTi] Tf. axla axseniT, risTvis aris saWiro TiToeuli pasuxis
Sesworeba moyvanili nimuSebis gaTvaliswinebiT; yuradReba miaqcieT im faqts,
rom TiToeuli nimuSi mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs, amitom sruli pasu
xis gasacemad yoveli maTganis gaTvaliswineba dagWirdebaT. SeadgineT xisebri
diagrama (14) winadadebisTvis.
T. axla es damatebiTi nimuSebi mcocavi ricxviTi nacvalsaxelisTvis
(quantifier float, an Q-float) damaxasiaTebel konstruqciaSi movaqcioT da ase ganvixiloT. am konstruqciebSi ricxviTi nacvalsaxeli saxeliani frazis momdevno poziciaSi dgas da ara mis win.
(17) The (Scottish) lords all/each own a castle.
(18) * The (Scottish) lords many/some own a castle.
209
210
(19) * The (Scottish) lord(s) every own a castle.

(20) * The lords all/each owns a castle.
17. Sotlandieli lordebi yvela/TiToeuli flobs cixe-simagres.

18. Sotlandieli lordebi bevri/zogierTi flobs cixe-simagres.
19. Sotlandieli lord(eb)i yvela flobs cixe-simagres.
(darRvevaa SeTanxmebis niSnebSi)
20. lordebi yvela/TiToeuli flobs cixe-simagres. (darRveva
SeTnxmebis niSnebSi)
sanam am winadadebaTa struqturaSi garkvevas SeecdebiT, moyvanil nimuSebze dayrdnobiT mcocavi ricxviTi saxelis konstruqciaze ganzogadebuli
warmodgena unda SeiqmnaT. am konstruqciis Sesaxeb TiToeuli zemoT moyvanili winadadeba, sul mcire, erT mniSvnelovan miniSnebas mainc iZleva. amis gamo,
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, TqviT, raze miuTiTebs winadadeba. magaliTad, winadadeba (17) imas mowmobs, rom ricxviTi nacvalsaxelebi all da every SeiZleba aRmoCndnen mcocavi ricxviTi nacvalsaxelis konstruqciaSi; mowmobs imasac, rom
determineriani fraza winadadebis subieqtur poziciaSi SeiZleba iyos [+mravlobiTi], _ razec piriani zmnaze darTuli SeTanxmebis afiqsi miuTiTebs.
i. axla es masala ganvixiloT:
(21) They all support Duncan.
(22) All of them support Duncan.
(21) isini yvelani dunkans emxrobian.

(22) yvela maTgani dunkans emxroba.
vivaraudoT, rom mcocaci ricxviTi nacvalsaxelis konstruqcias satransformacio gadanacvlebis wesi qmnis, romelic anacvlebs determinerian
frazas im poziciidan, romelSic mas Cveulebriv naTesaobiTi brunva eniWeba
da winadadebis subieqtur poziciaSi ayenebs, sadac ukve saxelobiTi brunva
eniWeba. axla ki ganmarteT, rogor moxerxdeba am analizis meSveobiT (21) da
(22) winadadebebis warmoqmna? an rogor aixsneba (19) winadadebis gramatikuli
gaumarTaoba (16) gramatikuli gaumarTaobis fonze?
k. axla mcocavi ricxviTi saxelis konstruqciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakomponento struqtura ganvixiloT: ricxviTi nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba imave
determinerian frazaSi Sediodes, romelic determinerisa da mis win mdgomi
saxeliani frazisgan Sedgeba, an SeiZleba im zmniani frazis nawili iyos, romelic am determinerian frazas mosdevs; aseve SesaZloa, rom romelime sxva
poziciaSi idges. am sakiTxSi gasarkvevad, Semdegi masala gamoiyeneT:
(23) The lords should all respect Duncan.
(24) The lords may each own a castle.
(25) The lords should all respect Duncan, and all respect Duncan they will!
(26) *The lords should all respect Duncan, and respect Duncan they will all!
(27) The lords all should respect Duncan, and respect Duncan they all will!
(23) lordebi yvelani pativs unda scemdnen dunkans.
211
(24) lordebs SeiZleba TiToeuls cixe-simagre hqondes.

(25) -(26) (27) lordebma yvelam pativi unda sces dunkans da yvelani scemen
kidec dunkans pativs!
l. (i) da (k) kiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebze dayrdnobiT, axla mcocavi ricxviTi nacvalsaxelebis konstruqciis gaanalizebac SesaZlebelia, rac 3.3.4 ganyofilebaSi ganxilul zmniani frazis Sida subieqtis hipoTezasac unda daemyaros. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, subieqtis poziciaSi mdgomi determineriani
fraza zmnian frazaSi msazRvrelis poziciidan droiT frazaSi gadainacvlebs.
es satransformacio gadanacvlebis wesis meSveobiT xdeba. axla ganmarteT,
rogor xdeba es da Tqveni Sexedulebis TvalsaCinoebisTvis winadadeba (22) s xisebri diagrama SeudgineT. Tu SesaZlebelia, isic axseniT, Tu ratom TamaSobs zmniani frazis Sida subieqtis hipoTeza aseT mniSvnelovan rols, roca
mcocavi ricxviTi saxelis konstruqciaSi ricxviTi nacvalsaxelis mdebareobis gansazRvras vcdilobT, an roca imis ganmarteba gvsurs, Tu ratom aris
SesaZlebeli winadadeba (21) -Si nacvalsaxelis iseT poziciaSi gadanacvleba,
sadac mas saxelobiTi brunva eniWeba. (miniSneba: ivaraudeT, rom saxelobiTi
brunva mxolod subieqtur pozicias eniWeba da rom determineriani frazis
gadanacvleba mxolod iseT poziciaSia SesaZlebeli, romelic ukve sxva determineriani frazis mier ar aris dakavebuli.)
X enis frazis struqtura

am savarjiSos mizania, rom aramSobliur enaze (teqstSi: inglisuris garda
sxva enebze) muSaobis alRo gagiRvivoT. Tu es saxelmZRvanelo iseT jgufSic
gamoiyeneba, sadac studentebis mSobliuri ena erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba,
maSin kargi iqneba, Tu studentebi jgufebad gaerTiandebian da konkretuli
enis masalaze erTad imuSaveben. gansaxilveli ena jgufis erT-erTi wevrisTvis mainc unda iyos mSobliuri; misi Sexeduleba ama Tu im formis gamarTuloba-gaumarTaobis Sesaxeb jgufs dasayrden wyarod gamoadgeba. (pedagogis
survilisamebr, davalebas mTeli jgufi erTad asrulebs, an misi calkeuli
wevrebi damoukideblad muSaoben, Sedegebs ki erTad ganixilaven.)
Tu saxelmZRvanelos iseT jgufSi iyeneben, sadac jgufis ZiriTad nawils
erTi mSobliuri ena (am SemTxvevaSi inglisuri) aqvs, sxva enaze mosaubreni ki
cotani arian, maSin, albaT, upriani iqneba, Tu pedagogi gansaxilvel masalas
mTel jgufs daunawilebs, raTa TiToeulma studentma damoukideblad imu
Saos. kidev erTi variantis Tanaxmad, studentebi individualurad, an iseT
jgufebSi muSaoben, romlebSic sxvadasxva ucxo enaze mosaubre studentebi
arian gaerTianebulni.
Tuki Cveni saxelmZRvaneloTi iseTi jgufi muSaobs, romlis yvela an TiTqmis yvela students erTi mSobliuri ena aqvs (magaliTad, Tu saxelmZRvanelo
arainglisurenovan qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba, sadac yvela studenti arainglisurenovania), aseT SemTxvevaSi ajobebs, Tu TiToeuli studenti damoukideblad imuSavebs da sakuTar alRos miendoba.
savarjiSo 3.14
212
SegiZliaT, Tqvens ucxoenovan Tanakursels TxovoT, rom Tavis mSobliur

enaze martivi winadadebebi SegidginoT, rac qvemoT moyvanili inglisuri winadadebebis miaxloebiTi da zusti Targmani iqneba SeuZlia saxelebi sxva saxelebiT Caanacvlos, magram gramatikuli sqesi unda SeinarCunos. raki Tqveni
ucxoenovani Tanakurseli Cvens ganvlil masalas TqvensaviT icnobs, SegiZliaT winadadebis sityvebad dayofis da am sityvebisTvis (sityvebis farglebSi ki
_ morfemebisTvis) Semoklebuli ganmartebebis miweris miseul unars endoT.
sjobs sityva morfemebad daiyos, morfemebis Semoklebul ganamrtebebs ki
mTliani idiomaturi ganmarteba mosdevdes. ar daizaroT damatebiTi nimuSebis
Sedgenac, miT ufro, Tuki ZiriTadi winadadebebis garCevis romelime TqvenTvis gadaulaxav problemas gadaawydebiT.
(a) gadaTargmneT qvemoT mocemuli inglisuri winadadebebi X enaze. X enaze
momzadebuli TiToeuli es nimuSi inglisuri Semoklebuli ganmartebebiT unda
iyos warmodgenili. aseTi ganmarteba TiToeul morfemas dasWirdeba.
1. The king found some books.
2. He read the books to his son.
3. The three soldiers stirred the soup.
4. They stirred it for three hours.
5. The soldier was old and ugly.
6. The castle is on a hill near a lake.
7. Antonio lives in Venice.
8. Duncan arrived at the castle yesterday.
9. Prosperos book will arrive next week.
10. The kind man gave a book to his daughter.
11. She will put the book on a chair.
12. Macbeth may find them in the forest. (gaiTvaliswineT, rom am
winadadebaSi nacvalsaxeli them adamianebs Seesatyviseba).

13. Falstaff drank a glass of beer.
14. Falstaff drank because he was thirsty.
15. Miranda knew that Prospero had many books.
16. Hamlet said that his mother was disloyal.
17. Portia told Shylock that he should be kind to Antonio.
18. Macbeth tried to kill the king.
19. Macbeth wanted to meet a witch.
20. Prospero has promised to give her the book.
1. mefem zogierTi wigni ipova.
2. is (mamr.) Tavis vaJs wignebs ukiTxavda.

3. sami jariskaci wvnians urevda.
4. isini mas sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi urevdnen.
5. jariskaci moxuci da maxinji iyo.
6. cixe-simagre mTazea, tbis maxloblad.
7. antonio veneciaSi cxovrobs.
8. dunkani cixe-simagreSi guSin (Ca)movida.

9. prosperos wigni Semdeg kviras Camova.
10. keTilma kacma Tavis qaliSvils wigni misca.
11. is (mdedr.) wigns skamze dadebs.
12. makbeti maT tyeSi ipovis.
13. falstafma kaTxa (Wiqa) ludi dalia.
14. falstafma dalia, vinaidan swyuroda.
15. mirandam icoda, rom prosperos bevri wigni hqonda.
16. hamletma Tqva, rom dedamisi moRalate iyo (erTguli ar iyo).
17. porciam Sailoks uTxra (sTxova), rom antonios kargad moqceoda.
18. makbeti mefis mokvlas cdilobda.
19. makbets kudianTan Sexvedra undoda.
20. prospero Sepirda, rom mas (mdedr.) wigns miscemda.
b. SeadgineT X enis leqsikoni, TiToeul sityvas Sesatyvisi
Targmani miuwereT. leqsikoni leqsikuri kategoriebis mixedviT

SeadgineT, ise, rogorc wina savarjiSoebSi vakeTebdiT.
g. Tu migaCniaT, rom Tqvens leqsikonSi Semavali romelime sityva

erTze meti morfemisgan Sedgeba, TiToeuli aseTi morfemis
mniSvnelobis dadgena unda scadoT, Semdeg ki im
morfologiuri wesebis Camoyalibeba sinjeT, romelic
morfemebis SerwymiT sityvebs warmoqmnian.
d. SeadgineT sxvadasxva leqsikuri kategoriis CamonaTvali
(saxeli, zmna, nacvalsaxeli, windebuli da sxva) X enis
sityvebisgan. Tqvens leqsikonSi TiToeul sityvas
Sesabamisi leqsikuri kategoria unda hqondes miwerili. Tu
ama Tu im sityvasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTar sisworeSi
darwmunebuli ar xarT, maSin, Tuki, amis
sawinaaRmdego mowmoba ar Cans, ivaraudeT, rom X enis es sityva

imave leqsikur kategorias miekuTvneba, romelSic misi
inglisuri Targmani Sedis.
e. daakvirdiT, gaaCnia Tu ara X enas iseTi nacvalsaxelebi,
rogorebic inglisurSia he/she/they/them/his/her? SeiZleba Tu
ara, es nacvalsaxelebi nulovani (gamouTqmeli ) gamodges?
Tu ase geCvenebaT, maSin is poziciebi (subieqtis, obieqtis,
iribi obieqtis da a.S) daasaxeleT, romlebSic isini
nulovani iqneba. imis gasarkvevad, savaldebuloa Tu ara zogierTi
nacvalsaxeli, SeiZleba X enovani studentis konsultacia
dagWirdeT.
v. Tqveni azriT, aqvs Tu ara X enas iseTi gansazRvruli da/an
ganusazRvreli artiklebi, rogorebic inglisuri the da a(n)
artiklebia?
z. SesaZlebelia Tu ara X enaSi droiani winadadebebis CarTul
klauzulebad gamoyeneba? Tu asea, ra saxis cvlilebas amCnevT
213
214
(Tuki amCnevT) ZiriTad winadadebasa da CarTul klauzulas

Soris, damatebis mqmneli sityvis, sityvaTa
Tanmimdevrobis sagangebo sufiqsebis da a.S. TvalsazrisiT?
moitaneT TvalsaCino magaliTebi.
T. aris Tu ara X enaSi damxmare zmnebi, Tu masSi ZiriTad zmnas
mxolod sufiqsebi erTvis? daasabuTeT Tqveni Sexeduleba.
i. gaaCnia Tu ara X enas nebismieri saxis brunvis niSnebi,
romlebic miuTiTeben, subieqturia determineriani
fraza, obieqturi Tu iribi obieqtis poziciaSi dgas?
ganmarteT Tqveni mosazreba, moiyvaneT magaliTebi.
k. amJRavnebs Tu ara X ena subieqtisa da zmnis SeTanxmebis
niSnebs, iseTi SeTanxmebisa, rogoric maT Soris inglisur
enaSia (magaliTad, the boys are here the boy is here)?
moiyvaneT Tqveni Sexedulebis mamtkicebeli magaliTebi.
SeTanxmebulia Tu ara zmna mis obieqtTan? arsebobs
Tu ara rame sxva saxis
SeTanxmeba, magaliTad, determinersa, an artiklsa da
saxels Soris?
l. scadeT X enaSi komponentTa ZiriTadi Tanmimdevrobis
gansazRvra, daadgineT subieqtis, obieqtis, iribi obieqtis,
zmnisa da sxvaTa poziciebis mdebareoba. Tu geCvenebaT,
rom am enaSi komponentTa erTze meti Tanmimdevrobaa
SesaZlebeli, SegiZliaT, konsultacia X enaze mosaubre
studentisgan miiRoT.
m. scadeT, moyvanil masalaSi Sexvedrili frazis TiToeuli
tipisTvis frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebuli wesi
CamoayaliboT. yovel aseT wess misi Sesatyvisi magaliTi
daurTeT, romelic gansaxilveli masalidanve iqneba
moyvanili. gaixseneT, rom komponentTa Tanmimdevroba
frazis TiToeuli tipisTvis SeiZleba Tqveni mSobliuri
(am SemTxvevaSi inglisuri ) enisaTvis Cveuli
Tanmimdevrobisgan gansxvavdebodes. am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemisas SeiZleba im daskvnamde mixvideT, rom zogierTi
komponenti (magaliTad, zmnebi, nacvalsaxelebi, an sxva
kategoriebi) satransformacio gadanacvlebis wesebs
eqvemdareba; Tu es asea, maSin frazis struqturasTan
dakavSirebul Tqvens wess SegiZliaT gadanacvlebis erTi an
meti wesi daamatoT, magram Tqveni mosazreba dasasabuTebeli
geqnebaT, xolo saamiso masala gansaxilveli winadadebebidan
unda moitanoT.
n. SeadgineT xisebri diagramebi 1, 2, 6, 9, 15 da 20
winadadebebisTvis. darwmundiT, rom Tqveni diagramebi
frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebul Tqvensave
mier Camoyalibebul wesebs Seesabameba.
o. gansazRvreT X enis Tqvens mier Sedgenil leqsikonSi Semavali

zmnebis is maxasiaTebelebi, romlebic kategoriaTa arCevas
ukavSirdeba.
p. aRniSneT yvelaferi, rac X enis sityvaTa TanmimdevrobasTan
da Zireul gramatikasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli
da saintereso geCvenebaT.
215
4
sintaqsi II:
sintaqsuri damokidebulebebi
Tavis Sinaarsi
4.0 Sesavali

4.0.1 sakomponento struqtura

4.0.2 kategoriis SerCeva da
semantikuri SerCeva:
sintaqsuri damokidebulebebis
magaliTebi
4.1 TvalsaCinoeba: negatiuri polarobis

sakiTxebi

4.1.1 asawyobi Tavsatexi

4.1.2 zogierTi problemis Sesaxeb;

rogor gavumklavdeT maT

4.1.3 lingvisturi wesebis mgrZnobiaroba

struqturis mimarT

4.1.4 problemis gadaWra

4.1.5 mniSvnelovani da dasamaxsovrebeli

sakiTxebi
4.2 sintaqsur damokidebulebaTa

ZiriTadi saxeebi

4.2.1 SerCeva

4.2.2 morfologiurad gamoxatuli

ZiriTadi damokidebulebebi

4.2.3 daSorebuli damokidebulebebi:

gadanacvleba

4.2.4 damokidebulebebi, romlebic

gadanacvlebas ar moicavs
4.3 Sejameba
SeniSvnebi
savarjiSoebi
Sesavali 4.0
arsebobs ori Zireuli maxasiaTebeli, romlebic sametyvelo enebis sintaqsur agebulebas ganapirobebs. pirveli maTgani sakomponento struqturaa,
romelic wina TavSi ganvixileT, meore ki sintaqsuri damokidebulebebis arsebobaa, anu is faqti, rom sityvaTa garkveul TanwyobaSi calkeuli sityvisa
Tu morfemis arseboba amave TanwyobaSi sxva sityvisa Tu sxva morfemis arsebobazea damokidebuli. am TavSi sintaqsur damokidebulebebze visaubrebT.
4.0.1 sakomponento struqtura

zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom sityvaTa Tanwyoba iseTi erTeulebisgan Sedgeba,
romelTac Cven komponentebs vuwodebT. winadadeba, vTqvaT, iseTi, rogoric
(1) magaliTSia warmodgenili:
(1)
The jealous brother betrayed the lord of Florence.
sintaqsi II: sintaqsuri damokidebulebebi
eWvianma Zmam florenciis mmarTvels uRalata.
TavisTavad erTeulia da sxva erTeulebisa da qveerTeulebisgan Sedgeba,

rogorc qvemoT, magaliT (2) -Sia kvadratuli frCxilebis meSveobiT aRniSnuli, an misi eqvivalenturi xisebri diagramis meSveobiT magaliT (3) -Sia gamosaxuli (wina TavSi aRniSvnis am xerxebzec visaubreT).
(2) [Tf [df [d The] [sf jealous] [s brother] ] ]
[dr. [dr warsuli] [zmf
betrayed [df [d the ] [sf[s lord] [Tf [T of] [ df Florence] ] ] ] ] ] ]

(3)
Tf
df
d
the
dr
sf
zed
jealous
dr
s
brother
zmf
warsuli z
betrayed
df
the
sf
s
lord
Tf
T
of
df
Florence
rogorc wina TavSi vTqviT, reprezentaciis aseTi forma TvalsaCinod

gviCvenebs, rogor jgufdeba sityvebi ufro didi erTeulebis warmosaqmnelad
(magaliTad, saxeli brother da zedsarTavi jealous erTmaneTTan SerwymiT saxelian
frazas qmnis), romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ufro didi erTeulebis warmosaqmnelad
jgufdeba (aseTebia, magaliTad, determineriani fraza jealous brother da zmniani fraza betrayed the lord of Florence. es frazebi erTad droiT frazas qmnian).
mniSvnelovania imis codnac, rom sityvaTa erT jgufs ufro didi erTeulebis
warmoqmnis unari aqvs, sxvebs ki _ara. saamiso magaliTebi wina TavSic Segvxvda,
roca SeTanxmebaze visaubreT. sityvaTa im Tanwyobas, romelTac ufro msxvil
jgufebad gaerTianebis unari aqvT, erTeulebi, ufro xSirad ki, komponentebi ewodeba. metic, Tu ori jgufi erTnairad funqcionirebs (anu erTsa da imave
poziciaSi dgebian), Sesabamisad erTnair markirebas iReben kidec (magaliTad,
saxelian frazas jealous brother da meore saxelian frazas lord of Florence iseT determinerebTan SeuZliaT Serwyma, rogoricaa the da this da determinerian frazas qmnian).
217
218
4.0.2 kategoriis SerCeva da semantikuri SerCeva: sintaqsuri

damokidebulebebis magaliTebi
sakomponento analizi da komponentTa markireba amomwuravad ar gamoxatavs sametyvelo enebis sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb Cvens srul codnas ar Seicavs. winadadebaSi (an sityvaTa wyobaSi) sxvadasxva poziciebs Soris garkveuli damokidebulebebi arsebobs. es imas niSnavs, rom winadadebaSi
garkveuli sityvis an gamoTqmis gamoCena amave winadadebaSi sxva sityvis an sityvaTa Tanwyobazea damokidebuli.
magaliT (4) -Si moyvanili winadadebebic amas adasturebs. (wina Tavebis msgavsad, gramatikulad gaumarTavi an raime TvalsazrisiT miuRebeli winadadebis
an frazis aRsaniSnavad aqac * varskvlavs gamoviyenebT).
(4) a. This moat surrounds his castle.

b. * This moat surrounds
g. * This moat surrounds from the food
d.* This moat surrounds two minutes.

a. es Txrili mis cixe-simagres gars akravs.

b. es Txrili akravs

g. es Txrili gars akravs saWmlidan

d. es Txrili gars akravs or wuTs
(4b)-s msgavsi winadadebebis arasrulfasovnebam me-3 TavSi gvafiqrebina, rom unda arsebobdes SerCevis (saseleqcio) SezRudvebi. axla mokled
gavimeorebT, Tu ras gulisxmobs es saseleqcio SezRudvebi. zmna surround
pirdapir obieqts, anu, sxvagvarad, determineriani frazis kategoriis wevr
damatebas moiTxovs. am faqts Cven maSin kategoriaTa SerCeva, anu c-SerCeva
vuwodeT. es imas niSnavs, rom kategorias, romelsac damateba unda miekuTvnebodes, zmna surround irCevs. winadadeba (4g) TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom masSi
Tandebuliani frazis gamoCena damatebad SeuZlebelia. Tu am determineriani
frazis sxva kategoriiT, vTqvaT, zedsarTaviani fraziT Canacvlebas Seecde
biT, darwmundebiT, rom am poziciaSi mxolod da mxolod determineriani frazis dgomaa SesaZlebeli. raki (4d) -Si kategoriaTa SerCevis SezRudva ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli, es winadadebac arasrulfasovania.
windadeba (4d) -s arasrulfasovnebam me-3 TavSi kidev erT daskvnamde migviyvana. maSin im azramde mivediT, rom kidev erTi saseleqcio SezRudva _ semantikuri SezRudva, anu s-SezRudva unda arsebobdes, vinaidan igi zmnis da mis
mier arCeuli damatebis azrobriv mxares, mis Sinaarss, anu semantikur maxasiaTebelebs ukavSirdeba: es SemTxveva gviCvenebs, rom zmna surround pirdapiri obieqtis, anu df damatebis arsebobas moiTxovs, Tanac es determineriani
fraza konkretuli obieqtiT _ castle _cixe-simagre unda iyos warmodgenili
da ara drois erTeuliT, rogoricaa sityva minutes. (4d) arasrulfasovani winadadeba swored imis gamoa, rom masSi es semantikuri saseleqcio SezRudvaa
darRveuli.
kategoriaTa SerCevac da semantikuri SerCevac sintaqsuri damokidebulebebis nimuSebia. zemoT ganxilul magaliTebSi swored es damokidebulebebi
amyarebs kavSirs zmnasa da mis damatebas Soris (Tuki aseTi saWiroa).

sintaqsuri damokidebulebis kidev erTi magaliTia winadadeba (5):
(5)
The fairies will not like witchcraft at all.
feriebs jadoqroba sulac ar moewonebaT.
magaliT (4) -Si gamoyenebuli procedurebis meSveobiT winadadeba (5) -Si

arsebuli zogierTi damokidebuleba ukeT SeiZleba gamoikveTos. SegviZlia
sityva gadavaadgiloT, an wavSaloT da am cvlilebaTa Sedegebi ganvixiloT.
gamoTqma at all (sulac) SeiZleba meore gamoTqmiT _ a lot (Zalian, didad)
SevcvaloT. winadadebis gamarTulobas amiT araferi daakldeba _ msgavsi
Canacvlebis Sedegad kvlav gamarTul winadadebas viRebT:
(6)
The fairies will not like witchcraft a lot.
feriebs jadoqroba didad ar moewonebaT.
es Canacvleba winadadebis mniSvnelobis cvlas iwvevs (vinaidan frazebi

`sulac ar moewonebaT~ da `didad ar moewonebaT~ Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTis identuri araa), magram gramatikulad orive winadadeba gamarTulia. iseT
Canacvlebebs, romelTac am mxriv cvlilebebi ar mohyveba, vargisi Canacvlebebi (good substitutions) ewodebaT, rogorc winadadeba (6). Tumca, aseTive
gamarTuloba yvela saxis Canacvlebas rodi mohyveba. uvargisi Canacvlebebis
(bad substitutions) Sedegad gramatikulad gaumarTav winadadebebsa da frazebs
viRebT. aseT dros winadadebis erTi wevris aucilebel, SesanarCunebel maxasiaTebels Canacvlebuli sityva Tu fraza ver avsebs. gansaxilveli winadadeba
(7) erTi aseTi magaliTia:
(7)
* The fairies does not like witchcraft at all.
feriebs jadoqroba didad ar moewoneba((T) -aklia).

(originalSi subieqtis da zmnis ricxvia SeuTanxmebeli).
damxmare zmnis will Canacvleba does zmnuri formiT gramatikul gaumarTaobas iwvevs. imgvari Canacvlebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis meSveobiTac winadadeba (5) -isgan (6) -s viRebT, es ukanaskneli Canacvleba gramatikuli organizebis aucilebel moTxovnas arRvevs. winadadeba (7) -is gaumarTaoba im wesis
arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic inglisur enaSi subieqtis da zmnis SeTanxmebas moiTxovs, esaa sintaqsuri damokidebuleba winadadebis subieqtisa
da zmnuri formis ricxvs Soris. zmna does mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba,
Tu subieqti mxolobiT ricxvSi dgas.
rogorc xedavT, imis sruli aRwera, Tu rogor jgufdeba erTad sityvebi
ufro didi erTeulebis Sesaqmnelad ise, rom gramatikulad gamarTuli forma
miviRoT, mxolod sakomponento struqturis terminebSia SesaZlebeli. mniSvnelovan rols is sxvadasxva damokidebulebebic asrulebs, romlebic sityvebsa da ufro did komponentebs Soris arsebobs.
sadac ki arsebobs es damokidebulebebi, iq uvargisi Canacvlebebic xdeba,
romlebic am damokidebulebaTa moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs. enis sintaqsuri
damokidebulebebis kvlevisas Canacvlebebi (gansakuTrebiT ki uvargisi Canacvlebebi) kvlevis SesaniSnavi xerxia. am damokidebulebebis arsebobas, maTs bunebas da zRvrebs swored Canacvlebebi aaSkaravebs.
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4.1 TvalsaCinoeba: negatiuri polarobis sakiTxebi

axla erT kerZo SemTxvevas ganvixilavT, romelic sintaqsuri damokidebulebebis aRmosaCen da sakvlev meTodebze SegiqmniT warmodgenas, gzadagza ki
im sakiTxebsa da problemebs ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis gamoyenebisas wamoiWreba.
4.1.1 asawyobi Tavsatexi

xelaxla ganvixiloT (5) winadadeba:
(5) The fairies will not like witchcraft at all.
feriebs jadoqroba sulac ar moewonebaT.
axla Cveni amocana imis garkvevaa, arsebobs Tu ara ukve ganxilul kategoriaTa SerCevisa da semantikuri SerCevis garda kidev sxva sintaqsuri
damokidebulebebi. ar arsebobs iseTi meTodi, romelic gagvarkvevinebs, rogori Canacvlebebi unda movsinjoT Cvens kiTxvaze sapasuxod. roca Canacvlebebze zemoT vmsjelobdiT, vnaxeT, ra Sedegi mohyva does damxmare zmniT will
damxmare zmnis Canacvlebas, xolo (4) winadadebaSi determineriani frazis his
castle pirdapiri obieqtiT two minutes Canacvlebas.
axla modiT not sityvis sxvadasxvagvari Canacvlebis magaliTebi ganvixiloT. not sityvis Canacvleba sxva gamoTqmiT SezRudvebis gareSe SeiZleba
gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadebebis mTeli wyebiT dasruldes. am uvargisi Canacvlebebis Sedegebi TvalnaTliv rom vixiloT, is swor frCxilebSi moqceuli gamoTqmebiT rig-rigobiT CavanacvloT:
(8) The fairies will

NOT

like witchcraft at all.
{ John / rainfall / proud / ate / with /
never in a million years / go to school }
{joni / Tavsxma / amayi / Wama-iT / milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi

arasdros/ skolaSi wasvla }
male darwmundebiT, rom Tqvens mier miRebuli yvela winadadeba, im versiis gamoklebiT, romelSic not sityvis Canacvleba fraziT never in a million
years moxda, arasrulfasovania. es Canacvlebebi mocemul winadadebaSi not
sityvis gansakuTrebul rols (Tuki aseTi gaaCnia ) arsebiTad ver aaSkaravebs.
gacilebiT ukeTes Sedegs mivaRwevT, Tuki am sityvas mis msgavsTa meSveobiT
CavanacvlebT, anu iseTi sityvebiT, romlebic winadadebaSi massaviT funqcionirebs. sirTules is qmnis, rom jer ar viciT, ras niSnavs es msgavsni. albaT, arc es gagviWirdeboda, rom vicodeT, ras warmoadgens sityva not _ ras
niSnavs da rogor funqcionirebs winadadebaSi, magram es nawilobriv, aris is,
ris garkvevasac vcdilobT.
roca kompleqsuri situaciis urTierTqmedebaSi myofi nawilebis raobis
garkvevas vcdilobT, rogorc wesi, swored aseT mdgomareobas vawydebiT
xolme. roca erTi nawilis, Tu wevris raobis garkvevas veswrafviT, jer is
roli gvaqvs gasacnobierebeli, romelsac igi sistemaSi TamaSobs. am rolis
gasarkvevad sistemaSi unda gaverkveT, sistemaSi garkveva ki mxolod misi
nawilebis raobis dadgeniT aris SesaZlebeli. am Caketil wres rom Tavi da-
vaRwioT, procesis gagrZelebis romelime gza unda movsinjoT. swori iqneba

es gza Tu ara, amas mas Semdeg gavigebT, roca ukeT gavacnobierebT im Sesabamis
faqtorebs, romlebic arCeuli gzis sisworeSi an mcdarobaSi dagvarwmunebs.
amgvar mosinjvamde jer erTi gamartivebuli SemTxveva ganvixiloT da gavarkvioT, ra saxis elementebia sityvis not msgavsi, anu sxva romel elementebs
SeuZlia kanonzomierad Cadges damxmare, vTqvaT, will zmnasa da ZiriTad, vTqvaT, leave an like zmnas Soris, rogorc (9) winadadebaSi:
(9)
Titania will
not
leave.
titania ar wava.
(10) a. { indeed / perhaps /often / probably /never in a million years }

b. *{ John / rainfall /proud /ate / with / go to school }
(10a) -Si momxdari Canacvlebebi gramatikulad gamarTul formebs qmnis,
magram (10b) -Si CamoTvlili sityvebiT Canacvleba gramatikul gaumarTaobas
iwvevs. amis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sityvis not funqciisa Tu
gavlenis gasacnobiereblad Canacvlebebi im elementebamdea SesazRudi,
romlebic sityvis not msgavsni arian _ im TvalsazrisiT, rom damxmare zmnasa
da ZiriTad zmnas Soris Cadgoma maTac SeuZliaT. bevr aseT wevrs tradiciulad
zmniswina (zmnizedebs) miakuTvneben. es sityvebi SeiZleba uSualod zmnis
win Cadges da misi mniSvnelobis cvla gamoiwvios. es bundovani gzaa imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom xsenebuli sityvebi zmnis mniSvnelobas raimenairad
cvlis. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirvel etapze sityva not-is Canacvlebisas arCevans
sxva zmniswina zmnizedebamde SevzRudavT, anu Casanacvlebel sityvas amaTgan
amovirCevT.
sanam am process gavagrZelebdeT, yuradReba miaqcieT Semdeg winaaRmdegobas: inglisuri enis minigramatika, romelzec Cveni wignis wina TavSi visaubreT, (8) an (9) nimuSebismagvar winadadebebs ar warmoqmnis, vinaidan mas iseTi
wesi ar gaaCnia, romelic not an at all elementebs moicavs. imisTvis, rom nimuS (9)
-is magvari gamarTuli winadadeba miviRoT, romelSic not an indeed da perhaps
elementebi zmniani frazis win dgas, an (8) -is magvari gamarTuli winadadeba,
romelsac zmniani frazis boloSi gamoTqma at all aqvs, frazis struqturasTan
dakavSirebuli wesebis CamonaTvals kidev erTi unda davumatoT. Tu zemoT
CamoTvlil elementebs zmnizedebs (an zmnizedis tipis gamoTqmebs) vuwodebT, Sesabamisi wesi amgvari iqneba:
wesi 1: zmf zmnizeda zmf zmnizeda
am wesis wyalobiT yvelaferi, rac leqsikonSi zmnizedad ganisazRvreba,
SeiZleba zmniani frazis win an Semdeg idges. Tumca, raki iseTi gamarTuli,
gramatikulad swori winadadebebic Segvxvedria, romelic zmnizedebs ar Seicavs, es wesi SegviZlia xelaxla, frCxilebiT aRniSvnis gamoyenebiT Camovaya
liboT da misi meSveobiT is faqtic ganvsazRvroT, rom CarTuli wevrebi
arasavaldebuloa.
wesi 2 zmf (zmnizeda) zmf (zmnizeda)
yvelafers, rac aqamde gavakeTeT, im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom Canacvlebis xerxiT kvlevisas iseTi Canacvlebebi ar unda movaxdinoT, romlebic
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mocemuli enis frazis struqturasTan dakavSirebul wesebs arRvevs: saxeli

rainfall (10) winadadebaSi Canacvlebis kandidaturad im martivi mizezis gamo ar
gamodgeba, rom es sityva zmnizeda ar aris (es faqti damoukideblad SeiZleba
da unda _ damtkicdes).
Tavdapirvel, (7) winadadebaSi sityvis not Canacvleba sxva zmnizedebiT aseT
Sedegebs iZleva:
(11) a. The fairies will
not / never

like witchcraft at all

b. * The fairies will
perhaps / often/
like witchcraft at all
indeed probably/
aqedan mxolod erTi Canacvleba SeiZleba iyos vargisi: sityvis not Canacvleba sityviT never (arasdros) damakmayofilebel Sedegs iZleva, sxva danarCeni _ ara. miuRebelia am sityvis nulovani wyobiT Canacvlebac. am etapze Cven
ori Tanmimdevruli dakvirveba (da daskvnac) movaxdineT:
varaudi: CanacvlebaTa SezRudva zmniswina zmnizedebamde (anu erTi zmniswina zmnizedis Secvla meore misi msgavsiT ) im fenomenis aRweris procesSi,
romlis Seswavlasac vcdilobT, swori gzidan ar gadagvaxvevinebs.
pirveli dakvirveba: not sityvis Canacvleba romelime sxva zmniswina zmnizediT (rogorc (11a) -Si ), vargisi Canacvlebaa.
meore dakvirveba: not sityvis Canacvleba sxva zmniswina zmnizedebiT xandaxan, rogorc (10a) -Si, vargisi Canacvlebaa, Tumca ara yovelTvis (magaliTad,
(11b) -Si).
am dakvirvebebis safuZvelze ori kiTxva Cndeba:
pirveli kiTxva: ra ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan (9) -is da (11) -is msgavs SemTxvevebs?
raki (9) -Si zmniswina zmnizedebiT Canacvleba naklebad problematuri Cans,
vidre (11) -Si, albaT, Sesabamisi sxvaoba winadadeba (9) -sa _ Titania will not leave
da (11) -s _ The fairies will not like witchcraft at all Sorisac unda arsebobdes.
gaixseneT: Tu Canacvleba cudia, maSasadame, sintaqsur damokidebulebaTa
romelime moTxovnaa darRveuli. iseTi ra elementi warmoadgens am damokidebulebebs winadadeba (11) -Si, romelic winadadeba (9) -Si araa warmodgenili?
savaraudod, (11) -Si romelime mgrZnobiare elementi gvaqvs, romelsac konkretuli tipis zmniswina zmnizeda gaaCnia. raki gamoTqma at all gvaqvs (11) winadadebaSi, magram ara (9) -Si, rogorc Cans, am elementobis kandidati swored es
gamoTqmaa. damoukideblad mdgomi at all gamoTqma arafers niSnavs. sxva iseTi
sityvebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic zomas, moculobas, moqmedebis ganvrcobas gamoxataven, rogoricaa, magaliTad, a lot, at all damoukideblad ar
ixmareba. kiTxvaze: How did you like this movie? (`rogor mogewonaT es filmi?~)
SeiZleba upasuxoT: a lot (`Zalian~), magram ara at all, vinaidan aseTi pasuxi ucnauri da gaugebari iqneboda, Tumca, pasuxi Not at all! (`sulac ara!~) sruliad
misaRebad JRers. am gamoTqmas mniSvneloba gaaCnia. gamoTqmas at all ki mniSvneloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneba, Tuki sadme, imave winadadebaSi masTan dakavSirebuli sityva not gagvaCnia.
im mosazrebis gansavrcobad, rom mgrZnobiare elementi swored at all aris,
igi magaliT (11) -is yvela winadadebidan amoviRoT. esec Canacvlebis erTgvari
formaa, oRond Canacvleba amjerad _ sityvaTa nulovani TanwyobiT xdeba.
Tu ase moviqceviT, magaliT (11) -is yvela winadadeba misaRebi gaxdeba. es faqti
Zirs ki im mosazrebas umagrebs, rom swored at all gamoTqmaa mizezi magaliT (11)
-is gramatikuli gaumarTaobisa.
am hipoTezis gamocdis kidev erTi gza kvlav wina proceduris msgavsi iqneba, anu misi sisworis Semowmeba isev CanacvlebiT SegviZlia. Tu mgrZnobiare
elementi at all gamoTqmaa, amjerad misi Secvla msgavsi, magram gansxvavebuli
elementiT unda vcadoT. imis gansamartavad, Tu ras vgulisxmobT msgavs, magram gansxvavebul elementSi, not sityvis magaliTs unda mivubrundeT. iq Cven
msgavsi elementiT Canacvlebaze vsaubrobdiT, romelic ufro xSirad imave
leqsikuri kategoriis wevri unda yofiliyo, romelic Tavdapirveli sityvis poziciaSi jdeboda da igive mniSvneloba gaaCnda. gansxvavebulSi ki iseT
Canacvlebebs vgulisxmobT, romlebic sensitiuri (anu mgrZnobiare) ar aris
(an gansxvavebuli sensitiuroba gaaCnia). not at all, at all zmnizedis tipis iseTi
gamoTqmebia, romelic moqmedebis ganvrcobis zomas asaxavs. maT Cven sididis
zmnizedas davarqmevT. vcadoT axla maTi Secvla sididis sxva zmnizedebiT, an
zmnizedis tipis im gamoTqmebiT, romelTa mniSvneloba maTi msgavsia, magaliTad, a lot (bevrad, Zalian, didad), much (bevri), a little bit (odnav, cota) more
than (meti vidre (raime). Sedegi amgvari iqneba:
(12) a. Fairies will not / never like witchcraft at all / a lot / much /

a little bit / more than algae.
feriebs (sulac/sruliad/ didad / Zalian /odnav )

ar /arasdros moewonebaT jadoqroba zRvis mcenareebze metad.
b. Fairies will indeed / perhaps / often / probably / like witchcraft
* at all / a lot / * much / a little bit / more than algae.
feriebs jadoqroba (namdvilad /albaT / xSirad / albaT / )

(*sulac / didad / *Zalian / odnav / ufro ) zRvis mcenareebze
metad moewonebaT.
es magaliTebi Semdegnairad unda iqnes wakiTxuli: TiToeuli winadadebisTvis erTi zmniswina zmnizedaa asarCevi da erTic _ sididis zmnizeda. Tu Sedegi
misaRebi ar iqna, maSin zmnizeda varskvlaviT aRiniSneba, xolo Tu misaRebi aRmoCnda, aseT SemTxvevaSi varskvlavis dasma saWiro araa. rogorc xedavT, iseT
zmniswina zmnizedebTan erTad, rogoricaa not da never, winadadebaSi sididis
yvela zmnizedis arseboba dasaSvebia. Tu zmniswina zmnizedebi mocemuli ar
aris, an mocemulia, magaliTad, indeed, perhaps, often, probably misaRebia sididis iseTi zmnizedebi, rogoricaa a lot, a little bit, magram aris iseTi sididis
zmnizedebic _ at all, much, romlebic maTTan erTad winadadebaSi ver idgeba.
am magaliTebis safuZvelze ori daskvnis gamotana SegviZlia. pirveli:
SezRudvebis mizezi swored gamoTqma at all aris. Tuki iseT winadadebaSi, sadac misi dgoma miuRebelia, mas sxva zmnizedebiT an zmnizedis tipis frazebiT
CavanacvlebT, romlebic imave azrs gamoxatavs _ a lot, more than (something), a
little bit, winadadeba misaRebi gaxdeba. es imas niSnavs, rom magaliT (11) -Si wina-
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dadebebis arasrulfasovnebasa Tu gaumarTaobas sididis zmnizedebis zogadi

maxasiaTeblebi ar iwvevs. amis mizezi, rogorc zemoT davaskveniT, sididis
zmnizedis konkretuli arCevania. da meore daskvna: Cven aRmovaCineT, rom am
TvalsazrisiT at all sididis zmnizedaTagan erTaderTi ar aris _ much zmnizedac mis msgavsad funqcionirebs, anu isic sensitiurobas amJRavnebs imis
mimarT, Tu ra Cadgeba winadadebaSi da amiT sxva gamoTqmebisgan gansxvavdeba.
daskvnis saxiT kiTxvasac vupasuxoT: ra ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan (9) -is
da (11) -is msgavs SemTxvevebs, anu ra sxvaobaa winadadeba (9) -sa _ Titania will
not leave da (11) -s _ The fairies will not like witchcraft at all Soris? sxvaobas at all
gamoTqmis msgavsi sididis zmnizedebis arqona qmnis.
meore kiTxva: ra ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan (11a) -s da (11b) -s msgavs SemTxvevebs? konkretulad ris mimarT amJRavneben mgrZnobiarobas es sensitiuri
zmnizedebi? ganxiluli magaliTebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom iseTi zmnizedebis dgoma, rogoricaa at all, winadadebaSi misaRebia not da never
(an never in a million years) zmnizedebTan, magram miuRebel winadadebebs qmnis
zmnizedebTan indeed, perhaps, often, probably erTad. not da never zmnizedebs
SegviZlia cenzorebi (licensers) vuwodoT. es ori elementi winadadebas cenzuras uwevs da at all elements masSi dgomis uflebas rTavs. es terminologia
im faqts asaxavs, rom at all zmnizedas sadme winadadebaSi not an never (an kidev
sxva ram, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT) sWirdeba, magram piriqiT ki araa: not da never elementebs at all, an misi msgavsi mgrZnobiare elementi ar esaWiroeba. amis
TvalsaCino magaliTia winadadeba (9). damokidebuleba at all elementsa da mis
cenzors Soris direqciuli, asimetriulia.
magaliTi (13) im sakiTxis Sejamebas warmogvidgens, romelsac aqamde ganvixilavdiT. igi or svetad Camoweril zmnizedebs da qveS miweril wess Seicavs,
romelic ganmartavs, rogor gamoiyeneba or svetad moyvanili elementebi.
(13) sididis mgrZnobiare (sensitiuri) zmnizedebi
at all
much
wesi 3 (pirveli versia):

cenzorebi
not
never (in a million years)
Tu winadadebaSi sididis mgrZnobiare

zmnizedebi (romlebic pirvel svetSia
mocemuli ) Cndeba, es winadadeba
cenzorTa svetSi Camoweril romelime
zmniswina zmnizedasac unda Seicavdes.
es cxrili da sveti gansaxilvel masalas sworad aRwers. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom amgvari wesi Cvens mier ganxiluli formulirebis (magaliTi (12))
Sesatyvis winadadebaSi moqmedebs, xolo Tu ramdenad vrceldeba sxva SemTxvevebze, jer ar viciT. Tumca, qvemoT darwmundebiT, rom mas, bevri TvalsazrisiT, naklovanebebic gaaCnia. SevTanxmdeT: Cvens miaxloebiT moxazul
pirvel wess `pirveli versia~ vuwodoT da Semdgomac ase movixsenioT. qvemoT
misi xseneba ramdenjerme dagvWirdeba.
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4.1.2 zogierTi problemis Sesaxeb; rogor gavumklavdeT maT

axla Cveni dakvirvebebis safuZvelze winaswari suraTi ukve Seqmnili gvaqvs.
(13) -Si mocemuli cxrili im sensitiuri elementebis Sesaxeb gvaZlevs ganzogadebul warmodgenas, romelTa raoba Tavidanve TvalnaTliv arc ikveTeboda.
erTi problema, romelsac (13) -Si moyvanili cxrilis SemTxvevaSi vawydebiT, is aris, rom i gi specifikur elementebs moicavs da am elementebs ar
cdeba. igi ar gvTavazobs monacemebs, arsebobs Tu ara sxva aseTi cenzori da
Tuki arsebobs, or svetad moyvanili elementebis msgavsad funqcionirebs,
Tu sxvagvarad? Tu aseTi cenzori sxvac arsebobs, maSin mas (Tu maT) martivad SevitandiT meore svetSi. enis am aspeqtis mosaubriseuli codna amaze
ukeT verc gadmoicema. Cven xom winadadebaTa garkveuli jgufis monacemebs
ver davjerdebiT; Cven is gvainteresebs, rogor akeTeben inglisurenovani
mosaubreebi sakuTari enis Sesaxeb im daskvnebs, romlebsac akeTeben da maTi
ganmarteba gvsurs. Tuki CavTvliT, rom (13) magaliTSi moyvanili svetebi amis
saukeTeso versiaa, maSin es imis aRiareba iqneba, TiTqos inglisurenovani adamiani amgvar winadadebebze msjelobisas gonebaSi garkveul gaTvlas axdens,
ris Sedegadac im informacias iRebs, romelsac (13) -is ori sveti Seicavs.
gonebrivi komputaciebis (gaTvlebis) da tvinis im meqanizmebis Sesaxeb,
amgvar lingvistur procesebs rom asrulebs, Cven jerac Zalian cota ram vi
ciT. Tumca, daskvnebis gakeTebaSi SeiZleba Semdgom moyvanili lingvisturi
masala dagvexmaros.
ganzogadebebi
mecnierebis mTavari amocana iseTi zogadi debulebebis Camoyalibebaa,
romlebic yovelgvar xelmisawvdom masalas emyareba. (13) cxrilis ageba isaak
niutonis saxecvlil ambavs hgavs. warmoidgineT niutoni, romelic oqsfordSi, inglisSi, miwaze vaSlis dacemas akvirdeba da ambobs: `Turme oqsfordis
miwa vaSlebs izidavs~. mere amCnevs, rom vaSlebis msgavsad, Zirs msxlebic cviva da aRniSnavs: `gasagebia! oqsfordis miwa vaSlebs da msxlebs izidavs~. londonSi dabrunebisas xedavs, rom aqac igive xdeba da askvnis, rom londonis da
oqsfordis miwebi vaSlebs da msxlebs izidavs. azris aseTi mimarTuleba, ra
Tqma unda, didi suraTis mxolod mcire nawils gvawvdis, rac isaak niutons
namdvilad ar damarTnia, piriqiT, dedamiwis mizidulobis zogadi kanoni Camoayaliba (sxeulebi erTmaneTs izidaven), rac uklebliv yvela saganze, msxlebsa da vaSlebzec vrceldeba da Tan yvelgan moqmedebs .... Cveni didi suraTi
niutonisas bevrad Camouvardeba, magram dasabuTebisa da msjelobis mimarTuleba igive unda iyos: moaxdineT rac SeiZleba farTo ganzogadeba, iqamde,
sanam mogeCvenebaT, rom ganzogadebul suraTSi imaze meti ram moaqcieT, vidre saWiro iyo.
es (mcire) didi suraTi aRuqmeli rom ar dagvrCes, modiT, (13) -is modificireba vcadoT, Tan ise ganvazogadoT, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli yvela monacemi moicvas (monacemebSi winadadebebis Sesaxeb mosaubreTa mier gamoTqmuli Sefasebebi igulisxmeba). iseTi zogadi meTodi ar arsebobs, romelic gan-
CanarTi
4. 1
226
zogadebis xarisxsa da mimarTulebaze migvaniSnebda. arc imgvari sistemuri

procedura gagvaCnia, romelic enis kanonebisa da wesebis, an Tundac bunebis
kanonebis Ziebas da Seswavlas gagviadvilebs. aseT dros kvlevis obieqtis gacnoba ukeTes samsaxurs gagviwevs. magaliTad, gamocdilebiT viciT, rom metismetad farTo ganzogadeba yovelTvis mcdaria. SegviZlia, kiTxva ase davsvaT:
xom ar arsebobs iseTi wesi, romelic gangvimartavs, ra erTiandeba TiToeul
zemoT moyvanil svetSi, arsebobs Tu ara iseTi ganzogadeba, romelic TiToeuli svetis yvela wevrs miesadageba. es unda gavakeToT rogorc cenzorTa, ise
sensitiur wevrTa svetisTvis, magram procesis msvlelobis TvalsaCinoebisTvis cenzorTa SeswavliT unda SemovifargloT.
jer is unda gavarkvioT, ra aqvs saerTo pirveli svetis not da never wevrebs,
Semdeg ki davadginoT, aris Tu ara es saerTo maxasiaTebeli is niSan-Tviseba,
romelic am or elements cenzorad aqcevs. upirveles yovlisa, orive elementi uaryofis sityvaa da TiTqos zemoT naxsenebi maxasiaTeblis kandidati
ukve ikveTeba. axla ki SegviZlia is hipoTeza CamovayaliboT, romelic am ori
sityvisTvis ganzogadebas qmnis.
hipoTeza: cenzorebi, romelTac mgrZnobiare (sensitiuri) sididis

zmnizedebi moiTxovs, uaryofiTi gamoTqmebi unda iyos.
CanarTi
4. 2
uaryofiTi gamoTqmebi
yovel Cvengans esmis, ras niSnavs araformalurad sityva ùaryofiTi.~
uaryofiTi gamoTqma iseTi gamoTqmaa, romlis farglebSic uaryofis gamomxatveli sityvebi, magaliTad, àr~, àra~ Sedis. raki negatiur da pozitiur
gamoTqmebs intuitiurad erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego gamoTqmebad aRviqvamT,
rogor unda vTqvaT, romeli romelia sinamdvileSi? amis Tqma iseve SeiZleba, rogorc imisa, rom ori ricxvidan +1 da -1 uaryofiTi ricxvi -1-ia. swored
uaryofiTi ricxvia am oridan is ricxvi, romelic sakuTar Tavze gamravlebisas icvleba: +1 X +1 = 1; magram -1 X -1 = +1. amrigad, uaryofiTi ricxvi namdvilad -1 ia. am analogiiTve, ori uaryofiTi gamoTqma winadadebaSi erTmaneTs abaTilebs, ori pozitiuri ki _ ara. am azris TvalsaCinoebisTvis aseTi
magaliTi ganvixiloT: Oberon will not not trick mortals niSnavs Oberon will trick
mortals anu, ori uaryofiTi zmnizeda not winadadebaSi erTmaneTs abaTilebs.
Cveni hipoTezis vargisianoba rom davamtkicoT, SegviZlia Cvens aRweras da
terminologias xelaxla mivubrundeT, gadavxedoT da Sesworeba SevitanoT:
amisTvis cenzorebs uaryofiTi cenzorebi unda vuwodoT. amasTan, saxels
vaZlevT pirveli svetis sensitiur elementebs da maT negatiuri polarobis
wevrebs (negative polarity items-npw) vuwodebT. es terminologia eleqtrobis
an ricxvebis asocoaciebs iwvevs. warmoidgineT, rom lingvistur gamoTqmebs
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli polaroba (an sxvadasxva niSnebi) gaaCnia, anu pozitiuri (mtkicebiTi) an negatiuria. uaryofiTi elementi gamoTqmas, romelSic
Cndeba, polarobas (an niSans) ucvlis da negatiur polarobas aniWebs. negatiuri polarobis wevri negatiuri polarobis gamoTqmas iTxovs.
227
ganaxlebuli cxrili da wesi (14) -Sia warmodgenili:

(14) negatiuri polarobis sididis zmnizedebi negatiuri cenzorebi

at all
much
not
never (in a million years)
wesi 4 (meore versiAa): Tu winadadebaSi negatiuri polarobis

wevri (iseTi, rogorebic pirvel svetSia)
Cndeba, maSin winadadebac negatiur
(uaryofis) gamoTqmas unda Seicavdes.
Tu wes 3-sa da wes 4-s SevadarebT, davinaxavT, rom ukanaskneli meore svets,
anu cenzorebs aucileblad zmniswinebad an zmnizedebad ar miiCnevs. Cvens
hipoTezaze dayrdnobiT vvaraudobT, rom es ori maxasiaTebeli arsebiTi ar
aris, piriqiT, cenzorisTvis axla arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia, rom uaryofiTi,
anu negatiuri iyos. (13) -isgan gansxvavebiT, (14) ganzogadebisas im monacemebze
Sors midis, romlebsac Cven veZiebdiT da imis prognozirebasac eweva, ris aRmoCenasac unda movelodeT. Tu es prognozebi sworia, maSin (14) -is upiratesoba (13) -Tan SedarebiT sruliad aSkara xdeba.
CamonaTvlebi da ganzogadebebi
wevrTa saTiTaod CamoweriT ganzogadeba ver miiRweva. CamonaTvalSi nebismieri wevris Setana SeiZleba. anu, CamonaTvali SeiZleba araerTgvarovani (hete
rogenuli) iyos da mis wevrebs saerTo maxasiaTebeli ar aerTianebdes. CamonaTvlebs, romlebSic fenomenebi mxolod CamoTvlilia, prognozirebis unari ar
gaaCnia da verc imis gagebaSi dagvexmareba, ratom aris esa Tu is wevri Seyvanili
CamonaTvalSi. igi karg aTvlis wertilad, dasayrdenad gamogvadgeba da mxolod
aseTad unda iqnes miCneuli. aq imgvari saerTo maxasiaTeblis povnaa saWiro, romelic CamonaTvlis yvela wevrisTvis saziaro iqneba. roca aseTi maxasiaTeblis
povna moxerxdeba, CamonaTvali ganzogadebis da prognozirebis unars SeiZens.
dawyeba jer yvelaze zogadi (farTo) ganzogadebis mosinjviT SeiZleba,
Semdeg ki naklebi zogadobis formulirebebiT, romlebic gzadagza, kerZo
problemebis gadawydomisas xdeba saWiro. an sxvagvari midgomac SesaZlebelia: sul ufro da ufro vrceli ganzogadebis Zieba Tanmimdevruli miaxloebebis gziT. rogorc wesi, pirveli strategia ufro unariania: am dros aRweras
maqsimaluri zogadobiT vcdilobT, Semdeg ki, zogadi wesis sisworis gamosacdelad, eqsperimentul winadadebebs vagebT. am midgomis upiratesoba isaa,
rom Tu axali monacemebi wesis siswores gviqarwylebs, igi am wesis zRvrebs
gamokveTs da saSualebas gvaZlevs, naklebi zogadobis, magram meti sizustis
wesis formulireba movaxdinoT. rac ufro Tamamad aris moxdenili ganzogadeba, misi mcdarobac metad aris mosalodneli.
formulireba (14) aseT prognozs gvTavazobs: nebismieri negatiuri gamoTqma gzas uxsnis winadadebaSi negatiuri polarobis wevris gaCenas. SegviZlia gamoTqmis mxolod mniSvneloba SeviswavloT da vTqvaT, uaryofiTi gamoTqmaa
es Tu ara, maSasadame, imasac gavarkvevT, negatiuri polarobis wevria igi Tu
CanarTi
4. 3
228
ara. kerZod, aseT negatiur gamoTqmas ar moeTxoveba, rom aucileblad zmnizeda iyos. `zmnizedad yofnis~ maxasiaTebeli (13) formulirebis nawili da
moTxovna iyo _ isic im SemTxveviT arCevanze dayrdnobiT, romelic (12) formulirebis gacnobisas movaxdineT. es maxasiTebeli mxolod im mizniT gamovyaviT, rom ganxiluli masalis mimarT sizuste dagvecva, anu, es konkretuli
winadadebebi sizustiT aRgvewera. Tuki `zmnizedad yofna~ savaldebulo araa,
maSin mis adgilas nebismieri uaryofiTi elementi gamogvadgeba, maSinac ki, Tu
is zmnizeda araa.
elementebi, romlebic no uaryofiT sityvas Seicavs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, no one, an nobody, negatiuri polarobis cenzorobis kandidatebia. rogorc formulireba (15) mowmobs, es sityvebi aris kidec negatiuri polarobis
wevri cenzorebi, sityvebisgan someone an somebody gansxvavebiT, romlebic
negatiuri mniSvnelobis sityvebs ar Seicavs:
(15) a. No one will like witchcraft at all / much.

b. Nobody will like witchcraft at all / much.

g.*Someone will like witchcraft at all / much.

d.*Somebody will like witchcraft at all / much.
(15 a-b) winadadebebSi negatiuri polarobis wevri cenzorebi mainc zmniswina zmnizedebia im TvalsazrisiT, rom zmnis win dgas (Tumca ara uSualo mezoblobaSi). wesi 4 maTgan ar moiTxovs, rom isini aucileblad zmniswina zmnizedebi unda iyos. wesi 4 prognozirebas axdens, rom Tuki winadadeba sadme negaciis
elements Seicavs, masSi (winadadebaSi) negatiuri polarobis damSvebi wevrebi
legitimurad gaCndeba. amgvari prognozis Sesamowmeblad axali eqsperimenti unda wamoviwyoT _ iseTi sacdeli winadadebebi unda avagoT, romlebSic
uaryofis gamoTqmebi zmnas mosdevs, rogorc magaliT (16) -Si:
(16) a. The fairies will like no one at all /much.

b. The fairies will like nobody at all / much.
is faqti, rom (15a-b) da (16 a-b) misaRebi winadadebebia, wes 4-Tan srul SesabamisobaSia, amasTan, imasac mowmobs, rom wesi 3 sakmarisad ganzogadebuli
ar yofila.
miuxedvad imisa, rom wesi 4 saukeTeso versiad Cans da cenzorebis mdeba
reobis aRwerasac gvimartivebs, igi mxolod (12) -is msgavs winadadebebs miesa
dageba, anu Semdeg models esadageba:
modeli m: [ df damxmare zmna (zmnizeda) zmna df sididis zmnizeda].

ra Tqma unda, Cveni wesis nawilad imis miCneva ar gvsurs, rom igi mxolod
amgvar winadadebebs esadageba. wesSi rom amgvari danamati Segvetana (anu is
faqti, rom igi mxolod zemoT moyvanil modelze awyobil winadadebebs esa
dageba), wesis formulirebas bevrad gaarTulebda: nebismieri misaRebi axali
winadadebisa da misi tipis winadadebebisTvis, uaryofiT elementsa da negatiuri polarobis wevrs rom Seicavs, yvela im modelTa CamonaTvalis ganvrcoba
dagvWirdeboda, romelTac Cveni wesi miesadageba. CamonaTvalis qona isedac
arasasurvelia, magram yovel jerze misi ganvrcoba udavod uaresi iqneboda.
4.1.3 lingvisturi wesebis mgrZnobiaroba

struqturis mimarT
Cvens mier formulirebuli wesi 4 model m-sTan eqsplicitur kavSirs ar
amJRavnebs, magram Cven impliciturad vivaraudeT, rom wesi 4 mxolod im winadadebebs esadageba, romlebic magaliT (12) -Si moyvanil nimuSebTan amJRavnebs
msgavsebas. modiT, kidev erTxel movsijoT ganzogadebis strategia da zustad
vivaraudoT, rom wesi 4 yvela winadadebas miesadageba.
wesi 5 (mesame versia): Tu negatiuri polarobis wevri (iseTi, rogorebic
(14) -is pirvel svetSia Camowerili) winadadebaSi
Cndeba, es winadadeba negatiur elementsac

unda Seicavdes.
es wess mniSvnelovnad amartivebs da ganazogadebs. Tumca, rogorc Semdgom

davrwmundebiT, axla igi metismetad gamartivebulia. enebi amgvarad ubralod
ar funqcionirebs. daskvna, romlis gamotanasac am wesis damkvidrebis mcdelobisas vuaxlovdebiT, imdenad mniSvnelovani da zogadia, rom misi Camoyalibeba windawin gonivruli iqneba:
(17)
principi: lingvisturi wesebi mgrZnobiarea
struqturis mimarT
rogorc ukve iTqva, wesi 5 winadadebaSi mxolod negatiuri cenzoris arsebobas moiTxovs, roca masSi negatiuri polarobis wevri dgas. lingvisturi kvleva gviCvenebs, rom lingvisturi wesebi lingvisturi struqturebis mimarT
yovelTvis sensitiuria. rac Seexeba sintaqsur wesebs, es wesebi mgrZnobiarobas sakomponento struqturis mimarT amJRavnebs. wesi mxolod maSin moqmedebs,
roca garkveuli struqturuli konfiguracia gagvaCnia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, swori wesis formulireba imgvarad unda moxdes, rom Cvens mier wina TavSi
ganxiluli da xisebr diagramebTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi moicvas: toloba,
dominacia da ase Semdeg. am princips xandaxan lingvistur wesTa struqturuli damokidebulebis princips uwodeben.
wesi 5-is mcdarobaSi rom davrwmundeT, jer is unda vivaraudoT, rom
igi Zalian zogadi xasiaTisaa da yvela winadadebas esadageba. amis Semdeg es
wesi da misi sxvadasxva aspeqti Cvens axal eqsperimentul winadadebebze unda
gamovcadoT. jer-jerobiT iseTi winadadebebiT vifarglebodiT, romlebic
mxolod erTi klauzulisgan Sedgeboda. modiT, axla ori klauzulisgan Semdgari winadadebebi avagoT, iseTebi, sadac erTi klauzula meoreSia CarTuli,
rogorc qvemoT:
(18) The elves believe that the fairies liked witchcraft.

[ The elves [ believe [that [the fairies liked witchcraft ] ] ] ]
elfebs hgoniaT (sjeraT), rom feriebs jadoqroba moswondaT.
axla am winadadebas sityvas not da sididis gamomsaxvel gamoTqmas at all vumatebT. raki am or elements an mTavari zmnis Secvla SeuZlia, an CarTuli zmnisa, winadadeba (18) -isTvis not da at all elementebis damatebis oTxi gansxvavebuli varianti arsebobs. ori maTgani magaliT (19) -Sia mocemuli. wes 5 s Tu
229
230
mivendobiT, raki orive elementi erT winadadebaSi Cndeba, is Tu rogor Cndeba

isini winadadebaSi, mniSvnelovani aRaraa. magram es araswori Cans:
(19) a. The elves will NOT believe AT ALL that the fairies liked witchcraft.

b. * The elves will believe AT ALL that the fairies DO NOT like

witchcraft.
a. elfebi sulac ar daijereben, rom feriebs jadoqroba

moswondaT.
b. *elfebi daijereben sulac, rom feriebs jadoqroba ar moswonT.
wesi 5 yvela am winadadebaSia warmodgenili: uaryofiTi polarobis wevri

(at all) da negatiuri elementi (not) TiToeul maTganSi dgas. Tu wesi sworadaa
agebuli, anu Tu negatiuri polarobis wevrsa da negatiur elements Soris
damokidebulebas zustad aRwers, maSin unda movelodeT, rom yvela es winadadeba (maT mniSvnelobaTa sxvaobis miuxedavad) Tanabrad misaRebi iqneba. mag
ram saqme ase sulac ar gvaqvs. winadadeba (19a) misaRebia, magram (19b) ki _ ara.
wesis Cveneuli formulireba araadekvaturia. yuradReba miaqcieT, Cven rom
axla gavakeToT is, rac adre gavakeTeT, anu negatiuri elementis mier uaryofili subieqti (zmnis) gadavaadgiloT da not elementi winadadebidan amoviRoT, kvlav aseTive Sedegs miviRebT:
(20) a. Nobody believed at all that the fairies liked witchcraft.

b. *The elves believed at all that nobody liked witchcraft.

a. (sruliad, sulac) aravis sjeroda, rom feriebs

jadoqroba moswondaT.

b. *elfebs sjerodaT sruliad, rom aravis moswonda jadoqroba.
es magaliTebi erT rames mowmobs: mniSvnelovania, Tu sad dgas struqturaSi
cenzori an negatiuri polarobis wevri. negatiuri elementi yvela gamarTul
winadadebaSi ZiriTad klauzulaSi dgas (anu iseT klauzulaSi, romelic sxva
klauzulaSi araa CarTuli), maSin, roca gaumarTav winadadebebSi negatiuri
elementi CarTul klauzulaSi Sedis. modiT, axla es damatebiT _ informacia
wesis formulirebaSi CavrToT:
damateba1: N negatiuri elementi ZiriTad klauzulaSi unda idges.
axla eqsperiments mivmarToT da vnaxoT, sworia Tu ara amgvari ganzogadeba. damateba 1: winadadebas, romelic negatiuri polarobis elements Seicavs,
negatiuri elementi mTavar klauzulaSi unda edges.
am prognozs Tu daveyrdnobiT, maSin gamarTul winadadebas CarTul winadadebaSi negatiuri polarobis iseTi wevri ar unda hqondes, romelsac winadadebaSi arsebobis uflebas negatiuri elementi ganusazRvravs. Cveni eqspe
rimetis mizani am Sexedulebis simcdaris dadgenaa. eqsperimentuli winadadeba CarTul klauzulas unda Seicavdes. Tu zogi aseTi winadadeba misaRebia,
ganmazogadebeli damateba 1 aseT SemTxvevaSi unda gauqmdes. Tuki arcerTi
aseTi misaRebi winadadeba ar mogvepoveba, maSin damateba 1 swor wesad (an aseTis nawilad) SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli.
damateba 1-is simcdaris Cveneba Zalian advili iqneba, Tu Semdeg gamarTul
winadadebebs (droiT frazebs) davakvirdebiT: am droiTi frazebis qceva didi
misaRebi winadadebis CarTul winadadebad TiTqmis yovelTvis SesaZlebelia.

sametyvelo enebis gramatikaTa es universaluri Tviseba wina TavSic vaxseneT.
mas rekursuloba ewodeba da im faqts emyareba, rom, rogorc wesi, yoveli
bunebrivi ena gamarTuli winadadebebis usasrulo odenobas Seicavs. es Tviseba erT winadadebaSi meore winadadebis CarTvis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
(21) a. The fairies did NOT like witchcraft AT ALL.

b. The elves believed that the fairies did NOT like witchcraft AT ALL.

g. The elves believed that NOBODY liked witchcraft AT ALL.

a. feriebs jadoqroba sulac (srulebiT) ar moswondaT.

b. elfebs sjerodaT (egonaT), rom feriebs jadoqroba sulac

ar moswondaT.

g. elfebs sjerodaT (egonaT), rom jadoqroba sulac aravis

(an: aravisac ar) moswonda.
ori winadadebidan (21b-g) erT-erTi not uaryofiTi sityvis da at all negatiuri polarobis wevris kombinaciazea agebuli, rac ar gvqonda winadadebebSi
(19) da (20). es ori winadadeba (21b-g) damateba 1-is arasworobaze migvaniSnebs.
(21b-g) -sa da (19)-is da (20)-is garkveuli Serwyma ufro mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis, rogorc es (22) -Sia naCvenebi:
(22) a. The elves did NOT believe AT ALL that the fairies liked witchcraft.

b. *The elves believed AT ALL that the fairies did NOT like witchcraft.

g. The elves believed that the fairies did NOT like witchcraft AT ALL.

d. NOBODY believed AT ALL that the fairies liked witchcraft.

e. *The elves believed AT ALL that NOBODY liked witchcraft.

v. The elves believed that NOBODY liked witchcraft AT ALL.

a. elfebs (srulebiT, sulac) ar sjerodaT (egonaT),
rom feriebs jadoqroba moswondaT.

b. *elfebs srulebiT sjerodaT (egonaT), rom feriebs
jadoqroba ar moswondaT.

g. elfebs egonaT (sjerodaT), rom feriebs jadoqroba
sulac (sruliad) ar moswondaT.

d. (sulac, srulebiT) aravis sjeroda (egonaT),

e. * elfebs srulebiT sjerodaT (egonaT), rom jadoqroba
aravis moswonda.

v. elfebs sjerodaT (egonaT), rom jadoqroba sruliad
aravis moswonda.
or _ (22b) da (22g) SemTxvevaSi negacia CarTul winadadebaSi gvxvdeba. erTi
miuRebelia, meore _ misaRebi. magram meore mxriv, (22a) da (22b) winadadebebSi negatiuri polarobis wevri ZiriTad winadadebebSi dgas, magram erTi
maTgani gamarTulia, meore _gaumarTavi. igive dasabuTeba miesadageba (22dv) winadadebebsac. eseni gviCveneben, rom negatiuri elemenetis an negatiuri
polarobis wevris pozicia ki ar aris mniSvnelovani, aramed maTi pozicia, mdebareoba erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.
rogorc Cans, es sintaqsur damokidebulebebTan dakavSirebuli fundamenturi faqtia. negatiuri polarobis wevris SesaZlo arseboba negatiuri el-
231
232
ementis arsebobazea damokidebuli. maT Soris damokidebuleba arsebobs. mag

ram mxolod winadadebaSi erTad dgoma sakmarisi ar aris imis samtkiceblad,
rom es damokidebuleba aucileblad ganxorcieldeba, arc imisTvis, rom
romelime maTgani ama Tu im konkretul pozicias daikavebs. arsebobs garkveuli moTxovnebi, romlebic winadadebaSi am ori elementis urTierTqmedebas da
adgils gansazRvravs.
maSin rogoria is wesi, romelic negatiuri polarobis wevrisa da negatiuri
cenzorebis poziciaTa fardobas gansazRvravs? zemoT ganxilul magaliTebs
xelaxla unda mivubrundeT da cenzorisa da cenzuris obieqtis fardobiTi
poziciebis msazRvreli wesi amovicnoT. Semdeg eqsperimentuli winadadebebis
ageba vcadoT da davadginoT, swori iyo Tu ara Cveni migneba da rogor SeiZleba
mignebuli wesis daxvewa.
modiT, im winadadebebiT daviwyoT, romlebic ganvixileT:
(23) a. The fairies did NOT like witchcraft AT ALL / MUCH.
b. NO ONE will like witchcraft at all / much.
g. NOBODY will like witchcraft at all / much.
d. The fairies will like NO ONE AT ALL / MUCH.
e. The Fairies will like NOBODY AT ALL / MUCH.

a. feriebs jadoqroba sulac / didad = mainc da mainc ar moswondaT.

b. jadoqroba sulac / didad = mainc da mainc aravis moewoneba.

g. jadoqroba sulac / didad = mainc da mainc aravis moewoneba.

d. feriebs sulac / didad = mainc da mainc arcerTi moewonebaT.

e. feriebs sulac / didad = mainc da mainc aravin moewonebaT.
(24) a. The elves did NOT believe AT ALL that the fairies liked witchcraft.
b. *The elves believed AT ALL that the fairies did NOT like witchcraft.
g. The elves believed that the fairies did NOT like witchcraft AT ALL.

a. elfebs (srulebiT, sulac) ar sjerodaT (egonaT),

b. *elfebs srulebiT sjerodaT (egonaT), rom feriebs
g. elfebs egonaT (sjerodaT), rom feriebs jadoqroba
sulac (sruliad) ar moswondaT.
(25) a. NOBODY believed AT ALL that the fairies liked witchcraft.
b. *The elves believed AT ALL that NOBODY liked witchcraft.
g. The elves believed that NOBODY liked witchcraft AT ALL.

a. (sulac, srulebiT) aravis sjeroda (egonaT), rom
feriebs jadoqroba moswondaT.

b. * elfebs srulebiT sjerodaT (egonaT), rom jadoqroba
aravis moswonda.

g. elfebs sjerodaT (egonaT), rom jadoqroba sruliad
aravis moswonda.
axla wes 5-is xelaxali formulireba iseTnairad unda movaxdinoT, rom
umarTebulo magaliTebi marTebulisgan gamovacalkevoT. amisTvis ki es marTebuli da umarTebulo nimuSebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan minimalurad
gansxvavdeba, dakvirvebiT unda SeviswavloT. sxvaobebi ar unda gamogepa
roT, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani faqtoris an faqtorebis gamoyofa gaWirdeba. sizustisaTvis, yovel jerze mxolod erTi faqtori unda
SecvaloT. sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli gaxdeba imis dadgena, Tu romeli sxvaobaa
cvlilebis mizezi. lingvistikaSi winadadebaTa wyvilebs (an rogorc Semdegi,
fonologiisadmi miZRvnili Tavidan SeityobT, sityvaTa wyvilebs ), romlebsac erTmaneTisgan mxolod romelime erTi aspeqti ganasxvavebs, minimalur
wyvilebs uwodeben.
magaliTad, (24b) -sa da (24g) -s Soris gansxvaveba maSin gamovlindeba, roca
maT Sesatyvis (odnav zogad) xisebr diagramebs SevadgenT, rogorebic, Sesaba
misad, (26) da (27) diagramebia:
(26)
dr.f1
df
The elves
dr
zmf
dr
wars.
believed AT ALL dmf
that
dr.f2
df
dr.
the fairies
dr
did
zmf
NOT
zmf
like witchcraft
(27)
dr.f
dr.
df
The elves
dr
wars.
zmf
believed
dmf
that
dr.f2
df
the fairies
dr.
dr
did
zmf
NOT
zmf AT ALL
like witchcraft
233
234
diagrama(26) Si, magram ara (27) -Si, negatiuri elementi da negatiuri polarobis wevri erTsa da imave klauzulaSi dganan. amasTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom aq damokidebuleba wes 5-s eqvemdebareba, romelic qvemoT aseTnairad Sesworebuli warmogvidgeba:
damateba 2: negatiuri cenzori da negatiuri polarobis wevri

erTsa da imave klauzulas unda miekuTvnebodnen.
yuradReba miaqcieT im garemoebas, rom damateba 1 da damateba 2 gramatikuli maxasiaTeblis terminebSia formulirebuli; es maxasiaTebeli ki, Tavis
mxriv, sakomponento struqturisa da kategoriaTa markirebis, anu saxeldebis
(labeling) terminebSi ganisazRvreba. amgvari piroba sintaqsuri wesebis struqturaze damokidebulebis principze dayrdnobiT iyo mosalodneli, romelzec
zemoT visaubreT. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom amgvar daskvnamde mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mivalT, roca gvecodineba, rogoria am winadadebebis
sakomponento struqtura. es imgvar proceduras gulisxmobs, romelsac yovelTvis mivmarTavT, sityvaTa specifikur TanwyobaSi sintaqsuri fenomenis kvlevisas: am TanwyobisaTvis yovelTvis xisebr struqturas vagebT.
axla ki unda davrwmundeT, rom damateba 2 swor magaliTebs uvargisi maga
liTebisagan marTebulad ganasxvavebs. Semowmebisas Cans, rom, samwuxarod,
damateba 2-s amgvari efeqti ar gaaCnia. rom gaverkveT, Tu ratom xdeba ase,
sizuste gvWirdeba: ras niSnavs erTsa da imave klauzulaSi dgoma. xisebri
reprezentaciis terminebSi ori wevri erTsa da imave klauzulaSi dgas, Tuki
winadadebaSi arsebobs droiTi frazis kvanZi _ klauzulaTa saxeldebuli
kategoria _ romelic orive maTgans Seicavs. marTlac, diagrama (27) -Si kvanZi
dr.f2 orive elements Seicavs, magram diagrama (26) -Si kvanZi dr.f2 mxolod
negatiur elements Seicavs. Tumca, yuradReba miaqcieT garemoebas, rom (26)
-Si aris klauzula, romelic kvlav orive maTgans Seicavs _ kerZod, dr.f1.
Sesabamisad, damateba 2-is formulireba problemis gadaWraSi ver gvexmareba,
magram misi axal damatebaze morgebaa advili. Cven mxolod imis Tqma gvWirdeba,
rom ver iarsebebs iseTi klauzula, romelic erT elements Seicavs, meores ki
_ ara. axla damateba 2 SegviZlia damateba 3-ad gadavakeToT:
damateba 3: negatiuri cenzorica da negatiuri polarobis wevric

zustad erTsa da imave klauzulas unda miekuTvnebodnen

(anu erTsa da imave dr.f kvanZSi unda Sediodnen).
mkafiod unda gamoikveTos isic, Tu rogor gamoricxavs damateba 3 uvargis

magaliTebs.
savarjiSo
4.1
damateba 3-is wesisebri gamoyeneba

(1)

ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:

The man John met yesterday stuttered.
kacs, romelic guSin jonma gaicno (Sexvda). ena ebmoda.

1. amoicaniT zmnebi.
2. daasaxeleT TiToeuli zmnis kuTvnili subieqti.
3. ramdeni klauzulaa am winadadebaSi?

4. wina kiTxvebze Tqvens mier gacemuli pasuxebis safuZvelze
ganmarteT, raSi mdgomareobs Semdegi magaliTis
gaumarTaoba:
* The man John did not meet yesterday stuttered at all.
kacs, romelic jonma guSin ar gaicno, ena srulebiT

(sulac) ebmoda.
(2) upasuxeT imave kiTxvebs Semdeg magaliTebTan dakavSirebiT:

(a) * I resent at all that you did not come.
srulebiT (sulac) vnanob, rom ar moxvedi.

(b) * That Mary did not answer my letters bothers me at all.
merim rom Cems werilebze ar mipasuxa, sulac

(srulebiT) maRelvebs.
(3) SegiZliaT SeadginoT iseTi gamarTuli winadadeba, romelic not da at
all elementebs Seicavs da Tan damateba 3-s arRvevs?
moicavs Tu ara damateba 3 damatebiT masalas? damateba 3-Si formulirebuli hipoTezis sisworis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentuli winadadebebi unda
avagoT.
(28) damateba 3 Semdeg prognozirebas axdens:
Tu winadadeba negatiuri polarobis wevrsac Seicavs da
negatiur elementsac, maSin winadadeba unda CaiTvalos:
(1)

(2)

miuReblad, Tuki misi romelime klauzula erT-erT am

elements Seicavs, meores ki _ara.
misaRebad, Tuki masSi ar aris iseTi klauzula, romelic
erT-erT am elements Seicavs, meores ki _ara.
am ori prognozidan pirveli iseT winadadebebs eyrdnoba, romlebmac upiratesobis micema damateba 3-isTvis gvafiqrebines, kerZod ki, es gvafiqrebina
qvemoT moyvanilma or winadadebas Soris arsebulma gansxvavebebma:
(29) a. The elves did NOT believe at all that the fairies liked witchcraft.

b. * The elves did believe at all that the fairies did NOT like witchcraft.

a. elfebs sulac (srulebiT) ar egonaT, rom feriebs


b. elfebs sulac (srulebiT) egonaT, rom feriebs

gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis winadadeba aqedan meorea, romelsac negatiuri
polarobis wevri ZiriTad klauzulaSi aqvs, xolo negaciis elementi CarTul
winadadebaSi. im faqts, rom ori elementidan ZiriTad winadadebaSi mxolod
erTi dgas, didi mniSvneloba ar aqvs. negaciis elementi rom ZiriTad winadadebaSi gvqondes, negatiuri polarobis wevri ki CarTul winadadebaSi, Cveni wesis
Tanaxmad aseTi konfiguracia gaumarTavi, anu miuRebeli iqneboda. am versiis
gamosacdelad not da at all elementebis meoTxe SesaZlo kombinacia ganvixiloT, romelic (19) -is CamonaTvalSi ar Sedioda:
(30) he elves did NOT believe that the fairies liked witchcraft at all.
235
236
elfebs ar egonaT, rom feriebs jadoqroba sulac (srulebiT) ar

moswondaT.
aq, sirTulis pirispir davdeqiT: romel klauzulaSi Sedis negatiuri
polarobis wevri: ZiriTadSi Tu CarTulSi? am eqsperimentuli winadadebis
meSveobiT Cveni hipoTezis gamocda rom SevZloT, negatiuri polarobis wevri
CarTul klauzulaSi unda gvqondes. Tu at all elementi ZiriTad klauzulaSia, am winadadebas gansaxilvel sakiTxTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs. axla Cven
gvainteresebs, romeli diagrama asaxavs sworad winadadeba (30) -is struqturas: (31) Tu (32)?
dr.f1
(31)
df
dr
The elves
zmf
dr
NOT
did
zmf
believe
dmf
that
dr.f2
dr.
df
the fairies dr
zmf
wars. liked witchcraft AT ALL
(32)
dr.f1
df
dr
The elves
zmf
dr
did NOT
zmf
AT ALL
believe
dmf
that
dr.f2
dr.
df
the fairies dr
wars.
zmf
liked witchcraft
237
imis mixedviT, Tu romel zmnas an zmnian frazas cvlis zmnizeda, es gansxvavebuli struqturebic sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas iZens. (31) diagramaSi zmnizeda at all imas aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad moswonT (an ar moswonT) feriebs jadoqroba, xolo (32) -Si at all aRniSnavs, ramdenad sjeraT (an hgoniaT) es elfebs.
sakomponento SemadgenlobasTan dakavSirebuli testis gamoyenebiT

ganixileT Semdegi winadadeba:

1. Juliet says that Romeo lies to his parents a lot.

julieta ambobs, rom romeo mis mSoblebs xSirad atyuebs.
(1) yuradReba miaqcieT erT garemoebas: es winadadeba orazrovania
im TvalsazrisiT, rom erTi SexedviT ar Cans, romel zmnas
cvlis a lot zmnizeda. moiyvaneT misi ori SesaZlo mniSvneloba.
(2) SeadgineT am winadadebisTvis ori xisebri diagrama, romelTagan
TiToeuli am oridan erT-erT SesaZlo mniSvnelobas
miesadageba.
(3) gaixseneT, rom zmf sakomponento Semadgenlobis Seqmna
zmf s windgomiT SeiZleba: Tanwyobas, romelsac SeiZleba
prepozirebas zmniani fraza uwevdes, zmnian frazad
kvalificirdeba. (ixileT wina Tavi)
(a)

(b)

savarjiSo
4. 2

ganmarteT, ratom ar aris 1 winadadebis qvemoT mocemuli ,

zmf Ti prepozirebuli versia orazrovani:
2. lie to his parents a lot, Juliet says that Romeo does.
axla ki ganmarteT, ratom aris orazrovani (1winadadebis

msgavsad) 1 winadadebis qvemoT mocemuli , zmf Ti
prepozirebuli versia :
3. lie to his parents , Juliet says that Romeo does a lot.
es meore struqturaa, Sesabamisad ki _ is meore mniSvneloba, romelic

gvainteresebs. amgvarad, kiTxva (30) diagramis Sesaxeb Semdegnairad unda CamovayaliboT: aris Tu ara winadadeba (30) misaREebi zmnizediT at all, romelic
gansazRvravs, ramdenad moswonT feriebs jadoqroba, (31) struqturisTvis?
upirveles yovlisa, pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia.
es winadadeba misaRebi swored am mniSvnelobiTaa da aseTi Sedegi damateba
3-is araadeqvaturobaze migviTiTebs, vinaidan dr.f2 (31) diagramaSi at all zmnizedas ki Seicavs, magram masSi ar gvaqvs not uaryofis elementi. es daskvna
ki imas niSnavs, rom jer-jerobiT swori wesisaTvis ar migvignia. Tumca, amis
miuxedavad, miRebuli Sedegi mainc pozitiurad unda Sefasdes, vinaidan wesis
mcdaroba dadginda.
sanam swori wesis Ziebas ganvagrZobdeT, mxedvelobidan ar gamogrCeT is
garemoeba, rom axali codna (rom damateba 3 araadeqvaturia) Cveni muSaobisTvis Rirebul biZgs gvaZlevs. axla iZulebulni varT, eqsperimentuli cdebi
ufro gavarTuloT. axla mxolod imas ki ar vikvlevT, aris Tu ara misaRebi
238
winadadebis esa Tu is forma _ axla ukve vsvamT kiTxvas: misaRebia Tu ara misi
konkretuli interpretacia. axlad Semomatebuli sirTule TavisTavad problemas ar warmoadgens, magram Cveni mizani amave dros eqsperimentis simartivis
SenarCunebacaa, vinaidan misi msvleloba maqsimalurad gamWvirvale da gasagebi unda darCes. saukeTeso SemTxveva ufro martivi saeqsperimento gzis povna
iqneboda, romelic imave Sedegebamde migviyvanda, amitomac modiT, axla Cveni
sirTuleebis Ziri gamovikvlioT, romelsac imis gamo gadavawydiT, rom sididis zmnizedebs ZiriTadi an CarTuli zmnis modificirebis unari gaaCnia. am
garTulebas Tavidan avicilebdiT, maT nacvlad negatiuri polarobis wevrebi
rom gvexmara, romelTa kuTvnileba ZiriTadi Tu CarTuli klauzulebisadmi
eWvqveS ar dadgeboda.
raki aqamde yvela negatiuri polarobis wevri sididis zmnizedebi iyo,
axla maTi Zebna sxva kategoriis wevrebs Soris mogviwevs. aq saimiso magaliTebi mogvaqvs, rom sityvebi anyone (vinme, aravin (uary.winad.), nebismieri vinme),
anybody (vinme, aravin (uary.win), nebismieri vinme), anything (rame, araferi
(uaryof.winad.) nebismieri ram), anywhere (sadme, nebismier adgilas), any time
(nebismier dros), any longer (met xans, nebismieri xniT) SeiZleba negatiuri polarobis wevrebad CaiTvalos. 1 Cven magaliTebs ori maTganis monawileobiT
(anyone, anything) moviyvanT, magram Tqven SegiZliaT, sakuTari winadadebebi
danarCenebis gamoyenebiT aagoT.
savarjiSo
4. 3
sityvebis any longer da anytime Semowmeba negatiuri polarobis

wevris statusisTvis
aageT iseTi magaliTebi, romlebic aCvenebs, rom any longer da anytime negatiuri polarobis wevrebia. amisTvis TiToeuli maTganisTvis nimuSTa minimaluri raodenobis wyvili unda moviyvanoT: erT gaumarTav magaliTs negatiuri
polarobis wevri cenzori unda akldes, xolo erTi _ gamarTuli magaliTi,
romelsac gaumarTavisgan mxolod am negatiuri polarobis wevri cenzoris
qona unda ganasxvavebdes.
(33)

a. * Portia saw anything / anyone.

b. Portia did not see anything / anyone.
g. Nobody saw anything / anyone.
d. Portia never saw anything / anyone.
pirveli winadadeba gviCvenebs, rom anything da anymore sityvebis mdebareobasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli SezRudvebi arsebobs. danarCeni winadadebebi
imas mowmobs, rom am ori elementis arseboba zogierTi uaryofiTi elementis
arsebobis gamo xdeba dasaSvebi. anything da anymore sityvebis Sesabamisi maxasiaTebeli ki isaa, rom Zalze advili gasarkvevia, romel klauzulas miekuTvneba isini. modiT, axal negatiuri polarobis wevrebze eqsperimentebis seria
CavataroT:
(34) a. The elves told Hermia that the fairies did not like anything.

b. The elves did not tell anyone that the fairies liked witchcraft.
239
g. * The elves told anyone that the fairies did not like witchcraft.
d. The elves did not told Hermia that the fairies like anything.
e. Nobody told anyone that the fairies liked witchcraft.
v. *The elves told anyone that nobody liked witchcraft.
z. Nobody told Hermia that the fairies liked anything.

a. elfebma hermias uTxres, rom feriebs araferi ar
moswondaT.

b. elfebs aravisTvis uTqvamT, rom feriebs jadoqroba
moswondaT.
g. elfebma uTxres .... (a:q: gaumarTaobas is iwvevs, rom TxrobiT

winadadebaSi forma anyone aris naxmari), rom feriebs

d.elfebs ar uTqvamT hermiasTvis, rom feriebs rame
moswondaT.

e. aravis uTqvams vinmesTvis , rom feriebs jadoqroba
moswondaT.

v. elfebma uTxres --- (gaumarTaobas am pozociaSi anyone-is

dgoma iwvevs), rom jadoqroba aravis moswonda.

z. aravis uTqvams hermiasTvis, rom feriebs nebismieri ram
moswondaT.

SeamowmeT, ramdenad Seesabameba (34) magaliTis TiToeuli winadadeba damateba 3-is mier Secvlili wes 5-s. amis gakeTeba TiToeuli am winadadebisTvis
xisebri diagramis SedgeniT SeiZleba. amis Semdeg ki unda daakvirdeT, emorCileba Tu ara isini Secvlil wess.
daskvnebi uwindeli iqneba. kerZod ki, ukanaskneli winadadeba gamarTulia,
miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi gvxvdeba klauzula, romelic negaciis elementsa da negatiuri polarobis wevrs erTdroulad ar Seicavs. es ki safuZvels
umagrebs azrs, rom damateba 3 swori ar aris, vinaidan arsebul wesze moxdenili es damateba gveubneba: uaryofiTi cenzori da negatiuri polarobis wevri
erTsa da imave klauzulas ar miekuTvneba.
magram ramdenad araswori iyo damateba 3? amis garkveva swori wesis mignebaSi dagvexmareba. gaixseneT, rom damateba 3 magaliT (28)-Si orgvar prognozs
gvTavazobs. ukve davamtkiceT, rom amaTgan pirveli mcdari iyo. meore prognozi rogoria?
Tu winadadeba negatiur elementsa da negatiuri polarobis wevrs erTdroulad Seicavs, winadadeba misaRebad unda CaiTvalos _ erTi pirobiT:
Tu masSi iseTi klauzula araa, romelic erT-erT maTgans Seicavs, meores
ki _ ara.
am prognozis sisworis Semowmeba anyX tipis sityvebiT SeiZleba, anu sityvebiT anything, anyone da ase Semdeg. upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba miaqcieT
imas, rom sityvis anyone msgavsi elementebi determineriani frazebia (rogorc,
savarjiSo
4. 4
240
magaliTad, ukve ganxilul masalaSi iyo naCvenebi, roca isini determinerian

frazebSi subieqtis poziciaSi idga). es aucileblad imgvar winadadebebzec vrceldeba, romlebic negatiuri polarobis wevrs Seicavs, xolo mis Semcvel
klauzulaSi poziciebis Secvla SeiZleba. aqamde im SeTanxmebiT viyaviT SezRuduli, rom negatiuri polarobis wevrebi zmnizedebi iyo da imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli poziciebis dakaveba SeeZlo am elementebs konkretul
klauzulaSi, didi arCevani ar gvqonda. Tumca, magaliTad, sityvas anyone es
SezRudva ar exeba. raki anyone determineriani frazaa, igi subieqtic SeiZleba
iyos, obieqtic da Tandebulis obieqtic. amgvarad, (34) magaliTis winadadebebis paralelurad, aseT nimuSebsac viRebT:
(35) a. Portia thought that the fairies did NOT SEE ANYBODY.

b. The elves do NOT think that the fairies liked ANYTHING.

g. The elves do NOT think that ANYBODY liked the fairies.

a. porcia fiqrobda, rom feriebs aravin unaxavT.

b. elfebs ar hgoniaT, rom feriebs rame moswondaT.

g. elfebs ar hgoniaT, rom vinmes feriebi moswonda.
aqamde ganxiluli yvela is winadadeba, sadac negacia negatiuri polarobis
wevrs mosdevs, iseTi winadadebebi iyo, negaciis elementi CarTul winadadebaSi rom idga, xolo negatiuri polarobis wevri _ mTavar winadadebaSi. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom uaryofis elementi da negatiuri polarobis wevri erTad,
erTsa da imave klauzulaSi movaTavsoT? negatiuri polarobis wevrTa amJamad
ukve ganvrcobili CamonaTvalis wyalobiT, romelSic axla anyX tipis negatiuri polarobis wevrebic Sedis, amis gakeTeba marTlac SegviZlia. negatiuri
polarobis wevri namdvilad SeiZleba subieqtad mogvevlinos iseT klauzulaSi, negacias not elementis meSveobiT rom axdens, rogorc es magaliT (36) -Sia:
(36) * Anyone did not see Portia.
aSkaraa, rom es winadadeba damateba 3-s akmayofilebs, vinaidan mxolod erT
klauzulas Seicavs. rogorc saWiroa, negatiuri polarobis wevri da negatiu
ri elementi erTsa da imave klauzulaSia moxvedrili (romelic am SemTxvevaSi
mxolod erTia). da mainc, (36) miuRebel winadadebad aris Sefasebuli. es ki
mxolod imis niSani SeiZleba iyos, rom damateba 3 jer kidev ar aris swori.
Tuki aqamde ganxilul marTebul magaliTebs davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT,
rom cenzori yovelTvis win uswrebs negatiuri polarobis wevrs, xolo yvela
miuRebel winadadebaSi cenzori negatiuri polarobis wevrs mosdevs. es imas
moaswavebs, rom damateba 3 unda daviviwyoT da mis nacvlad wesi 5 damateba 4-is
meSveobiT davxvewoT:
damateba 4: negatiuri cenzori negatiuri polarobis wevrs win unda uZRodes.
iseTi winadadebebisTvis, romlebic negatiur wevrsa da polarobis wevrs
(negatiuri polarobis wevri, anu npw) erTdroulad Seicavs, damateba 4 ori
gansxvavebuli Sedegis prognozirebas axdens:
(37) (1) Tu negatiuri wevri ufro win dgas, vidre negatiuri
polarobis wevri, winadadeba misaRebia.

(2) Tu negatiuri wevri negatiuri polarobis wevrs mosdevs,
winadadeba miuRebelia.
yvela im winadadebis ganxilvis Sedegad, romlebic aqamde Segvxvda, dama
teba 4 ukeTesi versiaa imis prognozirebisTvis, Tu romeli winadadebaa gamarTuli da romeli _ gaumarTavi. Tumca, Cveni axali SemoTavazebis Sesamowmeblad damatebiTi eqsperimentuli winadadebebis Sedgena SegviZlia. rogorc
yovelTvis, eqsperimentis dedaazri axlac iseTi winadadebebis Sedgenaa, romlebic (37) -Si moyvanil aRweras minimalurad akmayofilebs, magram mis mier
prognozirebul niSan-Tvisebebs ar amJRavnebs, anu Sesabamisad ar funqcionirebs. Tu aseTi winadadebebis Sedgenas ver SevZlebT, unda vivaraudoT, rom
damateba 4-is siswore eWvqveS aRar dadgeba.
damateba 4 mcdari gamodga, es moxda im mizezis gamo, romelzec zemoT visa
ubreT, anu imis gamo, rom sakomponento struqturas angariSs ar uwevs. amis
sailustraciod (38) winadadeba ganvixiloT, romelSic negacia negatiuri polarobis wevrs at all win ar uswrebs:
(38)

* The news that Shylock did NOT leave surprised Portia AT ALL.
ambavma, rom Sailoki ar gamgzavrebula, porcia srulebiT

(sulac) gaakvirva.
es winadadeba arasrulfasovania, imis miuxedavad, rom not ufro win dgas,

vidre at all da amtkicebs, rom damateba 4 araadeqvaturia.
4.1.4 problemis gadaWra

aqamde vcdilobdiT, martivi dakvirvebebisa da martivi eqsperimentebis
safuZvelze swori wesi SegvemuSavebina. Tu iseTi STabeWdileba SegeqmnaT, rom
amgvari martivi procedurebis meSveobiT yovelTvis swor gadawyvetilebamde
mivalT, cdebiT. mecnierebaSi arasdros gveZleva imis garantia, rom swor
Teorias nebismieri proceduruli meTodebis meSveobiT mivaRwevT. sirTuleebi gansaxilveli masalis kompleqsuri bunebis gamo gvxvdeba. gansaxilveli da
dasakvirvebeli imdeni ram aris, rom windawin verasdros gvecodineba, romeli dakvirveba migviyvans swori wesis SemuSavebamde. aqve vnaxavT, enis sakomponento struqtura imdenad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, rom sakomponento
struqturiT manipulirebis, masze dayrdnobis gareSe sasurveli Sedegis miRweva ukiduresad rTuli iqneba.
amgvarad, swori wesisaken gzis TandaTanobiT, auCqareblad gakvalvas
sjobs mis Semoklebaze vifiqroT. proceduruli wesi, romelic damateba 4-is
saxiT gagvaCnia, bevr saeqsperimento nimuSs SesaniSnavad esadageba. maSin gavarkvioT, ratom ar moqmedebs igi (38-e) magaliTSi.
ras uaryofs negacia?

modiT, davfiqrdeT, rogor zemoqmedebs winadadebaze masSi negaciis ele
mentis Setana da ramdenime aseTi magaliTi ganvixiloT:
(39) a. Macbeth liked witchcraft Macbeth did not like witchcraft

b. Macbeth said that he liked witchcraft Macbeth said that he did
not liked witchcraft
g. Macbeth said that he liked witchcraft Macbeth did not say that
241
242
he liked witchcraft

a. makbets moswonda jadoqroba _ makbets ar moswonda

jadoqroba

b. makbetma Tqva, rom mas jadoqroba moswonda _ makbetma Tqva,
rom mas jadoqroba ar moswonda

g. makbetma Tqva, rom mas jadoqroba moswonda _ makbets ar
uTqvams, rom mas jadoqroba moswonda.
pirveli winadadeba im informacias gadmogvcems, rom makbets jadoqroba

moswonda. misi mopirispire negatiuri mxare Seicavs informacias, rom makbets
jadoqroba ar moswonda. msgavsad, meore winadadebis pirveli nawili im infromacias gvawvdis, rom makbets uTqvams, TiTqos mas jadoqroba moswonda, xolo
meore, masTan Sepirispirebuli uaryofiTi winadadeba gvamcnobs, TiTqos makbets uTqvams, rom mas jadoqroba sulac ar moswons. mesame winadadebis pirveli nawili meore magaliTis pirveli nawilis identuria, magram Sepirispirebuli negatiuri formis meSveobiT vityobT, rom makbets sulac ar uTqvams,
rom mas jadoqroba moswonda. am sam winadadebaze dayrdnobiT magaliT (40) -Si
moyvanil cxrils viRebT, romelSic tolobis niSani ise unda iqnes gagebuli,
rogorc ` gadmosacemi Sinaarsi~, anu rogori informaciis gadmocema hqonda
ganzraxuli mTqmels Tu damwers.
(40) a. Macbeth did not like witchcraft = marTali araa, TiTqos makbets

jadoqroba moswonda.

b.Macbeth said that he did not like witchcraft = makbetma Tqva, rom

marTali ar aris, TiTqos mas jadoqroba moswonda.

g.Macbeth did not say that he liked witchcraft = marTali ar aris,

TiTqos makbets eTqvas, rom mas jadoqroba moswonda.
es perifrazebi TvalnaTliv gvaCvenebs, ris uaryofa xdeba, roca winadadebaSi negaciis wevri Semodis. amgvarad, pirvel winadadebaSi uaryofilia azri,
rom makbets moswonda jadoqroba. gansxvaveba (39b) -sa da (39g) -s Soris iseTia,
rogori sxvaobis ilustrirebasac (40b) da (40g) magaliTebi axdens. (39b) winadadebaSi uaryofili ar aris is, rasac makbeti ambobs. am winadadebis mixedviT,
makbeti raRacas ambobs. rac uaryofilia, imasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rasac
makbetis naTqvami exeba. an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mTavari klauzula uaryofili ar aris, negacia mxolod CarTul winadadebaSi xdeba. ase magaliTad, winaaRmdegobrivi azri iqneba: `makbetma Tqva, rom mas jadoqroba ar moswonda,
arsebiTad ki makbets araferi uTqvams~. magram sruliad gasagebi da logikuri
_ `makbetma Tqva, rom mas jadoqroba ar uyvarda, arsebiTad, makbetma is Tqva,
rom jadoqroba sZags~. Tumca, azris ase Camoyalibeba cota ucnauria, radgan
es winadadeba erTsa da imave azrs imeorebs.
magaliT (39g) -Si mTavari klauzula uaryofilia da raki CarTuli klauzula mTavari klauzulis nawilia, misi uaryofac xdeba. es aSkara xdeba (40g)Si: `marTali ar aris, TiTqos makbets eTqvas, rom mas jadoqroba moswonda~.
es winadadeba ambobs, rom marTali ar aris, rom makbetma raRac Tqva, kerZod,
rom mas jadoqroba moswonda~.

maSasadame, arc es azri iqneba winaaRmdegobrivi: `makbets ar uTqvams, rom
mas jadoqroba moswonda, sinamdvileSi makbets sruliad araferi uTqvams~. arsebiTad, raki CarTuli winadadebac negatiurad aRiqmeba, arc amis Tqma iqneba
umarTebulo: `makbets ar uTqvams, rom mas jadoqroba moswons, arsebiTad
man is Tqva, rom jadoqroba sZags~. negaciis mniSvnelobis amgvarad interpretireba negaciis sxva SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, kerZod, negaciis elementebze
never da nobody. Sesabamisad, Semdeg interpretaciebs viRebT:
(41) a. Macbeth said that nobody liked witchcraft = Macbeth said it was
not the case that anyone liked witchcraft

b. Bill never comes to school = it is not the case that Bill ever comes
to school

a. makbetma Tqva, rom jadoqroba aravis uyvarda. = makbetma

Tqva, rom marTali ar aris, TiTqos jadoqroba
nebismier adamians uyvarda.

b. bili skolaSi arasdros modis = marTali ar aris, rom bili
skolaSi modis.
axla SegviZlia Cvens Zvel amocanas davubrundeT: vcadoT da gavarkvioT,
ratom dasrulda uSedegod wina mcdelobebi zemoT, damateba 4-is SemuSavebisas, magaliT (38) -is SemTxvevaSi. amisaTvis misaRebi (anu is magaliTebi, romlebic damateba 4-is prognozs emTxveva) da miuRebeli magaliTebia (kerZod, 42d):
(42) a. I said that the fairies did not see anyone.

b. The elves did not say that the fairies saw anything.

g. The elves did not say that anybody liked the fairies.

d. * The news that Shylock did not leave surprised Portia at all.

a. me vTqvi, rom feriebs aravin unaxavT.

b. elfebs ar uTqvamT, rom feriebma rame dainaxes.

g. elfebs ar uTqvamT, rom feriebi yvelas (nebismiers)
moswons.

d. * ambavma, rom Sailoki ar gamgzavrebula, porcia
sulac gaakvirva.
Tu pirveli sami gamarTuli winadadebis interpretirebas movaxdenT (interpretirebis zemoT gamoyenebuli xerxebis meSveobiT) Semdeg im winadadebebs miviRebT, sadac xazgasma imaze modis, rac uaryofilia:
(43) a. I said that it was not the case that the fairies saw anyone.
b. It is not the case that the elves said that the fairies liked anything.
g. It is not the case that the elves said that anybody liked the fairies.

a. me vTvqvi, rom marTali ar aris, TiTqos feriebma
viRac dainaxes.

b. marTali ar aris, TiTqos elfebs eTqvaT, rom feriebs
raRac moswonT.

g. marTali ar aris, TiTqos elfebs eTqvaT, rom vinmes
feriebi moswons.
243
244
rogorc xedavT, yvela am SemTxvevaSi negatiuri polarobis wevri gamuqebuli Tanwyobis nawils warmoadgens. axla warmovidginoT, rom am kanonzomierebas meoTxe winadadebaze vavrcelebT. Sedegad gaumarTav (miuRebel) winadadebas miviRebT:
(44) The news that it is not the case that Shylock left surprised Portia at all.

ambavma, rom marTali ar aris, TiTqos Sailoki gaemgzavra,

porcia sulac gaakvirva.
am winadadebaSi is, rac uaryofil nawilad aRiqmeba, negatiuri polarobis
wevrs ar Seicavs. uaryofilad ki subieqtis nawili gvevlineba, da ara mTavari
winadadebis danarCeni nawili. es winadadeba gvamcnobs, rom porcia gakvirvebulia. winaaRmdegobrivi azri ideboda Semdeg gamonaTqvamSi: àmbavma, rom
Sailoki ar gamgzavrebula, porcia gaakvirva, sinamdvileSi porcia gakvirvebuli ar yofila~.
am dakvirvebebs Semdeg ganzogadebamde mivyavarT (es ganzogadeba polarobis wevrTa cenzorobasTan dakavSirebul wess Seexeba):
damateba 5: winadadeba, romelic negatiuri polarobis wevrs

Seicavs, gamarTulia, Tu es winadadeba negatiur

wevrs Seicavs, xolo negatiuri polarobis wevri

imis nawilia, rac winadadebaSi uaryofilia.
da mainc, wesi, romelze dayrdnobiTac vsazRvravT, ra miiCneva winadadebaSi uaryofilad, ufro mkafiod unda iqnes Camoyalibebuli. saamisod saukeTeso xerxi im winadadebebze dakvirveba (maT Soris imaTzec, romlebic zemoT ganvixileT) da maTi iseTnairad interpretirebaa, rogorc magaliT (40) -Si, an (44)
-Si gavakeTeT, Semdeg ki am winadadebebisTvis yvelaze swori ganzogadebis misadageba iqneba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xelaxla unda wamoviwyoT procedura,
romelmac damateba 5-is SemuSavebamde migviyvana, magram axla ufro specifikuri amocana gvaqvs dasaxuli.
problemis kvlevis amgvari meTodi ukiduresad mniSvnelovania, xolo rac
am kvlevas win uswrebda, imis sailustraciod iyo Cafiqrebuli, Tu rogor moqmedebs igi romelime konkretul SemTxvevaSi. lingvistebi am problemaze sakmaod
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen da me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
iseTi wesi SeimuSaves, romelic SesaniSnavad funqcionirebs, magram imis xelaxla aRmoCena, rac ukve didi xnis aRmoCenilia, uazrobaa (Tumca ki lingvisturi
kvlevis xerxebTan gacnobis kargi saSualebac aris). miaxloebiTi wesi, romelic
gansazRvravs, ra iTvleba winadadebaSi uaryofilad, ase JRers:
(45) miaxloebiTi wesi, romelic gansazRvravs, ra iTvleba

winadadebaSi uaryofilad:
Tu winadadeba iseT negatiur gamoTqmas Seicavs, romelic X frazaa (anu determineriani fraza, zmnizediani fraza da a.S ) winadadebaSi im umciresi komponentis uaryofa xdeba, romelsac es X fraza Seicavs.
roca wes 5-s ise vcvliT, rom damateba 5 moicavs (romelic (45) -is meSveo-
biT ukeT ganimarteba ), SegviZlia ganvacxadoT:

wesi 6: negatiuri polarobis wevri im komponentSi unda gamoCndes,

romelic winadadebaSi uaryofilia.
axla modiT, ramdenime magaliTi ganvixiloT da vnaxoT, rogor muSaobs es
wesi. raki igi sakomponento struqturas ukavSirdeba, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
jer imis dadgena dagvWirdeba, Tu rogori iyo sakomponento struqtura wes
6-is amoqmedebamde.
(46) a. Macbeth said that nobody liked witchcraft.

b. Macbeth did not say that he liked witchcraft.

a. makbetma Tqva, rom jadoqroba aravis moswonda.

b. makbets ar uTqvams, rom jadoqroba moswonda.
a-s da b-s Sesabamisi sakomponento struqturebi magaliT (47) -ia mocemuli:
(47) a.
dr.f1
df
dr
Macbeth
zmf
dr
wars.
said
dmf
that
dr.f2
df
dr.
nobody
dr
zmf
wars.
liked witchcraft
dr.f1
b.
df
Macbeth
dr
zmf
dr
did
not
zmf
say
dmf
that
dr.f2
df
he
dr.
dr
wars.
zmf
liked witchcraft
245
246
(46a) -Si uaryofiTi gamoTqmaa determineriani fraza nobody, misi Semcveli

umciresi komponenti ki droiTi fraza 2 [nobody liked witchcraft]. es swored is
droiTi frazaa, romelic uaryofilad iTvleba. swored aseve (46b) magaliTSic
pirveli komponenti, romelic not negaciis elements Seicavs, zmf komponentia: [not say that he liked witchcraft]. axla vnaxavT, rogor moqmedebs wesi 6:
(48) a. The elves did not tell anyone that the fairies could like witchcraft.

b. *The elves told anyone the fairies could not like witchcraft.

g. Nobody told anyone that the fairies could like witchcraft.

d. *The news that Shylock did not leave surprised Portia at all.

a. elfebs aravisTvis uTqvamT, rom feriebs SeiZleboda

jadoqroba moswonebodaT.

b. elfebma vinmes uTxres, rom feriebs SeiZleboda


g. aravis uTqvams vinmesTvis, rom feriebs SeiZleboda


d. ambavma, rom Sailoki ar gamgzavrebula, porcia

sulac (srulebiT) gaakvirva.
raki es wesi sakomponento struqturas eyrdnoba, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
imis gansazRvra dagvWirdeba, Tu rogoria konkretuli sakomponento struqtura, Semdeg ki darwmuneba, rom negatiuri polarobis wevris cenzoroba sworad gamoricxavs gaumarTav winadadebebs, xolo misaReb winadadebebs ki `sanqcias~ aZlevs.
Cven mxolod ukanasknel, (48) winadadebas gavarCevT. misi perifrazireba
sxva winadadebiT SeiZleba: Something surprised Portia at all _ `raRacam porcia sulac gaakvirva~. es amtkicebs, rom am winadadebis mTavari zmnaa surprised, xolo
is, ris poziciaSic sityva something dgas, kerZod, the news that Shylock did not
leave, am zmnis subieqtia. Sedegad ki amgvar sakomponento struqturas viRebT:
(49)
dr.f1
df
d
the
dr.
sf
s
news
dr.
dmf
that
zmf
wars. surpised Portia at all

dr.f2
df
Shylock
dr.
dr.
zmf2
did
not leave
247
am struqturis magaliTze vxedavT, rom is, rac winadadebaSi uaryofilia,

zmniani frazaa _ diagramaSi igi zmf2 SemoklebiT aris aRniSnuli. raki es zmniani fraza at all negatiuri polarobis wevrs ar Seicavs, maSasadame, wesi 6 sworad gansazRvravs, rom ganxiluli winadadeba gaumarTavia.
magaliT (48) -is pirveli sami winadadebisTvis
(1) SeadgineT sakomponento struqturis amsaxveli xisebri
diagramebi.
(2) daamtkiceT da sworad CamoayalibeT, ratom eqvemdebareba
(an ar eqvemdebareba) igi wes 6-s.
komponentze zemdgomobis (c-command) cneba

rogorc zemoT iTqva, imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ris uaryofa xdeba winadadebaSi, umcires komponentebs unda davakvirdeT, romlebic negatiur gamoTqmebs
Seicavs. es mniSvnelovani cnebaa da karg samsaxurs gviwevs nebismier konteqstSi, maT Soris, iseTebSic, romelTac negaciasTan saerTo araferi aqvs.
zogierT frazaSi _ Tandebuliani fraza iqneba es, determineriani fraza,
zmniani fraza Tu saxeliani fraza, erTi sityviT, X fraza, romelSic aso X
nebismier kategorias aRniSnavs, umciresi komponenti, romelic am X frazas
Seicavs, anu am X frazis dedakvanZia, ase ganisazRvreba: am X frazis komponentze zemdgomis zemoqmedebis sfero, an SemoklebiT c-zemdgomi. X fraza,
an sxvagvarad PXp am zemdgomis zemoqmedebis sferoSi yvelafers gansazRvravs.
aso -c c-zemdgomSi komponentis ideas ukavSirdeba, zemdgomobis idea ki _
gavlenas, zemoqmedebas.
(50) c-zemdgomi [miaxloebiTi definicia]

X frazis c-zemdgomis zemoqmedebis sfero pirveli

komponentia, romelic am X frazas Seicavs. X frazis

c-zemdgomi Tavisi zemoqmedebis sferoSi yvelafers

marTavs.
(47a) nimuSSi, magaliTad, uaryofiTi gamoTqma nobody determineriani frazaa.
pirveli komponenti, romelic am determinerian frazas Seicavs, droiTi fraza 2-ia. amis gamo es determineriani fraza Seicavs am CarTul droiT fraza
2-s, rogorc Tavisi zemoqmedebis sferos, xolo negatiuri elementi nobody
am droiT frazaSi yvelafers c-zemdgomis uflebiT marTavs. amis Sedegad da
moqmedi wesis wyalobiT unda movelodeT, rom am droiT fraza 2-Si negatiuri
wevri SeiZleba nebismier adgilas idges. (47b) nimuSSi uaryofiTi gamoTqma not
zmf1 komponent c-zemdgomis zemoqmedebis sferod iyenebs da am zmnian fraza
1-Si yvelafers zemdgomis uflebiT marTavs _ ufro konkretulad, marTavs
nebismier negatiuri polarobis wevrs, romelic am droiT fraza 2-Si moipoveba.
Tuki am yvelafers erT suraTad SevaerTebT, wesis Camoyalibebasac SevZlebT
_ ise, rogorc qvemoT aris mocemuli. es negatiuri polarobis wevris cenzorobasTan dakavSirebuli wesis saboloo (am Tavis diskusiaSi) versia iqneba.
savarjiSo
4. 5
248
(51) uaryofiTi polarobis wevrebis cenzorobasTan

dakavSirebuli wesi
negatiuri polarobis wevris Semcveli winadadeba gamarTulad CaiTvleba, Tuki es negatiuri polarobis wevri uaryofiTi elementis c-zemdgomobis
sferoSia moqceuli.
savarjiSo
4. 6
axla xelaxla ganixileT magaliTi (36), romelic qvemoT meordeba:

(1) * Anyone did not see Portia.
1. (a) imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ris uaryofa xdeba winadadebaSi

gamoiyeneT magaliT (40) -Si nimuSad moyvanili procedura,
romelic negaciis elements fraziT ìt is not the case that .....
anacvlebs.

(b) aris Tu ara am proceduris Tanaxmad anyone elementi
uaryofiTi Tanwyobis nawili?

(g) aris Tu ara winadadeba (1) gamarTuli damateba 5-is mixedviT?
2. (a) SeadgineT winadadeba (1) -is xisebri diagrama.

(b) am xisebr diagramaze dayrdnobiT gansazRvreT: romeli
komponentia am SemTxvevaSi uaryofili (51) -Si
Camoyalibebuli wesis Tanaxmad?
(g) aris Tu ara winadadeba (I) gamarTuli (51) -Si Camoyalibebuli
wesis Tanaxmad?
3. romeli midgomaa ukeTesi: wesi 5 + damateba 5 Tu (51) -Si

Camoyalibebuli wesi?
4.1.5 mniSvnelovani da dasamaxsovrebeli sakiTxebi

am ganyofilebaSi sami mniSvnelovani aspeqtia dasamaxsovrebeli. aqedan
pirveli kvlevis meTodikaa, xolo meore da mesame enis struqturasTan dakavSirebul daskvnebs moicavs.
1. kvlevis meTodi _ rogor mivudgeT sintaqsis sakiTxebs _ moicavs Zalze sasargeblo ganzogadebebsa da wesebis daxvewis xerxebs.
2. sintaqsuri damokidebulebebi arsebobs da sintaqsuri aRwerebis ganuyofel
nawils qmnis.
3. lingvisturi wesebi struqturazea damokidebuli, ixileT (17) (sintaqsuri
wesebis struqturaze damokidebulebis principi ) da iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa c-zemdgomoba (ixileT (50)), romlebic sintaqsuri damokidebulebebis funqcionirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.
4.2 sintaqsur damokidebulebaTa zogierTi ZiriTadi tipi

am ganyofilebaSi sintaqsuri damokidebulebebis im tipebs (da saTanado
nimuSebs) ganvixilavT, romlebic bunebriv enebSi gvxvdeba. TiToeuli nimuSis
dawvrilebiT ganxilva imgvar kvlevas moiTxovs, romelsac negatiuri polarobis
wevris SemTxvevaSi mivmarTavdiT. axla Cveni ganzraxva im kvlevis Sedegebis warmoCena iqneba, romelTac enaTmecnierebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
iyeneben. Cvens amocanebSi imgvar damokidebulebaTa warmoCenac Sedis, romlebic
realurad arsebobs da am damokidebulebaTa maxasiaTeblebis aRwerac.
4.2.1 SerCeva
me-3 TavSi damokidebulebaTa or mniSvnelovan tips gavecaniT, romlebsac
gansaxilvelad da samsjelod axla xelaxla mivubrundebiT: esenia semantikuri
SerCeva da kategoriaTa SerCeva, SemoklebiT _ s-SerCeva da c-SerCeva. amjerad
maT, ufro zustad ki, maT rols sakomponento struqturis gansazRvraSi
ufro detalurad gavecnobiT, vinaidan winadadebas konkretuli sakomponento struqtura umTavresad imis gamo gaaCnia, rom xsenebul damokidebulebebs
semantikuri da kategoriaTa SerCeva uqmniT.
predikatis / argumentis damokidebulebebi (semantikuri SerCeva )

ZiriTadi da yvelaze martivi lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebis ilustrireba
qvemoT moyvanili nimuSebis wyvilebiT SeiZleba, romlebzec Cven ukve gvaqvs
garkveuli warmodgena:
(52) a.Macbeth arrived.

b. Macbeth described Dunsinane Forest.

a. makbeti movida.

b. makbetma dansinanis tye aRwera.
(53) a. *Macbeth described
b. * Macbeth arrived Banquo

a. makbetma aRwera

b. makbeti movida banqo
(53a) winadadeba (52a) -sgan aris warmomdgari, oRond masSi zmna arrived meore,
described zmniT aris Canacvlebuli, xolo (b) magaliTSi ki piriqiT. raki (53)-e
magaliTis winadadebebi arasrulfasovania, eseni aucileblad unda arRvevdnen raime saxis damokidebulebas, romelic zmnasa da mis konteqsts Soris arsebobs. problemis arsi intuitiuradac ki naTlad gvesaxeba: zmna arrive garkveul
maxasiaTebels, niSan-Tvisebas aniWebs romelime erTeuls (an erTeulTa erTobas _ Tu subieqti mravlobiT ricxvSi dgas, rogorc winadadebaSi the children arrived). Tu vambob, rom makbeti movida _ Macbeth arrived, maSasadame imas
vgulisxmob, rom saxels `makbeti~ romelime maxasiaTebeli gaaCnia, romelic
warsulSi romelime konkretul adgilas misvlaSi gamoixateba. zmnis described
SemTxvevaSi sxva viTareba gvaqvs. winadadeba Macbeth described Dunsinane Forest
damokidebulebas qmnis or erTeuls _ aRmwers, anu am SemTxvevaSi makbetsa da
249
250
aRweril obieqts, dansinanis tyes Soris. (53-e) magaliTis winadadebebSi raRac

ar aris swori _ zmna arrived isea naxmari, TiTqos kavSirs or erTeuls Soris
amyarebs, magram arrived zmnas, misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, amis gakeTeba
ar SeuZlia. xolo (53a) winadadebis arasrulfasovnebas is faqti iwvevs, rom
zmna described isea gamoyenebuli, TiTqos maxasiaTebelis mimniWebeli da ara
kavSiris damamyarebeli zmna yofiliyos.
roca zmnebis arrived an described mniSvneloba viciT, garkveulwilad imasac
vacnobirebT, rom arrive romelime erTeulis (an erTeulTa erTobis) maxasiaTebelia, xolo describe ki _ or erTeuls (an erTeulTa erTobas) Soris arsebuli
kavSiri. Cven es codna gvaqvs, raki winadadebebis am wyvilTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas mas veyrdnobiT. zmnebis am maxasiaTebelebs analogi qimiaSi moeZebneba, valentobis cnebis saxiT, romelic ganmartavs, rogor erwymis erTmaneTs atomebi. magaliTad, Jangbadis atomi orvalentiania (anu misi valentoba 2-ia), rac
imas niSnavs, rom am atoms an or iseT elementTan SeuZlia Serwyma, romlidanac
TiToeulis valentoba 1-ia, an erT orvalentian elementTan. pirveli variantis nimuSi H2O, anu wylis molekulaa, romelSic wyalbadis erTvalentiani
atomebi Jangbadis erT atoms erwymis da molekulas qmnian. meore variantis
TvalsaCinoebas ki molekula O2 warmoadgens, Jangbadis ori atomis SerwymiT
rom miiReba.
axla ki, am paralelidan zmnas arrive davubrundeT, romelsac Cvenive
analogiis Tanaxmad, erTi valentoba gaaCnia. am maxasiaTeblis aRwera asec
SeiZleba: zmna arrive erTi argumentis funqciaa, an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
predikatia, romelic erT arguments iRebs _ erTadgiliani predikati, an,
kidev sxvagvarad, monaduri (erTelementiani) predikati.
zmnis arrive am maxasiaTeblis gaTvalsaCinoeba Semdegnairad SeiZleba:
(54) arrive (X)
im azris gamosaxatad, rom zmna arrive sruli mniSvnelobis warmoTqmisas zemoT ganxiluli qimiuri elementebis molekulebs waagavs, igi romelime elements unda Seerwyas, romelsac aq X ad movixseniebT. Sedegad iseT mniSvnelobas miviRebT, romelSic zmna arrive (misvla, Casvla) am X-s `misvlis~ maxasiaTe
bels mianiWebs. termin `predikatis~ gamoyeneba kidev erTi gzaa imgvar sityvebze (aq: zmnebze) sasaubrod, romlebic maxasiaTebels an kavSirs, urTierTobas
gamoxataven.
valentobis ideas Tu mivubrundebiT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zmnas describe
ori valentoba aqvs, anu es zmna ori argumentis funqciaa, an predikati, romelic or arguments iRebs, an kidev oradgiliani predikati da diaduri
(orelementiani) predikati, amitomac vwerT:
(55) describe (x, y)
rac imas niSnavs, rom zemoT naxsenebi qimiuri analogiis msgavsad, zmna describe sruli mniSvnelobis SesaZenad or elements unda Seerwyas, romelTac
aq X-s daYY-s vuwodebT. Sedegad miRebuli mniSvneloba iseTi iqneba, romelSic

zmna describe maT Soris aRweriT urTierTobas daamyarebs. am or elements Soris erTi aRmweri iqneba, xolo meore _ mis mier aRwerili (an aRsaweri) obieqti.
predikatis argumentTa raodenoba

raki ukve viciT, rom arsebobs erTadgiliani da oradgiliani predikatebi,
bunebrivia, gviCndeba kiTxva: samadgiliani predikatebic xom ar arsebobs? (xom
gvaqvs iseTi zmnebi, magaliTad, give (micema- aZlevs is mas mas) (x, y, z), vinaidan
X Y-s Z-s aZlevs, an kidev oTxadgiliani (magram ara umetes oTxisa), rogorc zmna
trade (vaWroba, gacvla) (x, y, z, w), iseT winadadebaSi, rogoricaa x traded y for
z with w - x vaWrobda y-iT z-sTan ). albaT, isic unda vikiTxoT, arsebobs Tu ara
nuladgiliani predikatebi. amis SesaZlo magaliTebad SegviZlia atmosferuli
movlenebis gamomxatveli zmnebi moviyvanoT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, wvims
(rain), Tovs (snow), romlebic, imis miuxedavad, rom subieqtTan erTad ixmareba,
am subieqtebs maxasiaTeblebs ver aniWeben. maTi subieqtebi romelime saxis
erTeuls ar ukavSirdeba. amgvari zmnebi mxolod saqmis viTarebas aRweren,
kerZod, imas, rom wvims, Tovs da ase Semdeg.
zmnis describe SemTxvevaSi garkveul sirTules SevxvdebiT, romelic zmnasTan arrive ar gvxvdeba. am zmnis ori argumenti TviT zmnasTan erTi da imave
tipis urTierTobas ver amyarebs. erT-erTi am argumentTagani aRmwers, moqmedebis agents ukavSirdeba, meore ki imas, rac aRwerilia, rac qmedebis, anu
Temis zemoqmedebas ganicdis. am axalSemomatebuli maxasiaTeblis aRsaniSnad
aRniSvnis wess vcvliT:
(56)
describe (Xagenti, XTema)
zmnis arrive SemTxvevaSi mxolod erTi argumenti arsebobs da igi aRqmulia, rogorc obieqti, romelic qmedebis zemoqmedebas ganicdis. am arguments
Temas varqmevT da vwerT:
(57)
arrive (XTema)
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSvnis am wesis meSveobiT imis aRwera daviwyeT,

rac viciT, Cveni codna amiT ar amoiwureba. (52b) winadadebis SemTxvevaSi Cven
viciT, rom makbeti raRacas aRwers, xolo is, rasac aRwers, Temaa, anu dansinanis tye. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom es aranairad ar ukavSirdeba Sinaarsobriv mxares, anu imas, rom ucnauri iqneboda, aRmweri dansinanis tye
yofiliyo. modiT frazebs Macbeth da Dunsinane Forest poziciebi vubrunoT da
erTmaneTis adgilebze gadavanacvloT:
(58)
Dunsinane Forest described Macbeth.
rac ar unda ucnauri winadadeba miviRoT, mas mniSvneloba mainc gaaCnia:

aRmweri axla dansinanis tyea, aRweris obieqti ki _ makbeti. es faqti imaze
migvaniSnebs, rom describe iseTi predikatia, romelic or arguments iRebs.
erTi isea interpretirebuli, rogorc agenti, meore ki _ rogorc Tema. magram am winadadebaze Cveni codnis gadmosacemad mxolod amis Tqma ar aris sakmarisi. Tu (52b) -s xisebr reprezentacias movaxdenT, umniSvnelovanesi faqtorebis gaTvalsaCinoebas SevZlebT:
251
CanarTi
4. 4
252
dr.f
(59)
df
Macbeth
dr.
dr
wars.
zmf
zmna
described
df
Dunsinane
determineriani fraza, romelic isea interpretirebuli, rogorc agenti,

am zmnis subieqtia, determineriani fraza ki, romlis interpretireba Temad
iqceva, am zmnis damateba iqneba. es faqti imas mowmobs, rom zmnas, ufro zustad
ki zmnis mniSvnelobas (rogorc (56) -Si mivuTiTeT) da im winadadebis sakomponento struqturas Soris, romelSic es zmna dgas, kavSiri arsebobs. amave ideis
sxvagvarad gamoxatvac SeiZleba, Tuki vityviT, rom zmnasa da am zmnis Semcveli
xisebri diagramis garkveul poziciebs Soris damokidebuleba arsebobs.
Cven SegviZlia, zmnis describe SemTxvevaSi am damokidebulebas naTeli movfinoT da is konkretuli problemebi ganvixiloT, romelsac am zmnis garCevisas gadavawydebiT.
(60) roca zmna [describe (X agenti, X Tema)] winadadebaSi Cndeba, misi

subieqti ise interpretirdeba, rogorc misi agentis argumenti,

xolo misi damateba _ rogorc misi Tematuri (Temis) argumenti.
damokidebuleba im sxvadasxva arguments Soris, romelic zmnas gaaCnia da
im sintaqsur poziciebs Soris, romlebsac isini ikaveben, Turme ukiduresad
zogadi xasiaTisaa. mas Cveulebriv zmnis makavSirebel maxasiaTebels uwodeben. Semdegi winadadeba naTlad gviCvenebs, rom zmnis describe agenti - argumenti amave zmnis subieqti unda iyos da ara winadadebis nebismieri subieqti. es
is moTxovnaa, romelic aucileblad unda dakmayofildes:
(61)

Banquo said that Macbeth described Dunsinane.
banqom (benqoum) Tqva, rom makbetma dansinani aRwera.
SeiZleba Tu ara, rom banqo zmnis describe agentis argumentad iqnes inter
pretirebuli? sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gvamcnobs Tu ara es winadadeba, rom raRac swored banqom aRwera? ra Tqma unda, ara. banqo marTlac subieqtia, magram
im klauzulaSi ar dgas, romelic misi describe zmnis agentobis SemTxvevaSi unda
idges. amiT vrwmundebiT, rom describe zmnis agenti-argumenti imave klauzulaSi
unda iyos subieqti, romelSic zmna describe dgas, anu im klauzulaSi, romlis
mTavari zmnac aris igi. Sesabamisad, wes (60) -is formulireba Sesacvleli gvaqvs:
(62) zmnis describe makavSirebeli-maxasiaTebeli:
roca zmna [describe (X agenti, X Tema)] winadadebaSi Cndeba, misi subieqti
ise interpretirdeba, rogorc misi agenti-argumenti, xolo misi damateba _
rogorc misi Tematuri (Temis) argumenti.
253
zmnas, mis subieqtsa da mis damatebas Soris aq aRweril damokidebulebas,

semantikur SerCevas (SemoklebiT _ S-SerCeva) vuwodebT. masze wina TavebSic
visaubreT. semantikuri SerCeva iseTi SerCevaa, romelic mniSvnelobas
ukavSirdeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi zmna describe semantikuri SerCeviT irCevs Tavis
subieqtsa da damatebas, vinaidan es zmna moiTxovs, rom misi subieqti ise iqnes
interpretirebuli, rogorc misi X agenti-argumenti, xolo misi damateba _
rogorc XTemis argumenti (rogorc aris kidec aRwerili). es is moTxovnaa,
romelic (58) winadadebas ucnaurs xdis, vinaidan, misi iZulebiT, aRmwerad
dansinani (tye) ganixileba, rac am sityvis mniSvnelobis gamo, cota ar iyos,
Znelad warmosadgenia.
Zalze mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, rom semantikur SerCevasTan dakavSirebul zmnis maxasiTeblebs ori aspeqti gamoarCevs:
1. im argumentTa raodenoba da tipi, romelsac zmna iRebs
2. is, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba es argumentebi xisebri diagramis poziciebs
zmnis describe SemTxvevaSi am or aspeqts Semdegnairad ganvsazRvravT:
(63)
describe (X agenti,
subieqti
X Tema)
damateba
aRniSvnis amgvari wesis ganmarteba niSnavs, rom:

(1) zmna describe or arguments iRebs (X agentsa da X Temas)
(2) damakavSirebeli xazebi, romlebic X agentisa da X Temisagan
subieqtsa da damatebaze zemodan qvemoT Camodis, niSnavs,
rom X agenti subieqti unda iyos, XTema ki _ damateba.
argumentTa semantikuri da sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebi

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom argumentebis, kerZod ki agentisa da Temis
sainterpretacio maxasiaTebelebis gamoyofa maTive sintaqsuri realizaciisgan dakvirvebiT da frTxilad moxdes. CvenTvis kargad cnobili zmna describe
SeiZleba iseT struqturebSic Segvxvdes, (63) Si gacxadebul princips zedapirulad rom arRvevs. erT aseT magaliTs pasiuri konstruqciis qvemoT moyvanili nimuSic warmoadgens:
(I)
Dunsinane Forest was described by Macbeth.
dansinanis tye makbetis mier iqna aRwerili.

am winadadebaSi describe zmnis Tematuri argumenti subieqtad aris realize
buli, maSin, roca agenti-argumenti isea realizebuli, rogorc Tandebuliani
frazis nawili, romelsac saTao sityvad Tandebuli by aqvs. am argumentebis
sainterpretacio maxasiaTeblebi ar Secvlila, magram maTi sintaqsuri rea
lizacia sruliad gansxvavebulia. swored am mizeziT gvmarTebs am ori cnebis
erTmaneTisgan gamorCeva.
pasiuri konstruqciis maxasiaTebelTa kvleva damwyebi lingvistebisTvis
gankuTvnili am teqstis amocanebs da SesaZleblobebs scdeba, magram mainc
unda vicodeT, rom amgvari kvlevis Sedegad SeiZleba imis damtkiceba, rom (63)e formulireba, zedapiruli STabeWdilebis miuxedavad, mainc sworia!
CanarTi
4. 5
254
rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, semantikuri SerCevis principi mxolod Cvens

mier ganxilul describe da arrive zmnebze zemoqmedebiT ki ar Semoifargleba,
aramed zogadi xasiaTisaa, amitom is, rasac qvemoT waikiTxavT, yvela zmnas
Seexeba:
semantikuri SerCeva:
zmnam SeiZleba semantikuri SerCevis ZaliT SearCios Tavisi subieqti, dama
tebebi (Tuki aseTi gaaCnia): zmnam SeiZleba moiTxovos, rom misi subieqti an da
mateba (damatebebi) mas garkveuli yaidis Sinaarsobrivi kombinaciiT Seerwyas.
semantikuri SerCevis arsebobas gansakuTrebiT cxadyofs zogierTi idio
maturi gamoTqma, anu idiomebi, rogorc qvemoT moyvanili numuSebi:
(64) lend assistance = help (sityvasityviT: daxmarebis

sesxeba = daxmarebis gaweva = daxmareba)

kick the bucket = die (sityva-sityviT; saTlisTvis

fexis gakvra= fexebis gaWimva =sikvdili)

to play for love (sityvasityviT: siyvarulisTvis

TamaSi _ TamaSi fulis daudeblad, gasarTobad)
inglisur enaSi uamravi aseTi gamoTqma arsebobs (iseve, rogorc msoflios
nebismier enaSi). gamorCeuli aRniSvnis Rirsi eseni imis gamo Seiqna, rom am frazebis calkeuli nawilebi sul sxva mniSvnelobisaa, vidre is mniSvneloba, romelic maTi erTad dgomis Sedegad miiReba, vinaidan isini erTmaneTs Sinaarsobrivi kombinaciis `normaluri~ wesis mixedviT ar erwymis. ase magaliTad, lend
assistance raRacis, magaliTad, daxmarebis sesxebas sulac ar gulisxmobs, im
mniSvnelobiT, rogoriTac aris naxmari frazaSi lend a book/ten dollars (wignis/
aTi dolaris sesxeba). am SemTxvevaSi zmnis lend mniSvneloba nawilobriv misi
pirdapiri obieqtis _ assistance mniSvnelobiT aris ganpirobebuli.
sazogadod, idiomaturi sityva-Tqmani semantikuri SerCevis, zmnasa da mis
pirdapir obieqts Soris arsebuli urTierTobis mkafiod gamoxatul SemTxvevas warmoadgens. idiomebs xSirad iyeneben imis gansasazRvrad, arsebobs Tu ara
damokidebuleba (magaliTad, semantikuri SerCevis tipisa) zmnasa da determinerian frazas Soris.
kategoriaTa SerCeva (c-SerCeva)

zmnasa da mis komponents Soris damokidebulebis kidev erTi aspeqti SeiZleba Semdegi paradigmis meSveobiT gamovsaxoT:
(65) a. Macbeth awaited Banquo
b. * Macbeth awaited for Banquo

g. Macbeth waited for Banquo d. * Macbeth waited Banquo

a.-b.-g.-d. _ makbeti banqos elodeboda.

await wait sinonimebia da cdas, lodins niSnavs.
zmnebis wait da await urTierTCanacvleba arasrulfasovan formebs warmoSobs. kidev erTxel unda gavimeoroT, rom amgvari Canacvlebebis Sedegad
gaumarTavi formebis miReba garkveuli tipis damokidebulebis arsebobas mowmobs. raki subieqtebi orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive rCeba, damokidebulebis
arseboba zmnasa da mis damatebas Soris unda vivaraudoT. semantikuri SerCeva

moiTxovs, rom wait da await zmnebis subieqtebi agentebad (is vinc icdida) iqnes
interpretirebuli, obieqtebi ki (is, visac elodebodnen) _ damatebad. semantikuri SerCevis TvalsazrisiT, araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar arsebobs saimisod, rom (65d) winadadebaSi, Banquo wait zmnis Temis (Tematuri) argumenti
iyos.
problemas TvalnaTliv mxolod mas Semdeg davinaxavT, roca (65a) da (65g)
winadadebebisTvis xisebr diagramebs SevadgenT:
(66)
dr.f
dr.f
df
Macbeth
df
dr
zmf
dr
wars.
zmna
Macbeth
df
dr
zmf
dr
wars.
zmna
waited
awaited
Banquo
df
Tan.
df
for
Banquo
zmna wait moiTxovs, rom misi damateba konkretuli Tf kategoriis wevri

iyos (metic, am Tandebulian frazaSi Tandebuli for unda iyos), maSin, rodesac
zmna await damatebad determinerian frazas moiTxovs. kidev erTxel vTqvaT,
rom es zogadi maxasiaTebelia, romelzec wina TavSic gvqonda saubari da zemoTac, roca sematikur SerCevas vixilavdiT (xandaxan mas subkategorizacias
uwodeben). yovel im zmnasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Semdgom Segvxvdeba,
SegviZlia daveTanxmoT qvemoT mocemul ganmartebebs:
kategoriaTa SerCeva:
zmna sakuTar damatebebs kategoriaTa SerCevis meSveobiT irCevs da
moiTxovs, rom igi konkretul kategoriebs ganekuTvnebodes.
wait da await zmnebze am informaciis gansavrcobad SegviZlia davweroT:
(67) a. wait (X agenti, X Tema)
subieqti; damateba : [Tf for df]

b. await (X agenti, X Tema)
subieqti, damateba: df
es miuTiTebs, rom await zmnis Tematuri (Temis) argumenti determinerian
frazad unda iqnes realizebuli, maSin, roca wait zmnis Tematuri argumenti
for Tandebulian frazaSi Semavali determineriani fraza unda iyos.
magaliTi: kategoriaTa SerCeva da semantikuri SerCeva da

rogor marTavs igi sakomponento struqturas
255
256
kategoriaTa SerCevas, semantikur SerCevasa da sakomponento struqturas

Soris urTierToba SegviZlia TvalsaCinod erTi martivi winadadebis magaliT
ze vaCvenoT: The army could encircle this city. - `jars am qalaqis alyaSi moqceva
SeeZlo~. raki zmnis encircle mniSvneloba viciT (alyaSi moqceva, alyis Semortyma), arc misi Semdegi maxasiaTeblebis CamoTvlaa Zneli:
(68)

zmna encircle or arguments iRebs, X agents (is, vinc qalaqs

alyaSi moaqcevda) da X Temas (is, rac alyaSi moeqceoda).
Tu zmnas encircle subieqti gaaCnia, es subieqti misi agenti
argumenti iqneba.
Tu zmnas encircle damateba gaaCnia, es damateba Tematuri
(Temis) argumenti iqneba.
Tematuri (Temis) argumenti determineriani frazis saxiT warmodgenil

damatebad unda realizdes.
am maxasiaTebelebis gamosaxva Semdegi diagramis meSveobiT SegviZlia:
(69) encircle

(Xagenti,
X Tema)
subieqti
damateba: df
roca am moTxovnebs im xisebri konstruqciis leqsikonTan gavaerTianebT,

romelic wina TavSi ganvixileT, mogviwevs am winadadebas iseTi struqtura mivaniWoT, romelic (69) -Si CamoTvlil yvela maxasiaTebels akmayofilebs:
dr.f
(70)
df
dr.
sf
dr
the
army
could
zmf
df
zmna
encircle
sf
this
city
aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom bunebrivi enebi semantikuri SerCevisa da

kategoriaTa SerCevis moTxovnebs, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, zedmiwevniT akmayofilebs. magaliTad, describe zmnis SemTxvevaSi _ raki mas mxolod erTi,
Temis argumenti gaaCnia, romelic kategoriaTa SerCeviT, determineriani
fraza unda iyos _ mxolod erTi determineriani frazis arsebobaa SesaZlebeli, romelic am zmnis Semcvel xisebr diagramaSi Temad unda iqnes interpretirebuli. interpretaciuli TvalsazrisiT, araferi daSavdeba, Tuki or
determinerian frazas Temas mivaniWebT, rogorc es qvemoT aris warmodgenili:
(71) Macbeth described Arden Forest Dunsinane Forest.

makbetma aRwera ardenis tye dansinanis tye.
es winadadeba SeiZleba ise iqnes interpretirebuli, TiTqos makbetma ori
257
tye aRwera: ardenis tye da dansinanis tye. magram winadadebam rom es Sinaarsi
SeiZinos da Tan gramatikulad gaimarTos, es ori determineriani fraza: Arden
Forest da Dunsinane Forest da kavSiriT erT, ufro did determinerian frazad
unda SevaerToT:
(72) Macbeth described [df Arden Forest and Dunsinane Forest]

makbetma aRwera ardenis tye da dansinanis tye.
kategoriaTa SerCeva da semantikuri SerCeva mxolod zmnebze ar zemoqmedebs _ amgvari maxasiaTeblebi saxelebs, zedsarTavebs, windebulebs da a.
S. SeiZleba hqondeT. magaliTad, zedsarTavi fond (`moyvaruli~) rogorc winadadebaSi George is fond of nectar or arguments iRebs; erT-erTi winadadebis
subieqtad aris realizebuli, xolo meore _ rogorc of Tandebulis gamo warmoqmnili Tandebuliani fraza.
qvemoT moyvanil TiToeul winadadebaSi Semavali zmnisTvis warmoadgineT
semantikuri SerCevis, kategoriaTa SerCevisa da damakavSirebeli urTierTobis TvalsaCino magaliTebi da SeadgineT Sesabamisi xisebri diagramebi:
savarjiSo
4. 7
(1) Macbeth left.

(2) The soldiers put their weapons in the tower.
(3) Petruccio thinks that Bianca left.
(1) makbeti wavida.

(2) jariskacebma TavianTi iaraRi koSkSi daawyves.
(3) petruCio fiqrobs, rom bianka wavida.
own da belong zmnebi
ori zmna, own (floba- flobs, aqvs) da belong (mikuTvneba _ ekuTvnis)

mflobelsa da flobis obieqts Soris urTierTobas amyarebs. ganixileT Semdegi winadadebebi:
(1) Bertram owns this castle.
(2) This castle belongs to Bertram.
(1) bertrami am cixe-simagres flobs.

(2) es cixe-simagre bertrams ekuTvnis.
1. SeadgineT xisebri diagramebi TiToeuli winadadebisTvis.
2. upasuxeT TiToeul am winadadebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs:
(aAAD)FAQ romeli determineriani fraza ukavSirdeba mflobelis cnebas? aris Tu ara
es determineriani fraza subieqti, Tu damatebaa? Tu
damatebaa, maSin risi?
(b) romeli determineriani fraza gamoxatavs flobis sagans?
determineriani frazaa igi, Tu damateba? Tu damatebaa, risi?
3. am ori _ own da belong zmnis makavSirebeli maxasiaTeblebi ise gamosaxeT,
rogorc (63)-e magaliTSi zmnisTvis describe gavakeTeT, an (67) Si _ zmnebisTvis wait da await (gamoiyeneT saxelwodebebi X mflobeli da X flobis sagani am ori argumentis identificirebisTvis)
4. ras gveubneba wina kiTxvis pasuxi predikatis argumentebTan da maT sintaqsur realizaciasTan dakavSirebiT?
savarjiSo
4. 8
258
4.2.2 morfologiurad gamoxatuli ZiriTadi

damokidebulebebi
axla or axal damokidebulebas davuTmoT yuradReba, romlebic sakomponento struqturis xeSi poziciebs Soris urTierTobas gamoxataven: esenia SeTanxmeba da brunva. inglisur enaSi gadamwyvet rols arc SeTanxmeba asrulebs
da arc brunva, Tumca, es ori movlena enaSi mainc arsebobs. semantikuri SerCevisgan gansxvavebiT, maT morfologiuri gamoxatulebebic gaaCnia _ roca urTierToba, an damokidebuleba morfologiurad aris gamoxatuli, maT monawile
sityvebs konkretuli formebi gaaCnia, romlebic erTmaneTzea damokidebuli.
brunva
roca, me, pirveli piri, winadadebas I saw Macbeth warmovTqvam, am dros
raRacas Cemze, sakuTar Tavze, am winadadebis warmomTqmelze vambob. inglisuri enis im sityvas, romelic `sakuTari Tavis~, anu àxla warmoTqmuli winadadebis warmomTqmelis~ ideas gadmoscems, erTi saintereso Tviseba aqvs: imis
mixedviT, Tu sad dgas winadadebaSi, formas icvlis xolme. pirveli piris am
nacvalsaxels SeuZlia I, me an my formebi miiRos:
(73) a. I saw Macbeth
*Me saw Macbeth
* My saw Macbeth

b. Macbeth saw me
c. Macbeth saw my
sister
* Macbeth saw I
* Macbeth saw my
* Macbeth saw
* Macbeth saw me sister
I sister
metic, am nacvalsaxelebis forma yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSia gansazRvruli. amgvari `qceva~ mxolod I nacvalsaxels rodi axasiaTebs. inglisuri
enis nacvalsaxelTa sistemaSi aseTi SemTxvevebi Zalze gavrcelebulia (you,
you, your;
he, him, his;
she, her, her; we, us, our; they, them, their).
(73) -Si nimuSad moyvanili paradigma nacvalsaxelebis `qcevas~ da araswori

Canacvlebebis suraTs srulad asaxavs. me an my formebis I formiT Canacvleba gamarTul winadadebas gaumarTavad (miuReblad) aqcevs. es, rogorc wesi,
garkveuli damokidebulebis arsebobas moaswavebs, romelic amgvari Canacvlebebis Sedegad irRveva.
laTinuri gramatikidan warmomdgari am nacvalsaxelis saxelobiTi brunva aris I. me formas braldebiTi brunva ewodeba, my formas _ naTesaobiTi
brunva. zogadad, nacvalsaxeli ramdenime brunvaSi SeiZleba idges: saxelobiTSi, braldebiTsa da naTesaobiTSi.
cxrili 4.1 inglisuri nacvalsaxelebi
saxelobiTi
braldebiTi (akuzativi)
I (me)
me
him
us
You (Sen)
he (is.mamr)

she (is.mdedr)
we (Cven)

they (isini)

you
her
them
naTesaobiTi (genetivi)
my
your
her
his
our

their
amgvarad, viRebT inglisuri nacvalsaxelebis iseT cxrils, rogoric 4.1-Si

gvaqvs moyvanili. rogorc (73)-e magaliTi gviCvenebs, damokidebuleba unda arsebobdes nacvalsaxelis brunvasa da im pozicias Soris, romelsac winadadebaSi es nacvalsaxeli ikavebs. aseT martiv winadadebaSi brunvis damokidebuleba,
anu brunvis miniWebis wesebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:
(74)

nacvalsaxelebisTvis brunvis miniWebis wesebi

subieqtis poziciaSi mdgomi nacvalsaxeli saxelobiT brunvaSi
unda idges
damatebis poziciaSi mdgomi nacvalsaxeli braldebiT brunvaSi
unda idges
kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli naTesaobiT brunvaSi
unda idges
Tu brunvis damokidebulebas ufro dakvirvebiT ganvixilavT, im daskvnamde

mivalT, rom misi ganmsazRvreli wesi ufro kompleqsuri formiT unda Camoyalibdes. axla qvemoT, nimuSad moyvanili gamuqebuli winadadebebi erTmaneTs
SedareT:
(75) a. I will describe Dunsinane Forest.

b. Ophelia hoped for me to describe Dunsinane Forest.

a. me dansinanis tyes aRvwer.

b. ofelias imedi hqonda, rom me dansinanis tyes aRvwer.
gaixseneT Cveni adrindeli daskvna, rom zmnis describe agenti am zmnis subieqtad realizdeba. es imas niSnavs, rom orive nacvalsaxeli: I pirvel winadadebaSi, da me meoreSi Tav-TavianT winadadebebSi subieqtebia. orive SemTxvevaSi
subieqti pirveli piris nacvalsaxelia, Tumca pirveli winadadebis subieqti
saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas, xolo meorisa _ braldebiTSi. es ki imas mowmobs,
rom (74) -Si Camoyalibebuli wesebi mcdaria. aq gadamwyveti faqtori, droiani
winadadebis subieqtTan gvaqvs saqme, Tu infinitivuri winadadebis subieqtTan. droiani winadadebis subieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas, xolo udroosi
_ braldebiTSi. axla wina Tavis masalidan gavixsenoT (am sakiTxebze momdevno
TavSic vimsjelebT), rom winadadebis droianoba udroobasTan dakavSirebuli maxasiaTebeli - dr. _ kvanZiT aRiniSneba, rac imas mowmobs, rom saxelobiTi brunvis miniWebisas realurad subieqtebsa da dr. (droiTi) kvanZis Semadgenlobas Soris garkveuli damokidebuleba arsebobs.
rac Seexeba brunvis gamoxatvas morfologiuri afiqsebiT, am TvalsazrisiT bevri ena, maT Soris, arabuli, Cinuri, inglisuri an suahili SedarebiT
mwiria. zogierT enaSi ki, iseTebSi, rogoricaa germanuli, ungruli, rusuli
brunvis niSnebi meti mravalferovnebiT aris warmodgenili, zogic, magaliTad, laTinuri an finuri brunvaTa morfologiuri saSualebebiT gamosaxvis,
an brunvis niSanTa metobis mxriv gamoirCeva (sxva enebTan dakavSirebuli masala me-2 TavSi ixileT).
germanul enas nominativuri (saxelobiTi), akuzativuri (braldebiTi), genetivuri (naTesaobiTi) da dativuri (micemiTi) brunvebi aqvs. brunvis miniWebasTan dakavSirebuli misi wesebi ufro rTulia: damatebis poziciaSi mdgomi
nacvalsaxeli germanulSi SeiZleba braldebiTSic idges da micemiTSic, imis
mixedviT, Tu ris damatebebia isini. inglisur enaSi Tandebulis is damateba,
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260
romelic nacvalsaxeliT aris warmodgenili, yovelTvis braldebiT brunvaSi

dgas (for him, with them, against me da ase Semdeg). germanulSi mit da aus Tandebulebis (- mit Tandebuls qarTul - Tan is mniSvneloba aqvs, aus _ dan Tandebuls Seesatyviseba) nominaluri damateba dativSi, anu micemiTSi unda idges
(mit mir _ `CvenTan erTad~), maSin, roca gegen Tandebulis (rac niSnavs `winaaRmdeg~, `sapirispirod~. Sesabameba inglisur Tandebuls against) nominaluri damateba braldebiT brunvaSi dgeba (gegen mich _ Cems winaaRmdeg; mich braldebiT
brunvaSia).
laTinuri germanuli enisgan mxolod imiT ki ar gansxvavdeba, rom masze
meti brunva aqvs _ laTinur enaSi brunvis niSnebi yvela saxels erTvis. aq saxe
lebi uRlebis TaviseburebaTa mixedviT xuT ZiriTad jgufad iyofa, romel
Tac deklinaciebi ewodebaT. pirvel aseT jgufSi gaerTianebuli saxelebi 4.2
cxrilSi moyvanil brunebis wess misdevs. (75)-Si aRwerili viTarebac orive,
laTinuri da germanuli enebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. Tandebulis damatebas orive enaSi akuzativi an dativi eniWeba, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli Tan
debulis damatebaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom brunvis miniWebis wesi Tandebulsa
da determineriani fraziT gamoxatul mis damatebas Soris damokidebulebas
gamoxatavs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cvens mier ganxiluli enebis SemTxvevaSi
brunvis miniWebis wesebi daaxloebiT ase unda Camoyalibdes:
(76)

determineriani frazisTvis brunvis miniWebis wesebi

droiani winadadebis subieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi unda idges
zmnis damateba braldebiT brunvaSi unda idges
Tandebulis damateba braldebiT (akuzativi), micemiT
(dativi) an moqmedebiT (ablativi) brunvaSi unda idges
(enas da Tandebuls gaaCnia)
asea Tu ise, es wesebi germanulis, an laTinuris SemTxvevaSi yovlismomcveli ver iqneba, magram brunviTi damokidebulebis zogad bunebaze warmodgenas mainc SegiqmniT. brunvis miniWebis wesebi sxva enebSi amis msgavsi iqneba
da zogadi moxazulobiT (76) -Si moyvanil wesebs gaimeorebs. es wesebi gansazRvraven urTierTobas determinerian frazebsa da zogierT iseT kategorias
Soris, rogoricaa gramatikuli dro, zmnebi, saxelebi, Tandebulebi, romlebic am determinerian frazebs subieqtebad an damatebebad irCevs. brunvis
morfologia determineriani frazis zogierT elements (magaliTad, saxels)
iseT gramatikul urTierTobaSi aqcevs, rogoric determinerian frazas winadadebis romelime sxva kategoriasTan aqvs.
SeTanxmeba
SeTanxmeba damokidebulebis erT-erTi saxea, romlis Semcvel nimuSebs zemoT ukve gavecaniT, magram maT aq kidev erTxel movitanT:
(77) a. The fairies do not like witchcraft * The fairies does not like

witchcraft at all
b. The fairies do not like witchcraft * The fairy do not like witchcraft
a. feriebs jadosnoba ar moswonT _ feriebs jadosnoba sul
ar moswons. (ricxvSi SeuTanxmebloba)
b. feriebs jadosnoba ar moswonT _ ferias jadosnoba ar

moswonT. (ricxvSi SeuTanxmebloba)
mxolobiTi ricxvi
mravlobiTi ricxvi
rosae
rosa
rosae
rosa
saxelis Semcveli df-s

subieqti
adresati

brunvis dasaxeleba
saxelobiTi wodebiTi
cxrili 4.2 laTinuri enis brunebis sistema
rosas
rosam
braldebiTi
zmnis damateba
rosarum
rosae
naTEesaobiTi
saxelis damateba
rosis
rosae
micemiTi
Tan. damateba
rosis
rosa
moqmedebiTi
Tan. damateba
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cxrili 4.3 inglisuri, germanuli da franguli enis brunvebi

inglisuri

mxol. mravl.
I piri

I
we
II piri

you
you
III piri adamianTa mamr. he
they

mdedr. she

germanuli
franguli
mxol. mravl.
mxol. mravl.
ich
du
er
sie
they
wir
ihr
sie
il
sie
je
nous
tu vous
ils
elle
elles
ara-adamianTa mamr.

mdedr.
neitraluri it
they es
sie
(anu saSualo)
il
ils
elle elles
does damxmare zmniT do-s Secvla (77a) magaliTSi gramatikul gaumarTaobas

iwvevs. amis msgavsad, (77b)-Si saxelis fairies Canacvleba misi mxolobiTi ricxvis
formiT _ fairy Sedegad agreTve gaumarTaobas gvaZlevs. rogorc adre vnaxeT,
es imas niSnavs, rom amgvari Canacvleba gramatikuli organizebis garkveul
maxasiaTeblebs arRvevs: es maxasiaTebeli _ SeTanxmeba SeiZleba Semdegnairad
aRiweros.
enebi xSirad erTmaneTisgan determineriani frazebis TvalsazrisiTac _
maTi piris, ricxvis, sqesis an sxva maxasiaTeblebis (adamiania Tu ara saxeli,
sulieria Tu usulo da ase Semdeg) mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. es sxvaobebi Zalian xSirad enis nacvalsaxelTa sistemaSi vlindeba. cxrili 4.3 am sxvaobebs
inglisuri, franguli da germanuli enebis saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgomi nacvalsaxelebis magaliTze gviCvenebs. zmnis forma mgrZnobiarea im determinieriani
frazis ragvarobis mimarT, romelsac subieqtad irCevs. inglisur enaSi Tu zmnis subieqti mesame piris mxolobiT ricxvSi dgas, awmyo drois zmna garkveul
daboloebas iRebs _ boloSi s sufiqss irTavs (ra Tqma unda, Tu SeuZlia; Tu
am sufiqsis darTva ar SeuZlia, rogorc magaliTad, damxmare zmnas will, aseT
SemTxvevaSi ucvleli rCeba). (77)-e magaliTSi do zmnis does forma mxolod maSin ixmareba, Tu zmnis subieqti mxolobiT ricxvSi dgas (kerZod, mesame piris
mxolobiTSi), xolo do forma ki im danarCen SemTxvevebSi, roca subieqti mesame piris mxolobiTSi ar aris. inglisuri enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli es saSeTanxmebo damokidebuleba wesadac SegviZlia vaqcioT:
(78) subieqtisa da zmnis SeTanxmebis wesi

awmyo drois zmnam inglisur enaSi sakuTari subieqti

unda SeiTanxmos.
SeTanxmeba mxolod subieqti/zmnis wyviliT rodi amoiwureba. inglisurSi
erTmaneTs determineri da saxelic eTanxmeba. amis ilustrireba this, that,
these, those CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis magaliTzec SeiZleba _ magaliTad,
gvaqvs paradigma *these book, *this books, these books: orive _ saxelica da misi
CvenebiTi determineric erTdroulad unda idges mxolobiT an mravlobiT

ricxvSi.
roca saqme SeTanxmebas Seexeba, inglisuri zogierT sxva enasTan SedarebiT
ufro mwirad gamoiyureba (iseve, rogorc brunvis niSnebis SemTxvevaSi). subieqtis da zmnis SeTanxmeba xiluli mxolod awmyo droSi, mxolobiTi ricxvis
mesame pirSi xdeba. sxva enebs SeTanxmebis ufro eqstensiuri sistemebi gaaCniaT.
frangul da espanur enebSi zmna da subieqti erTmaneTs yvela pirSi, ricxvsa da droSi SeeTanxmeba. saxelebi sakuTar determinerebs ricxvsa da sqesSi
eTanxmeba. isini saxelsa da sqesSi eTanxmebian im zedsarTavebsac, romlebic
maT modificirebas axdens. germanul enaSi saxelebi da determinerebi erTmaneTs mxolod ricxvsa da sqesSi ki ara, brunvaSic eTanxmeba. zogierT enas SeTanxmebis metad eqstensiuri sistema aqvs, rogorc, magaliTad, bantus bevr
enas, romelTac mxolod ori ki ara, xSirad aTidan ocamde gramatikuli sqesi
gaaCnia. bantus am enebSi zmna Tavis subieqts sqesSi yvela gramatikul droSi
eTanxmeba, xolo zedsarTavebi da determinerebi maT mier modificirebul sa
xelebs eTanxmebian.
zemoT ganxiluli brunviTi damokidebulebis garda SeTanxmebis morfologia elementTa wyvilebs moicavs (rogoricaa subieqti/zmna an saxeli/zedsarTavi ), rac imas mowmobs, rom es ori elementi erTmaneTTan garkveul gramatikul damokidebulebaSi imyofeba.
4.2.3 daSorebuli damokidebulebebi: gadanacvleba

Tqven damokidebulebis oTx ZiriTad saxeobas gaecaniT: semantikur SerCevas, kategoriaTa SerCevas, brunvas da SeTanxmebas. modiT, axla isini imisTvis
gamoviyenoT, rom gramatikul struqturaSi ufro Rrmad SevaRwioT. jer gavixsenoT, rogor moqmedebs es damokidebulebebi:
(79) ZiriTadi damokidebulebebi

a. semantikuri SerCevis ZiriTadi saxeoba
zmna semantikuri SerCevis meSveobiT irCevs Tavis subieqtsa da
damatebebs (Tuki aseTi gaaCnia): zmna moiTxovs, rom
misma subieqtma an damatebam (damatebebma) masTan garkveuli
Sinaarsobrivi kombinaciebi Seqmnas.

b. kategoriaTa SerCevis ZiriTadi saxeoba
zmna kategoriaTa SerCevis meSveobiT irCevs sakuTar
damatebas (damatebebs): zmna moiTxovs, rom misi
damateba konkretuli kategoriebis wevri iyos.

g. brunvasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi wesebi inglisuri
enisTvis (kerZod, nominativisa da akuzativisaTvis):
droiani winadadebis (klauzulis) subieqti saxelobiT
brunvaSi unda idges.
zmnis damateba, romelic determineriani fraziT aris
warmodgenili da misi subieqti erTmaneTs unda
eTanxmebodes.

d.SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi saxeobis (subieqti zmna) wesi inglisuri
enisaTvis:
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264
zmna da misi subieqti awmyo droSi erTmaneTs

unda eTanxmebodes.
damokidebulebaTa am ZiriTad saxeobebs axla imisTvis gamoviyenebT, rom
wh kompleqsze dawyebuli kiTxviTi winadadebebi gamovikvlioT.
aseTi ram warmovidginoT: makbetma romeliRac tye aRwera. axla msurs vicode, romeli tye aRwera makbetma. SemiZlia davsva kiTxva:
(80) What forest did Macbeth describe?

romeli tye aRwera makbetma?
axla warmovidginoT, rom aris erTi bavSvi, saxelad kalvini, romelic
dausruleblad namcxvrebs miirTmevs. me mainteresebs, mixvdeba Tu ara romelime Cemi nacnobi, romelia es bavSvi? kiTxvas ase vsvam:
(81) Which child do you think eats all the cookies?

romeli bavSvia, Seni azriT, yvela

namcxvars rom miirTmevs?
amgvari winadadebebis arseboba ZiriTadi damokidebulebebis Cvens mier aqamde moyvanil daxasiaTebas eWvqveS ayenebs.
magaliT (80) -Si problema is aris, rom describe zmna, rogorc wesi iseT
pirdapir obieqts irCevs, romelsac semantikuri SerCevis (igi interpretirebulia rogorc misi Temis (Tematuri) argumenti) Tu kategoriaTa SerCevis ZaliT (igi determineriani fraza unda iyos, romelic, rogorc zmnis df damateba, braldebiT brunvaSi dgeba) irCevs. Tumca, magaliT (80) -Si describe zmnas
pirdapiri obieqti ara aqvs.
(81) magaliTSi aseTive problema gvaqvs, oRond amjerad zmna eat-Tan dakavSirebiT: rogorc wesi, es zmna im subieqts irCevs, romelic semantikuri SerCevis gziT ergeba (misi subieqti interpretirebulia, rogorc agenti-argumenti, anu is, vinc Wams). es subieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi unda idges da zmnasTan
SeTanxmebaSi unda imyofebodes. Tumca, magaliT (81)-Si eat zmnis subieqti, am
sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, (anu, am SemTxvevaSi, zmnis win mdgomi determineriani fraza) winadadebas ar gaaCnia.
maSin, rodesac (80) magaliTSi zmnas, Cveuli gagebiT, pirdapiri obieqti
aklia, amave winadadebaSi aris determineriani fraza, romelic am obieqtis
rols kisrulobs, kerZod ki, determineriani fraza what forest. swored aseve,
(81) winadadebas subieqti, am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT TiTqos arc gaaCnia,
magram ararsebuli subieqtis rols determineriani fraza which child asrulebs. is faqti, rom determineriani fraza what forest zmnis describe damatebis
rols kisrulobs (xolo determineriani fraza which child zmnis eat subieqtis
rols asrulebs) im dakvirvebaze dayrdnobiT ikveTeba, rom describe zmnas erTdroulad Cveulebrivi damateba da am tipis damatebis qona ar SeuZlia:
(82)

a. Macbeth described Dunsinane Forest.

b. What forest did Macbeth describe?
g. * What forest did Macbeth describe Dunsinane Forest?
a. makbetma dansinanis tye aRwera.
b. romeli tye aRwera makbetma?
g. romeli tye aRwera makbetma dansinanis tye?
ase imitom xdeba, rom describe oradgiliani predikatia da mxolod erTi

Tematuri argumentis arsebobis saSualebas iZleva. amis gamo Temad mxolod erTi
determineriani frazis kvalificirebaa SesaZlebeli. am, (82g) winadadebaSi am Temis argumentis funqciisTvis erTmaneTs ori determineriani fraza _ what forest
da Dunsinane forest epaeqreba, rasac Sedegad winadadebis gaumarTaoba moyveba.
rogorc vnaxavT, determineriani fraza what forest magaliT (80) -Si ise funqcionirebs, rogorc mosalodneli iqneboda, igi rom describe zmnis damatebad
CagveTvala; semantikuri SerCevas, kategoriaTa SerCevasa da brunvas swored
iseTi zemoqmedeba eqnebodaT, rogorc Cveulebriv. am nimuSis msgavsad, determineriani fraza which child (81) winadadebaSic ise ìqceva~, rogorc unda
movelodeT, Tu mas eat zmnis subieqtad miviCnevT. am SemTxvevaSic, semantikuri SerCeva, SeTanxmeba da brunva dadgenili wesebisamebr moaxdens zemoqmedebas.
ZiriTadi damokidebulebebi ufro dawvrilebiT rom gavarCioT, unda vaCve
noT, rom oTxive maTgani ise moqmedebs, rogorc zemoT aRweril or SemTxvevaSi.
daviwyoT (80) magaliTSi moyvanili semantikuri SerCevis nimuSiT. semantikuri SerCevis wesis Tanaxmad, Tu am winadadebaSi determineriani fraza that
forest moqmedebs, rogorc describe zmnis damateba, maSin igi misi Temis argumentad unda iqnes interpretirebuli, anu imad, rac aRiwereba _ aRweris sagnad.
wh kompleqsze dawyebuli kiTxviTi winadadeba garkveul sirTules badebs _
am obieqtis identoba, raoba daudgenelia, kiTxva swored amis gasarkvevad
aris dasmuli da amis gamo verc Cven vityviT, rom is, rac aRweres (makbetma)
aris what forest (`romeli tye~). Tumca, (80) is winadadebis perifrazireba
Semdegi winadadebiTac SegviZlia: `Macbeth described some forest, which one?~
(`makbetma erTi (romeliRac) tye aRwera, romeli?~) am winadadebaSi vxedavT,
rom Temis argumenti, rogorc mosalodnelia, tyes uigivdeba da ara aRmwers,
an romelime mesame erTeuls. SegviZlia, mxari davuWiroT im daskvnas, rom winadadebis TavSi ganTavsebuli kiTxviTi fraza damatebad SeiZleba Sefasdes.
amaSi SeiZleba iseTi idiomis gamoyeneba dagvexmaros, rogoric lend assistance
iyo. gaixseneT: semantikuri SerCeva am SemTxvevaSi imdenad mWidroa, rom help
(daxmareba) zmnis mniSvnelobis misaRebad erTdroulad gvixdeba lend zmnis
gamoyenebac da saxelis assistance xmarebac mis damatebad. Semdegi magaliTebi
im Tvalsazriss gvimtkiceben, romlis dasabuTebasac vcdilobT:
(83). a. Macbeth lent much assistance to the victims.
b. How much assistance did Macbeth lend to the victims?
a. makbetma dazaralebulebs didi daxmareba gauwia.

b. ramdenad didi daxmareba gauwia makbetma dazaralebulebs?
is faqti, rom gansaxilvel determinerian frazas saxelad sityva assistance

aqvs, xolo misi xmarebis Sedegad imave mniSvnelobas viRebT, rac winadadebas
How much did Macbeth help the victims gaaCnia, imaze metyvelebs, rom es determineriani fraza semantikuri SerCevis gziT namdvilad lend zmnis mier aris
SerCeuli.
amgvari dasabuTeba amgvarsave daskvnamde migviyvans eat zmnis mier semantikuri SerCeviT arCeuli frazis which child SemTxvevaSic (magaliTi (81)).
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266
axla ki SegviZlia imis ilustrireba, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs SeTanxmeba

(81) magaliTis SemTxvevaSi. Tu saxeliani fraza which child (81) winadadebaSi eat
zmnis subieqtia, unda movelodeT, rom igi eat zmnasTan iqneba SeTanxmebuli.
inglisur enaSi zmnasa da subieqts Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebis wesis mixedviT,
romelzec zemoT visaubreT, gansaxilveli determineriani frazis ricxvsa
da zmnis formas Soris garkveuli damokidebulebis xilvas unda movelodeT.
axla vnaxoT, ra moxdeba, roca determinerian frazas what child SevcvliT. es
mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi mdgomi determineriani frazaa. mas sxva, mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi mdgomi determineriani fraziT which children CavanacvlebT:
(84) a. Which child do you think eats all the cookies?

b. *Which children do you think eats all the cookies?

g. Which children do you think eat all the cookies?

d. * Which child do you think eat all the cookies?

a. romeli bavSvi Wams, Seni azriT, yvela namcxvars?

b. *romeli bavSvebi Wams, Seni azriT, yvela namcxvars?

g. romeli bavSvebi Wamen, Seni azriT, yvela namcxvars?

d. *romeli bavSvi Wamen, Seni azriT, yvela namcxvars?
gamarTulia mxolod iseTi formebi, romlebSic eat zmna da gansaxilveli
determineriani fraza erTamenTTan aris SeTanxmebuli. axla imis ilustrireba
movaxdinoT, rogor zemoqmedebs brunvis niSani germanul enaSi SeTanxmebaze.
rogorc adre vTqviT, germanul enaSi oTxi brunvaa da gacilebiT meti brunvis
niSani, vidre inglisurSi. germanulSi iseTi kiTxviTi sityvebi, romlebic inglisurSi wh kompleqsiT iwyeba, rogoricaa who, what da ase Semdeg, sxvadasxva
brunvaSi dgas. cxrili 4.5 am paradigmis nimuSebs gvTavazobs. zmna sehen (`xedva,
danaxva~) moiTxovs, rom determineriani fraziT warmodgenili misi damateba
braldebiT brunvaSi idges. rogorc cxrilSia miTiTebuli, masTan mxolod mamrobiTi sqesis Ihn nacvalsaxelis xmarebaa SesaZlebeli. wh kompleqsiT dawyebuli kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSic igive maxasiaTebeli aRiniSneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
sehen zmnis damatebis poziciaSi wh kompleqsiT dawyebuli kiTxviTi sityva ar
gvxvdeba, amgvari sityvis mxolod wen akuzativuri formis xmarebaa dasaSvebi:

/ *er / * ihm
(85) a.Du Hast ihn
Sen gaqvs (gyavs) igi-akuzativi /igi/ igi dativi
/ * Wer

/ * Wem

b. Wen
gesehen
nanaxi.
glaubst du
cxrili 4.5 germanuli enis brunvis niSnebi

mxolobiTi ricxvis
mesame piris mamrobiTi
sqesis nacvalsaxelebi
mxolobiTi ricxvis
mesame piris mdedrobiTi sqesis nacvalsaxelebi
mxolobiT ricxvSi
mdgari kiTxviTi
sityvebi
(adamianis Sesatyvisi)
nominativi akuzativi
er(is)
sie(is)
wer(vin)
dativi
ihn(is, mas)
ihm(mas)
sie(is, mas)
sie(mas)
wen(vin, vis) wem(vis)
genetivi
sein(misi)
ihr(misi)
wessen(visi)
vin-akuzativi vin-nominativi
dass du gesehen
hast?
vin-dativi
ggonia Sen
rom Sen nanaxi (gaqvs) gyavs?

Seni azriT, vin naxe? = vinaa, Seni azriT is, vinc naxe?
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom kiTxviT sityvebze dawyebuli es frazebi
(romelTac inglisur enaSi wh kompleqsze dawyebuli sityvebi Seesatyviseba)
marTalia, arc subieqtebad miiCnevian da arc damatebebad, magram am ZiriTadi
damokidebulebebis TvalsazrisiT ise funqcionireben, rogorc subieqtebi
da damatebebi. am elementebs gadanacvlebul an daSorebul subieqtebad da
gadanacvlebul an daSorebul damatebebad movixseniebT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom isini, oTxi ZiriTadi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, romelime konkretuli zmnis subieqtebiviT an damatebebiviT ìqcevian~, am zmnebis subieqtebis
an damatebebis poziciaSi ar dganan.
zmnebsa da daSorebul subieqtebsa Tu damatebebs Soris damokidebulebaTa
oTxi axali tipis arseboba ikveTeba:
a. daSorebuli subieqtebisa da damatebebis semantikuri SerCeva.
b. daSorebuli damatebebis sakategorio (kategoriaTa) SerCeva.
g. daSorebul subieqtebTan SeTanxmeba.
d. daSorebuli subieqtebisa da damatebebisTvis brunvis miniWeba.
am axali damokidebulebebis funqcionireba TvalsaCinod rom vaCvenoT,
oTxi axali wesis Camoyalibeba mogvixdeba, romlebic Tavdapirvel wesebze
iqneba dafuZnebuli, magram axal wesebSi subieqti yvelgan daSorebuli subieqtiT iqneba Canacvlebuli, damateba ki _ yvelgan daSorebuli damatebiT.
(86) daSorebuli damokidebulebebi

a. daSorebuli semantikuri SerCeva
zmna semantikuri SerCevis gziT irCevs Tavis daSorebul
subieqtsa da daSorebul damatebebs (Tuki aseTi gaaCnia):
zmna sakuTari daSorebuli subieqtisa da damatebisgan

(damatebebisgan) moiTxovs, rom isini masTan garkveul
Sinaarsobriv kombinaciaSi iyos Serwymuli.

b. daSorebuli sakategorio (kategoriaTa) SerCeva
zmna kategoriaTa SerCevis gziT irCevs Tavis daSorebul
damatebebas (damatebebs); igi moiTxovs, rom es damatebebi
konkretul kategoriebs miekuTvnebodes.

g. daSorebuli brunvis wesebi
droiani winadadebis (klauzulis) daSorebuli subieqti
saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas.
zmnis daSorebuli damateba braldebiT brunvaSi dgas.

d.daSorebuli SeTanxmebis (subieqtsa da zmnas Soris) wesebi
awmyo droSi mdgomi zmna da misi daSorebuli subieqti
inglisur enaSi erTmaneTs unda eTanxmebodes.
am wesebSi adrindeli sityva `ZiriTadis~ magivrad sityva `daSorebuli~
Cndeba, vinaidan es axali wesebi daSorebul, anu gadanacvlebul subieqtebsa
da damatebebs ukavSirdeba. imis miuxedavad, rom maTi meSveobiT is sintaqsuri
damokidebulebebi ganisazRvreba, romlebic winadadebaSi zogierT frazasa
267
268
da zmnas Soris arsebobs, axali wesebi ar moiTxovs, rom es frazebi da zmnebi

erTsa da imave klauzulaSi iyos moqceuli.
rogorc ZiriTad, ise daSorebul damokidebulebebTan dakavSirebuli wesebi dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamovlenil faqtebs TiTqos adeqvaturad asaxavs. da
mainc, isini erT problemas warmoaCenen: es wesebi TiTqmis sayovelTao xasiaTisaa, magram, yovlismomcveli mainc ar aris. mdgomareoba imiT uaresdeba, rom
ZiriTadi da daSorebuli damokidebulebebis wesebi damatebiTi SemTxvevebis
Tvisaa gankuTvnili: magaliTad, zmnisa da garkveuli determineriani frazis
wyvilisTvis, ZiriTadi damokidebulis wesisaTvis, an daSorebuli damokidebulis wesisaTvis, magram orives erTad ver moicavs. es imis gamo xdeba, rom
zmnas subieqti da daSorebuli subieqti, an pirdapiri obieqti da daSorebuli
pirdapiri obieqti erTdroulad ver eqneba. magaliTad, Tu subieqtisa da zmnis SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi saxeobis momcveli wesi miesadageba subieqtisa da
zmnis wyvils, subieqtisa da zmnis SeTanxmebis daSorebuli saxeobis wesi imave
zmnas veRar moicavs, vinaidan SeuZlebelia, zmnas erTdroulad gaaCndes subieqti da daSorebuli subieqti. aseTi dakvirveba mowmobs, rom yovlismomcveli
wesis Sesaqmnelad raRac ufro Rrma kanonzomiereba gvaklia, kerZod ki iseTi,
romlis Tanaxmad mxolod erTi saxis damokidebuleba _ semantikuri SerCeva
arsebobs, magram igi an subieqtebs miesadageba, an daSorebul subieqtebs.
am problemis gadasaWrelad da ufro Rrma kanonzomierebis misagnebad jer
is unda gavixsenoT, rom wh kompleqsiT dawyebul kiTxvebSi daSorebuli yvela
komponenti wh kompleqsiT dawyebuli frazebia, anu yoveli maTgani wh kompleqsiT dawyebul sityvas (who, what, which, where, when, why da ase Semdeg)
Seicavs. warmovidginoT, rom daSorebul wh-subieqts an wh-damatebas Cveulebriv subieqtad an damatebad miviCnevT, romlebic daSorebul komponentebad garkveuli wesis mixedviT iqcevian. SeviswavloT is procesi, romelic
subieqtebs, damatebebs da a.S. daSorebiT realizebis, anu wh-gadanacvlebis
saSualebas aZlevs.

CanarTi
4. 6
(87) Wh-gadanacvleba
Wh-gadanacvleba is procesia, romlis meSveobiTac wh-kiTxviani
komponentebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, iseTi wh-determineriani
frazebi, romlebic zmnis subieqtis da damatebebis rolSi
gvevlineba) daSorebul subieqtebad da damatebebad realizdeba.
Wh-gadanacvleba
yvelaferi, rasac subieqtebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb vambobT, sxva elementebs: Tandebuliani frazebiT warmodgenil damatebebs, zmnizedis tipis
elementebs da sxvebsac miesadageba. rogorc qvemoT moyvanili nimuSebi mowmobs, wh-gadanacvlebas yoveli maTgani eqvemdebareba:
Tandebuliani fraza:
(I) Othello put it under the bed Where did
Othello
put it?
zmnizedis tipis gansazRvreba: (I) Macbeth behaved badly
How did Macbeth
behave?
(II) Banquo left yesterday
When did Banquo
leave?

wh-gadanacvlebis procesis gamo daSorebiT realizebul subieqts an dama
tebas, wh-gadanacvlebul subieqts an damatebas uwodeben. magaliTad, winadadeba (82b) is aRwerisas qvemoT moyvanili ori safexuris miTiTeba iqneba
saWiro:
Macbeth described what forest
(88) a.
Macbeth described what forest
b.
g. What forest did Macbeth describe?
pirvel safexurze what forest,describe zmnis damateba, damatebis Cveul poziciaSi dgas, rogorc (88a) winadadebaSi. meore safexurze, wh-gadanacvlebis
zemoqmedebiT, es damateba winadadebis Tavdapirvel poziciaSi gadaadgildeba, rogorc es (88b) magaliTSia naCvenebi da im formas iRebs, romelsac (88g)Si vxedavT.
wh-gadanacvlebis am wesze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia ZiriTadi da daSorebuli damokidebulebis wesTa momcvelobis areali gamovkveToT da am damokide
bulebaTa sistema Semdegi formulirebebis meSveobiT gavamartivoT:
a. (79) Si Camoyalibebuli formulirebebi sworia.
b. es ZiriTadi damokidebulebebi mxolod Cveulebriv subieqtebs esadageba
da damatebebs, sanam wh-gadanacvlebas eqneba adgili.
amgvari midgomis upiratesoba aSkarad Cans _ Cven srulad gamovaaSkaraveT
Seusabamoba ZiriTad da daSorebul damokidebulebaTa wesebs Soris. daSorebuli damateba im Cveulebriv damatebad iTvleba, romelic daSorebul dama
tebad aris naqcevi, anu romelic ZiriTadi damokidebulebebis moTxovnaTa
dakmayofilebis Semdeg wh-gadanacvlebas daeqvemdebara. am proceduris TvalsaCino sqemas qvemoT ixilavT:
(89) a. Macbeth describe what forest am winadadebaSi arsebul ZiriTad

damokidebulebaTa:

semantikuri SerCevis,

kategoriaTa SerCevis,

SeTanxmebis, brunvis

moTxovnebs akmayofilebs.
wh-gadanacvlebis zemoqmedeba (wh-kompleqsiT dawyebul

frazaze what forest)
b. What forest did Macbeth describe?
(89a) -Si ZiriTadi damokidebulebebis moTxovnebi iqamdea dakmayofilebuli, sanam winadadeba wh-gadanacvlebis zemoqmedebas ganicdida. yuradReba miaqcieT: rodesac winadadebaze wh-gadanacvleba zemoqmedebs, did damxmare zmna
subieqtis win dgeba. momdevno TavSi swored imas SevityobT, Tu rogor xdeba
es. ori winadadeba: (89a) da (89b) erTmaneTs wh-gadanacvlebis operaciiT ukavSirdeba. (89a) winadadebis struqtura (igive xisebri agebuleba) ganmsazRvrel
struqturad, an (89b) winadadebis siRrmiseul struqturad iwodeba, xolo
269
270
(89b) ki _ (89a) -s zedapirul struqturad. (89b) winadadeba (89a) -dan aris warmomdgari wh-gadanacvlebis operaciis meSveobiT. (89) diagramaSi moyvanili
formulireba swored am derivaciis ilustrirebas axdens.
Wh kompleqsze dawyebuli kiTxvebi sametyvelo enebis erT mniSvnelovan
niSan-Tvisebas amJRavnebs: semantikuri SerCeva, kategoriaTa SerCeva, brunvis
niSnebis darTva Tu SeTanxmeba (da bevri sxva saxis damokidebuleba, romlebic
aq ar gangvixilavs) SeiZleba dakmayofildes adgilobrivad an daSorebiT, anu
lokaluri subieqtebiT da damatebebiT an im daSorebuli subieqtebisa da damatebebis meSveobiT, romlebic daSorebulebi wh-gadanacvlebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad Seiqmnen.
Cvens mier am TavSi Semotanili wh-gadanacvlebis wesi axali saxis damokidebulebas warmoadgens. magaliTad, (89)-e TvalsaCinoebaSi am damokidebulebas
vxvdebiT zmnis describe adgilobriv damatebasa da amave zmnis daSorebul damatebas Soris. swored aseve, (84a) magaliTSi eat zmnis adgilobriv subieqtsa
da amave zmnis daSorebul subieqts Soris zemoTxsenebuli damokidebuleba
gvaqvs da ase Semdeg.
am axal damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebiT araerTi kiTxva SeiZleba gagvi
Cndes. Cven ukve vicnobT wh-gadanacvlebis erT maxasiaTebels. misi ilustrireba im faqtis meSveobiTac SeiZleba, rom nebismieri subieqti (an damateba)
daSorebulia, an adgilobrivi (lokaluri). wh-gadanacvlebis terminebSi es
imas niSnavs, rom subieqti Tu damateba an wh-gadanacvlebulis mier aris adgilnacvali, an piriqiT _ adgilnacvali ar aris, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
SeuZlebelia, rom igi erTdroulad eqvemdebarebodes an ar eqvemdebarebodes
gadanacvlebas. imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor vaxdenT wh-gadanacvlebis arsis
formulirebas, SegviZlia es movlena identur kategoriebs (anu or determinerian frazas, or zmnizedas, or Tandebulian frazas da ase Semdeg) Soris
arsebul damokidebulebad ganvixiloT.
axla ori kiTxva ganvixiloT da maT pasuxebs msjelobis procesSi moviZiebT.
1. sad gadanacvldeba wh-adgilnacvali komponenti? pasuxi: igi damatebis
mqmnel frazas ebmis _ frazas, romelic damatebas Seadgens (damxmare zmnac am
damatebis mqmneli frazis farglebSi xvdeba _ amaze da subieqtisa da damxmare
zmnis inversiaze ufro dawvrilebiT momdevno TavSi iqneba saubari). amgvarad,
(89b) kiTxviTi winadadebis struqturad daaxloebiT ase iqneba warmodgenili:
(90)
dmf
df
what forest
dms
dms
did
dr.f
df
Macbeth
dr.
dr.
zmf
describe
kiTxva 2: ramdenad daSorebuli SeiZleba iyos komponenti? ramdenad Sors

SeiZleba iqnes gadanacvlebuli komponenti wh-gadancvlebis zegavleniT? es
problema winadadebaTa Semdegi wyvilebis meSveobiT aris ilustrirebuli:
(91) a. What forest did you say that Macbeth believed that Banquo had
described?
b. * What forest did you read a report that Banquo had described?
a. SeZlebisdagavarad miaxloebuli Targmani: romeli tye Tqvi,
makbetis SexedulebiT (azriT, rwmeniT), banqom aRwerao?
b. romeli tye waikiTxe angariSi, rom banqom aRwera?
rogorc pirveli winadadeba mowmobs, damateba SeiZleba Zalze daSorebulic iyos. moyvanil SemTxvevaSi damateba ori klauzulidan mesame klauzulis
dasawyis poziciaSia gadatanili. determineriani fraza what forest describe
zmnis damatebaa. igi gamotanilia klauzulidan Banquo had described, aseve _
meore klauzulidan Macbeth believes that Banquo had described da mTavari klauzulis win Cndeba, romlis mTavari zmnaa say. Tumca, rogorc meore winadadeba
gviCvenebs, wh-gadanacvleba garkveul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba ver ganxorcieldes. wh-gadanacvlebis xelisSemSlel mizezTa bunebisa da mizezebis, maTi zemoqmedebis kvleva enaTmecnierebis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso nawils Seadgens.
4.2.4 damokidebulebebi, romlebic gadanacvlebas ar

moicavs
Wh gadanacvleba saSualebas aZlevs damatebas, rom sakuTari zmnis momdevno
poziciaSi dgomis nacvlad, sadac igi wh-gadanacvlebis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi unda mdgariyo, winadadebas TavSi moeqces. sintaqsur damokidebulebaTa
iseTi saxeebic arsebobs, gadanacvlebas rom gulisxmobs, magram maTi aq ganxilva Cvens amocanas ar warmoadgens. Tumca, komponentTa gadanacvlebas yvela
saxis damokidebuleba rodi moiTxovs. iseTi sintaqsuri damokidebulebebic
arsebobs, romlebic gadanacvlebas ar gulisxmobs. zogierT maTgans mokled
qvemoT gagacnobT.
negatiuri polarobis wevrebi

zogierT gamoTqmas (maTi nawili zemoT ganvixileT) negatiuri polarobis
wevrebi ewodeba da rogorc Cvens teqstSi zemoT Tu qvemoT, (92) magaliTSi
moyvanili winadadebebi mowmobs, winadadebaSi maTi distribucia SezRudulia:
(92) a. The fairies did not like witchcraft at all.

b. No one will like witchcraft at all / much.

g. *The fairies will like witchcraft at all / much

d. *Someone will like witchcraft at all / much
zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom imis dasadgenad, Tu ra movlena marTavs amgvar distribucias, erTmaneTisgan gamoTqmaTa ori kategoriis garCeva dagvWirdeba (am
sakiTxis garSemo detaluri msjelobis gasacnobad ixileT magaliTi (14) da 4.2
271
272
ganyofileba).
(93) negatiuri polarobis wevri (npw)

at all, anyone,
much , in the least ...
uaryofiTi elementebi
not, no one, nobody
never...
metic, negatiuri polarobis wevris distribucia Semdeg pirobas eqvemdebareba:

(94) negatiuri polarobis wevrebis cenzorobis wesi

winadadeba, romelic negatiuri polarobis wevrs Seicavs,

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba gamarTuli, Tu es negatiuri

polarobis wevri negatiuri polarobis wevris cenzoris

zemdgomobis sferoSia moqceuli.
gaixseneT: ama Tu im kategoriis frazis (XP) zemdgomobis sfero is umciresi
komponentia, romelic am X-s Seicavs. lingvistis enaze, es zemdgomi sakuTari
zemdgomobis sferoSi yvelafers marTavs.
refleqsivebi (refleqsiuri, an mobrunebuli nacvalsaxelebi)

damokidebulebis kidev erTi iseTi saxeobis TvalsaCinoebas, romelic
gadanacvlebas ar gulisxmobs, inglisuri refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebis Sez
Ruduli distribucia warmoadgens. es nacvalsaxelebi kuTvnilebiT piris
nacvalsaxelebze (romlebic naTesaobiTi brunvis formebs emyareba) self saxelis (`Tavi~ im mniSvnelobiT, rogoric gvaqvs, mag. frazaSi `sakuTari Tavis
patieba~; mravlobiTi _ selves) darTviT warmoiqmneba. gamonakliss mxolod
mesame piris nacvalsaxelebi warmoadgenen, romlebic refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebis fuZis warmosaqmnelad braldebiTi brunvis formas iyeneben.
my
myself
your
yourself
his (him)
himself
her
it
herself
our
itself
ourselves
your
yourselves
their (them)
themselves
refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebis distribuciis SezRuduloba qvemoT

moyvanil magaliTebSi TvalsaCinod aris naCvenebi. am winadadebebSi TiToeul
am nacvalsaxels saxeli Banquo Caanacvlebs:
(95) a. Macbeth cut Banquo. _ `makbetma banqo daWra~.

b. Macbeth cut himself. _ `makbetma Tavi daiWra

(an raRac gaiWra)~.

g. *Macbeth cut ourselves. _ `makbetma Cveni Tavi

(Cven TviTon) dagvWra~.
(96) a. We cut Banquo. _ `Cven davWeriT banqo~.

b. We cut ourselves. _ `Cven Tavi daviWeriT

(an raRac gaviWeriT)~.

g. *We cut himself. _ `Cven misi Tavi davWeriT~.
Cut zmna oradgiliani predikatia, romelic agent-arguments subieqtad,
xolo Temis arguments damatebad irCevs. metic, cut zmna determinerian frazas damatebad sakategorio (kategoriaTa) SerCevis gziT irCevs. (b) winadadebebis gamarTuloba mowmobs, rom refleqsiuri nacvlasaxelebi yourself da

himself Temis argumentebad ganixileba, riTac cut zmnis is moTxovnebi kmayo-
fildeba, romlebic semantikur da kategoriaTa SerCevas ukavSirdeba, xolo

(g) winadadebebi gramatikulad gaumarTavia.
ras arRvevs is Canacvlebebi, romelTa ganxorcielebis Sedegad (b) winadadebebisgan (g) winadadebebi miviReT?
problema,
ra Tqma unda,
refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebiT warmodgenil
damatebaTa arsebobis fonze subieqtis arCevaniT aris gamowveuli. yuradReba

miaqcieT, rom gamarTuli winadadebebi, subieqti da refleqsiuri nacvalsa
xelebi erTmaneTs pirSi, ricxvsa da sqesSi eTanxmeba: magaliTad, saxeli Macbeth da nacvalaxeli himself _ orive mxolobiT ricxvSia, mesame pirSi dgas
da mamrobiTi sqesisaa. nacvalsaxelebi we da ourselves _ orive pirvel pirSi,

mxolobiT ricxvSia (sqesi am nacvalsaxelebis SemTxvevaSi ar Cans), magram arasrulfasovan winadadebebSi subieqtsa da refleqsiur nacvalsaxels Soris an
pirSi an ricxvsa da sqesSi SeTanxmeba ar gvaqvs.
refleqsiuri nacvalsaxeli winadadebaSi kidev erT determinerian frazas yofnas moiTxovs, romelsac es refleqsiuri nacvalsaxeli pirSi, ricxvsa
da sqesSi SeeTanxmeba. es determineriani fraza refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelis
antecedenti iqneba. maTi amgvari `qceva~ negatiuri polarobis wevris qcevas
mogvagonebs _ refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebi winadadebaSi damoukideblad ver
idgeba, negatiuri polarobis wevrebis msgavsad, maTac cenzori, antecedenti
esaWiroeba. refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebi garkveuli tipis mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba. ganvixiloT qvemoT moyvanili nimuSebi:
(97) a. Macbeth cut Banquo. _ `makbetma daWra banqo~.

b. Macbeth cut him. _ `makbetma daWra igi~.
g. Macbeth cut himself. _ `makbetma Tavi daiWra~.
d. *Macbeth cut ourselves. _ `makbetma Cveni Tavi daWra~.

Cut zmna oradgiliani predikatia, romelsac subieqtad agenti aqvs, xolo
Temad _ damateba. winadadebaSi Macbeth cut Banquo vinme, saxelad makbeti

Wris adamians, saxelad banqo. winadadebaSi Macbeth cut him veRar vambobT, rom
romeliRac pirovneba, saxelad makbeti Wris sxva pirovnebas, romelsac him
(igi, mas) hqvia. Cven gvesmis, rom, rogorc Cans, aris vinme, saxelad, vTqvaT,
banqo, romelzec am winadadebis warmoTqmamde iyo saubari da romelsac es him
nacvalsaxeli ukavSirdeba, amasTan romeliRac sxva pirovnebam, vTqvaT, makbetma, igi, anu vinme, saxelad banqo, daWra. Him nacvalsaxels amave winadadebaSi am pirovnebis saxelis Casanacvleblad vxmarobT. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
winadadebaSi Macbeth cut him nacvalsaxeli him makbetis aRsaniSnavad ver iqneba
gamoyenebuli, igi sxva adamians aRniSnavs. (amgvar magaliTs qvemoT, savarjiSo
4.11-Si ganvixilavT). Tu im azris gadmocema mogvesurveba, rom makbetma makbeti
daWra, maSin am sakuTari saxelis damatebad xmarebis magier, mas (damatebas)
refleqsiuri nacvalsaxeliT himself CavanacvlebT, rogorc es Semdeg winadadebaSi Macbeth cut himself. xolo es ukanaskneli winadadeba Sinaarsobrivad
273
274
Semdegnairad unda iqnes interpretirebuli: Macbeth cut Macbeth _ `makbetma

makbeti daWra~.
ra SeiZleba miviCnioT refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelis antecedentad? ra saxis
urTierToba SeiZleba gvqondes refleqsiur nacvalsaxelsa da mis antecedents
Soris? zemoT moyvanil gamarTul winadadebebSi refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebi
zmnebis pirdapiri obieqtebia, xolo maTi antecedentebi _ subieqtebi. amis
miuxedavad, rogorc Semdegi magaliTebi mowmobs, arcerTi es maxasiaTebeli
savaldebulo araa:
(98) a. He likes these stories about himself.
b. She showed him some pictures of himself.
a. mas moswons es ambebi (sakuTari) Tavis Sesaxeb.
b. man (mdedr.) mas (mamr.) misive (mamr. nacvalsaxels
ukavSirdeba) zogierTi suraTi aCvena.

winadadebaSi himself nacvalsaxeli about (Sesaxeb) Tandebulis damatebaa,
xolo Tandebuliani fraza about himself Tavis mxriv saxelis stories damatebad
gvevlineba. refleqsiur nacvalsaxels aq zmnisTvis pirdapiri obieqtis funqciis gaweva ar evaleba. (b) winadadebaSi antecedenti zmnis subieqti ar aris,
antecedentobas mas (zmnas) damateba uwevs.
im pirobebis miaxloebiTi daxasiaTeba, romelic refleqsiur nacvalsaxelsa da mis antecedents Soris arsebul damokidebulebas exeba, (99)-e da (100)-e
magaliTebSia warmoCenili.
(99) klauzulaSi erTad dgomis moTxovna:

refleqsiuri nacvalsaxeli da misi antecedenti erTsa da
imave klauzulaSi unda idges.
(100) komponentze zemdgomobis moTxovna

determineriani frazis saxiT warmodgenili antecedenti
refleqsiur nacvalsaxelze unda zemdgomobdes.

amgvari daskvnis daaxloebiTi siswore mainc rom vaCvenoT, unda davamtki-
coT, rom:
1. winadadebebi, romlebSic orive es moTxovna dakmayofilebulia,
gramatikulad gamarTuli iqneba.

2. winadadebebi, romlebSic am ori moTxovnidan romelime
darRveulia, gramatikulad gaumarTavi iqneba.
jer imaSi davrwmundeT, rom winadadebebi, romlebic aqamde Segvxvda, am or
moTxovnas namdvilad akmayofilebs. gaixseneT 4.2 ganyofilebaSi polarobis
wevrebTan dakavSirebuli Cveni msjeloba: erTsa da imave klauzulaSi erTad
dgoma, erTi da imave dr.f kvanZebis wevrobas niSnavs. yvela aseTi winadadeba
(101) magaliTSi moyvanil modelzea gawyobili:
(101) a. Macbeth cut himself.

b. He likes these stoires about himself.
g. She showed him some pictures of himself.
maTi struqtura ki Semdegi diagramebis meSveobiT gamoisaxeba:

(102) a.
dr.f
AF
df
dr
Makbeth
dr
wars.
zmf
zm.
df
cut
himself
dr.f
b.
df
dr
He
dr
wars.
zmf
df
zm
likes
these
sf
Tf
stories
g.
df
about
himself
dr
df
She
dr
zmf
dr
wars.
zm
showed
df
df
him
some
sf
Tf
pictures
df
of
himself
upirveles yovlisa, aSkarad Cans, rom klauzulaSi erTad dgomis moTxovna samive SemTxvevaSi dakmayofilebulia, vinaidan samive winadadeba mxolod
erTi klauzulisgan Sedgeba . axla vnaxoT, rogor gvaqvs saqme komponentze
zemdgomobis moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT.
(a) winadadebaSi determineriani frazis Macbeth zemdgomobis sfero is umciresi komponenti iqneba, romelic am determinerian frazas Seicavs: es is
275
276
komponentia, romelic markirebulia (saxeldebulia). dr.f/ gansazRvrebis

Tanaxmad, determineriani fraza Macbeth zemdgomobs, anu marTavs yvelafers,
rasac misi zemdgomobis sfero moicavs. raki es dr.f refleqsiur nacvalsaxels himself Seicavs, zemdgomobis moTxovna dakmayofilebulia. aq subieqtebis
erT Zalze mniSvnelovan niSan-Tvisebas vxvdebiT: raki misi (subieqtis) Semcveli pirveli komponenti aris droiTi (droiani) fraza, klauzulis subieqti mis
klauzulaSi yvelafers marTavs.
winadadeba (b) -Si determineriani frazis zemdgomobis sfero kvlav droiTi
frazaa, romelic refleqsiur nacvalsaxels himself iTavsebs; amgvarad, isev im
daskvnamde mivdivarT.
mesame, (g) winadadebaSi refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelis antecedenti aris
determineriani fraza him, xolo pirveli komponenti, romelic am determinerian frazas uSualod Seicavs _ zmniani fraza, romelic damatebad meore
determinerian frazas _ some pictures of himself Seicavs da Sesabamisad, masSi
refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelic Sedis.
axla ki SegviZlia iseTi eqsperimentuli winadadebebi SevadginoT, romlebic am ori moTxovnidan romelime erTs arRvevs. erTi piroba aucileblad
unda iqnes daculi: yovel jerze, TiTo winadadebaSi mxolod erTi moTxovna
unda davarRvioT, raTa swored misi dacvis aucileblobaSi davrwmundeT (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, minimaluri wyvilebis
Seqmna gvWirdeba) _ Tu gansaxilveli ori moTxovnidan orive erTdroulad
iqna darRveuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi gagviWirdeba imis dadgena, Tu romeli maTganis dacvaa aucilebeli.
Tu pirveli Sexeduleba sworia, es imas niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva klauzulebSi Semavali refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelisa da antecedentis Semcveli winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavi iqneba. Cvens eqsperimentul winadadebaSi antecedenti refleqsiur nacvalsaxelze unda zemdgomobdes. (102a) winadadebis
ganxilvisas davrwmundiT, rom klauzulis subieqti am klauzulaSi yvelafers
marTavs, anu yvelaferze zemdgomobs. Tuki antecedents mTavari winadadebis
subieqtad vaqcevT, maSin igi am winadadebaSi gaxdeba zemdgomi. xolo raki im
pirobis dacvac gvsurs, rom antecedenti da refleqsiuri nacvalsaxeli sxvadasxva klauzulaSi Sedis, sruliad sakmarisi iqneba, Tuki mTavari klauzulis subieqtis rolSi antecedenti gveqneba, xolo refleqsiuri nacvalsaxeli
damatebis mqmnel klauzulaSi idgeba.
(103) a. *Ophelia said that you cut herself.

b. *Ophelia said that herself cut you.

a. *ofeliam Tqva, rom misi Tavi Sen (Tqven) daWeri(T).

b. *ofeliam Tqva, rom misma Tavma dagWra(T).
es eqsperimentuli winadadebebi, rogorc xedavT, gaumarTavi gamodga. antecedenti da refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebi erTsa da imave klauzulaSi unda
Sediodes, magram Cveni CarTuli klauzula refleqsiur nacvalsaxels misi antecedentis gareSe Seicavs. yuradReba miaqcieT im faqts, rom Cveni winadadebebiT gadmocemuli azri sruliad gamarTuli da gasagebia, magram amgvari
mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad sakuTar saxel Ophelia-s refleqsiuri nacvalsa
xeliT Canacvleba ki gaumarTlebelia. am nacvalsaxelis magivrad Cveulebrivi
piris nacvalsaxeli she /her unda gamogveyenebina.

(104) a. Ophelia said that you cut her.

b. Ophelia said that she cut you.

a. ofeliam Tqva, rom igi Sen (Tqven) daWeri(T).

b. ofeliam Tqva, rom (Sen) Tqven man dagWra(T).
komponentze zemdgomobis moTxovna rom TvalnaTliv vaCvenoT, iseTi winadadebis ageba gvWirdeba, romelic klauzulaSi erTad dgomis moTxovnas akmayofilebs, magram komponentze zemdgomobis moTxovnas arRvevs. klauzulaSi
erTad dgomis principi namdvilad daculi iqneba, Tuki saqmes gavimartivebT
da saeqsperimentod calklauzuliani winadadebebiT SemovifarglebiT. qvemoT, (105) -Si moyvanili winadadebebi swored aseTebia. maTi xisebri diagramebis SedgeniT SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom komponentze zemdgomobis
moTxovna samive maTganSi darRveulia, Sedegad ki gramatikulad gaumarTavi
winadadebebi gvaqvs miRebuli.
(105) a. *Herself cut Ophelia.

b. *Ophelias friends love herself.

g. *You showed herself some pictures of Ophelia.
xisebri diagrama mxolod mesame winadadebisTvis SevadginoT:
Tf
(106)
df
You
dr
zmf
dr
wars.
zm
showed
df
df
herself
some
sf
Tf
picture
of
df
Ophelia
refleqsiur nacvalsaxels antecedenti sWirdeba. aseTi antecednti

determineriani fraza unda iyos. am winadadebaSi sul oTxi determineriani
frazaa: You, herself, pictures of Ophelia, da Ophelia. pirveli sami Cvens SemTxvevas
ar esadageba:
You nacvalsaxeli imis gamo ar esadageba, rom herself refleqsiur nacval-
some pictures of Ophelia ar esadageba, vinaidan herself refleqsiur nacval-
saxels ar eTanxmeba (pirSi SeuTanxmebloba).

saxels ar eTanxmeba (ricxvSi SeuTanxmebloba, usuloa imis nacvlad, rom
sulieri iyos).
herself imis gamo ar esadageba, rom antecedenti refleqsiuri nacvalsaxe
lisgan unda gansxvavdebodes. es adre ar gviTqvams, magram axla anteceden-
277
278
tis niSan-Tvisebebis CamonaTvalis Sesavsebad unda aRiniSnos.

sakuTari saxeli Ophelia ki pirSi, ricxvSi da suliereba-usulobis TvalsazrisiT eTanxmeba da Tan herself nacvalsaxelisgan gansxvavdeba.
Tumca, misi komponentze zemdgomobis sfero is Tandebuliani frazaa, romelic mas Seicavs. es Tandebuliani fraza ki refleqsiur nacvalsaxels ar
Seicavs. amis gamo arc es saxeli gamogvadgeba.
savarjiSo
4. 9
savarjiSo
4. 10
komponentze zemdgomobasTan dakavSirebuli savarjiSoebi:

1. SeadgineT xisebri diagramebi TiToeuli winadadebisTvis
(105a da 105b).
2. CamoTvaleT TiToeuli winadadebisTvis iseTi sityvebi, romlebzec determineriani fraza Ophelia zemdgomobs.
3. ganmarteT, ratomaa es winadadebebi gramatikulad gaumarTavi.
4. ganmarteT, ratomaa qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebidan meore
gaumarTavi:
(I) No one cut anyone. _ àravis dauWria vinme~.
(II) *Anyone cut no ane. _ `nebismierma daWra aravin~.
1. SeadgineT xisebri diagrama Semdegi winadadebisTvis:

a. Othello believes that the picture of Desdemona belongs to him.
otelo Tvlis, rom dezdemonas suraTi mas ekuTvnis.
2. CamoTvaleT is determineriani frazebi, romlebzec
determineriani fraza Desdemona zemdgomobs.
3. CamoTvaleT yvela is determineriani fraza, romlebzec
determineriani fraza Othello zemdgomobs.
4. momdevno winadadeba gramatikulad gaumarTavia.
ganmarteT, ratom.
b. *Othello believes that the picture of Desdemona belongs to himself.
otelo Tvlis, rom dezdemonas suraTi mis Tavs ekuTvnis.
5. axla Semdegi winadadebis gamarTulobaze imsjeleT:
g. Nobody believes that the picture of Desdemona belongs to anyone.
aravin Tvlis, rom dezdemonas suraTi vinmes ekuTvnis.
daamtkiceT, rom es winadadeba negatiuri polarobis wevris cenzorobis
pirobas akmayofilebs.
eqvemdebareba Tu ara, Tqveni azriT, negatiuri polarobis wevris cenzorobis piroba im moTxovnas, romelic klauzulaSi erTad dgomas gulisxmobs?
4.3 Sejameba
sametyvelo enebis sintaqsur organizebas ori fundamenturi niSan-Tvise-
ba gansazRvravs. pirveli maTgani sakomponento struqturis arsebobaa. es

maxasiaTebeli wina TavSi ganvixileT. meore maxasiaTebeli ki sintaqsur
damokidebulebaTa arsebobaa. aseTi damokidebulebebia: SerCeva, brunva, SeTanxmeba, gadanacvleba, negatiuri polarobis wevris cenzoroba da antecedentisa da refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelis urTierToba (zogierTi mecnieri mas Semkvrel urTierTobebs (binding relations) uwodebs. mocemuli Tavi swored amgvari
damokidebulebebis ganxilvas mivuZRveniT. masSi imis Cvenebasac SevecadeT, Tu
rogor xdeba enaTmecnierTa mier am fenomenebis Seswavla.
SeniSvnebi
1. aq garkveul sirTuleebsac SeiZleba wavawydeT, amis gamo Tavs ramdenime
SeniSvnas davurTavT: dakvirvebis Sedegad Cans, rom zogierTi X gamoTqma,
magaliTad, anybody can do ((nebismier) vinmes SeuZlia gaakeTos) gramatikulad
maSinac ki gamarTulia, Tu mis Semcvel winadadebaSi negatiuri elementi
ar gvaqvs. aseTi SesaZleblobebis ganxilva rom dagvewyo, Cveni msjeloba
gacilebiT ufro rTulad warsamarTi Seiqneboda, vinaidan nebismieri amgvari X
is gamoyeneba sensitiurobas amJRavnebs nebismieri sxva elementis, magaliTad,
modaluri zmnebis arsebobisa (could, can, should .....) Tu gramatikuli drois
arCevanis mimarT (awmyo Tu warsuli...). saTqmeli rom gavamartivoT, yvela
winadadeba, romlebic anybody an anyone nacvalsaxelebs Seicavs, warsulSi
an amwyo droSi could / would / should tipis damxmare zmnebis gareSe ixmareba. es
amtkicebs, rom anyone da anybody gamarTulad funqcionirebadi negatiuri
polarobis wevria.
2. winadadeba (85a) gamarTulad germanuli enis mxolod zogierT dialeqtSi
CaiTvleba.
Cowper, L. 1992. A Concise Introduction to Syntactic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Culicover, Peter. 1997. Principles and
Parameters: An Introduction to Syntactic
Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haegeman, L. 1994. Introduction to
Government and Binding Theory. Oxford:
Blackwell.
McCawley, J. 1988. The Syntactic Phenomena of English. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Radford,
A. 1988. Transformational
Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
_______. 1997. Syntax, a Minimalist Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.
Roberts, I. 1996. Comparative Syntax. London, New York: Arnold.
(An introduction to contemporary
Syntactic theory with an emphasis on
comparative syntax, e.i. on comparison of
syntactic properties across languages.)
van Reimsdijk, H. and E. Williams.
1986. Introduction to the Theory of
Grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
279
280
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 4. 11
B principi
Cvens teqstSi, zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebis distribucia Semdegi ori principis arsebobis gamo izRudeba, romlebic daaxloebiTi wesebis saxiT zemoT gvqonda Camoyalibebuli:
wesi 1: klauzulaSi erTad dgomis moTxovna: refleqsiuri nacvalsaxeli

da misi antecedenti erTsa

da imave klauzulaSi unda
idges.
wesi 2: komponentze zemdgomobis moTxovna: antecedentis rolSi myofi

determineriani fraza
refleqsiur nacvalsaxels
komponentze zemdgomobis
meSveobiT unda marTavdes.
1. moiyvaneT ori iseTi (arasrulfasovani) winadadeba, romlebic refleqsiur
nacvalsaxelebs Seicavs, xolo TiToeuli am winadadebaTagani axlaxan naxsenebi ori principidan mxolod erT-erTs arRvevs.
2. aRsaniSnavia, rom ararefleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebis distribuciac aseve izRudeba. amis ilustrireba Semdegi winadadebis meSveobiTac SeiZleba:
*Othello likes him. _ òtelos moswons igi (mamr.)~.
imis miuxedavad, rom es winadadeba gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT savsebiT

gamarTulia, misi xmareba mniSvnelobiT _ òtelos moswons sakuTari Tavi
(Othello likes himself) SeuZlebelia. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, him nacvalsaxeli
determineriani frazis Othello koreferentuli, anu Sesatyvisi ver iqneba. am
problemis WrilSi amgvari distribuciis ganxilva SeiZleba.
2.1 ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi (am winadadebebSi determineriani frazebi, romlebic saerTo (j) indeqsis mixedviT erTiandeba, ise interpretir
deba, TiTqos saubari erTsa da imave pirs Seexeba):
(a)* Othello j saw him j.
(b) Othello j said he j saw Portia k.
(g) Othello j said Portia k saw him j.
a. otelom dainaxa igi.
b. otelom Tqva, rom porcia dainaxa.
g. otelom Tqva, rom porciam dainaxa igi.
(I) SeadgineT xisebri diagrama TiToeuli am winadadebisTvis.
(II)
postulatis saxiT CamoayalibeT is principi (modiT, am postulats

p1 vuwodoT), romelic gaumarTav (a) winadadebas, gamarTul (b) da (g) winadadebebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs. (miniSneba: es principi klauzulaSi
erTad
dgomis wes 1-s unda hgavdes: misi meSveobiT unda aRiweros piroba, romliTac nacvalsaxeli da misi antecedenti erTmaneTs xvdeba.
(III) Tuki misi sworad Camoyalibeba moaxerxeT, maSin p1 postulatma Semdegi
formis gaumarTaobis prognozireba unda SeZlos:
281
d. * Portia js description of her j displeased Othello.

porcias mier misi (mdedr.) aRwera otelos ar moewona.
SeadgineT xisebri diagrama (d) winadadebisTvis da daamtkiceT, rom Tqven
mier Camoyalibebuli principi mas sworad esadageba. Tu ase araa, maSin ise
SecvaleT, rom miesadagos.
2.2 axla Semdegi winadadebebi ganvixiloT:
e.Othelloj s wife met him j. _ òtelos coli mas Sexvda~.
v. Portias description of Othello(j) displeased him (j). _ òtelos
porciaseuli aRwera mas ar moewona~.
(I) SeadgineT xisebri diagramebi TiToeuli am winadadebisTvis.
(II) komponentze zemdgomobis moTxovnis wes 2-s daeyrdeniT da postulatad
CamoayalibeT principi (modiT, mas p2 vuwodoT), romelic erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs gamarTul (e) da (v) winadadebebsa da gaumarTav (a) winadadebas
2.3 p1 da p2 postulatebis wes 1-sa da wes2-Tan Sedarebisas SegiZliaT Tu ara
CamoayaliboT zogadi prognozi, romliTac ganisazRvreba nacvalsaxelTa distribucia refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebis distribuciasTan SepirispirebiT?
2.4 axla Semdegi winadadeba ganvixiloT:
z. Othelloj trusts hisj wife.
otelo Tavis cols endoba.
SeadgineT misTvis xisebri diagrama. SeuZlia Tu ara Tqvens mier Camoyalibebul principebs wes1-sa da wes -2-Si (g) winadadebis gamarTulobis sworad prognozireba? Tu es ar xerxdeba, maSin wesi 1 ise SecvaleT, rom (g) winadadebis
masalac moicvas.
(SeniSvna: sintaqsuri problemebisadmi miZRvnil literaturaSi wes1-isa da
wes-2-is saxiT warmodgenili principebi erTian principadaa Camoyalibebuli,
romelsac makavSirebeli Teoriis (Binding Theory) A princips uwodeben. postulat p1-isa da p2-is saxiT warmodgenili principebi, maTsave msgavsad, erT
principad erTiandeba. mas makavSirebeli Teoriis B principi ewodeba).
C principi
rogorc Semdegi magaliTebi mowmobs, nacvalsaxels SeiZleba mis win, sxva

klauzulaSi mdgomi antecedenti gaaCndes (sadac saziaro indeqsis mqone determineriani fraza SeiZleba ise iqnes interpretirebuli, TiTqos imave pirs
ukavSirdeba):
a. Othello(j) said Portia (k) saw him(j).
b. Othello(j) said he(j) saw Portia(k).
a. otelom Tqva, rom porciam dainaxa igi (mamr.).
b. otelom Tqva, rom man porcia dainaxa.
savarjiSo 4.12
282
1. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:

g. * He(j) said that Othello(j) saw Portia.
d. * He(j) said that Portia saw Othello(j).
e. * He(j) said that Portia thinks that Othello(j) left.
g. man Tqva, rom otelom porcia dainaxa.
d. man Tqva, rom porciam otelo dainaxa.
e. man Tqva, rom porcia fiqrobs, rom otelo gaemgzavra.
(I) SeadgineT xisebri diagramebi (a) da (g) winadadebebisTvis.
(II) gamarTuli winadadebebis nimuSebis gaumarTavTagan gamosayofad principi
C1 axla winmdgomobis cnebis terminebSi CamoayalibeT, ris meSveobiTac
regulirebuli iqneba urTierToba nacvalsaxelsa da mis antecedents Soris. unda darwmundeT, rom Tqveni principi sworad ansxvavebs (a) da (b) maga
liTebs (g), (d) da (e) magaliTebisgan.
(III) gamarTuli winadadebebis gaumarTavi winadadebebisgan gamosayofad Camo
ayalibeT gansxvavebuli _ C2 principi, romelic amjerad komponentze zemdgomobis cnebis terminebSi iqneba gansazRvruli da nacvalsaxelsa da mis
antecedents Soris urTierTobis regulirebas moaxdens. axla SeamowmeT,
sworad gamohyofs Tu ara Tqveni principi erTmaneTisgan erTi mxriv, (a) da
(b) da meore mxriv, (g), (d) da (e) winadadebebs.
1. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
(v) His(j) wife says that Othello left.
(z) The rumor that he left pleased Othello(j)s wife.
(v) misi coli ambobs, rom otelo wavida.
(z) moarulma xmebma, rom igi gaemgzavra, otelos coli gaaxara.
1. SeadgineT xisebri diagrama am ori winadadebisTvis ((z) winadadebis SemTxvevaSi ivaraudeT, rom determineriani fraza [that he left] saxelis rumor damatebaa).
2. SeadareT C1-iTa da C2-is meSveobiT (v) da (z) winadadebebTan dakavSirebiT
gakeTebuli prognozebi. rogori iqneba Tqveni daskvna?
3. SeeTavseba Tu ara es daskvna Semdegi winadadebis gamarTulobas?
(T) After he left, Othello fell.
is rom wavida (misi wasvlis Semdeg) otelo daeca.
(SegiZliaT ivaraudoT, rom sityvaTa Tanwyoba _ he left Tandebuliani
fraziT warmodgenil komponents _ after Tandebulis damatebas qmnis da rom
Tandebuliani fraza, romlis saTao elements after Tandebuli warmoadgens,
droiTi frazis matricas ebmis).
(SeniSvna: sintaqsTan dakavSirebul literaturaSi is principi, romelic
erTi mxriv, a da b, meore mxriv ki, g, d, da e winadadebebs Soris gansxvavebas
ganapirobebs, makavSirebeli Teoriis C principad iwodeba).
zmniani frazis prepozireba da refleqsiuri nacvalsaxelebi
283
savarjiSo 4.13
1. SeadgineT xisebri diagrama Semdegi winadadebisTvis:

(a) Ophelia thinks that Othello will survive the war.
ofelia Tvlis, rom otelo oms cocxali gadaurCeba.
2. axla aseTi magaliTi ganixileT:
(b) Ophelia thinks that survive the war, Othello will.
gaixseneT wh-gadanacvlebis Cvens mier Sedgenili modeli, da SeadgineT
xisebri struqtura (b) winadadebisTvis. diagramis Sedgenisas gaiTvaliswineT, rom misi derivacia (a) winadadebidan xdeba da gadanacvlebis wesi _
zmniani frazis prepozireba zemoqmedebs. am wesis Tanaxmad zmniani frazis
prepozireba da droiT frazaze mibma xdeba. TvalsaCinod aCveneT derivaciis yvela es safexuri.
3. zmniani frazis prepozirebis wesi zmniani frazis prepozirebas axdens da mas
droiT (igive droian) frazas uerTebs. warmoadgineT sxva winadadeba, romelic (a) magaliTidan zmniani frazis prepozirebis meSveobiT warmodgeba,
Semdeg ki misi xisebri struqtura gamosaxeT.
4. CamoayalibeT ori principi, romelic nacvalsaxelsa da mis antecedents
Soris urTierTobas akmayofilebs.
5. SeadgineT xisebri diagrama Semdegi winadadebisTvis da daamtkiceT, rom
misi struqtura am or princips akmayofilebs.
(g) Ophelia expects that Macbeth(j) will hurt himself(j).

ofelia moelis, rom makbeti sakuTar Tavs avnebs.
6. SeadgineT xisebri diagrama Semdegi winadadebisTvis da daamtkiceT, rom
misi struqtura am ori principidan arcerTs ar akmayofilebs.
(d) Hurt himself(j), Ophelia expects that Macbeth(j) will.
7. rogor axsnas mouZebniT im faqts, rom (d)winadadeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi struqtura zemoT moyvanil or princips ar akmayofilebs, mainc gamarTuli winadadebaa.
iribi wh kiTxvebi da wh-kunZulebi

1. SeadgineT xisebri diagramebi Semdegi winadadebisTvis:
(a) The witches believed that Macbeths armies would crush his enemies.
kudianebs egonaT, rom makbetis jarebi mis mtrebs
gaanadgurebda.
2. aRwereT crush zmnis semantikur SerCevasTan da agreTve kategoriaTa
(sakategorio) SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli da makavSirebeli (linking properties)
niSan-Tvisebebi (maxasiaTeblebi) (miniSneba: saamisod 4.2 ganyofileba xelaxla
unda gadaikiTxoT).
3.1 ivaraudeT, rom fraza whose enemies momdevno winadadebaSi CarTuli
dmf-s (damatebis mqmneli frazis) msazRvrelia da SeadgineT Sesabamisi xise-
savarjiSo 4.14
284
bri diagrama:
(b) The witches wondered whose enemies Macbeths armies would crush.
kudianebs ainteresebdaT, vis mtrebs gaanadgurebda makbetis jarebi.
3.2 gamoyaviT is frazebi, romlebic crush zmnis mieraa SerCeuli. am frazebis struqturuli poziciebi ar Seesatyviseba makavSirebel wesebs, romlebic Tqven (a) winadadebaze dayrdnobiT crush zmnisTvis gaqvT Camoyalibebuli.
moaxdineT am SeuTavseblobis sintaqsuri analizi. (miniSneba: xelaxla gadaikiTxeT ganyofileba 4.2.3, romelic wh-gadanacvlebas eZRvneba.
4.1 SeadgineT xisebri diagramebi Semdegi ori winadadebisTvis:
(g) Oberon knew that Othello would kill Desdemona.
(d) Oberon knew when Othello would kill Desdemona.
g. oberonma icoda, rom otelo dezdemonas moklavda.
d. oberonma icoda, rodis moklavda otelo dezdemonas.
4.2 rogoria is ganmsazRvreli struqturuli faqtori, romelic ganmartavs Tu ratom ar xdeba wh-gadanacvleba (v) winadadebaSi, xolo (e) winadadebaSi saqme swored am movlenasTan gvaqvs? (miniSneba: SeadareT maTi Zireuli
(ganmsazRvreli) struqturebi.)
e. Who did Oberon know that Othello would kill?
v. *Who did Oberon know when Othello would kill?
e. (daaxloeb. Targmani):visze icoda oberonma, rom
otelo mas moklavda?
v. (_____ ) *visze icoda oberonma, rodis moklavda mas otelo?
(SeniSvna: konstruqcias, romlis TvalsaCino nimuSs (b) winadadeba warmoadgens, iribi kiTxva ewodeba, xolo fenomens, romlis nimuSic (v) winadadebis
saxiT gvaqvs, wh-kunZuli hqvia.)
5
sintaqsi III:
zmnuri formebis distribucia:
calkeul SemTxvevaTa analizi
Tavis sarCevi
5.0 Sesavali
5.2.2 enaTa variaciebi da parametrebi
5.1 inglisuri zmnebi
5.2.3 damateba, dro da zmna sxvadasxva
5.1.1 zmnuri formebi
5.1.2 sintaqsuri garemo
5.2.4 sxva enebi
5.1.3 erTad dgomis maxasiaTeblebi:
5.2.5 enebi, romelTac sityvaTa
sruli aspeqtis konstruqcia
enebSi
5.1.4 proeqciebi: Tavebi da frazebi

5.1.5 zmnis sawyisi formebi da droiani

zmnebi
zmniani frazis elifsi

5.2.6 ganvrcobebi. saxelis
5.1.6 droiani klauzulebis struqtu

TanmimdevrobaSi xiluli
cvlilebebi ar SeeniSnebaT:
sistema: determineriani fraza
ris Sesaxeb
5.3 Sejameba
5.1.7 ZiriTadi zmnisa da damxmare zmnis
5.4 SeniSvnebi
5.5 damatebiT sakiTxavi literaturis
pozicia winadadebis (klauzalur)

struqturaSi
5.1.8 inglisuri zmnebis distribuciis

Sesaxeb msjelobis Sejameba
5.2 enaTSorisi variaciebi: inglisurs

CamonaTvali
wyaroebi
savarjiSoebi
gareT
5.2.1 lingvistur variaciaTa buneba

5.0 Sesavali
am TavSi zmnaTa distribucias da winadadebebis struqturas SeviswavliT,
xolo gansaxilvel problemebze muSaoba zmnaTa distribuciis calkeuli
SemTxvevebis garCeviT warimarTeba.
286
rogorc ganvlili Tavebidan SevityveT, zmna leqsikur wevrTa klass

miekuTvneba, diagramebsa da SemoklebebSi mas z SemoklebiT aRvniSnavdiT.
zmna ramdenime sxvadasxva formiT SeiZleba warmogvidges, vinaidan es wevri
xandaxan sxvadasxva infleqsiur sufiqss erwymis. amis nimuSebs qvemoT moyvanil
magaliTebSi naxavT:
(I) I love Mercutio. _ `me miyvars merkucio~. Romeo loves Juliet. _`romeos
julieta uyvars~. Juliet loved Romeo. _ `julietas romeo uyvarda~.
Romeo promised to love juliet. _ `romeom aRTqma dado yvareboda julieta~.
Juliet continues loving Romeo. _ `julietas isev uyvars romeo (sityva-sityviT:
julieta romeos siyvaruls agrZelebs)~. Romeo has loved Juliet. _ `romeos
uyvarda (da uyvars) julieta~. Juliet was loved by Romeo. _ julieta (adre)
romeos uyvarda (gamoyenebulia mier konstruqcia)~.
zmna ise funqcionirebs, rogorc zmniani frazis (SemoklebiT _zmf) Tavi
(an saTao elementi). ( SegviZlia asec vTqvaT: zmna zmniani frazis proeqtirebas
axdens). zmniani frazis Sida sakomponento struqtura misi Tavis, anu saTao
elementis leqsikur maxasiaTeblebzea damokidebuli. zmnebi, vTqvaT, laugh,
kiss, give SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis zmnian frazebSi Segvxvdes ( am zmnebis
qvemoT moyvanili reprezentaciebi winadadebis mxolod erT nawils _ zmnian
frazebs warmogvidgens):
zmf
(2) zmf
zmf
z
df
laugh
kiss
Juliet
z
give
df
Tf
flowers T
to
df
Juliet
am TavSi saqme im kanonebTan an principebTan gveqneba, romlebic verbaluri,

anu zmnuri formebis distribucias marTavs. aseTi wesebi da principebi (1)
inglisursac gaaCnia da sxva enebsac. aq SevecdebiT davadginoT, rogoria
sxvadasxva verbaluri formis distribucia inglisur enaSi, maTi ricxvidan
Sesabamisi ganzogadebebi amovkriboT da iseTi saanalizo viTareba SevqmnaT,
romelic am ganzogadebebs gasaRebs moargebs. Tqven mier moxdenili analizis
Sedegianoba imaze iqneba damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad moaxerxebT Sesabamis
variaciaTa enaTSorisi modelebis moxelTebas. saamisod Cven sxvadasxva
(arainglisuri) _ franguli, holandiuri, norvegiuli, irlandiuri, sua
hilisa da koreulis enebis zmnuri formebis distribucias SemogTavazebT.
axla sintaqsuri laboratoria unda `gavmarToT~, romelic im xelsawyoebiT
da saSualebebiT iqneba aRWurvili, romelTac sintaqsis Teoria gvTavazobs.
pirvel nabijad im garemos Taviseburebebs SeviswavliT, romelSic zmnuri
formebi aRmoCndeba xolme (am sxvadasxva SemTxvevebs magaliTi (1) gaxsenebT)
da saTanado ganzogadebebsac mivakvlevT. Semdeg `slaidebs~, anu TvalsaCino
masalas movamzadebT, mikroskopis qveS movaTavsebT da dakvirvebas daviwyebT.
mikvleul ganzogadebebs CavuRrmavdebiT da maT gagebas calkeuli SemTxvevebis
sintaqsi III: zmnuri formebis distribucia: calkeul SemTxvevaTa analizi
magaliTze SevecdebiT. es iseTi TvalsaCinoebis motanasac gulisxmobs,

romlebic am ganzogadebebis gaazrebaSi dagexmarebaT. Semdeg kvlav calkeul
SemTxvevebs davubrundebiT, nimuSebs erTobliobaSi ganvixilavT da ufro
farTo suraTze SeviqmniT warmodgenas. es ufro zogadi sakiTxebis moxelTebis
da axali ganzogadebebis Seqmnis saSualebas mogvcems. warmoebuli kvlevis
procesSi Cveni `xelsawyoebi~ da saSualebebi odnav Seicvleba. sakvlevi
obieqtis ukeT an gansxvavebulad danaxvisTanave misi xedvis prizmas, anu Cvens
xelT arsebuli nimuSebis sasinj saSualebebs SevcvliT, an dakvirvebas meti
CaRrmavebiT ganvagrZobT da iseTi obieqtebis kvlevas daviwyebT, romlebic
naklebi simZlavris linziT ar Candnen. procesis msvlelobisas SesaZloa im
axali instrumentebis gamoyeneba dagvWirdes, romlebic zogierTi obieqtis
gamocalkevebiT SeswavlaSi, maTi `saSen masalis~ da ganmsazRvreli dizainis
dadgenaSi dagvexmareba.
kvlevas mikroskopuli donidan daviwyebT (inglisuri enidan moyvanili
calkeuli SemTxvevebi), sakvlev masalas Sori da axlo xedvidan davakvirdebiT,
da mikroskopis linzis qveS sxvadasxva nimuSebs movaTavasebT. Semdeg
makroskopul doneebze gadavinacvlebT ( sametyvelo enebi). Cveni laboratoria
araerT aseT enas gadaswvdeba.
5.1 inglisuri zmnebi

5.1.1 zmnuri formebi
rogorc magaliT (1) -Si da me-2 TavSi, zmnis morfologiisadmi miZRvnil
msjelobaSi iyo naCvenebi, inglisuri zmna sxvadasxva formas iRebs: mis
morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT ucvlel formas infinitivi, anu sawyisi forma
ewodeba, xolo morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT kompleqsuri formebi fuZeze
infleqsiuri sufiqsebis darTviT miiReba, rogorc (3) cxrilSi ixilavT:
(3)
upiro zmnuri formebi

infinitivi
to
mimReobebi: warsuli drois mimReoba
vnebiTi gvaris (passive) mimReoba
awmyo drois mimReoba
piriani zmnuri formebi
warsuli dro
awmyo dro (mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame piri)
use
to
show
used
shown
used
shown
using
showing
used
showed
uses
shows
zmnebs, romlebic formas warsul an awmyo droSi, an SeTanxmebis gamo

icvlian, piriani zmnebi ewodebaT, xolo sxvagvar zmnur formebs _ upiro
zmnebi. awmyo drois zmnebi inglisur enaSi mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi
SeTanxmebis gamo icvlian formas.
287
288
5.1.2 sintaqsuri garemo

pirvel nabijad is elementebi CamovTvaloT, romlebic erTad gvxvdeba.
sruli aspeqtis damxmare zmna have warsuli drois mimReobasTan erTad
gvxvdeba:
(4) a. Many students have liked Romeo and Juliet.
b. * Many students have like / likes / liking Romeo and Juliet.
a. bevr students moswonda `romeo da julieta~.
vnebiTi gvaris, anu pasivis damxmare zmna be vnebiTi gvaris mimReobasTan
erTad gvxvdeba:
(5) a. Juliet was loved by Romeo.
b. *Juliet was love / loves / loving by Romeo.
a. julieta romeos uyvarda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warsuli drois mimReobasa da vnebiTi gvaris (pa
sivis) mimReobas identuri formebi aqvT, Cven warsuli drois mimReobebsa da
pasivis mimReobebs Soris gansxvavebas vxedavT, vinaidan isini erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebul konstruqciebSi gvxvdeba. warsuli drois mimReobebi moqme
debiTi gvaris (aqtivian) winadadebebSi gvxvdeba (rogoricaa, magaliTad, (4)
winadadeba), vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebi ki _ vnebiTi konstruqciis winadadebebSi
( rogoricaa (5a) winadadeba). pasiuri konstruqciis winadadebebSi iseTi
determineriani fraza, romelic aqtiuri konstruqciis winadadebebSi zmnebis
Semdeg dgas, klauzulis subieqtis poziciaSi imyofeba. amaze wina TavSic
gvqonda saubari.
winmswrebi be zmna awmyo drois mimReobasTan erTad gvxvdeba:
(6) Many students are reading / *read / * reads Romeo and Juliet.
`romeo da julietas~ bevri studenti kiTxulobs.
infinitivebi, anu sawyisi formis zmnebi ( romlebic inglisur enaSi
fuZiseul formas emTxveva) sxvadasxva garemoSi, sxvadasxva rolSi SeiZleba
Segvxvdes:
rogorc modaluri zmnis damateba ( will/ would / can / could da a. S.) :
(7) Many students could read Romeo and Juliet.
`romeo da julietas~ wakiTxvas bevri studenti SeZlebda.
rogorc kauzativuri zmnebis (make, let) damateba, an rogorc aRqmis
procesTan dakavSirebuli zmna ( see, hear).
(8) a. They let [ Romeo and Juliet die]
b. They saw [Juliet kiss Romeo]
a. maT romeos da julietas sikvdili dauSves (xeli ar SeuSales).
b. maT dainaxes, rogor kocnida julieta romeos.
sxvadasxva yaidis infinitivur damatebebSi:
to nawilakian infinitivebSi _
(9) a. Many students try [ to read Romeo and Juliet]
b. Many students want [to read Romeo and Juliet]
289
a. `romeo da julietas~ wakiTxvas bevri studenti cdilobs.

b. ` romeo da julietas~ wakiTxva bevr students unda.
for Tandebulisa da to nawilakis Tanwyobian infinitivebSi _
(10) Many professors want very much [for their students to read Romeo and Juliet]
bevr profesors Zalian unda, rom misi studentebi `romeo da julietas~
kiTxulobdnen.
droiani klauzulebi droian zmnebs moiTxovs, romlebic formas awmyo
da warsul droSi ( da SeTanxmebis gamo) icvlian, imisda miuxedavad, mTavari
klauzulaa droiani klauzula Tu CarTuli klauzula:
(11) mTavari klauzula:
Romeo loved Juliet. * Romeo loving / to love Juliet.
romeos uyvarda julieta.

(12) CarTuli klauzula ( romelic that / whether an if dms-Ti ( damatebis
mqmneli sityviT) da a.S. iwyeba):
a. I believe that Romeo loved Juliet.
b. I dont know if Romeo loved Juliet.
g. No students wondered whether Romeo and Juliet loved each other.
a. mjera, rom romeos julieta uyvarda.
b. ar vici, uyvarda Tu ara romeos julieta.
g. arc erT students ar ainteresebda, uyvarda Tu ara romeos julieta.
qvemoT moyvanili CamonaTvalidan Cven Semdeg ganzogadebebs amovkrebT:
(13) a. garkveuli zmnuri formebi garkveul damxmare zmnebTan erTad
dgas;
b. garkveuli zmnuri formebi klauzulebis garkveul tipebTan erTad
dgas ( infinitivuri klauzulebi zmnis sawyis formas, anu infinitivs moiTxovs,
xolo droiani klauzulebi _ droian zmnebs).
es ganzogadebebi erTad dgomis, an TanaarsebobiT gamowveuli SezRudve
bis namdvil bunebasTan dakavSirebiT araerT kiTxvas badebs.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara (13a) ganzogadebaSi Semavali SemTxvevebi swored
aseve iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli? (13b) Si Semavali SemTxvevebis amgvaradve
gaerTianeba Tu aris SesaZlebeli? SeiZleba Tu ara, rom (13a) -sa da (13b) -s
SemTxvevebi erTianad da erTgvarovnad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu TiTo
euli maTganis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba cal-calke unda moxdes? es
sakiTxebi unda SeviswavloT, (13a) -Si motanili erTad dgomis maxasiaTeblebi
ki TvalsaCinod vaCvenoT, rac sruli aspeqtis konstruqciebis ganxilviT unda
moxdes. Semdeg (13b) ganzogadebas unda mivubrundeT da kerZo SemTxvevebidan
gza ufro farTo suraTisken gavikvlioT.
qvemoT moyvanil winadadebebSi:
I. Romeo seemed to have been kissed.
II. Writers try to adapt Romeo and Juliet to the big screen.
savarjiSo
5. 1
290
III. They were told to go buy tomatoes.
IV. Do you believe that he has the nerves to go on stage?
I. romeos, rogorc Cans, viRacam akoca.

II. mwerlebi cdiloben, `romeo da julieta~ farTo ekranze gadait
anon.
III. maT Txoves, pomidvris sayidlad wasuliyvnen.
IV. gjera, rom scenaze gasavlelad mas gabeduleba eyos?
1. SemoxazeT yvela zmniani forma, xazi gausviT warsuli drois mimReobebs,
ormagi xazi gausviT vnebiT mimReobebs, talRovani xazi _ yvela infinitivs.
2. moiyvaneT sxvadasxva saxis CarTUuli klauzulis 5 magaliTi
5.1.3 erTad dgomis maxasiaTeblebi: sruli aspeqtis konstruqcia

sruli aspeqtis mqone have zmna warsuli drois mimReobasTan erTad dgas,
anu Tanaarsebobs [ ixileT CanarTi 5.1].
rogoria erTad dgomis maxasiaTeblebi? warmovidginoT, rom erTad
dgomis iseT konstruqcias (farTo versia) vagebT, romelic mxolod imas
moiTxovs, rom Tu garkveuli struqtura (vTqvaT, winadadeba) sruli aspeqtis
mqone damxmare zmnas Seicavs, maSin masSi warsuli drois mimReobac unda
Sediodes(iseve, rogorc me-4 TavSi, wesebi ase unda iqnes danomrili: wesi 1,
wesi 2 da a.S).
wesi 1 (pirveli versia)
winadadeba, romelic sruli aspeqtis mqone have zmnas Seicavs, masTan
erTad warsuli drois mimReobasac unda Seicavdes.
Tu es hipoTeza sworia, maSin qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi wes 1-s unda
akmayofilebdes, vinaidan have zmna da warsuli drois mimReoba Tanaarsebobs.
(14) a. * Many students seen have Juliet.
b. * Seen many students have Juliet.
g. * Many students have [zm.see] Juliet [died + wars. mimR.]
sruliad aSkaraa, rom es nimuSebi gramatikulad gaumarTavia, vinaidan
wesi 1-is moTxovnis dakmayofileba, romelic have zmnisa da warsuli drois
mimReobis erTad dgomas gulisxmobs, sakmarisi araa. amasTan erTad, isic
aucilebelia, rom isini swor struqturul urTierTobaSi moeqcnen, rac
imas niSnavs, rom unda arsebobdes garkveuli struqturuli urTierToba
have zmnasa da warsuli drois mimReobas Soris. (14a) da (14b) magaliTebze
dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: es urTierToba iseTia, rom warsuli drois
mimReoba have zmnas unda mosdevdes.
CanarTi
5. 1
urTierTobaTa sqemebi
axla erT iseT hipoTezas gagacnobT, romelic studentebs yovelTvis
axalisebT: erTi sintaqsuri cneba ( magaliTad, `sruli dro~ (qarT. aspeqti))
sqemebis Sedgenisas erT sintaqsur samSeneblo erTeuls, agurs ( sityvas )
Seesatyviseba. inglisuri enis sruli drois mqone konstruqciebi gviCvenebs,
rom es hipoTeza, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi daumuSavebeli versia, arasworia.

sruli konstruqcia sintaqsuradac kompleqsuria: igi iseT have damxmare
zmnas Seicavs, romelsac sakuTari fleqsiuroba da warsuli drois mimReoba
gaaCnia; es konstruqcia erTi kompleqsuri morfologiuri sityvisgan ar
Sedgeba. Tumca, es hipoTeza mainc SeiZleba swori iyos _ zogierTi ufro
kompleqsuri formis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom sruli
dro erTi, dauyofeli semantikuri àtomi~ ki ar aris, aramed ufro mcire
samSeneblo masalisgan, àgurebisgan~ Sedgeba da eseni ki have damxmare zmnisa
da warsuli drois mimReobis formis zmnisgan aris Sedgenili. axla am axali
hipoTezis sisworis Semowmeba ufro gvirTuldeba, vinaidan mis sisworesTan
erTad sintaqsuri samSeneblo masalisa da semantikuri samSeneblo masalis
Sefasebac mogvixdeba.
gavrcelebuli hipoTeza, rom semantikuri cnebebi da sityvebi erTmaneTs
erTi erTze Seesatyviseba da rom arsebobs sityvaze ufro mcire erTeuli,
rogoricaa morfema, mravali formiTa da variaciiT warmogvidgeba da mas
xSirad mkafio moxazuloba aklia.
(14g) gviCvenebs, rom sakmarisi araa, warsuli drois mimReoba have zmnas
mosdevdes: warsuli drois mimReoba, amasTan erTad, have zmnasTan àxlos~ unda iyos.
rogor ganvsazRvroT sityvis àxlos~ zusti mniSvneloba? mainc ras
gulisxmobs igi? uSualod have damxmare zmnis win dgomas xom ara? magram
momdevno magaliTebi amtkicebs, rom es varaudi mcdaria. am winadadebebSi
warsuli drois mimReobas win Semdegi sityvebi: all, not da carefully (yuradRebiT,
frTxilad, dawvrilebiT) uZRvis, magram winadadebaTa gamarTulobas amiT
araferi akldeba.
(15)
a. The students have all studied Romeo and Juliet.
b. The students have not played Romeo and Juliet.
g. The students have carefully read Hamlet.
a. studenetebma yvelam iswavla `romeo da julieta~.
b. studentebs `romeo da julieta~ ar uTamaSiaT.
g. studentebma yuradRebiT wakiTxes `hamleti~.
`siaxlovis~ Sesabamisi cneba struqturis terminebSi unda iqnes
gansazRvruli. amaSi gramatikuli struqturebis xisebri diagramebis Sedgena
dagvexmareba ( gaixseneT wina TavSi moyvanili SeTanxmebasa da gadanacvlebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakomponento cdebic). ( nimuSebisTvis struqturis miniWeba da
am struqturaTa sisworeSi darwmuneba sintaqsur argumentaciaSi yovelTvis
pirveli nabijia: nebismieri sintaqsuri argumentacia struqturas efuZneba):
zmf1
(16)
have
zmf2
z [+ wars. mimR]
read
df
Hamlet
291
292
savarjiSo
5. 2
sakomponento struqtura
teqstSi arsebul Tanwyobas have read Hamlet (16) diagramaSi sakomponento
struqtura aqvs miniWebuli. am savarjiSoSi Tqven imis damtkiceba mo
geTxovebaT, rom mocemuli struqtura namdvilad swori struqturaa.
rogor SeamowmebT sakomponento struqturas? rogorc me-3 TavSi
iTqva, sakomponento struqturis dasadgeni erT-erTi cda SeTanxmebaa(coordination). mxolod msgavsi komponentebi SeiZleba iqnes koordinirebuli iseTi
koordinaciiT, rogorsac and da but makavSirebeli sityvebi warmoadgens.
koordinacia qmnis iseT xisebr struqturebs, rogoricaa (1), sadac X aRniSnavs
zm-s (zmna), dms-s ( damatebis mqmneli sityva), z-s (zedsarTavi), T-s ( Tandebuli),
d-s (determineri), dr.-s (dro) da ase Semdeg:
1.
XP
XP
da
XP
axla Semdegi magaliTebi ganvixiloT:

a. Some of the students have read Hamlet and have seen King Lear.
b. Some of the students have read Hamlet and seen King Lear.
g. Some of the students have read Hamlet and King Lear.
a). studentTagan zogierTs wakiTxuli aqvs `hamleti~ da nanaxi aqvs `mefe
liri~.
b). studentTagan zogierTs wakiTxuli aqvs `hamleti~ da nanaxi `mefe
liri.~
g). studentTagan zogierTs wakiTxuli aqvs `hamleti~ da `mefe liri~.
a. daadgineT im komponentis sintaqsuri kategoria (zmniani fraza, zed
sarTaviani fraza, droiani fraza, damatebis mqmneli fraza, determineriani
fraza ....................), romelic and kavSiris Semdeg dgas:
(a) Have seen King Lear aris ______
(b) seen King Lear aris ______
(g) King Lear
aris ______
(I)
b. gaarkvieT, ra aris koordinaciis pirveli nawili:

(a) ______________ koordinirebulia frazasTan have seen King Lear
(b) ______________ koordinirebulia frazasTan seen King Lear
(g) ______________ koordinirebulia frazasTan King Lear
g. Tqvens mier b. davalebaSi mikvleuli masala xisebri diagramebis saxiT
gamosaxeT. gamoiyeneT igive formati, romelic zemoT, (1) magaliTSi iyo gamoyenebuli.
(a) b(a) -s struqtura xisebri diagramis meSveobiT ase gamoisaxeba:
(b) b(b) -s struqtura xisebri diagramis
meSveobiT ase gamoisaxeba:
(g) b(g) -s struqtura xisebri diagramis
meSveobiT ase gamoisaxeba:
d. mokled, erTi-ori winadadebiT CamoayalibeT, rogor umagrebs Zirs

g-s struqturebi magaliT (16) -is sakomponento struqturas. (nimuSi: XP , anu X
fraza komponentia, vinaidan ...........)
e. me-3 TavSi sxva sakomponento cdebicaa ganxiluli. CamoTvaleT isini da
scadeT, TiToeuli maTgani (I) -Si moyvanil winadadebebs miusadagoT ( misadagebaSi
saTanado Tanwyobis Seqmna da Sesabamisi nimuSebis ageba igulisxmeba).
imsjeleT, aqvT Tu ara raime efeqti am sakomponento cdebs gansaxilvel
magaliTebze. Tuki aqvT, maSin rogor daskvnebs gamoitanT? rogori iqneba Tqveni
daskvnebi, Tu sakomponento cdebi am magaliTebis SemTxvevaSi ar `moqmedebs~?
komponenti, romelic drois mimReobas Seicavs, have zmnis marcxena toli
komponentia. amgvarad, warsuli drois mimReoba have damxmare zmnis damatebis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. axla wesi 1-is axlidan Camoyalibebac SegviZlia, mas wes
2-s davarqmevT:
wesi 2 (meore versia)
have damxmare zmna iseT damatebas moiTxovs ( = irCevs), romelic warsuli
drois mimReobas Seicavs.
rogorc me-3 TavSi vnaxeT, damatebebi romelime konkretuli Tavis
(saTao elementis) toli komponentebia da inglisur enaSi am Tavis Semdeg
dganan. Tuki have zmna damatebad warsuli drois mimReobas moiTxovs da Tu
lingvisturi sistemac moiTxovs, rom es urTierToba qvemoT, magaliT (17) -Si
mocemul konfiguracias Seesabamebodes, (14a) da (14b) gaumarTaobac unda iqnes
gaTvaliswinebuli, vinaidan es nimuSebi struqturaSi ubralod ver ewereba.
inglisuri:
(17)
X
Tavi
YP
damateba
axla Cveni eqsperimentis im etapze varT gaCerebulebi, romelzec

aRmovaCineT, rom have damxmare zmna warsuli drois mimReobas erwymis;
SevityveT isic, rom es iseTi urTierTobiT gamoisaxeba, romelSic warsuli
drois mimReoba have damxmare zmnis damatebaSi Sedis. axla sxva kiTxvebi
wamoiWreba: ras niSnavs zustad `damateba, romelic warsuli drois mimReobas
Seicavs?~ aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba, ramdenad Sors an axlos dgas warsuli
drois mimReoba have zmnisgan? amgvar kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema rom SevZloT,
SegviZlia, gamarTuli winadadebebis struqturebi gaumarTavi nimuSebis
(iseTebis, rogoricaa magaliTad, (14g)) struqturebTan Sedareba vcadoT. es
sagrZnob sicxades Semoitans Cvens samuSaoSi.
293
294
(18) gaumarTavi winadadebis SemTxveva

(bad case)
have
gamarTuli winadadebis SemTxveva

(good case)
zmf = have zmnis damateba

zmf
zm
...
have
zmf = have zmnis damateba

zm+wars.drois mimR.
zm+wars.drois mimR.
orive, gamarTuli Tu gaumarTavi winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, mimReoba

zmniani fraziT warmodgenil komponentSi Sedis. (Tu isriT aRniSnul zmf
kvanZs diagramaze zemoT avwevT, yvela misi ganStoeba da masze mibmuli kvanZi
am zmnian frazasTan erTad gadaadgildeba, vinaidan es zmf komponentia da
warsuli drois mimReoba masSi Sedis). is, rac gamarTul SemTxvevas gau
marTavisgan ganasxvavebs, warsuli drois mimReobis mdebareobaa. es mim
Reoba have zmnis damatebaSi nebismier adgils ver daikavebs. Cvens gaumarTav
winadadebaSi warsuli drois mimReoba sxva zmnis damatebaSi Sedis. amgvarad,
ganzogadeba, romlis mikvlevasac vcdilobT, iseTi unda iyos, rom warsuli
drois mimReobisTvis adgili struqturis garkveul monakveTSi unda iyos
miCenili:
(19)
have
zmf
warsuli drois mimReobas struqturis

es nawili unda Seicavdes
zmf
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, have zmna sakmaod àxlomxedvelia~ _ warsuli

drois mimReobis dgomas is iseT adgilas moiTxovs, sadac `kargad dainaxavs~,
amgvar mdebareobas Cven uSualo damatebas vuwodebT.
wesi 3 (mesame versia)
have damxmare zmna warsuli drois mimReobis dgomas mis uSualo damateba
Si moiTxovs ( = irCevs).
axla imis Camoyalibeba gvWirdeba, Tu ras vgulisxmobT terminSi ùSualo
damateba~. idealur SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom have zmna moiTxovs,
an irCevs warsuli drois mimReobiT warmodgenil damatebas, romelic (20)
magaliTis struqturaSi ase gamoisaxeba:
(20)
have
zmf[warsuli drois mimReoba]
momdevno sakiTxi, wesi 3-is mixedviT, warsuli drois mimReobis Semcvel

struqturasa da komponentis markirebas da maT urTierTobas ukavSirdeba. am
urTierTobis gasaazreblad Tavis, anu saTao elementis cneba umniSvnelovanes
rols TamaSobs.
5.1.4 proeqciebi: Tavebi da frazebi

komponentis Tavs, anu saTao elementsa da komponentis markirebas, anu
saxeldebas Soris, romelsac am elementis kategoria gansazRvravs, pirdapiri
kavSiri arsebobs _ amaSi jer kidev me-3 TavSi davrwmundiT. magaliTad,
zmnian frazas zmnian frazad is aqcevs, rom mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saTao
elementi zmnaa; swored aseve, Tandebuliani frazac imis gamoa Tandebuliani
fraza, rom saTao elementad igi Tandebuls Seicavs, xolo zedsarTaviani
fraza zedsarTavian frazad imis gamo iwodeba, rom misi saTao elementi
zedsarTavia.
(21) zmniani fraza
zmna
Tandebuliani fraza
zedsarTaviani fraza
Tandebuli
zedsarTavi
amgvarad, sintaqsSi saTao elementebi (anu sintaqsuri struqturebis saSeni

àgurebi~) gansazRvravs TavianTi proeqciebis (anu frazebis) kategorias.
Tavebi, anu saTao elementebi morfologiaSi

`Tavis~ cneba mniSvnelovan rols mxolod sintaqsSi ki ara, morfologia
Sic TamaSobs. rogorc gaxsovT, wignis me-2 TavSi amazec iyo saubari. rogorc
maSin aRvniSneT, morfologiis Seswavlis sagani isaa, Tu rogor iyofa
rTuli Semadgenlobis sityvebi ufro mcire erTeulebad (morfemebad) da
rogor erwymis es erTeulebi erTmaneTs sityvebis warmosaqmnelad. sityvebi
ise funqcionirebs,
rogorc sintaqsuri saTao elementebi,
romlebic
proeqcirebas frazebze axdens. zemoT vnaxeT, rom morfemebi mgrZnobiarobas
amJRavnebs im wevris kategoriis mimarT, romelsac ebmis ( swored iseve,
rogorc have damxmare zmnaa sensitiuri im TvalsazrisiT, rom warsuli drois
mimReobas moiTxovs): sufiqsi ize saxelTan erTad Tanaarsebobs, -ment sufiqsi
zmnas moiTxovs da ase Semdeg. arsebiTad, sufiqsebi kategoriaTa SerCevis
ZaliT irCeven (anu irCevs kategorias, romelsac isini miekuTvneba) morfemebs,
romelTac erTvis da cvlis (an SeuZlia Secvalos) im sityvis kategorias,
romelsac daerTvis. zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTebelebis Camoyalibeba
Semdegnairad SeiZleba:
(22) ize sufiqsi / kategoriaTa SerCevis ZaliT irCevs saxels / saxels zmniT
cvlis / symbol-ize
-ment sufiqsi / kategoriaTa SerCevis ZaliT irCevs zmnas / zmnas saxeliT
cvlis / establish-ment
sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT, rTuli Sedgenilobis sityvis Sida struqtura
ise gamoisaxeba, rogorc es (23) -Sia naCvenebi (aq moyvanili reprezentaciebi
nawilobrivia, maTi sruli saxiT Cveneba teqstSi Semdeg moxdeba):
295
296
(23) a. (pirveli versia)
b.
g.
zed
zm
s
zm
zed
baby
sit
green
house
zed
s
nation
wide
rogorc zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi vxedavT, axalCamoyalibebul sityvas

marjvena ukiduresi sufiqsi gansazRvravs (ix. 23g). am faqtTan dakavSirebiT
wamoiWreba kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu ara axalwarmoqmnili sityvis kategoriis
prognozireba, an iqneb is unda ganisazRvros, romeli afiqsebi iwvevs ( an ar
iwvevs) kategoriaTa cvlilebas. inglisur enaSi prefiqsebi, sufiqsebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
nawarmoebi sityvis kategorias verasdros gansazRvraven.
magaliTad, Tuki re- prefiqss (morfema, romlis mniSvnelobac `xelaxla~
zmnizedisas uaxlovdeba) zmnas win davurTavT da Semdeg formulirebas _
[re + [zm read] miviRebT, axalnawarmoebi sityva zmna iqneba da ara zmnizeda. am
sakiTxSi ukeT inglisuri kompozitebis gaxseneba gagvarkvevs (gaixseneT Tavi 2):
(24)
s
zm
s
s
hospital
-ize
zm
establish
-ment
-ation
zm
s
-ize
hospital
bavSvi,
jdoma,
mwvane,
saxli,
qveyana, eri, farTo.
babysit bavSvis movla; greenhouse saTburi;
nationwide-saerTosaxalxo.
komponentis kategoria mis marjvena kideSi mdgomi wevris kategoriiT
ganisazRvreba: ase magaliTad, sityva babysit zmnaa da ara saxeli _ amis mizezi
is aris, rom komponentis yvelaze marjvena wevri zmnaa. komponentebs Tavebi,
anu saTao elementebi (saTao sityvebi) gaaCniaT. inglisur enaSi komponentebi
saTao poziciiT (anu saTao elementiT) sruldeba. rogorc Cveni wignis me-2
TavSi vTqviT, saTao poziciaSi mdgomi morfema komponentis kategorias da
amasTan, mis sxva niSan-Tvisebebsac gansazRvravs.
saTao elementis qona mxolod komponentebis struqturuli niSanTvisebaa, Tu yvela sityvis struqturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli? Tuki
saTao elementis qona yvela sityvis niSan-Tvisebaa, maSin prefiqs/sufiqsTa
is asimetriac gasagebi gaxdeba, romelzec teqstSi adre gvqonda saubari.
sufiqsebs nawarmoebi sityvis kategoriis gansazRvra im mizeziT SeuZlia, rom
isini sityvis saTao poziciaSi dgas, xolo faqti, rom prefiqsebs igive unari ar
gaaCnia, imiT aixsneba, rom prefiqsebi saTao poziciaSi ar imyofeba. swored amis
gamoa, rom isini nawarmoebi sityvis kategorias ver gansazRvraven. maSasadame,
unda vivaraudoT, rom saTao poziciis dakaveba potenciurad nebismier mor
femas SeuZlia. am potencials igi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganaxorcielebs, Tuki
saTanado konfiguraciaSi aRmoCndeba.
Tu sufiqsebi nawarmoebi sityvis kategorias gansazRvraven, prefiqsebs
saamisod aucilebeli maxasiaTeblebi unda gaaCndeT. raki -ize sufiqsi
zmnebis warmomqmneli sufiqsia, gonebriv gramatikaSi igi zmnasTan unda

iyos dakavSirebuli (aq teqstSi weria `zmnad unda iqnes aRqmuli~). amgvarad,
sufiqsebi SeiZleba leqsikur kategoriebs emsgavsos da zmnad, saxelad an
zedsarTavad aRiniSnos. magaliTad, -ize aris zmna, -ment aris saxeli, -able
sufiqsi _ zedsarTavi. isini, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavdebian Cveulebrivi
saxelebisgan, zmnebisa da zedsarTavebisgan. es gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom isini SezRuduli ( damokidebuli) morfemebia ( romlebic damoukideblad
ki ar warmoiTqmis, aramed sityvaTa Zirebs daerTvis) da ara Tavisufali
morfemebi ( romlebic damoukideblad gamoiTqmis).
(25) _ ize zmna SezRuduli, kategoriaTa SerCeviT irCevs saxels
_ ment saxeli, SezRuduli, kategoriaTa SerCeviT irCevs zmnas
_ ation saxeli, SezRuduli, kategoriaTa SerCeviT irCevs zmnas
da ase Semdeg.
yvelaferi, rac iTqva, imas mowmobs, rom morfemis SezRuduloba Tu
Tavisufleba morfemaTa garkveuli klasis Tandayolili niSan-Tviseba
ki ar aris, aramed damoukidebeli maxasiTebelia, romelsac kombinireba
nebismier morfemasTan SeuZlia. rogoric ar unda iyos morfema, SezRuduli
Tu Tavisufali, ueWvelia, rom saxelis Tavisufal morfemebTan da zmnis
Tavisufal morfemebTan erTad SeiZleba arsebobdes saxelis SezRuduli
morfemebica da zmnis SezRuduli morfemebic.
magaliT (23) -Si moyvanili sityvebis ufro sruli reprezentacia qvemoT
aris mocemuli:
(26) a.
b.
g. A
s
s
zm
A
s
zm
zm
hospital
ize
establish
ment
zm
zm
hospital
ize
ation
sityvebi gramatikis wesebis garkveuli `karnaxiT~, miTiTebiTaa agebuli.

saTao elementebi sakuTar damatebebTan erTad komponentebs qmnian. ingli
sur enaSi saTao elementebi morfologiuri struqturis damaboloebel
poziciebSi dganan.
-ize sufiqsis maxasiaTebeli, romelic im sityvis kategorias gansazRvravs,
romelsac daerTvis ( es sqema magaliT (22) -Sia mocemuli), -ize sufiqsis calkeul
niSan-Tvisebad ki ar unda CaiTvalos, aramed struqturis agebis TaviseburebiT
warmoqmnil elementad. unda iTqvas, rom ize sufiqsi zmnaa ( yuradReba
miaqcieT amgvar sityvaTxmarebas: aq is igulisxmeba, rom misi mniSvneloba
zmnis msgavsia, anu misi perefrazireba zmna `gadaqceviT~ SeiZleba), rom igi
SezRuduli morfemaa da kategoriaTa SerCeviT saxels irCevs.
warsuli drois mimReobis Zieba

warsuli drois mimReoba zmnas sufiqsis msgavsad ebmis. rac Seexeba zmniani
frazebis kategorizacias, isini zmniani frazebis iseT gansakuTrebul tips
unda mivakuTvnoT, romlebic maTze moxdenil cvlilebazea (Tu fleqsiaze)
damokidebuli:
297
298
cxrili 5.1 zmnaTa fleqsiebi

mimReobebi
infinitivi
droiani zmnuri formebi
zmf[wars. mimR] zmf [wars. mimR] zmf [awmy.mimR] zmf [infin.] zmf [+awmyo, +SeTanx.] zmf [+wars.]
zm [wars.mimR]
[zm] ed
zm [wars. mimR]
[zm [ ed]]
zm [awmy. mimR]
[zm [ ing]
zm
[zm]
zm [+ awmy, +SeTanx]
[zm] s]
zm [+wars.]
[zm] ed]
es imis gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tu ras gulisxmobs zustad wesi

3. mimReoba have damxmare zmnis uSualo damatebaSi unda Sediodes, vinaidan
have zmna damatebad wars drois mimReobas moiTxovs. raki wars drois mimReoba
zmniani fraziT warmodgenili damatebis saTao elementia, zmniani frazis
proeqcia ase aRiniSneba: + wars mimReoba _ im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
saTao elementebi proeqciis maxasiaTeblebs erTianobaSi gansazRvravs:
(27)
have
zmf [+warsuli mimR.]

zm
[zm see + warsuli mimR.]
axla ki SegviZlia, wesi 3 wes 4-ad vaqcioT, romelSic saTqmelis minimaluri

formiTaa Camoyalibebuli:
wesi 4 (saboloo)
have damxmare zmna damatebad warsuli drois mimReobas iTxovs (= irCevs).
axla gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra iyo araswori (14g) magaliTis SemTxvevaSi,
romelic qvemoT (28) magaliTad meordeba:
(28)
have zmf [+inf] * vinaidan have zmna warsuli drois mimReobian zmf-s moiTxovs
[zm see]
...
zmf [+wars. mimR] * vinaidan see zmna infinitivur zmf-s moiTxovs

zm + wars. mimR.
[died ]
have zmna warsuli drois mimReobiT warmodgenil damatebas iTxovs da

ara infinitivur damatebas. swored aseve, see zmna infinitivur damatebasTan
erTad Tanaarsebobs (see Juliet die), rac imas niSnavs, rom see zmna tol
komponentad ifinitivur zmf damatebas moiTxovs da ara warsuli drois
mimReobas.
(14g) -s msgavsi SemTxvevebis arseboba, ramdenadac CvenTvisaa cnobili,
bunebriv metyvelebaSi ar dasturdeba. Tuki zmna romelime kerZo zmnur
formas moiTxovs, maSin es forma im zmnaSi unda iqnes realizebuli, romelic
299
am zmnis damatebis saTao elementobas swevs. sxva iseTi zmnuri formis adgilas,
romelic am urTierTobas ar akmayofilebs, igi ver idgeba. es faqti ki mowmobs,
rom am tipis urTierToba yvela sametyvelo enaSi erTnairad xorcieldeba.
CanarTi
5. 2
sityvaTa Tanmimdevroba
arsebobs iseTi enebi, romlebSic mimReobebma (an sxva damoukidebeli
zmnuri formebi), saTao elementis saseleqcio Tvisebebis-da mixedviT,
SeiZleba sxvadasxva pozicia daikavos. zogierT enaSi SesaZlebelia sityvaTa
iseTi Tanmimdevrobis arseboba, rogorsac (14a)-sa da (14b)-Si vxedavT. es asea
inglisur enaSic. bretonulSi, magaliTad, warsuli drois mimReoba SeiZleba
sruli aspeqtis mqone damxmare zmnas mosdevdes, rac mosalodnelia, Tuki
warsuli drois mimReoba damxmare zmnis damateba iqneba:
(arainglisuri enebidan moyvanil nimuSebs qveS inglisur versiebs
mivuwer)
Al
levr
en
deus lennet Tom.
The book
3p.mx.
have read Tom.
tomma wigni waikiTxa.
Tumca, warsuli drois mimReoba mTavari klauzulis ( winadadebis)
`pirvel~ poziciaSic SeiZleba idges, misi pirdapiri obieqtiT warmodgenili
damatebis gareSe:
Lennet en
deus Tom
al levr.
read 3p.mx.
have Tom
the book.
amgvari Tanmimdevrobis miReba gadanacvlebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli,

ise, rom zedapiruli pozicia SerCevis unaris mqone elementis tol komponents
ukavSirdebodes.
ufro mozrdili struqturebis ageba

sxva damxmare zmnebs erTad dgomisas pasiur da progresirebad
mimReobebTan iseTive niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, rogoric have zmnasa da warsu
li drois mimReobebs.
(29) a. (pasiuri) be zmna moiTxovs (= irCevs) [+pasiuri mimReoba] damateba
b. (progresuli) be moiTxovs (= irCevs) [+awmyo drois mimReoba] damateba
es ganzogadebebi struqturulad Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoisaxos;
(30)
zmf
zm
be
zmf
zmf [+pas. mimR]
zm [+pas. mimR]
zm
be
zmf [+awmy. mimR]

zm [+ awmy. mimR]
es is mcire zmniani frazebia, romelTa Serwyma ufro did struqtrebTanaa
300
SesaZlebeli: isini ise funqcionireben, rogorc asawyobi `legos~, an

`Tavsatexis~ nawilebi, romelTa awyoba xelaxla SeiZleba:
(31) a. This play is beeng read by the students (progresirebadi be, pasiuri be,
mTavari zmna)
CanarTi
5. 3
Tanmimdevroba
saintereso faqtia, rom mcire zmniani frazebi erTmaneTs gansazRvruli
TanmimdevrobiT ebmis (sruli aspeqtis mqone (have) damxmare zmna, progre
sirebadi (be) da mTavari (zm)). Tuki es zmniani frazebi `legos~, an asawyobi
suraTis nawilebis msgavsia, maSin erTmaneTs aseTi winaswar gansazRvruli,
ierarqiuli TanwyobiT ratom erwymis? Tanamedrove lingvistur Teorias am
kiTxvaze damakmayofilebeli pasuxi ar gaaCnia. pasuxis saZieblad kvlevis
gaSla ramdenime mimarTulebiT dagvWirdeba. es SeiZleba inglisuri enis Sem
TxveviTi efeqtis wyalobiT xdebodes. SeiZleba enobriv SesaZleblobaTa im
nawilis zemoqmedebad CaiTvalos, romelic derivacias ar eqvemdebareba; es rom
inglisuri enis SemTxveviTi, damoukideblad mdgomi niSan-Tviseba iyos, maSin
misi zemoqmedebis dadgena ar gagviWirdeboda. es rom gamonaklisi SemTxveva
iyos, garkveuli gadaxveva dadgenili wesidan, maSin iseTi enebis moZebna
dagvWirdeboda, romlebSic aseTi gadaxveva ar arsebobs. Tavis ukanasknel
namuSevarSi (1999) gulielmo Cinkve gviCvenebs, rom TanmimdevrobasTan
dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi msoflios yvela enas gaaCnia. es avtori amtkicebs,
rom ierarqiuli Tanwyoba iseTive Tavdapirveli mocemulobaa, rogorc
dnm-s struqtura. Tumca, maSinac ki, roca Tanmimdevroba universaluria,
gansazRvruli Tanwyoba SeiZleba ama Tu im semantikuri interpretaciis
Sedegad warmoiqmnas.
b. This play has been read by many students ( sruli aspeqtis mqone have zmna,
pasiuri be, mTavari zmna)
g. Many students have been reading this play ( sruli aspeqtis mqone have zmna,
progresirebadi be, mTavari zmna)
d. This play should have been being read be the students ( sruli aspeqtis mqone
have zmna, progresirebadi be, pasiuri be, mTavari zmna)
(31d) magaliTSi daxrili SriftiT dastambul Tanwyobas Semdegi
struqtura aqvs:
zmf
(32)
zmf +wars. mimR.
have z[+en]
zm [+ awmy. mimR]
been zm[+ing] zmf +pasiuri mimR

being
zm[+ed]
read
df
[e] this play
301
am saTao elementTagan TiToeuls magaliT (32) -Si tol komponentad sworad

arCeuli zmf damateba aqvs. ufro didi struqturebi mcire nawilebisganaa
agebuli. eseni zmniT warmodgenil iseT saTao elements Seicavs, romlebic
konkretuli tipis zmnian frazaze da aseve konkretuli tipis damatebaze
proecirdeba. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi struqturis SemadgenlobaSi myof saTao
elements SeuZlia Seamowmos mis marjvniv mdgomi toli komponenti, swori, anu
saTanado tipis damateba aqvs Tu ara mas SerCeuli.
Zalze advilia imaSi darwmuneba, rom saTao elementebsa da damatebebs
Soris adgilobrivi urTierTobis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli struqturebi
sintaqsuri struqturis xerxemals qmnian.
xisebri diagramebis ageba

qvemoT moyvanil winadadebebSi daxrili SriftiT dastambuli Tanwyobebi
xisebri diagramebis meSveobiT gamosaxeT:
(ar dagaviwydeT zmnebis mier arCeuli Sida argumentebis gamosaxvac.
yuradRebiT iyaviT, vinaidan determinerianma frazebma SeiZleba adgili
icvalos da maTi warmoTqma sxva poziciebSi mogvixdes da ara iq, sadac Tavidan
iyo interpretirebuli.)
(I) Dogberry will be arresting Don John
(II) Don John will have been arrested
(III) She will have eaten
(IV) I will be going to the theater
(I) dogberi don jons daapatimrebs (dapatimrebis procesSi iqneba)

(II) don joni dapatimrebuli iqneba
(III) mas naWami eqneba
(IV)TeatrSi waval (sityva-sityviT TeatrSi wasvlis procesi igulisxmeba)
saTao elementebsa da damatebebs Soris urTierTobis Sejameba

Cveni `salaboratorio~ eqsperimentebi im faqts ukavSirdeboda, rom
garkveuli zmnuri formebi garkveul damxmare zmnebTan Tanaarsebobs (13a).
eqsperimentidan SevityveT, rom gonebrivi gramatika saTao elementebsa da
damatebebs Soris urTierTobas Zalze mkacr pirobebs uyenebs. Tuki saTao
elementi konkretuli tipis damatebas moiTxovs, maSin es damateba mis tol
komponentad unda iqces. ukve davrwmundiT, rom saTao elementi irCevs da
proecirebas axdens (anu komponentebs sakuTar damatebebTan erTad qmnis da
proecirebis maxasiaTeblebs erTianobaSi gansazRvravs). saTao elementsa
da damatebebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli
struqturebi sintaqsuri struqturis xerxemals qmnian.
5.1.5 infinitivebi da droiani zmnebi

axla Sesaswavlad iseT SemTxvevebs mivubrundeT, rogoric (13b) gan
zogadebaSi igulisxmeba _ garkveuli zmnuri formebi, romlebic garkveuli
tipis klauzulebTan Tanaarsebobs. magaliTad, infinitivuri klauzulebi
savarjiSo
5. 3
302
infinitivur zmnebs moiTxovs, xolo droiani klauzulebi ki _ droian zmnebs.

sanam aseT struqturebze msjelobas SevajamebdeT, xelaxla SeviswavliT
calkeuli konstruqciebis maxasiaTeblebs. CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis
arsi axla imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor xdeba zmnuri formebis, kerZod ki
infinitivuri da droiani formebis distribuciis gaTvaliswineba.
infinitivuri damatebebi
axla yuradRebis koncentrirebas im garemoze movaxdenT, romelSic
infinitiuri zmna for df to Tanwyobas mosdevs da am Tanwyobis Sida sakomponen
to struqturis gansazRvriT daviwyebT.
(33) [For Kate to defy Petruccio] takes courage.
qeiTs petruCiosTan dasapirispireblad gabeduleba sWirdeba.
iseTi Tanwyoba, rogoricaa for determineriani fraza to zmniani fraza
erTi monoliTuri komponentiviT funqcionirebs. amis dadgena wina TavebSi
Semotanili sakomponento cdebis meSveobiT SegviZlia.
pro-formis meSvebiT mxolod komponentis gadanacvlebaa SesaZlebeli:
(34) a. [For Kate to defy Petruccio] takes courage.
takes courage.
b. This
a. [qeiTs petruCiosTan dasapirispireblad] gabeduleba sWirdeba.
b. amas
gabeduleba sWirdeba.
for
amgvari sadiagnostiko saSualebiT vadgenT,
rom
Tanwyoba
determineriani fraza to zmniani fraza-komponentia. amgvari komponenti
SeiZleba imave kategoriis sxva komponents SeeTanxmos.
(35) [ [ For Portia to confront Shylock] and [for Hamlet to confront his step-father
] ] took courage.
porcias SailokTan dasapirispireblad da (xolo) hamlets Tavis

maminacvalTan dasapirispireblad gabeduleba sWirdeboda.
amgvar komponents damatebis mqmnel frazas (dmf) vuwodebT, vinaidan misi
Sida struqtura iseTi droiani dmf-s msgavsia, rogoricaa that Portia confronted
Shylock. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom pirveli droian zmnur formas ki ara,
infinitivs Seicavs. amis gamo iseT Tanwyobas, rogoricaa for determineriani
fraza to zmniani fraza _ for Portia to confront Shylock infinitivuri dmf ewodeba.
rogorc koordinaciasTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakomponento cdis safuZvelze
irkveva, infinitivuri dmf komponentebad sxvagvaradac iyofa, anu igi kidev
erT komponents [df to zmf] Seicavs:
(36) [For [Portia to confront Shylock] and [ hamlet to confront his step-father] ]
(36) -is struqtura iseTi unda iyos, rogoric nimuS (37) -Sia gamosaxuli.
Tanwyoba Portia to confront Shylock komponentia, radgan SesaZlebelia misi
koordinireba sxva misgvar komponentTan.
(37)
For
zmf
and
Portia to confront Shylock
Hamlet to confront his step-father
da bolos, to zmniani frazaca da zmniani frazac komponentebiviT

`moqmedebs~:
(38)
a. for Portia [to confront Shylock] and [to judge the case], ........
b. for Portia to [confront Shylock] and [judge the case]
a-b. porcias SailokTan dasapirispireblad da am SemTxvevaze samsjelod .....
Tuki asawyobi suraTis nawilebs SevaerTebT, komponentis for
determineriani fraza to zmniani fraza struqtura iseTi mainc unda iyos,
rogoric (39) -zea gamosaxuli. wreSi Casmuli kvanZebidan TiToeuls SeuZlia,
imave tipis sxva kvanZTan koordinireba moaxdinos.
(39)
dmf
For
df
to
VP
yuradReba miaqcieT Semdeg faqts: jer-jerobiT struqturis mimarT araa

wayenebuli moTxovna, rom sididiT (39) nimuSze gamosaxul struqturas ar
aRematebodes. damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze SeiZleba aRmoCndes,
rom swored am Tanwyobas gacilebiT ufro didi sintaqsuri struqtura
unda mieniWos. es kargic iqneba, vinaidan es ufro didi struqtura (39)-Si
komponentebs Seicavs da damoukidebeli motivacia gaaCnia. (39) gamosaxulebaze
zogierTi kvanZi markirebuli, anu saxeldebuli ar aris. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
ra komponentebTan SeiZleba gvqondes saqme? To nawilaki yovelTvis mis marjvniv
mdgom zmnian frazas erwymis. es saTao elementisa da damatebis yvelaze
TvalsaCino SemTxvevaa: to nawilaki zmniani fraziT warmodgenil damatebas
moiTxovs, romelsac saTao elementad infinitivuri zmna aqvs. es Tviseba _
damatebis arCevis unari, swored saTao elementebis maxasiaTebels Seadgens.
maSasadame, saTao elementi to nawilaki yofila. magram ra tipis saTao elementia
igi? tradiciulad to nawilaki zmnis sawyisi formis, anu infinitivis gramatikul
Tanmxleb niSnad ganixileba da ara Tandebulad. Cven mas drois kategoriis
realizaciad miviCnevT da aq im faqts veyrdnobiT, rom to nawilaks iseTive
distribucia gaaCnia, rogoric droiTi kategoriis WrilSi myof yvela elements.
igi iseve iqceva, rogorc sxva saTao elementebi da proecirebas droian frazaze
axdens. komponenti [to zmniani fraza ] for TandebulTan Tanaarsebobs:
(40) a. For Juliet *see / *sees / *seeing / * seen Romeo, .....
b. For Juliet to see Romeo, .....
b. julietasTvis romeos naxva, ......
amis gamo for Tandebuli tol komponentad im damatebas irCevs, romelsac
saTao elementad to nawilaki aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom for Tandebulis toli
kvanZi droian frazad unda iqnes markirebuli. for, iseve rogorc that an if/
whether damatebis mqmnel kategoriis erT konkretul gamovlinebad aRiqmeba.
es iseTi saTao elementia, romelic im dmf-s tips miuTiTebs, romlis Tavic
TviTonaa. raki for Tandebuli droiani fraziT warmodgenil damatebas
irCevs, romelsac saTao elementad to nawilaki aqvs, determineriani fraziT
warmodgenili subieqti droiani frazis farglebSi unda iyos moqceuli:
303
304
(41)
dmf
For
dr.f
df
dr
to
zmf
amgvarad im daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom droiani fraza struqturis or Sres

Seicavs; pirvel SreSi saTao elementi mis marjvniv mdgom damatebas erwymis da
im komponents qmnis, romelsac markirebisas (an saxeldebisas) dr SemoklebiT
(T-bar -droiTi Zgide) erqmeva, xolo meore SreSi dr. msazRvrels (msaz.)
erwymis da srul droian frazas (dr.f) warmoqmnis. es struqtura sintaqsuri
frazebis (xp-ebi) kidev erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels aaSkaravebs: droiani
frazebi ori qvedanayofisgan Sedgeba. determineriani fraza (dr) kvanZTan
iseT komponents qmnis, romelic (to zmniani fraza) Tanwyobis mqone komponents
Seicavs. droiTi Zgide ki Seicavs, saTao elementsa da arCeul damatebas.
droiani fraza, romelic msazRvrelSi determinerian frazad gvevlineba,
urTierTobas amyarebs rogorc zmnasTan, ise for TandebulTan. misi Tematuri
interpretaciisTvis es determineriani fraza zustad isevea damokidebuli
zmnaze, rogorc subieqti _ droian klauzulaSi:
(42)
a. For Juliet to be loved ( saxelis love Tematuri ( Temis) argumentia Juliet)

b. For Juliet to take poison ( Juliet take zmnis agenti-argumentia)
g. For Juliet to be given flowers ( Juliet give zmnis samizne argumentia)
amis miuxedavad, formis TvalsazrisiT es determineriani fraza for

Tandebulzea damokidebuli. amaSi maSinve davrwmundebiT, Tuki determinerian
frazas nacvalsaxeliT SevcvliT. nacvalsaxeli mis poziciaSi braldebiTi
brunvis formas (her/him /them) iRebs. am brunvaSi nacvalsaxelebi maSin
dgebian, roca for Tandebulis msgavsi Tandebulebis damatebebad moiazrebian.
braldebiT brunvaSi da amave dros subieqtis poziciaSi mdgomi nacvalsaxelebi
mxolod maSin Cndebian, Tu for Tandebulic gvaqvs. saxelobiT brunvaSi
mdgomi nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, droiani klauzulebis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedian, am garemoSi ver moxvdebian.
(43) a. For her / *she to be loved . . . . . . that she /*her should be loved
(her = braldebiTi brunva) (she = saxelobiTi brunva)
b. (*Her) to be loved is important
struqtura, romlamdec axla mivediT, saTao elementisa da damatebis
adgilobrivi urTierTobisgan Sedgeba (saTao elementi Tavis tol komponen
tebs irCevs). infinitivebis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT rame gansakuTrebuli
saTqmeli ar gvaqvs: isini winadadebaSi yovelTvis im romelime saTao elementis
gamo ikaveben adgils, romelic maT moiTxovs.
jer-jerobiT zmnuri formebis distribuciis ganmartebas advilad da
yovlismomcveli formulirebebiT vaxerxebT: saTao elementebi garkveuli
tipis damatebebs moiTxoven. saTao elementi-damatebis urTierTobac

yovelTvis erTnairad ganimarteba: damateba saTao elementis toli
komponentia. zmnis msgavsi leqsikuri kategoriebi mxolod garkveuli tipis
damatebebs ki ar irCeven, aramed iseT funqciur kategoriebsac, rogoricaa
determineri (that, the), damatebis mqmneli sityva (for) da dro (to).
droiani klauzulebi
axla piriani, an droiani zmnebis distribucia ganvixiloT. es zmnuri
formebi gvxvdeba rogorc mTavar, ise CarTul droian klauzulebSi.
(44) a. mTavari klauzula:
Katherina defied (*defy /to defy) Petruccio
katarina petruCios gauZalianda.

b. CarTuli klauzula:
[That Katherina defied (*defy / to defy ) Petruccio] disturbed all the men
[iman,
daukarga.
rom katarina petruCios gauZalianda] yvela mamakacs mosveneba
Many students concluded that Katherina defied (*defy / to defy ) Petruccio
bevrma studentma CaTvala, rom katarina petruCios gauZalianda.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, es klauzulis garkveuli tipisa da zmnuri formis
erTad dgomis nimuSia da gansxvavdeba erTad dgomis zemoT ganxiluli
SezRudvebis magaliTebisgan, romelTagan yvela saTao elementisa da da
matebis konfiguraciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
piriani zmnebis distribucia im urTierTobaSic iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli,
romelic adgilobriv saTao elementsa da damatebas Soris arsebobs? Tuki es
SeuZlebelia, ra informacias gvaZlevs es faqti gonebrivi gramatikis Sesaxeb?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema rom SevZloT, jer is unda gavarkvioT, Tu rogori
struqtura gaaCnia droian klauzulas. modiT, msjeloba CarTuli droiani
damatebebiT (44b) daviwyoT. ( Tqven SeiZleba kiTxva gagiCndeT, ratom ar
viwyebT Cvens analizs aSkarad ufro martivi SemTxvevebis ganxilviT. Tumca,
qvemoT darwmundebiT, rom maTi simartive moCvenebiTia.)
(45) [That Katherina defied (*defy / to defy ) Petruccio ] disturbed all the men
That Katherina defied Petruccio komponentia, romelic damatebis mqmneli
sityviT (dms) that iwyeba. nebisimeri klauzula, romelic am dms-ze iwyeba,
pirian zmnas unda Seicavdes (anu zmna, romelic droisa da SeTanxmebis gamo
cvlilebas ganicdis): maSasadame, that dms da piriani zmnebi erTad dganan, an
Tanaarseboben. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom that damatebis mqmneli sityva damatebad
irCevs komponents, romelsac saTao elementad iseTi zmna aqvs, romelic ( zmnis
droianobis SemTxvevaSi) konkretuli tipis fleqsia _ (mas + dr. davarqvaT)
axasiaTebs.
dms
(46)
that
zmf [+dr.]
Katherina defied Petruccio
koordinacia amtkicebs, rom that Katherina defied Petruccio, rogorc (46)
305
306
magaliTSi mocemuli struqturac mowmobs, komponentia. koordinaciasTan

dakavSirebuli cda ufro da ufro mcire komponentebis arsebobasac aSkaras xdis:
(47) a. [that [Katherina defied Petruccio] and [Portia confronted Shylock] ]
is (iman), rom katarina petruCios gauZalianda xolo porcia Sailoks
daupirispirda
b. that Katherine [ [ defied Petruccio ] and [cursed Bianca] ]
is (iman), rom katarina petruCios gauZalianda da bianka gamolanZRa
axla Cven subieqtad warmodgenili determineriani frazisa da im
komponentisTvis, romelic piriani zmnisa da obieqtisgan ( an, ufro zustad,
danarCeni klauzulisgan) Sedgeba, adgilis miCena gvWirdeba. mas dr. is
analogiiT zm kvanZi vuwodoT.
(48) ( qvemoT moyvanili struqtura Semdgom cvlilebebs ganicdis)
dms
that
zmf [+dr.]
df
Katherina
zm
z [+dr.]
defied
df
Petruccio
es struqtura gansxvavdeba im struqturisgan, romelic me-3 TavSia

warmodgenili ( qvemoT, teqstSi masSi cvlilebebs SevitanT), magram arafriT
ewinaaRmdegeba varaudebs, romlebsac aqamde morfologiasa da sintaqsTan
dakavSirebiT gamovTqvamdiT. amis gamo iseTi Teoriuli da empiriuli
argumentebis moyvana dagvWirdeba, romlebic gadagvawyvetinebs, aris Tu ara
msgavsi reprezentaciebi uarsayofi da Tu aris, ratom.
droiani mTavari klauzulebi ( winadadebebi)

aqamde vambobdiT, rom sxvadasxva formacvalebadi (infleqsiuri) zmnuri
formis distribucia, saTao elementebisa da damatebis urTierTobebamde
dayvana SesaZlebelia. es urTierTobebi iseTi konfiguraciebiTac SeiZleba
gamoixatos,
romlebSic damateba saTao elementis toli komponentia.
am Sexedulebaze dayrdnobiT pirdapir CarTuli droiani damatebebis
struqturebamde mivdivarT. axla droiani mTavari klauzulebis problemas
mivubrundeT. mTavari klauzulebi inglisur enaSi Ria damatebis mqmneli
sityviT ar iwyeba, Tumca, zmnis pirian formas mainc moiTxovs:
(49)
Katherina defied (*defy /to defy ) Petruccio.

katarina petruCios gauZalianda.
droian mTavar klauzulebs myari forma eqneboda, isini rom droiani
frazebi iyos. magram droiani mTavari klauzula droiani fraza rom iyos,
maSin droiani zmnis arseboba winadadebaSi im saTao elementis arsebobiT ki
ar iqneboda ganpirobebuli, romelic mas moiTxovs (rogorc aqamde ganxilul
yvela SemTxvevaSi vnaxeT),
aramed damoukidebel moTxovnad iqneboda
warmodgenili:
(50)
mTavari klauzulebi droian zmnebs moiTxovs.

albaT unda davinteresdeT, aqvs Tu ara safuZveli amgvar daskvnas. Tu
sakiTxs ufro farTod SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom am problemas Turme Zalze
saintereso gadawyveta hqonia.
struqturuli asimetria droian mTavar klauzulebs Soris (romlebic
droian frazebs hgavs) da CarTul TxrobiT winadadebebs Soris (romlebic
damatebis mqmnel frazebs hgavs) SeiZleba gauqmdes. warmovidginoT, rom
mTavari da CarTuli winadadebebi damatebis mqmneli frazebia. maSin maT Soris
gansxvavebis arseboba im faqtisTvis unda migvewera, rom isini damatebis
mqmneli frazebis sxvadasxva tipebs miekuTvneba. es imas niSnavs, rom maTi saTao
elementebi sxvadasxva dms (damatebis mqmneli sityva) kvanZebia. damatebis mqmneli
sityvis kvanZi mTavar droian klauzulaSi gamouTqmelia, maSin, roca CarTul
droian damatebebSi gamoiTqmis, rogorc sityva that. orive dms kvanZs erTnairi
formaluri maxasiaTebeli eqneboda, romelic + drois moTxovnaSi mdgomareobs,
xolo piriani zmnis arseboba damoukideblad da sagangebod aRsaniSni ar iqneboda.
mTavari klauzulis kvanZis aRniSvna ase SegviZlia: dms [+TxrobiTi +mTavari],
xolo (48) diagramaSi Semdegi cvlileba SevitanoT:
dm
(51)
dms +Txrob. +mTav.
df
Katherina
zmf [+dr.]
zm
z +dr.
defied
df
Petruccio
daskvna, romelic gamovitaneT, inglisur enaSi uxmo (gamouTqmeli)

saTao elementis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. es mTavari winadadebis damatebis
mqmneli frazaa, romelsac saTao elementebis yvela niSan-Tviseba gaaCnia: igi
garkveuli tipis damatebas, am SemTxvevaSi droian zmnian frazas irCevs da es
proeqcias mTlianad gansazRvravs da axasiaTebs _ am SemTxvevaSi TxrobiTi
winadadebis matricis identificirebas axdens. misgan sityvas that mxolod
CarTuli damatebis saTao elementad dgoma asxvavebs:
(52)
dms [+Txr, + mTav.], kat.SerCeviT irCevs + dros, dms ar gamoiTqmis.
dms [+ Txrob, + CarTuli], kat. SerCeviT irCevs + dros, dms gamoiTqmis,
rogorc that.
aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sityva that da gamouTqmeli damatebis
mqmneli sityva im dms kvanZis realizebas axdens, romelic TxrobiTi
klauzulebis saTao elementad gvevlineba. maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom
dms kvanZi mTavari klauzulis saTao elementia, maSin, roca sityva that saTao
elementad mxolod CarTul klauzulebSi gvxvdeba.
arsebobs Tu ara sinamdvileSi aseTi nulovani saTao elementebi gonebriv
gramatikaSi? Cveni pasuxia: diax, arsebobs.
morfologiidan viciT, rom arsebobs uxmo (gamouTqmeli) morfemebi
(nulovani, an sxvagvarad, `zero~ morfemebi (ixileT Tavi me-2)). zogierTi
aseTi gamouTqmeli morfema saTao elementiviT ìqceva~. amgvari daskvnis
safuZvels inglisuri enis sityvaTwarmoebis procesi gvaZlevs, romlis
307
308
wyalobiT saxelebidan zmnebi warmoiqmneba:

(53) saxeli
zmna
father - mama
(to) father ( a child) mamobis gaweva
butter- karaqi
(to) butter ( the bread) _ karaqis wasma (purze)
button - Rili
(to) button ( a shirt) Rilebis dakereba (perangze)
is, Tu romel kategorias ganekuTvneba sityva, mis marjvena ukidures poziciaSi
mdgari saTao elementi gansazRvravs. raki zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi swored
kategoriis cvalebas asaxavs, logikurad unda vivaraudoT, rom kategoriis
cvlilebaze swored saTao elementia pasuxismgebeli, miuxedavad imisa, rom
es saTao elementi ar gamoiTqmis, anu gamouTqmelia. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs,
rom nawarmoebi sityvis struqtura Semdegnairad unda gamoiyurebodes:
zm
(54)
s
zm
father
maSasadame, inglisur enaSi gvqonia gamouTqmeli sufiqsi, romelic zmnis

kategorias miekuTvneba, saxels irCevs da Tan saTao elementis yvela
maxasiaTebeli gaaCnia. misi niSan-Tvisebebi axalwarmoqmnili sityvis yvela
niSan-Tvisebas ganapirobebs.
am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom gamouTqmeli
saTao elementebi mentaluri sistemis nawili yofila. (isic unda davZinoT,
rom enobriv procesirebasTan dakavSirebuli fsiqologiuri eqsperimentebis
Sedegebi amgvari cnebebisa da elementebis arsebobis sasargeblod metyvelebs.
) amgvarad, gamouTqmeli dms kvanZis erTi SexedviT, dausabuTebeli moSvelieba
(51) sqemis situacias arafriT ewinaaRmdegeba. metic, Tu arainglisuri enebis
masalas gadavxedavT, davrwmundebiT, rom arsebobs enebi, romlebSic yvela
saxis TxrobiT winadadebebSi Ria damatebis mqmneli sityvebi gvxvdeba.
(55) koreuli ( Semoklebebi: sax.= saxelobiTi; Txr.= TxrobiTi )
romio-ka
culiet-kwa
kica-e
ka-ss-ta
romeo-sax. julieta-sTan Teatr-Si wasvla-warsuli; Txr.

`romeo julietasTan erTad TeatrSi wavida~.
aseTi faqtebi sakmaod myarad umagrebs safuZvels im struqturas,
romelic (53) -Sia gamosaxuli. am struqturaSi dasaSvebia droiani zmnuri
formis funqcionireba dms-s garkveuli niSan-TvisebebiT, Tuki saqme saTao
elementisa da damatebis Cveulebriv urTierTobasTan gvaqvs. masSi mTavari
TxrobiTi winadadebebis warmoCena isea SesaZlebeli, rom msoflios sxvadasxva
enas moergos da am hipoTezis yovlismomcveloba daasabuTos. amgvarad,
klauzulis tipis dadgena struqturis mixedviT _ dms kvanZis niSan-Tvisebebis
SeswavliTacaa SesaZlebeli. aqedan vaskvniT:
(56) klauzulis tipis ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvisebebi dms donezea
Tavmoyrili.
aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom nulovani saTao elementebis arseboba
sintaqsSi SeuTavsebelia im SexedulebasTan, rom sityvebi sintaqsis saSeni

masala, misi àgurebia~, vinaidan sruliad aSkaraa, rom gamouTqmeli saTao
elementebi sityvebi ar aris da, amis miuxedavad, isini mainc amgvar saSen masalad
gvevlinebian. maSasadame, sintaqsis saSeni àgurebi~ iseTi saTao elementebi
yofila, romlebic SeiZleba an gamouTqmeli iyos, an _ Ria. Tuki am saTao
elementebis daxasiaTebas ganvagrZobT, maTi aRwera iseTi niSan-TvisebebiT
SeiZleba, rogoricaa warsuli dro, mravlobiTi ricxvi, piris ( pirveli, meore,
mesame) niSnebi, brunvis ( saxelobiTi, braldebiTi, micemiTi, naTesaobiTi da
ase Semdeg), klauzulis (winadadebis) tipi ( TxrobiTi, mTavari da a.S)
zmnis sawyisi formebisa da droiani klauzulebis Sedareba

raki yvela SesaZlo calkeuli SemTxveva ganvixileT, axla farTo
suraTis xarvezebzec SegviZlia saubari. es xinjebi xiluli maSin gaxdeba,
roca erTmaneTs SevadarebT erTi mxriv, Tanwyobis for determineriani fraza
struqturasa da, meore mxriv, zmf infinitivebs da droian klauzulebs.
(57) a.
b.
dmf
zmf
[dms for]
df
drf
[dms that] zmf [+dr.]
dr
df
Katherina [dr to] zmf
zm
Katherina zm+dr
zm
df
defy
defies
df
T
es struqturebi asimetriulebia. infinitivuri klauzulebi struqtu

ruli TvalsazrisiT ufro didebia,
vidre piriani klauzulebi. pirian
klauzulebSi droiani frazis kvanZi da zmniani frazis kvanZi `Cavardnilia~,
infinitivurebSi ki _ ara. es gramatikuli drois gamoxatvis Taviseburebebis
pirdapiri Sedegia. infinitivuri to nawilaki dr. kvanZSi Tavisufali morfemaa,
magram piriani dro ( finite tense) zmnaze sufiqsis darTviT gamoixateba. es faqti
drois mier zmnis arCevas morfologiiT cvlis (drois niSnis gamomxatveli
morfema zmnas daerTvis, anu igi zmnas irCevs) da (57) magaliTSi SemWidrovebuli
(kompresirebuli) struqturisken iswrafvis. amgvari SemWidroveba sxva saxis
cvlilebebsac iwvevs. infinitivSi subieqtis struqturuli pozicia gansxvavdeba
droiani klauzulis subieqtis poziciisgan. for da that sityvebi orive damatebis
mqmneli sityvebia, romlebic drois kvanZis sxvadasxva gamovlinebas erwymian.
maSin, roca for Tandebuli droiani fraziT gamoxatul damatebas erwymis, that
dms droiani zmniani fraziT gamoxatul damatebas erwymis, romelsac saTao
elementad droiani zmna aqvs. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom amgvari reprezentaciebi
sworia. Tumca, amis miuxedavad, aseTi asimetriebi daeWvebis mizezs gvaZlevs,
vinaidan maTi gaCena SesaZloa saerTo suraTidan romelime nawilis amoglejiT
309
310
an misi SeuvseblobiT iyos gamowveuli. Cveni zogadi strategia ki iseTia, rom es

asimetriebi unda gauqmdes da Semdeg ki inaxos, ra dadebiTi Sedegi moaqvs (Tuki
moaqvs) maT gasworebas.
aq garkveuli kiTxvebi Cndeba. ratom ar unda hqondeT klauzulebis sxvadasxva
tipebs simetriuli struqturebi? ratom unda Cndebodes determineriani fraziT
gamoxatuli subieqti sxvadasxva konfiguraciebSi, erTi mxriv, infinitivur
damatebebsa da meore mxriv, droian klauzulebSi? amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema imis gaazrebis Semdeg SeiZleba, Tu rogor saxes iRebs sistema, roca
infinitivebis da droiani klauzulebis Sinagani agebuleba identuria.
saeWvoa, rom infinitivuri damatebebis struqturis dayvana droiani
klauzulebis struqturebamde SesaZlebeli iyos. es rom SevZloT, (57a) -Si
moyvanili zogierTi struqtura unda waiSalos. magram am struqturis TiToeul
nawils xom damoukidebeli motivacia gaaCnia. Tumca, droiani klauzulebisa
da infinitivebis paralelurad ganlageba advilia. amis miRweva droiani
damatebebis struqturis gamdidrebiTa da im varaudis daSvebiT SeiZleba, rom
struqtura Seicavs droiani frazis iseT dones, romelic zmniani frazisgan
damoukideblad dgas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven droiani frazisa da zmniani
frazis kvanZebis gauqmebas `vauqmebT~. Sedegad ki amgvar struqturas viRebT:
dmf
dmf
(58)
a.
b.
for
that
dr.f[+dr.]
df
df
dr
Katherina [dr to] zmf[+inf]
zm
defy
dr.f[+dr.]
df
Petruccio
dr
Katherina [dr.+dro] zmf[+dr.]
zm+dr
defies
df
Petruccio
es saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavaerTgvarovnoT subieqturi determineriani

frazis mimarT damokidebuleba: igi yovelTvis imave sintaqsur konfiguraciaSi
imyofeba (masze uSualod dominirebs droaini fraza; igi dr. kvanZis toli
komponentia, rogorc infinitivur, ise droian klauzulebSi). axla SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom [dr.+dro] irCevs droian zmnian frazas ( swored iseve, rogorc
to Tandebuli irCevs infinitivur zmnian frazas): klauzulebi iseT dr. kvanZs
Seicaven, romlebic zmnian frazebs sakuTar damatebebad irCeven. that dms,
iseve rogorc for, iseT droian frazas irCevs, saTao elementad [dr] kvanZi
rom aqvs. sxvadasxva tipis am saTao elmentebs (to an +dro) SeuZliaT, dr. saTao
elementis pozicia daikavon. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT sxva saTao poziciebzec:
saTao poziciaSi mdgomi damatebis mqmneli fraza SeiZleba iyos for, that,
whether,
if; determineriani frazis saTao poziciaSi mdgomi determineri
SeiZleba sxvadasxva tipis determiners ( that, the, these, a) Seicavdes da ase
Semdeg.
(58b) -Si mocemuli struqturis sasargeblod uamravi empiriuli argumen
ti arsebobs. maTze Cven qvemoT visaubrebT. rogorc Semdgom davrwmundebiT, am
struqturis ConCxi safuZvelSi sworia, Tumca, [dr.+ dro] da zm +dro kvanZebs
311
Soris garkveuli urTierToba, romelic zemoT moyvanil struqturaSi

naCvenebi ar iyo, Casamatebeli gveqneba.
5.1.6 droiani klauzulebis struqturebis Sesaxeb

momdevno ganyofilebebSi (58b) -ze gamosaxuli struqturis empiriul
dasabuTebas warmovadgenT da amasTan, damokidebulebis kidev erT iseT tips
gagacnobT, romelic saTao poziciebs Soris arsebobs da saTao elementTa
gadanacvleba (an: Tavebis gadanacvleba) ewodeba.
damxmare, modaluri da ZiriTadi zmnebi

sanam droiani klauzulebis struqturaze daviwyebT saubars, garkveuli
gansxvavebebis gamokveTa dagvWirdeba damxmare zmnebs (magaliTad, have zmna
sruli aspeqtis mqone konstruqciebSi ixmareba, xolo be zmnas nebismieri
gamoyeneba gaaCnia),
modalur zmnebs (will/would, can/could, may/might,
shall/should, do/did) da ZiriTad zmnebs (yvela sxva zmna, romlebic aq araa
CamoTvlili) Soris.
(59)
(1) damxmare zmnebi:
a. Juliet has gone to the nunnery ( sruli aspeqtis mqone damxmare zmna have)
b. Juliet is sad.
g. Juliet is going to the nunnery.
d. Juliet was in the cellar.
e. Juliet is my friend.
(2) modaluri zmnebi
Juliet will / would / can / could/ may / might / shall / should / do / did go to the
garden.
(3) ZiriTadi zmnebi
Juliet left; Juliet wrote to Romeo; Juliet saw Romeo; Juliet has to leave; Juliet seems
to be in love da ase Semdeg.
es distribucia konkretuli gansaxilveli zmnis sadistribucio maxa

siaTeblebs emyareba, da ara maT ama Tu imgvar interpretacias. magaliTad,
damxmare da modaluri zmnebi SeiZleba subieqts winac uswrebdes _ magaliTad,
Tanamedrove inglisuri enis yes-no sityvebiT dawyebul konstruqciebSi,
magram ZiriTadi zmna subieqtis wina poziciaSi arasdros dgeba.
(60)
a. Has she gone to the garden? _ is baRSi wavida?
b. Is she going to the garden? _ is baRSi midis?
b. Should she go to the garden? _ is baRSi wavidoda?
g. Will she go to the garden? _ is baRSi wava?
d. *Went she to the garden?
zmnis klasebi
zmnis klasis ufro wvrilad dayofis bevri SesaZlo principi arsebobs.
amaTgan zogierTs, SesaZloa, leqsikonebidanac icnobT. aiReT nebismieri
leqsikoni da Sesaval gverdebs gadaxedeT. leqsikonebSi, rogorc wesi,
gamoyofilia, vTqvaT, gardauvali zmnebi, anu iseTi zmnebi, romlebic
CanarTi
5.4
312
determineriani fraziT warmodgenil damatebebs ar erwymian. aseTebia,

magaliTad, laugh, arrive (sicili, misvla-Casvla) da kidev sxva mravali. ga
moiyofa gardamavali zmnebic, anu zmnebi, romlebic determineriani fraziT
warmodgenil damatebas erwymian, magaliTad, kiss, hit (kocna, dartyma) da a.S.
amgvari (uxeSi) dayofa im garemos asaxavs, romelSic esa Tu is zmna
dgas _ anu misi meSveobiT Cans, erwymis Tu ara zmna determineriani fraziT
warmodgenil damatebas. aseTi garemo, rogorc irkveva, Zalze bevrnairi
yofila. magaliTad, leqsikoni The Advanced learner Dictionary of Current English
25 sxvadasxvagvar zmnur models gamohyofs, romelTagan zogierTi Semdgomac
aris dayofili. sadistribucio maxasiaTebelebis garda, aseTi qvedanayofebi
wminda semantikuri daxasiaTebis TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba Sedges. am TavSi
arc erT aseT wvril dayofas ar ganvixilavT.
savarjiSo
5. 4
daaxarisxeT qvemoT mocemuli zmnebi ZiriTad, damxmare da modalur

zmnebad. SeadgineT Tqveneburi dayofis damasabuTebeli magaliTebi
(winadadebebi) TiToeuli maTganisTvis.
nimuSi:
(I) They should go to the garden. should modaluri zmnaa.
dasabuTeba: es zmna yes-no sityvebiT dawyebul kiTxviT winadadebebSi
subieqts win uswrebs: Should they go to the garden?
(II) John seems to be sick.
seems zmna aris
DAdasabuTeba:
has zmna aris
(III)John has a problem.
dasabuTeba:
left zmna aris
(IV) Juliet has left.
dasabuTeba:
had zmna aris
(V) Frank had his donkey saddled.
dasabuTeba:
(VI) They go see their advisers every week. go zmna aris
dasabuTeba:
want zmna aris
(VII) They want to be left alone.
dasabuTeba:
are zmna aris
(VIII) They are happy.
dasabuTeba:
appear zmna aris
(IX) They appear happy.
dasabuTeba:
need zmna aris
(X) They need to act.
zmniani frazis elifsi

ganvixiloT konkretuli zmnebi qvemoT moyvanili winadadebebidan:
(61)
a. Although Regan has not been a good daughter to Lear, Cordelia has.
b. Othello will regret his actions, but Iago will not.
g. Although Othello couldnt hide the dagger, Cordelia could.
a. marTalia, regani lirisTvis kargi qaliSvili ar yofila, magram kordelia

iyo (kargi qaliSvili).
b. otelo inanebs Tavis saqciels ( sityv. qmedebebs), magram iago ki ara.
g. marTalia, otelom xanjlis damalva ver SeZlo, magram kordeliam SeZlo.
klauzulebi _ Cordelia has, Iago will not, Cordelia could elifsuri
klauzulebia.
am winadadebebs raRac nawili aklia, magram, amis miuxedavad, maTi
mniSvneloba zedmiwevniT gasagebia.
(62)
a. Cordelia has [zmf been a good daughter to Lear] magram ara: * read many
books/ * been a good wife to Lear da ase Semdeg.
b. Iago will not [ zmf regret his actions] ( magram ara: * go to the garden/ *be
scared)
g. Cordelia could [zmf hide the dagger]

anu am winadadebebis interpretireba varskvlavebiT aRniSnuli
mniSvnelobebiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar moxdeba. maTi gageba mxolod
varskvlaviT aRuniSvneli versiiTaa SesaZlebeli.
am tipis elifsuri winadadebebis Sedgeniloba minimaluria: isini mxolod
subieqts da (Seukvecel) pirian damxmare zmnas, an modalur zmnas Seicaven.
zmniani fraziT warmodgenili komponenti maTSi ar gvaqvs, magram mocemul
enaze mosaubre adamiani gamotovebuli zmniani frazis interpretirebas Zalian
zustad axdens, is gamotovebul frazas, im zmniani frazis identurad aRiqvams,
romelic winadadebaSi, an saerTo diskursSia mocemuli. amgvar process,
romelic zmniani frazis gamouTqmelobis saSualebas iZleva, zmniani frazis
elifsi ewodeba. zmniani frazis elifsi SeiZleba gvqondes nebismieri zmniani
frazis SemTxvevaSi, romelic winadadebis pirvel nawilSi idgeba. amas Semdegi
magaliTebic mowmobs:
(63) Juliet could [zmf have [zmf been [zmf studying .....] ] ] and

a. Romeo could [zmf have [zmf been [ zmf studying Latin ] ] ] too
b. Romeo could [zmf have [zmf been [zmf studying Latin ] ] ] too
g. Romeo could [zmf have [zmf been [zmf studying Latin] ] ] too
winadadebis warmoTqmul nawils zmniani frazis elifsis monarCens
vuwodebT.
Tuki davasabuTebT, rom elifsuri winadadebebi arsiT sruli wina
dadebebia, maSin maT fiqsirebul interpretaciasac avxsniT. zmniani fraza
SeiZleba ise iqnes aRqmuli, rogorc procesi, romelic `siCumes adebs~
fonologiur masalas konkretul zmnian frazaSi ( Tuki zmniani frazis
Sinaarsis àRdgena~ SesaZlebelia), magram romelic sxva danarCen informacias
xeluxleblad tovebs. am procesis gamosaxva Semdegnairad SeiZleba:
(64)
zmf elifsi: isriT miTiTebuli
zmniani frazis araferi gamoiTqmis
zmf
zmna
hide
zmf
the dagger
313
314
zmniani frazis elifsi droian ZiriTad zmnebTan

zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi elifsis monarCeni damxmare an modaluri
zmnisgan Sedgeba,
romelsac gamouTqmeli zmf damateba aqvs. magram
davakvirdeT, ra moxdeba, Tuki zmniani frazis elifss iseT winadadebas
mivuyenebT, romelSic piriani ZiriTadi zmna dgas.
CanarTi
5.5
ZiriTadi do zmna da damxmare do zmna

inglisur enaSi ori do zmnaa. es zmnebi erTmaneTis homofonurebi arian
(anu erTnairad gamoiTqmis), magram gansxvavebuli sintaqsuri distribucia
gaaCniaT. damxmare do zmna win uswrebs uaryofiT sityvas not an gansaxilvel
zmnis subieqts; ZiriTadi do zmna arc not-s uswrebs win da arc subieqts.
(I) damxmare do zmna: Othello did not believe Desdemona _òtelom dezdemonas
ar daujera~ ( damxmare do zmna win uswrebs not uaryofiT sityvas)
(II) ZiriTadi do zmna iseve ìqceva~, rogorc sxva ZiriTadi zmnebi, magaliTad,
zmna kill (mokvla): igi arc not uaryofiT sityvas uswrebs win da arc subieqts:
(a) Othello killed Desdemona
(b) *Othello killed not Desdemona
(g) *Killed Othello Desdemona
(d) Othello did something terrible (òtelom raRac saSineli Caidina~)
(e) *Othello did not something terrible
(v) * Did Othello something terrible?
(am konteqstSi xandaxan sityva too-c Cndeba xolme, magram axla es sityva
Cveni msjelobis interesebisTvis ugulebelvyaviT.)
(65)
a. * After Othello entered Desdemonas room, Emilia ________too.
b. After Othello entered desdemonas room, emilia did ________ too.
a. mas Semdeg, rac otelo dezdemonas oTaxSi Sevida, emilia-c________.
b. ` ________~.
zmna `qreba~, magram rCeba zmnis dro da damxmare do zmnaze aisaxeba.
imis ganmarteba, Tu ratom Cndeba es damxmare zmnis winadadebaSi Zalian
advili iqneba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom drois aRmniSvneli morfema
da zmna erTad dgas, ara morfologiis, aramed sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT.
drois aRmniSvneli morfemisa da zmnis ganxilva damoukidebel sintaqsur
erTeulebad SesaZlebels xdis imas, rom sintaqsurma procesebma zemoqmedeba
moaxdinon drois morfemaze, magram ara zmnaze. qvemoT orive am SemTxvevis
nimuSs ganvixilavT. zmniani frazis elifsi zemoqmedebs zmniani frazis
kvanZze, magram ara drois kvanZze; yes-no sityvebiT dawyebul winadadebebSi
zemoqmedebs drois kvanZze, magram ara zmniani frazis kvanZze.
axla davuSvaT, rom drois aRmniSvneli morfema drois kvanZis saTao
elementia (Tumca, SezRuduli saTao elementi). amas Semdeg struqturamde
mivyavarT:
(66)
dr. [+dro]
df
dr
zmf elifsi
Katherina [+dr.-ed]
zmf
zm
df
defy
T(andebuli)
aq zmniani frazis elifss monarCenia fraza *Katherina -ed too. winadadebas

amgvari fraza ver Seadgens, vinaidan -ed elementi damokidebuli, anu
SezRuduli morfemaa da amis gamo romelime zmna marcxena mxridan uSualod
unda ebmodes. zmniani frazis elifsi mas zmnis Zirs aclis da -ed morfemas
Sesabamisi bmis gareSe tovebs. axla winadadebaSi do zmna Semodis, rom drois
aRmniSvneli morfemis arseboba gaamarTlos da kombinaciiT do+ [warsuli ed]
did formas viRebT. am process tradiciulad do zmniT mxardaWera ewodeba. misi
grafikuli gamoxatuleba Semdeg xisebr diagramas Seesabameba:
(67) do zmniT mxardaWera: do zmna drois kvanZSi calad SemorCenili sufiqsis
`mxardasaWerad~, anu `gadasarCenad~ Semodis.
(68)
metad aRar gvWirdeba
dr. [+dro]
df
Do zmnis
mxardaWera
dr
imis ganmarteba,
rom zmf aris + dro.
es TavisTavad
igulisxmeba, raki
droiani saTao elementi
zmnas irCevs.
zmf elifsi
Katherina [do+[.dr.ed] zmf
zm
df
defy
zmf kvanZamde midis kidev erTi isari, kubidan, romelSic weria: metad aRar
gvWirdeba imis ganmarteba, rom zmf aris + dro. es TavisTavad igulisxmeba,
raki droiani saTao elementi zmnas irCevs.
zmnad yofnis maxasiaTebeli da droianobis maxasiaTebeli erTmaneTisgan
damoukidebeli ori maxasiaTebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom martiv winadadebaSi
fleqsiuri ( formacvalebadi) zmna orive am maxasiaTebels erTi ( magram rTuli
Sedgenilobis) morfologiuri sityviT gamoxatavs.
afiqsebis `gadaxtoma~ da saTao elementebis gadanacvleba

Tuki formanacvali zmnebi morfologiaSi ar erTiandeba, maSin isini
sintaqsSi unda gavaerTianoT. axla gadasawyveti isaa, rogor SevZloT amis
gakeTeba. TxrobiT, uaryofis armqone winadadebebSi drois aRmniSvneli
sufiqsebi ZiriTad zmnas erTvis _ ([use+ warsuli]) [used]). es sintaqsuri
procesis _ afiqsis gadaxtomis wyalobiT miiRweva, romlis drosac drois
aRmniSvneli sufiqsi zmnis ZirSi gadadis da Semdeg konfiguracias qmnis:
315
316
(69) sawyisi mdgomareoba:
afiqisis gadaxtomis Sedegad

dr.
zmf
miRebuli mdgomareoba:
dr.
zmf
-ed
zm
zm
defy
defy
+ed
rogorc zemoT moyvanili xisebri diagramebi mowmobs, afiqsis gadaxtomas erT

konkretul konfiguraciamde mivyavarT. afiqsi damatebis saTao elements erTvis.
saTao elementisa da damatebis adgilobrivi konfiguracia kvlav mniSvnelovan
sintaqsur konfiguraciad warmogvidgeba. procesis saboloo Sedegi arsebiTad
(51) magaliTSi gamosaxuli TvalsaCinoebis identuria. rogorc miRebuli Sedegi
mowmobs, formacvalebadi zmna zmniani frazis farglebSi imyofeba da ara
drois kvanZisa. es inglisuri enis sintqasisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani empiriuli
ganzogadebaa, romlis dasabuTebasac qvemoT SevudgebiT:
(70) formanacvali ZiriTadi zmnebi inglisur enaSi

zmnian frazaSi dganan.
SeiZleba afiqsisa da Ziris sxvagvari Serwymis xerxebic gavixsenoT,
romelTac iseTive konfiguracia eqnebaT,
rogorsac (69-e) savarjiSos
magaliTebSi vxedavT. imis nacvlad, rom zmnaSi SezRuduli morfema `gadaxtes~,
SegviZlia sarkisebri procesebi warmovidginoT, romlebSic zmna zemoT iwevs,
drois kvanZSi adis da afiqss iq irTavs. amgvar process saTao elementis
gadanacvleba ewodeba.
(71) saTao elementis gadanacvleba:
dr.
zmf
-ed
zm
defy
saTao elementis gadanacvlebis Sedegad piriani zmnis distribucia dr.

kvanZis distribuciis identuri gaxdeba. rogorc momdevno ganyofilebaSi
vnaxavT, inglisur enaSi swored ase ìqceva~ piriani damxmare zmnebi da droiani
zmnebi, magram ara piriani ZiriTadi zmnebi.
(72) inglisur enaSi piriani damxmare zmnebi drois kvanZSi dgas.

iseT SemTxvevebSi, sadac afiqsis gadaxtoma SeuZlebelia, do zmniT mxar
daWeris procesi iwyebs zemoqmedebas. do zmniT mxardaWera mxolod inglisuri
enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fenomenia da erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul konteqstebSi
Tavs arsebiTad erTi da imave mizeziT iCens xolme _ anu, im afiqsis gadasarCenad,
romelic drois kvanZSia SemorCenili, xolo zmnian frazaSi misi Serwyma zmnis
fuZesTan SeuZlebelia. qvemoT CamoTvlili SemTxvevebi arsebiTad im garemoTAa

CamonaTvalia, romelSic do damxmare zmna Cndeba:
(73) a. Yes-no kiTxviTi winadadebebi:(kiTxvebi, romlebic ki-ara pasuxs iTxoven)
Did you see Romeo and Juliet? _ ` romeo da julieta~ naxe?~
b. uaryofiTi winadadebebi:
Juliet didnt see Marcurio. _ `julietas merkucio ar unaxavs.~
g. e.w. `kudiani~ kiTxviTi winadadebebi (tag questions):
Romeo knew Tybalt, didnt he? _ `romeo tibalts icnobda, ara? an: romeo
tibalts icnobda, ase ar aris?~
d. wh-kompleqsze dawyebuli kiTxviTi winadadebebi (anu winadadebebi,
romlebic kiTxviT sityvebs Seicavs)
Who did Juliet see? -`vin dainaxa julietam?~
e. zmniani frazis prepozireba (anu winadadebebi, romlebSic zmniani
fraza prepozirebulia):
They wanted him to go to the theater, and go to the theater he did! _ `maT
undodaT, rom igi TeatrSi wasuliyo da igi wavida kidec TeatrSi.~
zmniani frazis elifsi droian damxmare zmnebTan

raki fuZenacvali ZiriTadi zmna zmniani frazis farglebSi dgas, unda
movelodeT, rom zemoT naTqvami yvela pirian zmnas Seexeba. Tu es asea, maSin
droiani damxmare zmnebi ise unda ìqceodnen~, TiTqos isinic zmnian frazaSi
dganan. amis Semowmeba Semdegnairad SeiZleba: unda davakvirdeT, rogor
zemoqmedebs zmniani frazis elifsi iseT klauzulebze, romlebic pirian
damxmare zmnebs Seicavs: Tuki piriani damxmare zmnebis distribucia iseve xdeba,
rogorc ZiriTadi zmnebisa, aseT SemTxvevaSi do zmniT mxardaWera iCens Tavs.
zmniani fraziT warmodgenili damateba SeiZleba `damunjdes~ Tu masze zmniani
frazis elifsi zemoqmedebs. qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi swored amas mowmobs:
(74) Othello was listening to Iago, and Emilia was too. _ òtelo iagos usmenda
da aseve emiliac~.
ZiriTadi droiani frazis struqtura aseTia (toos (c- nawilaki)
CauTvlelad):
(75)
dr.f
df
dr
dr
zmf1
+-ed
zm
zmf2[awmyo drois mimREeoba]

zm
Tf
listening to df
zmniani frazis elifsi SeiZleba ori zmniani frazisadmi iyos mimarTuli:
317
318
im zmniani frazisadmi, romelic damxmare be zmnas Seicavs (zmf1), an zmniani

fraziT warmodgenili misi damatebisadmi (zmf2). zmniani fraza 2-is zmf elifsi
ar gvawvdis informacias imis Taobaze, Tu sad imyofeba piriani zmniani fraza,
vinaidan sabolood iseT monarCens gvaZlevs, romelic zmf1 da drois kvanZebs
warmoaCens. piriani zmna SeiZleba zmnian fraza 1-Sic idges da drois kvanZSic.
(76)
zmniani fraza 2-is zmf elifsi
[dr.f Emilia[ [dr.-s] [zmf1 be [ zmf2 listening to Iago] ] too] ]
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom zmniani fraza 1-is zmf elifsi informatiulia,
vinaidan mis Sedegad im Tanwyobas viRebT, romelic SemorCenil afiqss Seicavs.
aman SeiZleba do-s mxardaWeris procesi gamoiwvios, romelic SemorCenili
drois aRmniSvnel morfemas gadaarCens. rogorc davrwmundebiT, sinamdvileSi
do zmniT mxardaWera SeuZlebelia:
(77)
zmniani frazis zmf elifsi:
[dr.f Emilia[ [dr.-ed] [zmf1 be [ zmf2 listening to Iago] ] too] ]
do zmniT mxardaWera:
[dr.f Emilia[dr. [do+ed] ] [zmf1 be [ zmf2 listening to Iago] ] too] ]
saboloo Sedegi:
*Othello was listening to Iago, and Emilia did too.
saboloo suraTi, romelsac maSin viRebT, roca damxmare zmnebis
distribucia iseve xdeba, rogorc damxmareebis gramatikulad gaumarTavi
winadadebaa. Tu zmniani frazis elifsi iseT winadadebaze zemoqmedebs,
romelSic piriani damxmare zmna dgas, monarCeni imave damxmare zmnis pirian
formas unda Seicavdes.
es imas mowmobs, rom Tuki piriani ZiriTadi zmnebi zmnian frazaSi idgebian,
maTgan gansxvavebiT, piriani damxmare zmnebi zmniani frazis gareT, dr. kvanZSi
ganTavsdebian.
maSasadame, vaskvniT, rom:
(78)
a. have da be zmnebis piriani formebi droian dr. kvanZSi dgas.
b. ZiriTadi zmnebis piriani formebi zmnian frazaSi dgas.
es formulirebebi martivad da moxdenilad aerTianebs im masalas,
romelic ukve ganvixileT da mis empiriul dasabuTebas warmoadgens. zmniani
fraza SeiZleba waSlili iyos (zmf (zmf 2), an zmf 1 kvanZi damxmare zmniT), magram
narCenSi piriani damxmare zmna mainc iqneba, vinaidan damxmare zmna zemoT, dr.
kvanZSi adis, raTa drois aRmniSvnel morfemas Seerwyas da amis gamo yvela
zmniani frazis gareT dgas.
(79)
dr.f
and
df
dr.
Emilia
dr
be+-ed
zmf1 zmf1-is elifsi
[=was] zm zm
e
be
zm
Tf
listening to df
319
ratom sruldeba piriani have da be zmnebi zmniani frazebis gareT? have

da be zmnebi gadanacvlebas ganicdis da zmnis poziciidan (droiani dr. kvanZis
zmniani frazis damatebis farglebSi) drois kvanZSi gadadis. anu, have da be
zmnebi zemoT, im saTao elementis doneze inacvlebs, romelic maT irCevs.
gadanacvlebis am process xandaxan have da be zeawevasac uwodeben. have da be
zeaweva zm-gadanacvlebis (anu zmnis gadanacvlebis) erTi kerZo SemTxvevaa,
zm-gadanacvleba ki, Tavis mxriv, gacilebiT ufro zogadi procesis kerZo
gamovlinebaa, romelic saTao elementeze zemoqmedebs da saTao elementis
gadancvleba ewodeba. saTao elementis gadanacvleba saTao poziciaTa Soris
erTad dgomis SezRudvebis gamovlinebaa. zemoT moyvanili struqtura
gviCvenebs, rom was zmna ori maxasiaTeblis moTxovnas akmayofilebs:
CanarTi
5.6
Cveni msjeloba tradiciuli gramatikidan cnobili warmodgeniT daviwyeT,

romelic sxvadasxva enebidan moyvanili nimuSebis garCevisas gamoviyeneT _ rom
sityvebi sintaqsis àgurebia~, xolo morfemebi _ morfologiis aseTive saSeni
masala. Tumca, axla sakmarisi masala gvaqvs damuSavebuli, romelic mowmobs:
zogierTi morfema marTlac SeiZleba sintaqsur saSen masalad miviCnioT, amave
dros, zogierTi sityvis warmoeba swored sintaqsSi xdeba, xolo zogierTi
sintaqsuri saSeni masala gamouTqmeli saTao elementia. Cven isic vnaxeT,
rom am saSen masalas, saTao elementebs, orive sfero iyenebs _ sintaqsic da
morfologiac. maT (saTao elementebs), SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli fonologiu
ri maxasiaTeblebi gaaCndeT (Tavisufali, SezRuduli, an sulac gamouTqmeli).
saTao elementebi sakuTari damatebebisTvis kategorias irCeven. sityvebi
da frazebi saTao elementebisa da damatebebis urTierTobaSi monawileoben.
morfologiaSi damateba saTao elements win uswrebs; sintaqsSi ki piriqiT, mas
mosdevs. orive sferoSi, sintaqsSic da morfologiaSic komponentis saTao
elementi sityvis, an mTeli frazis maxasiaTeblebs gansazRvravs.
amgvari faqtebi garkveul kiTxvebs warmoSobs. rogor unda mixvdes ama Tu
im enis Seswavlis mosurne, sintaqsuri saTao elementia esa Tu is morfema, Tu
ara? zogierTi enaTmecnieris azriT, formacvalebadi morfemebi sintaqsuri
komponentis nawilia, maSin, roca deriavaciuli morfemebi morfologiur
komponents Seadgens. zogierTi sxva lingvisti amtkicebs, rom es faqtebi
mTlad sarwmunod ver CaiTvleba im mosazrebis gamo, rom gramatikaSi ori
erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli komponenti arsebobs _ sintaqsi da morfologia
_ da rom TiToeuls sakuTari wesebi da principebi aqvs. Tumca, zemoT
ganxiluli masala mowmobs, rom sintaqsic da morfologiac wesebis erTi da
imave sistemis nawilia.
lingvisturi intuiciisa da `sityvis~ cnebis Sesaxeb

Cveni wignis meo-2 Tavi aseTi kiTxviT iwyeboda: `ra aris sityva?~ Cvenda
gasaocrad, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, aseTi martivi cnebisaTvis ganmartebis
moZebna, warmosadgenze Zneli, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. maSin isic vTqviT,
CanarTi
5.7
320
rom mSobliur enaze mosaubre adamianma icis, ra aris sityva sakuTar enaSi.
Tumca, is ki ar viciT, romel sistemebze dayrdnobiT wyvets mosaubre, rom
esa Tu is konkretuli Tanwyoba sityvas Seadgens. erTi kriteriumi, romelsac
igi aseT dros iyenebs, isaa, warmoiTqmeba Tu ara mocemuli Tanwyoba mis mSob
liur enaSi damoukideblad. magaliTad, inglisur enaze mosaubre adamiani
daufiqreblad dagimowmebT, rom that determineri, an zedsarTavi unfair
sityvebia, magram un prefiqsze imaves ver ityvis. bevria iseTi SemTxvevac,
roca aseTive mosaubres azris darwmunebiT gamoTqma uWirs. aseT SemTxvevebSi
SesaZloa, kriteriumad damwerlobis sayovelTaod miRebuli wesi _ calkeul
sityvebs Soris daSorebebis datoveba gamodges, Tumca, rogorc me-2 TavSi,
komponentebze saubrisas vnaxeT, erTmaneTisgan sityvebis ase gamoyofac
pirobiTia. damwerlobis SezRudvebTan dakavSirebul wesebze agebulia erTi
TamaSi, romelSic Tandebuli into (`Si~) SeiZleba sityvad CaiTvalos, xolo in
front of (`win~) ki _ ara, iseve, rogorc forma Ppeoples (àdamianebis,~ `saxalxo~)
sityvad ar miiCneva, xolo its (its importance misi, amis mniSvneloba)sityvad
gamoiyeneba, imis miuxedavad, rom orive kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli formaa.
safiqrebelia, rom rodesac mosaubre ama Tu im Tanwyobas sityvad miiCnevs (
an piriqiT, ar miiCnevs), am dros igi erTze met sistemas eyrdnoba, mxolod
lingvistur faqtebs ki ar iTvaliswinebs, aramed sxva sistemisgan miRebul
codnas iyenebs, romelic, TavisTavad, arazust kriteriumebs Seicavs _
sityvebs Soris savaldebulo daSorebis Taobaze. maSasadame, Zneli saTqmelia,
sworad aisaxeba Tu ara lingvisturi sistema mosaubris aRqmasa da reaqciebSi.
imis ilustrireba, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs damwerlobasTan dakavSirebeli
SezRudvebi mosaubris mier ` sityvis~ cnebis gansazRvraze, uamravi enis magaliTze
SeiZleba. axla saamisod suahilisa da kalangas, bantus ( afrikis aRmosavleT da
samxreT nawilebSi gavrcelebuli jgufi) ori enis magaliTebi ganvixiloT.
rogorc me-2 TavSi iTqva, zmna suahiliSi rTuli Sedgenilobisaa.
igive iTqmis kalangas zmnazec. zmnuri kompleqsis sawyisi nawili droian
TxrobiT winadadebaSi Semdeg models Seesabameba: sS= subieqtis SeTanxmeba,
dr.= dro, oS= obieqtis SeTanxmeba. aRniSvna m* zmnis momdevnod mdgar sufiqss
Seesabameba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi Seusabamoa, dx damaboloebel xmovans,
romelic nawilobriv klauzulis ( winadadebis) tipzec miuTiTebs (TxrobiTi,
kavSirebiTi, uaryofiTi):
(I) (a) (uary.) sS (uary.) -dr.- (oS) -zm-m*-dx (suahili)
(b)
sS (uary.) dr. (oS) -zm-m-dx (kalanga)
suahilis tradiciul orTografiaSi es Tanwyoba erTian sityvad iwereba.
kalangaSi ki sS -subieqtis SeTanxmebis niSani da dr. drois aRmniSvneli niSani
damoukidebel sityvebad:
(I) Romeo anampenda Juliet. (suahilis orTografia)
Romeo
anam- pend
-a
Juliet.
romeos sS awmyo oS uyvars dx julieta.

`romeos julieta uyvars~.
(IV) Romeo u no da
Juliet. (kalangas orTografia)
romeos sS awmyo uyvars+dx julieta.
`romeos julieta uyvars~.
suahilize mosaubreebs kalangas orTografiuli wesebi akvirvebT da
rogorc wesi, kalangaze mosaubreebs ekiTxebian: ès elementebi xom sityvebi

ar aris, gamocalkevebiT ratom werT?~ aranakleb gaocebulebi arian xolme
kalangaze mosaubreni: `ratom ambobT, rom isini zmnasTan erTad erT sityvas
qmnian?~. lingvisturi mosazrebiT, morfemebs, romlebic momdevno poziciaSi
mdgar zmnasTan erTad erTian sityvad iwereba (suahilidan moyvanili nimuSi),
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi damoukidebel sityvebadaa gamosaxuli (kalanga),
savaraudod, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli `qceva~ ar axasiaTebs. Tumca,
mosaubreni, damwerlobis sistemis TaviseburebaTa gamo, maT erTmaneTisgan
mainc asxvaveben. maSasadame, `sityva~ martivi cneba ar yofila, miT ufro imis
gamo, rom misi gansazRvrisas mosaubreebis intuicias unda daveyrdnoT.
zmnad yofnis maxasiaTeblis (be) da warsul droSi dgomis maxasiaTeblis
(was). es ori maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva struqturul poziciebSi dgas.
gadanacvleba is saSualebaa, romelic erTze meti sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblis
gamosaxatad gamoiyeneba. konkretul elements xSirad erTi garkveuli roli
aqvs xolme gankuTvnili. am rols zmnian frazaSi mdgomi zmna gansazRvravs,
magram imavdroulad sxva, zmnisgan damoukidebeli roli, xisebri struqturis
romelime sxva Sris mier ganisazRvreba.
5.1.7 ZiriTadi da damxmare zmnebis pozicia winadadebis

(klauzalur) struqturaSi
arsebobs distribuciasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi (inglisuri enis)
masala, romelic sintaqsur struqturaSi piriani damxmare zmnebisa da piriani
ZiriTadi zmnebis gansxvavebul poziciebSi dgomas ganapirobebs.
piriani
damxmare zmnebi drois kvanZSi dgas, xolo piriani ZiriTadi zmnebi _ zmnian
frazaSi.
Not sityva
iseT uaryofiT droian winadadebebSi,

romlebic not/nt uaryofis
elements Seicavs, piriani damxmare zmnebi da ZiriTadi zmnebi gansxvavebul
poziciebs ikaveben. have, be, do damxmare zmnebis piriani formebi not elements
win unda uswrebdes, xolo damxmare zmnebis upiro formebi _ not sityvas unda
mosdevdes:
(80)
a. She has not / hasnt climbed the mountain yet. pir. zm(damx.zm) nt

is jer mTaze ar asula.
b. You were not / werent being followed.
pir.zm (damx.zm) nt
Tqven ar mogdevdnen (aravin mogdevdaT).
g. He wont have climbed the mountain yet. nt zm inf(damx)
igi jer mTaze ar avidoda.
ase iqneba, Tuki not sityva droisa da zmniani frazis kvanZebs Soris dgas.
piriani damxmare zmnebi not/nt elementis win mxolod im mizeziT dgas, rom
dr. kvanZi uaryofis niSnebs win uZRvis, xolo piriani damxmare zmnebi drois
kvanZSi gvaqvs.
321
322
(81)
dr.f
df
dr.
dr.
wasi not
be+ed
zmf1
zm
[bee]i
Tf
listening
to df
upiro damxmare zmnebi not sityvas mosdevs im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is
zmniani fraza, romelic maT Seicavs, not sityvis momdevno poziciaSi dgas. am
TvalsazrisiT gasakviria, rom not sityvas piriani ZiriTadi zmnebis win dgoma
ar SeuZlia (ixileT 82a). amis nacvlad, damxmare do zmna imave winadadebaSi
drois mixedviT icvlis formas (82b). ZiriTadi zmnebi not elementis win ver
idgeba (82g), vinaidan ZiriTadi zmnebi drois kvanZSi arasdros Sedian (88).
(82) a. *Othello not watched Bianca.
b. Othello didnt /did not watch Bianca. _ otelo biankas ar uTvalTvalebda.
g. *Othello watched nt/ not Bianca.
axla imis ganmarteba dagvWirdeba, Tu ratomaa (82a) nimuSi, inglisuri
enis gramatikis TvalsazrisiT gaumarTavi winadadeba. Tuki am konkretul
konfiguraciaSi drois gamomxatveli sufiqsi da ZiriTadi zmna erTmaneTs ver
Seerwymeba, drois aRmniSvneli morfema drois kvanZSi daucvel mdgomarebaSi
aRmoCndeba da mis gadasarCenad do zmniT mxardaWeris procesi unda amoqmeddes.
aqedan momdinareobs Semdegi ganzogadebac:
CanarTi
5.8
istoriuli cvlileba
Seqspiris dros inglisuri Tanamedrove inglisurisgan gansxvavdeboda:
maSin ZiriTadi droiani zmnebis dgoma drois kvanZSi (aseve zmnian frazaSic,
vinaidan do zmniT mxadaWera maSinac moqmedebda) dasaSvebi iyo. Cndeba kiTxva:
ra Seicvala Seqspiris drois inglisuris gramatikidan inglisuri enis
Tanamedrove gramatikamde? rogorc Cans, ZiriTadma zmnebma zmnis kvanZidan
drois kvanZSi gadanacvlebis unari dakarga. ratom daikarga es unari? ra
Seicala am enis gramatikaSi? safiqrebelia, rom es danakargi uSualodaa
dakavSirebuli inglisuri enis ganviTarebis procesSi zmnis formaTcvalebadobis
daqveiTebasTan. kerZod, pirianma zmnam dakarga pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi, rac
SeTanxmebis niSnebis dakargvasac niSnavda. iseTi sistemidan, romelSic zmnas
pirisa da ricxvis (mravlobiTi) niSnianoba (SeTanxmeba) axasiaTebda, inglisuri
ena imgvar sistemad Camoyalibda, sadac niSniT mxolod mesame piri da isic
mxolobiTi ricxvi gamoixateba da sadac sxva mxriv mxolobiT da mravlobiT
ricxvSi mdgari zmnebi erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba (gamonakliss mxolod

be zmna qmnis). bevri enaTmecnieri miiCnevs, rom drois kvanZSi mdgari zmnis
pirianoba imazea damokidebuli, aqvs Tu ara mocemul enas SeTanxmebis mdidari

sistema: inglisur enas ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze aseTi `mdidari~ sistema
marTlac gaaCnda, mis Tanamedrove versias ki - ara.
(83) drois gamomxatveli sufiqsi da ZiriTadi zmna erTmaneTs not/nt uaryofis
elementze gadawvdeniT ver Seerwymeba.
lingvistikis Teoriis amocanaa, ganmartos, ratom ver erwymis erTmaneTs
drois aRmniSvneli sufiqsi da ZiriTadi zmna am konfiguraciaSi, magram Cven am
TavSi am sakiTxze msjelobis ganvrcobas ar SevudgebiT.
sakiTxavia isic, Tu ratomaa winadadeba (82g) _* Othello watched not Bianca
Tanamedrove inglisuri enisTvis miuRebeli forma. odesRac, Seqspiris dros
msgavsi modeli enaSi marTlac arsebobda (Seqspiris dros misaRebi iyo Tanamed
rove inglisurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesic _ do zmniT mxardaWera):
(84)
a. *Othello reads not books (Tanamedrove inglisuri)
b. *I know not how I lost him (Tanamedrove inglisuri)
g. I know not how I lost him ( Seqspiri, ` otelo~, IV, ii, 151)
b.-g. ar vici, rogor davkarge.
garemoebebis distribucia
inglisur enaSi zogierTi garemoeba SeiZleba drois kvanZsa da ZiriTad
zmnas Soris STainergos:
(85)
a. Olivia will probably leave tomorrow. dr. gar. (inf)
b. You must recently have read Macbeth. dr. gar. zm (warsuli drois
mimReoba)
g. Emilia was carefully slicing the salmon. dr. gar. zm (awmyo drois
mimReoba)
d. The invaders were completely destroying the fort. dr. gar. zm ( awmyo
drois mimReoba)
e. Portia was intentionally confronting Shylock. dr. gar. zm (awmyo drois mimReoba)
a. olivia albaT xval gaemgzavreba.
b. Sen `makbeti~ cota xnis win unda wagekiTxa.
g. emilia oraguls frTxilad Wrida.
d. dampyroblebi simagres mTlianad angrevdnen.
e. porcia Sailoks Segnebulad upirispirdeboda.
roca ZiriTadi zmna formanacvalia, garemoebebi (?zmnizedebi) ZiriTad
zmnas win uswrebs:
(86)
a. Olivia probably left yesterday. gar. zm+dr.
gar. zm+dr.
b. You recently read Macbeth.
g. Emilia carefully sliced the salmon. gar. zm+dr.
d. The invaders completely destroyed the fort. gar. zm+dr.
e. Portia intentionally confronted Shylock. gar. zm+dr.
a. olivia albaT guSin gaemgzavra.
b. Sen `makbeti~ amas winaT waikiTxe.
g. emiliam oraguli frTxilad daWra.
d. dampyroblebma simagre mTlianad daangries.
323
324
e. porcia Sailoks Segnebulad daupirispirda.
swored aseTi suraTia mosalodneli, Tu es garemoebebi zmniani frazis

wina poziciaSi dgas, xolo fuZenacvali ZiriTadi zmnebi zmnian frazaSi
Tavsdebian.
dr.f
dr.f
(87)
df
dr.
df
Othello dr.
Othello dr.
bei+T quickly
was
dr.
zmf
[e]i
zmf[+progr.]
[e]i
dying
quickly
zmf
z
die+ed
garemoebaTa sityvebis Tanmimdevroba piriani damxmare zmnebisa da piriani

ZiriTadi zmnebis TvalsazrisiT kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom es elementebi
sxvadasxva poziciebSi dgebian.
Y
yes-no kiTxviTi winadadebebi: subieqtisa da damxmare zmnis inversia
yes-no kiTxviTi winadadebebi (anu iseTi winadadebebi, romlebsac `diax~,

an àra~ pasuxi gaecema) inglisur enaSi sxvadasxva formiT gvxvdeba; es imazea
damokidebuli, maT yes-no kiTxvis matrica gaaCniaT, Tu CarTuli yes-no
kiTxviTi winadadebebia.Umatriculi yes-no kiTxviTi winadadebebi modaluri
zmniT, an piriani damxmare zmniT (have, be, do) iwyeba:
(88) a. Has Othello died? _ òtelo mkvdaria?~
b. Is Othello dying? _òtelo kvdeba?~
g. Did Othello die? _ òtelo mokvda?~
CarTuli yes-no kiTxvebi konkretuli tipis dms-Ti (damatebis mqmneli

sityviT) _ if (`Tu~) an whether ( am sityvis es konkretuli mniSvneloba Zneli
saTargmnia: frazad rom gavSaloT, daaxloebiT ase JRers: aris Tu ara ase (
marTali), rom) sityviT iwyeba:
(89) a. I wonder if Othello died Quickly.
b. I wonder whether Othello died quickly.
a.-b. mainteresebs, swrafad mokvda otelo?
ufro zusti Targmanebi _ a. mainteresebs, swrafad Tu mokvda otelo;
b.mainteresebs, swrafad mokvda Tu ara otelo.
matricul yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebSi drois kvanZi da subieqti inversias
ganicdis _ drois kvanZi subieqtad warmodgenil determinerian frazas win
uswrebs. am fenomens subieqtisa da damxmare zmnis inversia ewodeba. CarTul
yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebSi drois kvanZs win subieqti uswrebs. subieqtisa
da damxmare zmnis inversia inglisur enaSi araerT konteqstSi gamoiyeneba
wh-kompleqsiT dawyebul
(magaliTad, yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebSi,
winadadebebSi, iseT garemoSi, romelic uaryofiTi wevriT iwyeba _mag., Never
would I say such a sentence! _`me arasdros warmovTqvamdi aseT winadadebas!~;
aseve brZanebis niSnian winadadebebSi _ `Does Falstaff ever drink a lot! _ ,, gana
falstafi rodesme bevrs svamda (sasmels etaneboda)!~ am SemTxvevaSi, Cven
mxolod yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebs ganvixilavT.
davazustoT: ras niSnavs mainc subieqtisa da damxmare zmnis inversia?
am fenomenis struqturul terminebSi Camoyalibeba orgvarad SegviZlia. anu
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom drois kvanZi subieqtis wina poziciaSi inacvlebs; an
_ rom subieqti inacvlebs drois kvanZis momdevno poziciaSi; rogorc Cans,
pirveli ganmarteba ufro sworad aRwers viTarebas. Cven ukve ramdenjerme
davrwmundiT: damatebis mqmnel sityvasa da drois kvanZs Soris garkveuli
damokidebuleba arsebobs: damatebis mqmneli sityva irCevs drois kvanZis
Tvisebebs. magaliTad, erTi damatebis mqmneli sityva (that) iseT droian frazas
irCevs, romelsac saTao elementad +dr. aqvs, xolo sxva damatebis mqmneli
sityva (for) _ droian frazas, romelsac saTao poziciaSi to Tandebuli
udgas. erTi mxriv, subieqtisa da damxmare zmnis inversia ar SeiZleba iqnes
gamoyenebuli, Tuki dms kvanZSi Ria damatebis mqmneli sityva gvaqvs. amas
mowmobs Semdegi magaliTebic:
(90)
a. *I wonder if did Othello die quickly.
b. *I wonder did if Othello die quickly.
g. * I wonder wether did Othello die quickly.
d. *I wonder did wether Othello die quickly.
meore mxriv, subieqtisa da damxmare zmnis inversia aucileblad unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli matricul yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebSi, sadac ar gvaqvs
iseTi leqsikuri masala, romelic dms kvanZSia xolme warmodgenili. leqsikuri
dms (damatebis mqmneli sityva) if /whether da drois inversiagancdili kvanZi
damatebiT distribucias (complementary distribution) qmnian, anu rogorc
wina TavSi aRvniSneT, sadac erT-erTi maTgani gvaqvs, meoris adgili ar
aris. magaliTad, yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebSi saTao elementad an damatebis
mqmneli sityva gvevlineba, an piriani damxmare zmna. amgvarad, yvela faqti
mowmobs, rom leqsikuri dms da drois gadaadgilebuli kvanZi erTmaneTs erTi
da imave sintaqsur pozicias ecileba _ es damatebis mqmneli sityvis poziciaa,
romelic subieqtad warmodgenili determineriani frazis win mdebareobs. es
dms pozicia mxolod erT-erTma maTganma SeiZleba daikavos, magram araviTar
SemTxvevaSi _ orivem erTad. damatebiTi distribuciis SemTxvevaa, roca
drois kvanZi yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebSi, savaldebulo wesiT, damatebis
mqmneli sityvis poziciaSi gadadis, magram amis gakeTeba ar esaWiroeba
CarTul winadadebebSi, vinaidan damatebis mqmneli sityvis pozicia ukve
dakavebulia leqsikuri wevris mier. am suraTs TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs qvemoT,
(91)-e magaliTSi moyvanili xisebri struqturebi: (91a) iseTi winadadebis
nimuSia, romlis struqturaSi yes-no kiTxviT winadadebas mTavari klauzula
warmoadgens, xolo (91b) _ CarTuli yes-no kiTxviTi winadadebebis im nimuSad
gvesaxeba, romelsac droiani damxmare zmnebi aqvs; (91a) winadadebaSi gvaqvs have
zmnis drois kvanZSi da dr.-s damatebis mqneli sityvis poziciaSi gadanacvlebis
magaliTic. (91b) winadadebaSi has zmna damatebis mqmneli sityvis poziciaSi ar
inacvlebs, vinaidan es pozicia if sityvas Seicavs.
(91) droiani damxmare zmnebis Semcveli yes-no kiTxviTi winadadebebi:
325
326
a. mTavari klauzulebi:
b. CarTuli klauzulebi:
dmf
dms
dmf
dr.f
Hasi
df
dr.
Othello
dr.
dr.f
dms
if
df
dr.
Othello
dmf
zmf
dr.
hasi
[e]i [zm e]i zmf[+warsuli drois mimREoba.]
zm
zmf[+wars.drois mim.]
[e]i
zm
died
zm
died
(92) magaliTSi moyvanili struqtura mTavar klauzulaSi warmodgenil

yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebsa (92a) da CarTul yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebs
(92b) asaxierebs _ iseT srul winadadebebSi, romelTac piriani ZiriTadi
zmnebi aqvs. (92a) drois aRmniSvneli morfemis dms poziciaSi gadanacvlebis
nimuSsac Seicavs. (92a) winadadebaSi do zmniT mxardaWera gamoiyeneba daucvel
mdgomareobaSi SemorCenil drois aRmniSvneli morfemis gadasarCenad, (92b)
ki drois aRmniSvneli morfemasTan afiqsis mierTebis _ gadaxtomis magaliTia.
(92b) struqturaSi drois kvanZidan damatebis mqmneli sityvis kvanZSi
gadanacvlebis magaliTi ar gvaqvs, vinaidan damatebis mqmneli sityvis pozicia
ukve Seicavs if sityvas:
(92) yes-no kiTxviTi winadadebebi, romelTac piriani ZiriTadi zmnebi aqvT:
a. mTavari klauzulebi:
b. CarTuli klauzulebi:
dmf
dms
-edi
Do-
dmf
dr.f
df
Othello
dms
if
dr.
zmnis
dr.
mxardaWera
zmf
[e]i
zm
die
dr.f
df
Othello
dr.
dr.
zmf
[e]i
zm
dr-dms
gadanacvleba
ar xdeba
die+edi
afiqsis gadaxtoma
dms done: calkeuli damatebis mqmneli sityvebis maxasiaTeblebi

niSan-Tviseba, romelic kiTxviT winadadebas TxrobiTi winadadebisgan
ganasxvavebs, dms poziciaSi unda veZioT. amas Semdegi magaliTebic mowmobs:
(93)

a. Othello thought THAT Desdemona lied.

b. Othello wondered IF Desdemona lied.
a. otelos egona, rom dezdemonam icrua.
b. otelos ainteresebda, icrua Tu ara dezdemonam.
klauzulis (winadadebis) tips damatebis mqmneli fraza gansazRvravs.

SegviZlia dms kvanZis Sedgenilobas k ( k kiTxvas aRniSnvas) davumatoT: dms [+k], rac
TavisTavad ukve gulisxmobs Semdegs: dms [+Txrob.] (Txrob. Semokleba TxrobiTi

kilos mqone winadadebas aRniSnavs). damatebis mqmneli fraza (dmf), romelsac
saTao elementad dms +k emateba, ukve kiTxviT winadadebad interpretirdeba,
xolo damatebis mqmneli fraza, romelsac saTao elementad +Txrob. aqvs,
TxrobiTi winadadeba iqneba. orive dms saTao elementi sxvadasxvanairad rea
lizdeba. maTi realizeba maT mdebareobazea damokidebuli, anu sad imyofeba
saTao elementi: matricul winadadebaSi Tu CarTul klauzulaSi:
(94)

matrica
CarTuli
dms [+k]
0
if, whether
dms [+Txrob.]
0
that
dms + k saTao elementi da dms + Txrob. erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba: dms +
kiTx. saTao elementi inglisur enaSi yovelTvis ama Tu im leqsikuri masaliT
bolovdeba; matricul winadadebebSi igi drois kvanZis Semadgenlobas miizidavs,
an, CarTul damatebebSi, sagangebo damatebis mqmnel frazas Seicavs. Semdegi
Sedgenilobis _damatebis mqmneli sityva + kiTxva _ saTao elementi, TiTqos
damatebiT maxasiaTebelsac iZens: mas `siCume~ ar moswons. man sakuTari Tavi
aucileblad unda gaaJReros. TxrobiTi winadadebis dms-s aseTi moTxovnileba ar
gaaCnia: igi SeiZleba Seicavdes, an piriqiT, ar Seicavdes Ria masalas. aseTnairad,
damatebis mqmneli sityva + kiTxva TiTqmis iseve ìqceva~, rogorc gamouTqmeli
SezRuduli (damokidebuli) morfema. mas esaWiroeba, rom raime saxis leqsikurma
masalam miizidos. am azris Camoyalibeba Semdegnairad SegviZlia:
(95) damatebis mqmneli fraza + kiTxva Ria leqsikur masalas unda Seicavdes.
(95) formulirebas (96a) da (96b) struqturebi akmayofilebs _ amas maT
gverdiT gamosaxuli momRimari saxeebic gamoxatavs, xolo (96g) winadadeba ki
ara, razec am diagramis gverdiT gamosaxuli saxis gamometyveleba mianiSnebs.
(96) a.
b.
dmf
dmf
dms+k
dr.f
do+ed
df
df
dr.
Othello
zmf
dr.
zmf
[e]i
zm
[e]i
zm
dmf
dms+k
dr.
dr.
die
g.
dr.f
if
Othello
dms+k
dr.f
df
Othello
dr.
dr.
zmf
[e]i
zm
died
die+edi
327
328
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, raki mTavari kiTxviTi winadadebebi Ria damatebis

mqmnel sityvebs ar Seicavs, dms kvanZi leqsikurad romelime sxva xerxiT unda
iqces. amis miRweva im leqsikuri wevrebis meSveobiT SeiZleba, romlebsac
klauzula ukve Seicavs, anu damatebis mqmneli sityvis kvanZisken im elementebis
mozidviT, romlebic SeiZleba kiTxvis damatebaSi saTao poziciaSi dadges.
aseTi elementi SeiZleba iyos: modaluri zmna (must, may, might ......), zemoT
aweuli droiani damxmare zmna (have, be) an drois aRmniSvneli sufiqsi.
ratom ver axerxebs ZiriTadi zmnebi + k-Si gadasvlas

marTlac saintereso kiTxva wamoiWreba: ratom ar SeiZleba, rom sufiqsis
gadasarCenad kiTxviT nawilSi sakuTriv ZiriTadi zmna gadavides? Tanamedrove
inglisur enaSi am gadasvlis Sedegad gramatikulad gaumarTav winadadebas
miviRebT, Tumca, Seqspiris dros inglisurSi es procesi SesaZlebeli iyo:
(97)
a. * Comes he tomorrow? _ *`xval modis?~ (Tanamedrove inglisuri)
b. Talk you of killing? _ `mkvlelobaze laparakob? (Seqspiri, ` otelo~,
V, ii, 33)
zemoT ukve davrwmundiT, rom ZiriTadi zmnebi inglisur enaSi drois
kvanZSi ver idgeba _ (*He comes not). axla ki vxedavT, rom ZiriTad zmnebs
arc dms [+k]-Si SeuZlia dgoma, imis miuxedavad, rom am poziciaSi sxva zmnuri
elementebis xilva SeiZleba (magaliTad, do, have da modaluri zmnebi).
amgvarad, qvemoT aseT aRweriT formulirebebs gTavazobT:
(98)

a. ZiriTadi zmnebi dr [+dr] kvanZSi ver idgeba.

b. ZiriTadi zmnebi dms [+k] kvanZSi ver idgeba.
SeiZleba vinmes aseTi kiTxvac gauCndes: arsebobs Tu ara am or

formulirebas Soris raime kavSiri, gamomdinareobs Tu ara erTi romelime
meoresgan, Tu maTi erTmaneTTan dakavSireba ar SeiZleba. roca Cvens kvleviT
laboratoriaSi amgvar paralelurad mdgom formulirebas viRebT, Cveni
zogadi strategia yovelTvis maT Soris kavSiris Ziebisken ixreba. modiT,
warmovidginoT, rom (98b) formulireba (98a) -dan gamomdinareobs.
(99) raki ZiriTadi zmna drois kvanZSi ver dadgeba, igi verc damatebis mqmneli
sityvis kvanZSi hpovebs adgils.
SegviZlia ganvmartoT, ratomaa swori (99)-e formulireba, Tuki zmna
uSualod damatebis mqmneli sityvisken da + kiTxvisken ver gadaadgildeba
da Tu ZiriTadi zmna dms+k sken gzas drois kvanZis gavliT gadis. vinaidan
inglisur enaSi ZiriTadi zmnis dgoma drois kvanZSi SeuZlebelia, SeuZlebeli
iqneba damatebis mqmneli sityvis kvanZSi ZiriTadi zmnis dgomac, vinaidan
ZiriTadi zmna savaldebuloa drois kvanZisTvis _ dms kvanZisken moZraobis
gasagrZeleblad. amgvarad, kiTxviTi winadadeba Died Othello? gramatikulad
gaumarTavia, vinaidan ZiriTadi zmna drois aRmniSvneli morfemis gasa
magreblad drois kvanZisken ver gadaadgildeba. es viTareba diagrama (100) -Sia
gaTvalsaCinoebuli:
dmf
(100)
dms+k
dr.f
df
Othello
dr.
dr.
zmf
-ed
zm
-ed gadadis
dms, +k-ESi die
[zm die][dr.-ed]kvanZSi ver gadainacvlebs

[zm die]uSualod[dms-+k]-Si ver gadainacvlebs
amiT saTao gadanacvlebis Zalze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli ikveTeba;
gadanacvleba mxolod mokle-mokle nabijebiT mimdinareobs _ damatebis
poziciaSi mdebare saTao poziciidan im saTao elementamde,
romelic
arCevans axdens (zmna- dro damatebis mqmneli fraza). gamokveTilad grZel
manZilebze moqmedi urTierTobebi mxolod mokle, adgilobrivi masStabis
nabijebis meSveobiT SeiZleba daiSalos. Tu Usintaqsis ufro Rrmad Seswavlas
gadawyvetT, darwmundebiT, rom gamokveTilad grZel manZilze gadaSlili
damokidebulebebis aseTi mokle nabijebiT daSla is niSan-Tvisebaa,
romelic mxolod saTao gadanacvlebas ki ar axasiaTebs, aramed zogadad,
gadancvlebasTan dakavSirebul yvela urTierTobas.
5.1.8 inglisuri zmnebis distribuciis

Sesaxeb msjelobis Sejameba
axla xelT inglisuri sintaqsis detalebiT gajerebuli is fragmenti
gvaqvs, romelic zmnebis distribucias ukavSirdeba. am fragmentidan inglisuri
enis sintaqsisa da zogadad, sintaqsis Sesaxeb Semdegi ram SevityveT:
sityvebi,
gamouTqmeli morfemebi da (sul mcire) zogierTi
formacvalebadi morfema ( dro / SeTanxmeba ) sintaqsis Semadgeneli nawilia.
sityvebi komponentebad im gansakuTrebuli sqemis mixedviT jgufdeba,
romelic saTao elementebs da maT mier kategoriaTa SerCevis ZaliT SerCeul
elementebs ierarqiul struqturaSi aqcevs.
saTao elementisa da damatebis urTierTobas zmnuri formebis
distribucia (am zmnur formebs konkretuli saTao elementebi irCevs)
aregulirebs da sintaqsuri reprezentaciebis xerxemals qmnis.
klauzulis sxvadasxva tipebs msgavsi Sinagani agebuleba aqvs.
maxasiaTebeli, romelic klauzulis (winadadebis) tips gansazRvravs
(TxrobiTi winadadeba, mTavari, anu matriculi winadadeba, kiTxviTi
winadadeba ..........) damatebis mqmneli sityvis doneze mdebareobs. konteqstis
mixedviT, damatebis mqmneli sityva nulovani morfemaa mTavar TxrobiT da
kiTxviT klauzulebSi; TxrobiT CarTul klauzulebSi damatebis mqmneli
329
330
sityva aris that, xolo CarTul yes-no kiTxviT winadadebebSi _ whether an if.
sxvadasxva tipis droiani frazebi (droiani iqneba Tu infinitivuri)
drois kvanZis maxasiaTeblebiT ganisazRvreba (-dr. = to, +dr. = dro (da
SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebuli morfemebi) ).
poziciebs Soris garkveuli damokidebulebebi arsebobs. erTi tipis
damokidebuleba da misi niSan-Tvisebebi ukve ganvixileT: saTao gadanacvleba
( afiqsis gadanacvleba, have da be zmnebis zeaweva, subieqtisa da damxmare
zmnis inversia). saTao gadanacvleba arsebiTad gadanacvlebis me-4 TavSi
ganxiluli samgvari procesidan erT-erTia. gadanacvlebebis es saxeobebia:
wh-gadanacvleba ( damatebis mqmneli frazis doneze momxdari gadanacvleba
XP poziciisken), topikalizacia da wh-gadanacvleba da saxeliani frazebis
gadanacvleba (pasivis formebi). sxvadasxva poziciebs Soris arsebuli
damokidebulebebi adgilobrivi xasiaTis unda iyos.
formacvalebadobis
morfologia
garkveulwilad
sintaqsSic
gvxvdeba.
ZiriTadi zmnebi gansxvavebul saTao poziciebs iWers, vidre damxmare
da modaluri zmnebi. droiani ZiriTadi zmnebi zmnian frazaSi dgas, droiani
damxmare zmnebi _drois kvanZSi. es gansxvaveba inglisur enaSi Tavs yvelgan
iCens da am zmnebis `qcevasa~ da sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobas gansazRvravs.
5.2 enaTSorisi variaciebi: inglisurs gareT

sintaqsis Teoriis SezRudvebi msoflios yvela enis gramatikas moicavs. ama
Tu im saenaTmecniero Teoriisa da varaudis simyare imiT ganisazRvreba, ramdenad
zogadia is da ramdenad srulad ergeba yvela sametyvelo enas. es, ra Tqma unda, misi
yvelaze zogadi amocanaa da mniSvnelovnebiT fizikisa Tu biologiur mecniereba
Ta umTavresi kanonebis aRmoCenas utoldeba. am ganyofilebaSi damatebis mqmneli
sityvis, droisa da zmnis kvlevis zogierT Sedegs gagacnobT. eseni inglisuri enis
Taviseburebebis konteqstSi Cveni wignis pirvel TavebSi ganvixileT. sametyvelo
enebis masala safuZvels erTmniSvnelovnad im azrs umagrebs, rom marTalia
msoflios sxvadasxva enebi zedapiruli STabeWdilebiT erTmaneTisgan Zlier
gansxvavdeba, magram sinamdvileSi enaTSorisi sintaqsuri variaciebi Turme
sakmaod SezRudulia. calkeuli enebis masalis qvemoT warmodgenili analizi
iseTi detaluri araa, rogorc inglisuri enis masalis ganxilva. es magaliTebi
kerZo sakiTxebis TvalsaCinoebisa da am universaluri daxasiaTebebis TqvenTvis
gasacnobad aris gamiznuli.
5.2.1 lingvistur variaciaTAa buneba

im Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, romelsac aqamde ganvixilavdiT,
sametyvelo enaSi SevecdebiT aRmovaCinoT:
cxrili 5.2 saTao elementTa tipebi

+Ria
yvela
-Ria
+ Tavisufali [s woman] [d that] [T in] [z big] [zm come] [dr.to], da a.S. dms, +Txrob.

+matrica
- Tavisufali [s ness] [z able] [z ize] [dr. ed]

dms, + k

zm [ [s butter[zm e ] ]
saTao elementebi ( = morfemebi )

eseni sintaqsuri struqturebis samSeneblo masalaa, ase vTqvaT, agurebia.
Cven ornairi saTao elementebis moZiebas moveliT: iseTebis, romlebic ZiriTad
leqsikur kategoriebs (saxeli, zmna, zedsarTavi, Tandebuli) warmoadgens da
im saTao elementebis, romlebic funqciur kategoriebs warmoadgenen (dro,
damatebis mqmneli fraza, kiTxva ( kiTxviTi winadadeba)........); saTao elementebi
SeiZleba gamoiTqvas (anu sxva Ria masalas daukavSirdes), an gamouTqmeli
iyos. rogorc pirvel TavSi vnaxeT, morfemebi SeiZleba iyos Tavisufali an
SezRuduli da amgvarad, rogorc cxril 5.2- Sia naCvenebi, saTao elementebic
SeiZleba iyos Tavisufali an SezRuduli.
struqtura
struqtura saTao elementebis proecirebis Sedegad miiReba;
struqturuli urTierTobebi aris lokaluri saTao elementebis da
msazRvreli saTao elementebis urTierToba.
moZraoba
Cven im suraTis ganxilvac gvixdeboda, sadac determineriani frazebi da
saTao elementebi iseT poziciebSi idgnen, romlebSic isini saTao elementebisa
da damatebebis adgilobrivi urTierTobis moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebdnen.
ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi:
(102)
What i has dr.
Juliet [dr. e] dr. [zm e]dr. said [df e]i

ra damx.zm. julietam
Tqva
`ra Tqva julietam~.
wh kompleqsiT dawyebuli fraza what ( egreT wodebuli kiTxviTi

sityva misi morfologiuri agebulebis gamo) amave dros akmayofilebs
moTxovnas, rom zmniani frazis (what did what to whom _ vin vis ra uqna )
farglebSi zmnasTan da im poziciasTan (msazRvreli, damatebis mqmneli fraza),
romelSic igi gamoiTqmis, adgilobrivi urTierToba hqondes. es fraza ise
ìqceva~, TiTqos erTdroulad or pozicias ikavebs. piriani damxmare zmna
or maxasiaTebels iTavsebs: igi aris zmna, romelic damatebad warsuli drois
mimReobas moiTxovs, da droiania. amasTan, igi dms, + k poziciaSi Cndeba, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom damatebis mqmneli fraza kiTxvaa. am maxasiaTeblebis
struqturulad warmodgena sxvadasxva doneebze xdeba. ama Tu im tipis dama
tebasTan zmnad yofnis maxasiaTebeli gamoxatulia zmniani frazis doneze, anu
im doneze, romelzec misi droianobaa gamoxatuli. es drois kvanZis donea. igi
akmayofilebs dms + k s maxasiaTebels damatebis mqmneli frazis doneze, anu
iq, sadac igi gamoiTqmis.

axla ki imaze visaubroT, rogori masStabebi SeiZleba miiRos (da iRebs
kidec) enaTSorisma variaciam (sxvaobebma). amis gaTvalsaCinoebas saTao
elementebis, struqturisa da gadancvlebis kvlevis meSveobiT movaxdenT.
331
332
saTao elementebi
aSkaraa, rom enebi erTmaneTisgan maTi morfemebis dawergamoTqmisa (
magaliTad, sityvas `cxeni~ sxvadasxva enaSi sxvadasxvagvari Sesatyvisebi aqvs:
inglisurad `horse~, holandiurad _ `paard~, xolo frangulad _ `cheval) da
maTi SezRuduli an Tavisufali formis da bunebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba will
zmna (momavali dro) inglisur enaSi Tavisufali formaa, magram frangulSi ki
_ SezRuduli: parler-ai: `(me) vilaparakeb~. enebi im kategoriebis mixedviTac
gansxvavdeba, romelsac isini kategoriaTa SerCeviT irCeven. inglisuri look zmna
kategoriaTa SerCeviT Tandebulian frazas irCevs, romelsac saTao elementad at
Tandebuli aqvs; xolo daaxloebiT imave mniSvnelobis franguli zmna _ regarder
(`yureba, Tvalis devneba~) kategoriaTa SerCeviT determinerian frazas irCevs.
zemoT Tqmulis formulireba Semdegnarad SeiZleba:
(103) leqsikuri variacia enobrivi variaciis wyaros warmoadgens (sadac
leqsikuri variacia im gansxvavebebs moicavs, romlebic enebs Soris gamoTqmadaweris, anu formis, aseve saTao elementebis statusisa (Tavisufali an
SezRuduli) da kategoriaTa SerCevis TvalsazrisiT sxvaobas aCens)
struqtura
imis gansazRvra, Tu rogoria enebs Sorisi variaciebi maTi struqturis
mixedviT, arc ise advilia. aq mxolod im variaciebze msjelobas davjerdeT,
romlebic enebs sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobis TvalsazrisiT ganasxvavebs. Cveni
wignis wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom inglisur enas sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobis
ramdenime modeli gaaCnia _ es modelebi winadadebaSi damatebis mqmneli
sityvis, zmnis da drois poziciiT ganisazRvreba, anu poziciiT, romelSic
maTi Sesabamisi wevrebi gamoiTqmis.
qvemoT am Tvalsazrisis damadasturebel damatebiT masalas war
mogidgenT.
maSasadame, enebi erTmaneTisgan sityvaTa zedapiruli Tanmimdevrobis da
Sesabamisi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba ( rogorc zemoT davrwmun
diT, enebis didi umravlesoba sam enobriv jgufad iyofa (Nanu subieqti _ zmnaobieqti, subieqti-obieqti-zmna, zmna-subieqti-obieqti Tanmimdevrobebis
mqone enebad). rogor unda moxdes am variaciebis gaTvaliswineba? rogorc vnaxeT,
sintaqsis Teoria moiTxovs, rom saTao elementebi da damatebebi erTmaneTTan
adgilobriv urTierTobebSi imyofebodes. adgilobrivi urTierTobis am
moTxovnis dakmayofilebis ori gza arsebobs. saTao elementi SeiZleba idges
damatebis win ( rogorc inglisur enaSia), an mis momdevno poziciaSi. ori aseTi
SesaZlebloba, Tavis mxriv, enebis orad, anu zmna-obieqtisa da obieqti-zmna
Tanmimdevrobis mqone enebad dayofas iwvevs. am struqturebis TvalsaCinoebas
(104) magaliTi gvTavazobs:
(104) i = inglisuri; T = Turquli:
Romeo wanted to kiss Juliet (i ) _ `romeos undoda ekocna julietasTvis~
Romeo
Juliet-i
p-mek
iste-di (T)
romeo julieta-braldebiTi brunva kocna-infinitivi ndoma-warsuli
`romeos julietas kocna undoda.~
inglisuri da Turquli enebisTvis damaxasiaTebel am struqturebs
grafikulad (105)-e magaliTSi ixilavT, Tumca, aq struqturebi erTgvarad
gamartivebulia. es diagramebi yvela specifikur (Spec) pozicias, anu yvela

proeqcias ki ar gamosaxavs, aramed mxolod iseT struqturebs, romlebic Ria
masalas ar Seicaven. saTao elementebi, damatebebi da specifikaciebi ( Specs)
xisebr diagramebSi Semoklebuli saxiT (s.T.; dam., spec.) iqneba miwerili.
(105) zogadi sqema: (inglisuri ena)
zogadi sqema: (Turquli)

spec.
spec.spec
saTao
dam.
damateba dms
a.
saTao el:
a.
zmna s.T
determineriani fraza dms
DFdf dms
zm s.T.
kiss
Juliet
Juliet-i
zmniani fraza dms
dro s.T
b.
to
zmna s.T
kiss
Juliet
droiani fraza dms
zmna s.T
g.
want

b.
dro s.T
Juliet-i
mek
df dms
zmna
Juliet-i
g.
zm s.T.
drf dms
iste
zmniani fraza dms
dro s.T
zmf dms
zmf dms
to
dro s.T.
mek
zmna s.T
kiss
Juliet
d. dros.T
zmniani fraza dms
df dms
zm
Juliet-i
d.
zmf dms
dro sT.
di
ed
zmna s.T
dr.f dms
droiani fraza dms
iste
want
dro s.T
zm s.T.
zmf dms
zmniani fraza dms
zmna s.T
kiss
Juliet
aq xisebri diagrama saTao

elementebisa da damatebebisgan
Sedgeba. subieqti masze droiani
frazis specializaciadaa damatebuli.

dro s. T.
mek
to
df dms
zm s.T.
Juliet-i
aq xisebri diagrama saTao

elementebisa da damatebebisagan
Sedgeba. subieqti masze
droiani frazis specializaciadaa damatebuli.
333
334
e.
drFFf
e.
drFFf
df spec.
df spec.
Romeo
Romeo
dr.
ed s.T
zmf dms
zmf
dro s.T.
di
zmna s.T
TIP
if dms
want
zm s.T
iste
zm
dro
zmf dms
to
i s.TY.
mek
zmna
kiss
d
Juliet
df dms
zm s.T.
Juliet-i
rogorc am magaliTebSi xedavT, inglisuri da Turquli ena erTmaneTisgan

wevrebis TanwyobaSi saTao elemenetebisa da damatebebis Tanmimdevrobaze,
ufro zustad, pirvelobazea damokidebuli, magram ara struqturuli
specializaciis poziciis mdebareobaze. orive tipis enebSi specializaciis
pozicia wevrTa TanwyobaSi im komponentamde gvxvdeba, romelic saTao
elementsa da damatebas Seicavs. saTao elmentis dgoma damatebamde iseT enebs
axasiaTebs, romlebic Cven adre saTao poziciiT dawyebuli struqturebis
mqone enebad movixsenieT (saTao poziciiT dawyebuli struqturebis mqone
enaTa umTavresi tipebia, magaliTad, zmna-subieqti-obieqti da subieqtizmna-obieqti wyobis enebi). saTao elementis dgoma damatebis Semdeg iseT enebs
gvaZlevs, romlebsac saTao poziciiT dasrulebuli struqturebis mqone
enebs uwodeben.
savarjiSo
5. 5
aageT paraleluri xisebri diagramebi im inglisuri da Turquli (I) da

inglisuri da iaponuri (II) winadadebebis wyvilebisTvis, romlebic qvemoTaa
mocemuli. gamoiyeneT iseTive formati, rogoric 5.1 gamosaxulebaSi SegxvdaT.
diagramebis ageba yvelaze ` Rrmad~ CarTuli komponentebis gamosaxviT daiwyeT.
(I)
(a) Juliet went to the theater (inglisuri)
(b) Juliet tiyatro-ya git-ti (Turquli)
a.-b. _ julieta TeatrSi wavida.
iaponuri enidan moyvanil nimuSSi (II (b)) fraza `kocna gaakeTa (qna)~
inglisuri frazis to give a kiss ( qarTulad `kocna~) eqvivalenturia. am
davalebis Sesruleba rom gagiadvildeT, simartivisTvis brunvis niSnebi
ugulebelvyaviT. aseve: determineriani fraza, romelic Temis niSnis (topic
marker) Semdeg dgas, Cveulebriv subieqtad CaTvaleT.
(II)
(a) I think that Juliet gave a kiss to Romeo
(b) watashi wa Jurietto
ga
Romio
ni kisu
shita to
omo-u.
me T.n julieta saxelobiTi brunva romeo kocna infinitivi qna rom
fiqri (arawars.)
`me vfiqrob, rom julietam romeos akoca~.
SeiswavleT es xisebri diagramebi. ra gansxvavebaa inglisur-Turqul,
inglisur-iaponur da Turqul inglisur xisebr diagramebs Soris?
335
raki saTao elementisa da damatebis urTierTobebi yvela enaSi

adgilobrivadaa gamoxatuli, rogorc Cans, es universaluri gramatikis
is nawilia, romelic yovel CvenTagans Tan dahyveba. enaTSorisi variacia
grafikulad xisebri diagramebis im monakveTebSia gamoxatuli, romlebic
saTao elementebsa da damatebebs Soris arsebul urTierTobas asaxavs, anu
romelic migvaniSnebs, saTao elementiT dawyebul struqturasTan gvaqvs
saqme, Tu saTao elementiT daboloebul struqturasTan. roca bavSvebi ama
Tu im enis Seswavlas iwyeben, TandaTanobiT TavisTavad, alRoze dayrdnobiT
erkvevian, am orTagan romels miekuTvneba mocemuli enis struqtura. arCevans,
romelic enis Semswavlel pirs eZleva, parametrebs uwodeben. am parametrebs
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, àwyoba~ esaWiroeba, anu enis Semswavlelma unda
gadawyvitos, parametrebis romeli niSan-Tvisebebi unda miiCnios im enis
safuZvlad, romelic mis garSemo esmis ( saTao elementi marjvniv dgas, Tu
marcxniv?) am kerZo parametrs saTao poziciiT dawyebis / saTao poziciiT
dasrulebis parametri ewodeba.
antisimetria
saTao poziciiT dawyebis / saTao poziciiT dasrulebis parametri enebs
erTmaneTisgan ase vTqvaT, simetriulad hyofs. obieqti zmna wyobis enebi, am
TvalsazrisiT, zmna-obieqtis wyobis enebis simetriul anarekladac aRiqmeba.
(I)
obieqti
obieqti
zmna
zmna
Tuki spec. poziciebis mdbareobas gaviTvaliswinebT, enaTa Semdegi
qvetipebis gamokveTasac unda movelodeT:
a.saTao elementi damateba:
a1. spec. poziciiT dawyebuli struqtura:
obieqti
zmna
a2. spec. poziciiT dasrulebuli struqtura:
zmna
obieqti
b. damateba-saTao elementi:
b1. spec. poziciiT dawyebuli struqtura:
a.
obieqti
zmna
b2. spec. poziciiT dasrulebuli struqtura:
b.
obieqti
zmna
sintaqsis amgvar simetriul xedvas iseT suraTamde mivyavarT,

romelSic enebs spec. poziciebi marjvena mxares aqvT (tipi a2 da b2). rogor
CanarTi
5.9
336
unda ganvsazRvroT spec. poziciebis adgil-mdebareoba? pasuxi aseTia: im

elementebis moZiebiT, romlebic, rogorc wesi, spec. poziciebs ikaveben.
(spec, droiani fraza). ukve davrwmundiT, rom spec. poziciebs subieqtebi
ikavebs da rom amgvar poziciebSi SeiZleba dadges wh-kompleqsiT dawyebuli
gadanacvlebuli frazebi (spec, damatebis mqmneli fraza). maSasadame, spec.
poziciebis mdebareobis gansazRvraSi SeiZleba subieqtebisa da wh-kompleqsze
dawyebuli frazebis distribucia dagvexmaros. Tqven SeityobT, rom Turme
subieqtebi da wh-frazebi, TiTqmis gamonaklisis gareSe, klauzulis marcxena
kideSi dgeba, rac spec. poziciiT dawyebul struqturaze mianiSnebs. amgvari
tipis winadadebebi (a2 da b2) Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba. sintaqsis simetriul
xedvas, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fenomenebis
simetriuli distribucia (xedva) moaqvs. xolo raki es mTlad marTebuli araa,
aseTi xedva SeiZleba mcdaric aRmoCndes. gramatika a1 da b1 models garda sxva
arCevans ar iZleva. riCard keini ( Richard Kayne ) Tavis naSromSi `sintaqsis
antisimetria~ (1994) am simetriuli xedvis marTebulobas eWvqveS ayenebs da
mis sanacvlod mkiTxvels iseT midgomas sTavazobs, romlis Tanaxmad yvela
enas identuri ganmsazRvreli (ZiriTadi) wyoba gaaCnia (anu a1 struqtura,
spec.-saTao elementi-damateba wyoba erTaderTi SesaZlo wyobaa). avtoris
SexedulebiT, saTao poziciiT dasrulebuli wyoba (struqtura) nawarmoebia
_ misi derivacia saTao elementiT dawyebuli struqturidan marcxniv
gadanacvlebiT xdeba, rac enebs or, a1 da b1 wyobis enebad hyofs:
a1.
b1.
YP (= spec.)
X (= saTao elementi)
YP (= damateba)
X (= saTao elementi [e]
am TvalTaxedviT, iseTi parametri, rogoricaa saTao poziciiT dawyebuli

/ saTao poziciiT dasrulebuli struqtura, ar arsebobs. struqturis TavSia
Tu boloSi saTao elementi, es mTlianad imazea damokidebuli, xdeba Tu ara
am struqturaSi marcxniv mimarTuli gadanacvleba. sintaqsuri struqturebi
yovelTvis amgvaradvea òrientirebuli~, xolo sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobis mxriv
variaciis problema, swored aseve, gadanacvlebis TeoriasTan aris dakavSirebuli
(ratom inacvlebs damateba b1 struqturis enebSi spec. poziciisken, saTao
elementis marcxniv da ratom ar xdeba es a1 wyobis enebSi?)
gadanacvleba
zemoT ukve vimsjeleT im garemoebaze, rom sxvadasxva enebis gramatikebi
gadanacvlebis urTierTobasac moicavs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom erTi komponenti
SeiZleba sintaqsur urTierTobaSi imyofebodes erTze met sintaqsur
pozciasTan. vrceldeba Tu ara es maxasiaTebeli yvela enaze? aris ena
romelsac garkveuli saxis gadanacvleba aklia an romelic saerATod krZalavs
mas? zog enaSi, magaliTad, iaponurSi, wh kompleqsiT dawyebuli fraza imave
poziciebSi dgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi, determinerian frazebs ukavia
(am movlenas wh-in-situ uwodeben). sxva enebSi, magaliTad, inglisurSi, whkompleqsiT dawyebuli frazebi struqturis erT konkretul poziciaSi unda
idges (spec. damatebis mqmneli fraza). es faqti iaponuri da inglisuri enebidan
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebiT TvalsaCinovdeba. xazgasma Semoklebuli
aRniSvnebis qvemoT da maT qvemoT miwerili cifrebis Tavze iaponuri magaliTis
wakiTxvaSi dagexmarebaT; Tu am ricxvebs daRmasvliT dauyvebiT, im inglisuri
winadadebis eqvivalentur struqturas miiRebT, romelic (106b) -Sia mocemuli.
( gramatikul aRniSvnebs SegiZliaT yuradReba ar miaqcioT: Tem. Temis niSnis
aRmniSvneli Semoklebaa, sax., bral., dat., genet. brunvis niSnebia, gan.art.
gansazRvruli artiklia, dat. Tand. dativis Tandebuli (aq: -s) `warsuli~
araa Semoklebuli , xolo k kiTxviTi nawilakia):
(106)
watasi
a. iaponuri: wh-in-situ.
wa
Jurietto
ga
sono
gekijoo
de
nan
no
eiga o
me Tem. julieta saxelobiTi gan.art. Teatri mic.Tand. ra genet. filmi bral.

1
4
6
3
mi-ta
ka kik-ta.
naxva-warsuli k kiTxva-warsuli.

5
2
b. inglisuri: wh dan spec, damatebis mqmneli frazis poziciisken.
I asked [what movie Juliet saw [e] in the theater]
* I asked if Juliet saw what movie.
v(i)kiTxe, ra filmi naxa julietam [kinoTeatrSi]

wh fraza iaponurSi im poziciaSi dgas, sadac iaponursave enaSi obieqti
unda idges: droiani zmnis mitta- `naxva (naxa)~ win. iaponur enaSi arsebobs
gansakuTrebuli kiTxviTi dms (damatebis mqmneli sityva) _ ka, romelic imave
poziciaSi dgeba, romlebsac iaponuri enis sxva damatebis mqmneli sityvebi
(klauzulis boloSi) ikaveben. inglisur enaSi wh-frazebi, Cveulebriv, spec,
damatebis mqmneli frazis poziciaSi gvxvdeba da if -kiTxviT damatebiT mqmnel
sityvasTan damatebiT distribuciaSi imyofebian. umeteswilad, iaponur
da inglisur enebSi wh-kiTxvac aseTsave semantikur interpretacias iRebs.
sityvaTa yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tanmimdevrobebis gamoklebiT, maT Soris
gansxvavebas mxolod is qmnis, xdeba Tu ara wh-frazis gadanacvleba. (107) -Si
am faqtis aRweriT formulirebaa mocemuli:
(107)

wh-kompleqsiT dawyebuli frazebi inglisur enaSi spec, damatebis
mqmneli frazis poziciaSi gadaadgildeba.

wh-kompleqsiT dawyebuli frazebi iaponur enaSi spec, damatebis
mqmneli frazis poziciaSi ar gadaadgildeba.
xdeba Tu ara X enaSi wh-frazis gadanacvleba?

lingvistikis Teoriis amocana iseT enebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
ganmartebacaa, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, inglisuri da iaponuri. ras gvamcnobs es
sxvaobebi, zogadad, gramatikis Sesaxeb? isini wh-frazebs Soris gansxvavebiT
337
338
amoiwureba, Tu iaponuri da inglisuri enebis gramatikebis sxva sferoebsac

moicavs?
SegviZlia isini mxolod wh-kompleqsiT dawyebul frazebTan
dakavSirebul parametrad miviCnioT, romelic Tundac maSin amoqmeddeba
xolme, roca bavSvebi mSobliuri enis aTvisebas iwyeben:
(108) wh-frazebTan dakavSirebuli parametri:
xdeba Tu ara wh-frazis gadasvla damatebis mqmnel frazaSi: diax/ara.
`diax~ pasuxi inglisuri enis models Sesabameba, àra~ iaponurisas.
SeuZlia Tu ara ( 108) -Si mocemul formulirebas ufro farTo ganzogadebiT
asaxos gadanacvlebis arseboba-ararseboba? (108) parametri daculi iqneboda,
gadanacvlebis parametrad qceva rom iyos SesaZlebeli, romelic sruliad
ar arsebobs erT enaSi, magram arsebobs romelime sxva enaSi. es rom ase iyos,
inglisuri ena gramatikis parametrTa iseT erTobliobad warmogvidgeboda,
romelSic gadanacvleba Sedis, xolo iaponuri _ gadanacvlebis uqonel
gramatikad. magram es varaudi arasworia. iaponur enas araerTi iseTi
konstruqcia gaaCnia, romelic gadanacvlebas moicavs (anu mis erT calkeul
komponents sintaqsuri urTierToba erTze met sintaqsur poziciasTan aqvs)
sintaqsis kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebi xazgasmiT emyareba midgomas, rom enebi,
romlebic gadanacvlebis urTierTobas sruliad moklebulia, ubralod ar
arsebobs. amgvarad, gavarkvieT, rom gadanacvleba, iseve, rogorc struqtura,
adamianTa sametyvelo enebis fundamenturi niSan-Tvisebaa.
maSasadame, struqtura da gadanacvleba enis sintaqsis fundamenturi
maxasiaTebelia. enobrivi variacia konkretul saTao elementebTan (leqsikur
parametrebTan) aris dakavSirebuli, xolo parametrebi, Tavis mxriv, sityvaTa
Tanmimdevrobas (saTao poziciiT dawyebuli / saTao poziciiT dasrulebuli )
ukavSirdeba.
5.2.3 damateba, dro da zmna sxvadasxva enebSi

raki determinerian frazebs da saTao elementebs SeiZleba sxva
poziciebTan erTad dgomis SezRudvebi hqondeT, imis gasarkvevad, Tu sad
gamoiTqmis konkretuli struqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi,
zogierTi cdis Catareba dagvWirdeba. wina TavebSi Cveni sintaqsuri
`laboratoria~ saamiso testebiT àRvWurveT~, romlebic inglisuri
enis kvlevis Sedegad iyo SemuSavebuli. axla laboratoria sxva enebidan
moyvanili masalis sakvlevad unda gavmarToT da ama Tu im zmnuri formis
mdebareobis gansazRvra vcadoT. zmniani frazis elifsTan dakavSirebuli
testi inglisuri enis ZiriTadi da damxmare zmnebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze
gamogvadga. inglisuri sityvebis Tanmimdevrobis kvleva axal masalas gvawvdis
piriani zmnebis / damxmare zmnebis / upiro zmnebis distribuciis Sesaxeb. maT
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli poziciebi ukaviaT, imis-da mixedviT, rogoria
winadadebaSi elementebis ucvleli poziciebi ( saubaria uaryofiT frazebsa
da zmnizedebze). amgvarad, axla konkretul enebSi sxvadsxva zmnuri formis
da zmnaTa klasebis poziciebi gvaqvs Sesaswavli. zemoT ukve davrwmundiT, rom
winadadebaSi, magaliTad, kiTxviT winadadebaSi piriani Tu damxmare zmnis
poziciebi subieqtTan kavSirSi unda Segveswavla. ese igi, am axal enebSic igive
sakiTxi unda gamovikvlioT. da bolos, gansasazRvri gvaqvs, SesaZlebelia Tu
ara, fuZenacvali zmna leqsikur damatebis mqmnel frazasTan erTad idges.
zemoT CamoTvlili sakvlevi sakiTxebi ise CamovayaliboT, rom zmnuri
formebis distribuciis kvlevisas gzis gasakvlevad gamoviyenoT:
axasiaTebs Tu ara mocemul enas zmniani frazis elifsi? Tu pasuxi
dadebiTia,
qreba Tu ara fuZenacvali zmnebi zmniani frazis elifsis
konteqstSi? rogor xdeba gansaxilvel enaSi piriani da upiro zmnebis
distribucia? gansxvavdeba Tu ara masSi erTmaneTisgan damxmare /modaluri da
ZiriTadi zmnebis distribucia?
ra viTarebaa uaryofiT winadadebebTan dakavSirebiT (inglisur enaSi
arsebuli negaciis msgavsi SemTxvevebi)? romel poziciaSi dgas zmnuri forma,
roca negacia klauzulis sxvadasxva tipebSi gvaqvs?
ra viTareba gvaqvs zmnizedebTan dakavSirebiT? romel poziciebSi dgas piriani
/ damxmare zmnebi, roca zmnizedebi klauzulaSi fiqsirebul poziciebs ikaveben?
romeli pozicia ukavia pirian /damxmare zmnebs sxvadasxva tipis
klauzulaSi, roca determineriani fraza subieqtis poziciaSia? mis win dgas,
Tu mis Semdeg?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom fuZenacvali zmna leqsikur damatebis
mqmnel frazasTan erTad idges?
inglisuri (i) da franguli (f) ena

kvleva inglisuri da franguli enis masaliT daviwyoT. raki frangulSi
zmniani frazis elifsi ar gvaqvs,
sityvaTa Tanmimedvrobis Seswavlas
SevudgeT.
qvemoT moyvanili franguli da inglisuri winadadebebi imis
TvalsaCinoebaa, Tu rogori TanmimdevrobiT dgas am enebSi zmniani frazis win
mdgari zmnizedebi da piriani zmnebi.
(109)
a. Romeo carefully words his letters (i: zmnizeda piriani ZiriTadi zmna)
b. * Romo soigneusement
formule ses lettres
romeo frTxilad (yuradRebiT, rudunebiT) irCevs sityvebs Tavis

werilebSi (an: rudunebiT ayalibebs azrs Tavis werilebSi).
(110) a. * Romeo words carefully his letters
b. Romo formule soigneusement
ses lettres
(f: piriani ZiriTadi
zmna zmnizeda)
rogorc es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, am wevrebis Tanmimdevroba inglisur
enaSi aseTia: zmnizeda piriani ZiriTadi zmna, xolo frangulSi _ piriani
ZiriTadi zmna + dro zmnizeda. zmnizedebi drosa da zmnian frazas Soris dgas.
piriani zmna inglisur enaSi zmnian frazaSi dgas, Sesabamisad, Tanmimdevroba
aseTia: zmnizeda zmna + dro. piriani zmna drois kvanZSi ver idgeba da amis
gamo verc zmnizedis win idgeba (110a). frangul pirian zmnebs rom iseTive
distribucia hqondes, rogoric inglisur damxmare zmnebs, Semdeg models
miviRebdiT:
(111) inglisuri: [dr.f df [dr. e] zmnizeda [zmf [zm + dr.]] (i: piriani ZiriTadi
339
340
zmna zmnian frazaSi dgas)

franguli: [dr.f sf [dr. zm+dr.]
zmnizeda [zmf [zm e] ] (f: piriani
ZiriTadi zmna droian drois kvanZSi)
roca winadadeba pirian damxmare zmnas Seicavs,
inglisurica da
frangulic erTsa da imave Tanmimdevrobas amJRavnebs:
(112)
a. Romeo has carefully worded his letters (i: piriani zmna- damxmare zmna
- zmnizeda mimReoba)
formul ses lettres (f: piriani zmna
b. Romo a soigneusement
damxmare zmna _zmnizeda - mimReoba)
(113) a. Romeo is often sick. _ `romeo xSirad avadmyofobs~. ( romeo aris
xSirad avad).
b. Jean est souvent malade. _ `Jani xSrad avadmyofobs~. ( Jani aris xSirad
avad).
amgvarad:
(114)
a. frangul enaSi piriani damxmare zmnebi da damxmare zmnebi [+dro]-Si
dgas.
b. (I) inglisur enaSi piriani damxmare zmnebi [+dro]-Si dgas.
(II) inglisur enaSi piriani ZiriTadi zmnebi [+dro]-Si dgas.
es franguli enis yvela droiani klauzulis ( winadadebis) saerTo niSanTvisebaa, iseTi klauzulebisTvisac ki, romlebic zmnizedas ar Seicavs.
zedapiruli STabeWdilebiT erTmaneTis msgavs winadadebebs inglisur da
frangul enebSi zmna sxvadasxva poziciebSi udgas ( [zm e] zmnis Tavdapirvel
poziciaze miuTiTebs).
(115). a. Romo [dr. visite] [ [zm e] ses voisins]
b. Romeo [dr. e] visits his neighbors]
a.-b. romeo Tavis mezoblebs stumrobs.
am analizis siswores uaryofiTi winadadebebi adasturebs. rogorc zemoT
iTqva, not uaryofis elementis arseboba drois kvanZSi (ZiriTad zmnebTan)
do zmniT mxardaWeras aCens (116a). Have da be zmnebi daubrkoleblad dgeba
not elementis win (116b). axla franguli modelis zmnebi aviRoT inglisuri
damxmare zmnebiT: aseT SemTxvevaSi zmna drois kvanZamde adis da franguli enis
pas uaryofiT elements win uswrebs (116g).
(116). a. Romeo does not [visit his neighbors]
b. Romeo has not [ [ zm e] [visited his parents] ]
g. Romo ne visite pas [ [zm e] ses voisins]
rogorc xedavT, gansxvavebas franguli da inglisuri enis sityvaTa
TanmimdevrobebSi piriani zmnebis mdebareoba iwvevs; frangulSi isini +drois
kvanZSi dgas, inglisur enaSi ki _ zmnis kvanZis poziciaSi. franguli da
inglisuri enebis klauzaluri struqtura drois kvanZis, negaciis da zmnis
kvanZis TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis erTmaneTis identuria.
variaciebs is poziciebi iwvevs, romelTac konkretuli tipis zmna ikavebs
winadadebis struqturaSi. amgvarad:
(117) enaTSorisi variaciebis erT-erTi mizezi is poziciaa, romelsac esa
Tu is kerZo saTao elementi ikavebs.
axla inglisurisa da germanikuli jgufis sxva enebis Sedarebas
SevudgeT.
inglisuri ena da germanikuli jgufis enebi

inglisuri ena germanikuli jgufis sxva enebisgan gansxvavdeba. ing
lisurSi mTavari kiTxviTi winadadebebi (magram ara CarTuli klauzulebiT
warmodgenili damatebebi), piriani damxmare zmnebi da modaluri zmnebi
gansakuTrebuli tipis _ dms (dms [+k] ) wyobaSi dgas. es dms + k saTao elementis
maxasiaTeblebiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic Ria leqsikur masalas unda
daerTos. CarTul klauzulebSi leqsikuri damatebis mqmneli fraza ( whether,
if) am dms [+ k]-s moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, xolo damxmare da modaluri zmnebi
damatebis mqmneli sityvisken ar gadaadgildeba (vinaidan amis saWiroeba
ar arsebobs). amgvarad, Cven vxedavT, rom drois kvanZidan dms kvanZisken
gadanacvleba ZiriTadad matriculi klauzulebiT xdeba (maT sxvagvarad
Zireul klauzulebs (root clauses) uwodeben; es iseTi klauzulebia, romleb
zec romelime sxva tipis saTao elementi ar dominirebs).
frangul da inglisur enebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis magaliTze
SesaZloa, mosalodnelic iyos, rom zogierT enas zogierTi maxasiaTebeli
franguli enisa aRmoaCndeba, zogi sxva niSan-Tviseba ki _ inglisuri enisa.
magaliTad, SeiZleba movelodeT, rom romelime enaSi yvela piriani zmna drois
kvanZamde adis, ise, rogorc frangulSi xdeba da rom am enas gamouTqmeli
saTao elementic aRmoaCndeba, romelic Riad gamoxatvas moiTxovs, rogorc
es inglisur dms, + k-s modelSi gvaqvs.
anu, unda movelodeT, rom arsebobs aseTi zedapiruli modelebi:
(118) matriculi: [ [ dms zm frang.] [df.........
CarTuli: [ [dms dms ] [df......... zm frang.
matricul klauzulebSi yvela piriani zmna damatebis mqmneli sityvis
poziciamde adis. CarTul klauzulebs yovelTvis gaaCniaT Ria dms, pirian
zmnasTan erTad, romelic drois kvanZSi rCeba. amgvari distribucia im models
aRwers,
romelic germanikuli enebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. matricul
klauzulebSi piriani zmna yovelTvis pirvel poziciaSi mdgom komponents
mosdevs (amis gamo piriani zmna am tipis klauzulaSi meore poziciaSi
dgas; am movlenas zmnis meore poziciaSi dgomas (verb-second) uwodeben).
amis ilustrirebas holandiuri magaliTiT movaxdenT: (TiToeul sityvas
saorientaciod qveS imave jgufis, TqvenTvis ufro nacnobi, inglisuri enidan
Sesatyvisebs mivuwerT)
(119)
a. Morgen gaat Juliet met Romeo naar de film.
xval midis julieta romeosTan ze filmi.
Tommorow goes Juliet (with) Romeo to the movies.
`xval julieta romeosTan erTad filmze midis~.

b. Ik geloof niet [dms dativ. Juliet morgen met Romeo
naar de film gaat]
me mjera ar rom julieta xval Tan romeo-ze filmi wava.
I believe not that Juliet tomorrow with Romeo to the movies goes.
`me ar mjera, rom julieta xval romeosTan erTad filmze midis~.
Tu zmna yovelTvis meore poziciaSi dgas da Tu es damatebis mqmneli
341
342
sityvis poziciaa, es imas niSnavs, rom garkveuli tipis Zireuli klauzulebis

Tavdapirveli pozicia holandiur enaSi (magaliTad, spec, dmf) yovelTvis
romelime komponentiTaa Sevsebuli ( sxvagvarad zmna pirveli iqneboda!)
am fenomens ewodeba XP-s pirvel adgilas dgoma matricul
klauzulebSi.
igi mxolod im enebSi moqmedebs, romlebSic zmnas meore pozicia ukavia.
(120) XP-s pirvel adgilas dgoma matricul klauzulebSi
spec. dmf ( matriculi) Ria komponents unda Seicavdes.
es mniSvnelovania im martivi TxrobiTi winadadebebis analizisTvis,
romlebic subieqtiT iwyeba. Tu piriani zmna (121) magaliTSi dgas dms +
matricaSi, maSin subieqti spec, dr.f-Si ver idgeba, vinaidan igi pirian zmnas
win uswrebs.
(121)
a. Juliet gaat morgen met Romeo naar de film.
julieta midis xval romeosTan ze filmi.
b. Ik denk [ [ dms dat.] Juliet morgen met Romeo naar de film gaat]
me vfiqrob rom julieta xval Tan romeo ze filmze midis
aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom (120) magaliTis modeli subieqts
iZulebuls xdis, gadanacvlebis zedmeti safexuri ganicados (matricul
klauzulebSi): anu determineriani fraziT warmodgenili subieqti erT
pozicias ikavebs (121a) winadadebaSi, xolo (121b) -Si meores.
amgvarad, konkretuli saTao elementebis niSan-Tvisebebzea damo
kidebuli, Zireul klauzulebSi (romlebSic zmna meore poziciaSi dgas)
zmnebi gadanacvldeba, Tu ara. metic, frazebis mimReb poziciebs am frazebis
mimarT msgavsi moTxovnis wayenebac SeuZliaT: isini romelime komponents unda
Seicavdnen ( XP pirvel poziciaSia Zireul klauzulebSi).
5.2.4 sxva enebi

rogorc xedavT, enaTSoris variaciebTan dakavSirebiT sruliad naTeli
suraTi ikveTeba: msoflios sxvadasxva enebs msgavsi ( dms i zm) agebuleba
gaaCnia. gansxvavebebi maT Soris imis-da mixedviT iqmneba, romel poziciaSi
aRmoCndeba saTao elementebi an XP frazebi. eseni, Tavis mxriv, calkeuli saTao
elementebis maxasiaTeblebTan, an garkveul struqturul poziciebTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli enebi (germanikuli jgufis enebi da romanuli
jgufis erTi ena) erTmaneTTan axlo naTesaobas amJRavneben. vinme SeiZleba
Segvedavos, rom rac aqamde iqna ganxiluli da naTqvami, msoflios yvela enis
funqcionirebis suraTs sulac ar gviqmnis _ ufro im enaTa erTi calkeuli
jgufis daxasiaTebas gvTavazobs, romelTa retrospeqtul kvlevas erT
saerTo winapar enamde mivyavarT.
maSasadame, axla erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel enebs unda gadavxedoT,
da ase ganvamtkicoT Tvalsazrisi, rom enaTSoris variaciebs Zireuli
struqturuli variaciebi ki ar qmnis ( vinaidan, rogorc iTqva, yvela enas erTi
da igive dms i zm struqtura gaaCnia), aramed gadanacvlebis Taviseburebebi
da masTan dakavSirebuli variaciebi ( roca struqturaSi arsebuli saTao
elementebi da XP frazebi gamoiTqmeba).
vata
zogierT enaSi zmnis (kvanZis) gadanacvlebis zemoqmedeba Zneli misakvlevi

araa. amis ilustrireba SeiZleba vatas _ dasavleT-afrikuli enis, nigeriulkongouri enebis, krus ojaxis erT-erTi wevris magaliTze, romelic spilos
Zvlis sanapiros teritoriazea gavrcelebuli. vataSi zmnis gadanacvleba
sakmaod gamWvirvaledaa warmodgenili,
vinaidan mis Sedegad sityvaTa
TanmimdevrobaSi sxvaobebs viRebT. yvela pirian klauzulas, mTavari winadadeba
iqneba es Tu CarTuli, subieqti _ zmna XP fraza* an subieqti damxmare zmna
X fraza* zmna Tanmimdevroba axasiaTebs. ( vata tonuri enaa, aRniSvna maRal
tons Seesatyviseba, zomierad maRal tons, aRniSvna _ saSualo tons,
xolo ` niSani _ dabal tons. sxva simboloebis gasacnobad SegiZliaT ixiloT
Tavi 11. nu SewuxdebiT, Tuki ar iciT, rogor unda gamoixatos metyvelebaSi
msgavsi simboloebi. Cveni diskusiis amocanebisTvis es arc aris mniSvnelovani.
XP frazas* nebismieri odenobis komponentTa aRniSvna SeuZlia.)
(122) a. n
y c c
sle
ml
ska
me miveci(sr.asp)+ bavSvi +artikl. saxli+art. Si brinji

`me bavSvs saxlSi brinji miveci~.
n
b. ka
y c c
sle
ml
ska
me momaval.+ damx.zm. bavSvi+ art. saxli + art.-Si brinji micema (inf).
`me bavSvs saxlSi brinjs mivcem~.
infinitivur damatebebs X* fraza zmna Tanwyoba gaaCnia, rac zmniT
daboloebul zmf struqturaze miuTiTebs (rogoric magaliT (122b) -Sia).
amgvarad, ZiriTadi zmnis pozicia sxvadasxvaa pirian da upiro klauzulebSi.
pirian klauzulebSi piriani zmna an damxmare zmna determineriani fraziT
warmodgenili subieqtis Semdeg dgas, xolo upiro klauzulebSi zmna zmniani
frazis farglebSia moqceuli. amgvari distribucia advilad SeiZleba aixsnas,
Tu piriani da damxmare zmnebi pirian drois kvanZSi dgas, rogorc frangul
enaSi, xolo upiro zmnebi _ zmnian frazaSi. vataSi arc erT dms kvanZs ar
gaaCnia dms+kiTxva maxasiaTebeli, rogorc es inglisur enaSia. vatas ar
axasiaTebs inversia(2), xolo matriculi da CarTuli damatebebi sityvebis
erTnairi TanmimdevrobiTaa warmodgenili.
5.2.5 enebi, romelTac sityvaTa TanmimdevrobaSi xiluli

cvlilebebi ar SeeniSnebaT: zmniani frazis elifsi
bevr sxva enaSi ki situacia gacilebiT naklebad gamWvirvalea. xSirad
sityvaTa Tanmimdevrobis ganmsazRvreli inglisuri an franguli tipis
kriteriumebi arafers ar gviCvenebs. magaliTad, piriani an upiro zmnis pozicia
winadadebaSi negaciis gaCeniT srulebiT ar icvleba, arc iseTi elementebi
Cans, romlebic damatebis mqmneli sityvis, drois da zmnis Sua ìWreba~.
raki mkafiod gamoxatuli saTao poziciiT daboloebuli struqturis mqone
enebSi mkacradaa gansazRvruli, rom proeqciebic saTao elementiT unda iyos
dasrulebuli ( maTSi aramxolod damatebebi _ zmnizedebic ki wina poziciebSi
dgas) _ aseTebia, magaliTad, koreuli an iaponuri _ damatebis mqmneli
343
344
sityvis, drois da zmnis poziciebs Soris veranairi sxva masala ver Cadgeba
(Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvavebuli proeqciebi arsebobs!).
(123)
[ [ (zmnizeda) [zmna zmf] dro dr.f] dms dmf]
rogor unda ganisazRvros, zmna- dro damatebis mqmneli sityvis
ierarqiaSi zmna zmnian frazaSi dgas, drois kvanZSi Tu damatebis mqmneli
sityvis kvanZSi?
rogorc aqamde inglisuri enis magaliTebSi vxedavdiT, axlac unda
vaCvenoT, rom zmnebis `qceva~ zmniani frazis elifsis zemoqmedebisas kargi
sadiagnostiko saSualebaa, roca zmnebis distribuciis TaviseburebaTa
gansazRvra gvWirdeba. axla amis ilustrireba irlandiuri enidan moyvanili
nimuSebiT vcadoT. zmna subieqti obieqti Tanwyobis amave enaSi zmnis
gadanacvlebis kvali advilad ikveTeba. Semdeg suahilis (bantu) (subieqti
zmna obieqti) da koreulis (subieqti obieqti zmna) magaliTebi da am
enebisTvis damaxasiTebeli ZiriTadi Tanmidevrobebi ganvixiloT.
irlandiuri ena
es kelturi ena rogorc matricul, ise CarTul droian klauzulebSi
midrekilebas zmna subieqti obieqti Tanmimdevrobisken amJRavnebs.
Dirt
s
go
dtiocfadh
s
(124)
Tqva man dms mosvla (kavSireb.) igi
`man Tqva, rom igi movidoda~.
zmna subieqti obieqti Tanmimdevroba piriani klauzulebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa: upiro klauzulebi subieqti zmna obieqti (125)
an subieqti obieqti zmna Tanmimdevrobas amJRavnebs (126):3
(125) Bhreathnaigh m uirthi
agus
ag
imeacht
uaim
vuyurebdi me mas(md.) da mis wasvlas (uwyvetel.) Cemgan
`vuyurebdi mas, roca Cemgan midioda~.
mhaith liom
iad
a chile
a phsadh
(126) Nor
ar visurvebdi maTs erTmaneTze qorwinebas(inf).
àr minda, rom maT iqorwinon~.
es mowmobs, rom sityvaTa Tanmimdevroba droian klauzulebSi warmo
ebulia, pirian klauzulebSi zmna zmniani frazis gareT gamodis da iseT
poziciaSi adis, romelic subieqtze maRla dgas. am gadanacvlebis Sedegad
subieqti pirian zmnasa da mis obieqts Sua STainergeba.
sad mdebareobs zmna: damatebis mqmneli sityvis kvanZSi, Tu drois
kvanZSi? piriani zmna dms kvanZSi ver moeqceva, vinaidan igi pirian damatebis
mqmnel sityvasTan erTad dgas: zmna subieqti obieqti Tanmimdevroba yvela
droiani klauzulis saerTo niSan-Tvisebaa, sul erTia, mTavari iqneba igi, Tu
CarTuli. amis gamo igi drois kvanZSi dgeba.
(127)
piriani zmna irlandiur enaSi drois kvanZSi dgas.
aq ki Cndeba kiTxva: sad aris subieqti? igi uSualod mosdevs pirian zmnas
da win uZRvis sxva komponentebs.
imis mxardaWeras, rom zmna zmniani frazis gareT idges, irlandiur
enaSi zmniani frazis elifsi qmnis. irlandiurs ar aqvs iseTi damoukidebeli
sityvebi, romlebic ` ho~-s, an ` ara~-s niSnavs. kiTxvaze dadebiTi an uaryofiTi
pasuxis misacemad droiani zmna unda iqnes gamoyenebuli:

(128) kiTxva:
Ar
chuir
t
isteach
air?
Canergili dms dade Sen - Si masze
`Sen amas Seexe?~
pasuxebi:

Chuir
davde
`ho~
Nor chuir
neg. davde (àr damidevs~. )

àra~
es struqturebi aris inglisuri I do an I did not formebis msgavsi (Tumca,

maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom irlandiur versiaSi
subieqti ar unda iyos _ * Chuir m , - ing. Put I ). gauCinarebuli nawili
pasuxSi igulisxmeba. elifsuri winadadebebi irlandiur enaSic konteqstebis
daaxloebiT imgvar diapazonSi gvxvdeba, rogorSic es movlena inglisur enaSi
iCens Tavs:
(129) Dirt m go gceanninn
agus
cheannaigh
vTqvi me dms viyiddi
amas da viyide
`vTqvi, rom amas viyiddi da viyide kidec~.
(130) a: Chennaigh siad teach
SeiZines maT saxli
`maT saxli SeiZines~.
cheannaigh
b: Nor
neg. SeiZines
àr SeuZeniaT~. = àra~.
es movlena egreT wodebuli `kudiani~ kiTxvis warmosaqmneladac
gamoiyeneba ( gaixseneT: kiTxviTi winadadebebi, romlebsac kiTxvis elementi
boloSi aqvT `mogdebuli~. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli daboloebebia: ,, didnt
she? ,, She came, didnt she? ,, Did she?`` ,,She didnt come, did she?).
(131)
Chennaigh siad
teach,
nr
cheanngiah
SeiZines maT saxli negac. Canergili dms SeiZines
They bought a house, didnt they?
`maT SeiZines saxli, ara?~

es nimuSi zmniani frazis elifsiviT gamoiyureba, ra Tqma unda, Tuki
im faqts ar ugulebelvyofT, rom elifsis monarCeni pirian ZiriTad zmnas
Seicavs! aseTi situacia SeiZleba maSin Seiqmnas, Tu zmna im komponentis gareT
dgas, romelsac gamouTqmelobis niSan-Tviseba aqvs miniWebuli. raki zmna
zmnian frazaSi ar dgas, aramed drois kvanZSi, igi aucleblad unda gamoiTqvas.
yuradReba miaqcieT im faqts, rom subieqtebi irlandiur enaSi gamouTqmelni
unda iyvnen da am TvalsazrisiT isini ise ìqcevian~, TiTqos gamouTqmeli
(gamotovebuli) komponentis SigniT idgnen:
(132)inglisuri: they did! - ` gaakeTes!~
(zemoT moyvanili kiTxvis pasuxad:
`SeiZines!~ sxvaobas irlandiurTan
subieqti -nacvalsaxeli qmnis)
irlandiuri: `SeiZines!~
345
346
dmFFf
dmFFf
dms
dms
dr.f
dr.f
df
df
they
dr
dr
zmf
zmf
buyi-ed
(do)-ed
df
df
zm
they
buy the house
zm
[e]i
df
the house
amgvarad, zmniani frazis elifsi SesaniSnavi argumentia imis samtkiceblad,

rom irlandiur enaSi zmnis kvanZidan drois kvanZSi gadanacvleba gvaqvs!
inglisuri enis subieqtebi irlandiuri subieqtebisgan gansxvavdeba:
inglisuri subieqtebi elifsis monarCenis nawilia, irlandiuri subieqtebi ki
ara. amgvarad, gansxvavebul poziciebSi mxolod zmnebi ki ara, determineriani
frazebic SeiZleba idgnen. es ki imas mowmobs, rom rogorc zmnebisTvisaa
gankuTvnili struqturaSi erTze meti pozicia, subieqtisTvisac SeiZleba
iyos gankuTvnili erTze meti pozicia.
(133)
inglisuri subieqtebi
dr.FFf
df
dr
irlandiuri subieqtebi
zmf
df
zm
df
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom zmniani frazis Sida, subieqtis pozicia,

romelic irlandiur enaSi subieqts iRebs, struqturulad inglisurSicaa
warmodgenili. zedapiruli daTvalierebisas igi Tvals maSinve ar xvdeba,
vinaidan inglisuri subieqtebi (Tumca, ara irlandiuri subieqtebi) spec.
droian frazis kvanZSi unda `gamoiTqvas~. arsebiTad, es imis mowmobaa, rom
determineriani fraziT warmodgenili subieqtebis nawili xandaxan ukan
rCeba, da aseT SemTxvevebSi iseT poziciaSi aRmoCndeba xolme, romlebSic
irlandiuri subieqtebi dgas ( the children have all left = all the children have left).
suahili
axla mokled mimovixiloT zmnis mdebareobis sakiTxi suahiliSi. es bantus
erT-erTi enaa da aRmosavleT afrikaSia gavrcelebuli. rogorc zemoT,
pirvel TavebSi vTqviT, suahili subieqti zmna obieqti Tanwyobis enaa; zmna
am enaSi Semdeg poziciaSi gvxvdeba ( Semoklebebi: sS = subieqtis SeTanxmeba; dr
= drois niSani; oS = obieqtis SeTanxmeba; bx = bolo xmovani):
(134) sS - dr. oS zm bx - df
a-
na-
ya-
som- a
(magazeti)
3p - awmy. maT kiTxva gazeTebs

ìs gazeTebs kiTxulobs~.
zustad romel pozicias ikavebs zmna suahiliSi? zmnian frazaSi dgas,
rogorc inglisurSi, Tu zmniani frazis gareT, magaliTad, drois kvanZSi?
(135)
a. ........ [ dr. na [zmf oS +zm ....... ] ]
b. ............ [ dr. dr +oS +zm I + bx] [zmf [zm e] ] ]
es kiTxva kvlav Zneli sapasuxo Cans, vinaidan saTao elementebi yovelTvis
erTsa da imave TanmimdevrobaSi dgas. es is konfiguraciaa, romelSic zmniani
frazis elifsi mniSvnelovan analitikur saSualebad warmogvidgeba. rogorc
irkveva, inglisuri da irlandiuri enis kvaldakval, zmniani frazis elifsi
suahilisac axasiaTebs. iseve, rogorc inglisurSi, determineriani fraziT
warmodgenili subieqti aqac elifsuri monarCenis nawilia. irlandiuris
msgavsad, aseTi monarCeni piriani an infinitivuri zmnacaa ( k = kiTxva, cifrebi
saxelTa klasebze miuTiTebs, sS = subieqtis SeTanxmeba, bx = bolo xmovani,
inf = infinitivis niSani):
Romeo alitum-a
wa- toto sokoni
ku-nunu
(136) a. Je,
-a vi-tunguu?
(k) romeo 1 sS-warsuli-gagzavna-bx 2- bavSvi bazari-adg. infinitiviyidva bx 8-xaxvi

`romeom bavSvebi bazarSi xaxvis sayidlad gagzavna?~
li
-tum
a
b. Ndiyo, a
ho, 1 sS -warsuli gagzavna bx (sityva-sityviT: ho, gagzavna)
`ho~.
amgvarad, es masala amtkicebs, rom zmna zmniani frazis gareT dgas. 4
koreuli
koreuli subieqti-obieqti-zmna Tanwyobis
enaa. zmnas Semdegi garemo
aqvs:
(137) neg-zm-dr-dms
iseve, rogorc irlandiursa da suahiliSi, zmniani frazis elifsi
koreul enasac axasiaTebs. amis ilustrireba Semdegi magaliTebiT SeiZleba
(sn=subieqtis niSani, Txrob. = TxrobiTi kilos niSani):
kica-e
ka-ss-ni?
(138) romio-ka culiet-kwa
romeo sn julietas-Tan Teatr-Si wasvla-warsuli-k
romeo julietasTan erTad TeatrSi wavida?
(139) a.
,
ka-ss-
ho, wasvla-warsuli-Txrob (araformaluri) (sityva-sityviT: ho, wavida)

`ho~.
b. ani, an
ka-ss-
ara, neg. wasvla-warsuli-Txrob. (araformaluri) (sityva-sityviT: ara,
ar wavida)
àra~. (ing: No, he didnt ; ara, julietasTan erTad TeatrSi ar wasula)
Tuki inglisur enaSi ZiriTadi zmna zmniani frazis elifsis zemoqmedebiT
347
348
qreba, xolo monarCeni drois kvanZi do zmniT mxardaWeris process iwvevs,

koreul enaSi elifsuri procesis erTaderTi monarCeni zmnaa. iseve, rogorc
irlandiuridan da suahilidan moyvanili magaliTebi, es modelic imis empi
riul mtkicebas warmoadgens, rom zmna zmniani frazis gareT dgas.
savarjiSo
5.6
axla iaponuri enidan moyvanili kiTxva-pasuxis wyvili ganvixiloT:

(I)
ni
Romio
wa
tamanegi o
kai
ni kodomotachi o
maaketto
romeo Temis niS. xaxvi bral. yidva -s bavSvebi bral. bazar Si

ikase-ta
ka.
wasvla- kauzativi-warsuli k
`romeom bavSvebi xaxvis sayidlad bazarSi gagzavna(aiZula
wasuliyvnen)?~
Hai, ik-ase-ta
(II)
ho, wasvla-kauzat.-warsuli (sityva-sityviT: ho, gagzavna)
`ho~. (ing. Yes, he did. mniSvneloba: man bavSvebi xaxvis sayidlad bazarSi
gagzavna)
imsjeleT, ra informacias gvawvdis es monacemebi zmnis poziciis Sesaxeb
iaponur enaSi. werilobiT es msjeloba erT abzacSi CaatieT. zmna ik-ase qarTul
`wasvla~-s Seesatyviseba.
5.2.6 Semdgomi ganvrcobani. saxelTa sistema: determineriani fraza

Cvens msjelobaSi saxelTa sistemis enaTSoris variacebs gacilebiT
naklebi dro eTmoba. iseve, rogorc winadadebebis SemTxvevaSi, determinerian
frazebSic gvaqvs nairsaxeoba: gansazRvruli (anu specifikuri) determineriani
frazebi, magaliTad, the men, these women-(konkretuli)kacebi, es qalebi;
ricxviTi determineriani frazebi two men, every man ori kaci, yvela
kaci; zogadi (krebiTi) determineriani frazebi _ people xalxi da ase Semdeg.
determineri SeiZleba saxeliani frazis saTao elementadac iqnes ganxiluli,
anu imis ganmsazRvrelad, Tu ra tipis determinerian frazasTan gvaqvs saqme.
am ganyofilebaSi Cven mxolod imis Cveneba gvsurs, rom iseTi modelebi,
romlebic zmnaTa sistemis enaTSorisi variaciebis ganxilvisas Segvxvda,
saxelTa sistemaSic arsebobs. Cveni msjeloba isev inglisuri da franguli
enidan moyvanili nimuSebiT daviwyoT da (140)-e magaliTi ganvixiloT:
(140)

a. the frequent visits to his parents

(inglisuri)
b. les visites frquentes ses parents (franguli)
a.-b. xSiri stumroba (mravl) mis mSoblebTan
sityvaTa es gansxvavebuli Tanmimdevroba im sxvaobas mogagonebT,

romelic zemoT, (109) da (110) winadadebaTa struqturebs Soris iyo. inglisur
enaSi saxeli visits misi damatebis - to his parents mezoblad dgas, xolo
zedsarTavi win uswrebs saxels. frangulSi saxeli ufro marcxnivaa Caweuli.

sakuTari damatebisagan _ ses parents mas zedsarTavi aSorebs. am gansxvavebas
gadanacvlebis franguli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxeoba saxelis marcxniv
gadanacvleba ganapirobebs, romlis zemoqmedebiT zedsarTavi jvaredinad,
determineriani frazis struqturis ufro maRal poziciaSi gadaadgildeba.
aSkaraa, rom pozicia, romliskenac gadanacvlebaa mimarTuli, determineris
pozicia ar aris. es mocemul TanmimdevrobaSi kidev erTi, Ria les determineris
arsebobiTaa ganpirobebuli; meore mizezi ki isaa, rom frangul enaSi ricxviTi
saxeli (ori, sami) saxelsa da determiners Soris dgeba, rac determinersa
da saxels Soris kidev erTi funqciuri kategoriis arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
potenciurad es pozicia ricxvisaa. amgvarad, viRebT nominaluri frazebis
struqturas (141), sadac Semokleba rf- ricxvs aRniSnavs. frangulSi saxeli
ricxvis poziciisken miiswrafvis, inglisur enaSi ki ara:
df
(141)
d
franguli saxelebi
rf
visites
zf
inglisuri saxelebi
sf
frequent
sf
visits
determineris poziciisken saxelis Semdgomi gadancvlebis magaliTebi

gvaqvs sxva enebSi. axla ebrauli enidan moyvanili nimuSebi ganvixiloT:
(142)
a. ha-bayit el ha-mora
saxli -is maswavlebeli
the house of the teacher (inglisuri proeqcia ufro zustia)
maswavleblis saxli
b. beit ha-mora
house the-teacher (inglisuri proeqcia aqac ufro zustia)
saxli maswavlebeli = maswavleblis saxli
(142a) magaliTSi konstruqciis saTao saxels win ha determineri uswrebs,
maSin, roca kuTvnilebiTi urTierToba ha-mora el, anu is TandebuliTaa
aRniSnuli. (142b) -Si, anu e.w. konstruqciis mdgomareobaSi, Ria determineri
ar gvaqvs, xolo saxeli fonologiurad reducirebulia. metic, mflobeli
el TandebuliT araa aRniSnuli. konstruqciis mdgomareobaTa standartuli
analizi gviCvenebs, rom saxeli determineris poziciaSi gadadis iqmneba
situacia, romelic holandiuri (aseve norvegiuli, germanuli da Sveduri)
enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zm zm gadanacvlebis process mogvagonebs, romelic
mTavar klauzulebSi xdeba. asea Tu ise, franguli da ebrauli enidan moyvanil
am magaliTebSi vxedavT, rom saxelTa sistemaSi arsebobs saxelebis poziciaTa
variaciebi, romlis moxelTeba maSinaa SesaZlebeli, Tu df kategorias
df ebs mivakuTvnebT, ricxvian frazas da saxelian frazas, romlebic
saxelze dominirebs iseT saxelebs, romlebic ganicdis orsafexurian
(determinerisken), erTsafexurian (ricxvisken) gadanacvlebas, an am process
349
350
saerTod ar ganicdis:
df
(144)
d
beyt
franguli saxelebi
rf
visites
zf
ebrauli saxelebi (konstruqciis mdgomareoba)
sf
frequent
inglisuri saxelebi
sf
visits
5.3. Sejameba
am TavSi zmnebis distribucia da winadadebebis struqtura SeviswavleT.
mis pirvel nawilSi vcdilobdiT gvepasuxa kiTxvisTvis, Tu ras gveubneba
zmnebis distribucia inglisur enaSi sintaqsuri komponentis aucilebeli
niSan-Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
aq SevityveT, rom Tavdapirveli sintaqsuri masala Seicavs sityvebs,
gamouTqmel morfemebs da garkveuli odenobis formamonacvle morfemas.
sityvebi komponentebs im gansakuTrebuli sqemis mixedviT Seadgens, romelic
saTao elementebsa da maTze damokidebul sxva elementebs ierarqiul
struqturaSi aqcevs. saTao elementisa da damatebis urTierToba zmnuri
formebis distribucias marTavs (zmnur formebs calkeuli saTao elementebi
irCevs) da winadadebis ganmsazRvrel RerZs, `xerxemals~ qmnis. sxvadasxva
saxis klauzulebs msgavsi Sida struqtura gaaCnia. maxasiaTebeli, romliTac
TxrobiTi winadadebebi ganirCeva, damatebis mqmneli sityvis (kvanZis) doneze
mdebareobs. droiani frazebi saTao dr. kvanZis niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT
(-dr. = to, +dr. = dro) sxvadasxva tipebad iyofa. poziciebs Soris arsebobs
garkveuli damokidebulebebi: erTi elementi SeiZleba erT poziciaSi
gamoiTqvas da urTierToba hqondes sxva poziciasTan (an poziciebTan).
ganvixileT damokidebulebis erTi kerZo saxeoba, saTao gadanacvleba da
misi maxasiaTeblebi. inglisur enaSi ZiriTadi zmnebi zmnian frazaSi dgas,
droiani damxmare zmnebi da modaluri zmnebi _ +drois kvanZSi, an, garkveuli
konteqstis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi _ damatebis mqmneli sityvis kvanZSi.
am Tavis meore nawilSi gamovikvlieT, rogor SeiZleba am maxasiaTeblebis
codniT enaTSorisi variaciis arsisa da detalebis wvdoma. enebs erTmaneTTan
sakmaod axlos mdgari struqturebi aqvT, xolo maT Soris arsebul sxvaobebs
aCens Tanmimdevrobis parametrebi ( anu is, win uswrebs, Tu mosdevs damatebebi
maT saTao elementebs)da leqsikuri parametrebi (rogor gamoiTqmis esa Tu
is saTao elementi da ra tipis damatebas irCevs). zmnebis distribuciasTan
dakavSirebiT vnaxeT, rom enebs erTmaneTTan Zalze mimsgavsebuli dms- dro-zmna
agebuleba gaaCnia, enebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobebi ki iqidan warmodgeba, Tu sad
warmoiTqmis zmna am dms-dro-zmna struqturaSi, es ki, Tavis mxriv, calkeuli
dms-ebisa an dr. saTao elementebis maxasiaTebelebzea damokidebuli.
SeniSvnebi
1. kalangadan moyvanili
leColos vuxdiT (Letsholo).
magaliTebisTvis
madlobas
roza
meleko
351
2. ixileT 5. 11 savarjiSo, romelic naudemis enis brZanebiT formebs

eZRvneba.
3. es magaliTebi Cungs da makkloskis moaqvT (Chung, McClosky) (1987).
4. rom davazustoT, eseni ver amtkicebs, rom zmna drois kvanZSi dgas.
es azri rom gagvegrZelebina, imis damadasturebel faqtebamde mividodiT,
rom dro da zmna or sxvadasxva komponentSi imyofeba: zmna zmniani frazis
gareT dgas, magram ara drois kvanZSi. es imis maniSnebelia, rom winadadebis
struqtura imaze ufro rTulia, vidre Cven gvgonia ( anu zmniani frazis gareT,
magram drois kvanZze qvemoT unda arsebobdes adgili.
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Aspects of
the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Haegeman,
Liliane.
1991.
Introduction to Government and Binding
Theory. Oxford: Basil
Blackwell. 2nd edn. 1994. Theory
______. ed. 1998. Handbook
for
Syntactic Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Radford, Andrew, 1997. Syntactic

Theory and the Structure of English. A
Minimalist Approach.
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Webelhuth,
Gert. ed. 1996.
Government and Binding Theory and
the Minimalist Program. Oxford and
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
wyaroebi:
`sityvis Tavis~ cneba uiliamsis danergilia (1981). zmnuri formebis
adgil-mdebareobis Sesaxeb frangul da inglisur enaSi msjeloben emondsi
(Emonds) (1978) da poloki (Pollock) (1989). vatas masala ganxiluli aqvs
kupmans (Koopman) (1984). inglisur enaSi momxdar istoriul cvlilebebTan
dakavSirebiT ix. robertsi (1993). otani (Otani) da uitmani (Whitman) (1991) is
avtorebi arian, romlebsac Cinur, iaponur da koreul enaSi zmniani frazis
elifsis arsebobis damadasturebeli argumentebi moaqvT. irlandiurSi amave
movlenis arsebobaze vrclad msjelobs makkloski (1991). kalangis masala roza
meleko leColom mogvawoda, Turquli nimuSebi _ murat quralma (Murat Kural)
(masTan piradi urTierToba gvqonda).
to
Tandebulis statusi
warmovidginoT, rom Tqven da Tqveni Tanakurselebi enaTmecnierebi xarT

da inglisur enas ikvlevT. warmovidginoT isic, rom inglisuri erT-erTi im
enaTagania, romelsac damwerloba ar gaaCnia. Tqveni, rogorc lingvistis
amocana infinitivuri to nawilakis statusis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs.
romel sintaqsur kategorias miekuTvneba es nawilaki?
pirveli problema, romelsac aucileblad gadaawydebiT, is iqneba, rom
inglisurSi ramdenime to gvaqvs. warmoTqmisas yvela erTnairad JRers, Tumca,
sxvadasxvanairad iwereba (to, two, too).
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 5.7
352
a). She wants to read two books. mas ori wignis wakiTxva unda.
b). These two books were fun to read. es ori wigni sasacilo wasakiTxia.
g). He gave it to Cordelia. man igi kordelias misca.
d). He wants to read too. kiTxva masac unda.
a.
Tqveni pasuxi TiToeuli am to-s mniSvnelobis gaazrebas daafuZneT (ISi), SeadgineT inglisuri enis yvela to-s CamonaTvali.
b.
(1) romeli maTgania ufro advili amosacnobi? ratom?
(2) romelia Zneli amosacnobi? ratom?
g.
Tqveni da Tqveni megobrebis mier Sedgenil lingvistTa jgufSi
uTanxmoeba warmoiSva imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnes ganxiluli (Ia)
da (Ig) magaliTebis to. zogierTis azriT, eseni orive msgavsi elementia, anu
Tandebuli (T). zogi Tqvengani ki miiCnevs, rom isini or sxvadasxva elementad
unda ganixilebodes: rom erTi to infinitivuri nawilakia da imave kategorias
miekuTvneba, rasac dro da modaluri zmnebi, xolo (Ig) -Si gamoyenebuli to
ki Tandebulia. axla Tqven sakuTari Sexedulebis dasabuTebas da Sesabamisi
magaliTebis moyvanas gTxoven. qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi ki Tqvens mier
gamoTqmuli azris argumentacia unda moZebnoT.
pirveli jgufis magaliTebi to Tandebulis maxasiaTebelTa gansazRvras
moiTxovs:
(II)
a. She went to the market. is bazarSi wavida.
b. She went to it. _ man amas Tavi gaarTva.
g. She went right to it. man (es gza) bolomde gaiara.
d. * She went to not the market.- igi wavida ara bazarSi
d.
(II) is magaliTebze dayrdnobiT CamoayalibeT, ra elementebTan erTad dgas
to Tandebuli. ( albaT, daaskvniT, rom right mxolod TandebulebTan erTad dgas).
es meore jgufi iseT to elementebs Seicavs, romelTac infinitivebi
mosdevs:
(III).
a). She wants to read. mas kiTxva unda.
b). * She wants read.
g). *She wants to reading.
d). I wonder what to read. netavi ra wavikiTxo (mainteresebs, ra
wavikiTxo)
e). * I wonder what read.
v). * I wonder what reading.
e.
Zalian mokled CamoayalibeT, rasTan dgas (III) magaliTSi to elementi:
erTmaneTs SeadareT (IV) da (II) jgufis magaliTebi:
(IV)
a). She does not want to not read. mas ar unda, rom ar ikiTxos.
b). * She wants to it.
g). * She wants right to it.
v.
riT gansxvavdeba infinitivuri to nawilaki (II) magaliTis to
Tandebulisgan?
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT daamtkiceT, an uryaviT, aris Tu ara (III)
magaliTis to Tandebuli? axseniT, rogor mixvediT am daskvnebamde.
z.
zogierTis azriT, to Tandebuli ki ar aris, aramed iseTi elementi,
romelic modaluri da piriani zmnebis msgavsad, drois kvanZSi dgas. aageT am
(I)
353
Tvalsazrisis damadasturebeli argumentacia. daeyrdeniT (V) -Si mocemul

paradigmas:
(V)
(a) Will you come here? Yes, I will. moxval(T) aq? diax, (moval).
(b) Do you want to do this? No, I dont want to. ginda amis gakeTeba? ara, ar
minda.
T.
Tqveni argumentacia werilobiT warmoadgineT,
Tvalsazrisi
daasabuTeT.
savarjiSo 5.8 Tavisufali morfema Tu SezRuduli morfema?
savarjiSo 5.8
qvemoT moyvanil masalaze dayrdnobiT daasabuTeT, to elementi (I)

magaliTSi Tavisufal morfemad ( anu damoukidebel sityvad) migaCniaT, Tu
SezRudul morfemad (anu infinitivis nawilad).
(I) (a) Cordelia wants to read. kordelias kiTxva unda.
(b) (Does Cordelia want to read?) No, she does not want to. kordelias
kiTxva unda? _ ara, ar unda.
(g) He wants me to carefully turn the pages. mas unda, rom gverdebi
frTxilad vfurclo.
savarjiSo 5.9
nulo vani saTao elementebi

inglisur enaSi ori tipis kompozitia. pirveli tipis (maT endocentruli
kompozitebi ewodeba) interpretacias maT marjvena kideSi mdgomi wevri
gansazRravs. xis kovzi garkveuli tipis kovzia, samoTxis Citi _ garkveuli
tipis frinveli (Citi) da tree trunk-xis tani raRacis tani da ase Semdeg.
magram meore tipis kompozitebs zemoT naTqvami ar exeba: sabertooth garkveuli
tipis (saber-xmali) kbili (tooth) ki ar aris, aramed vefxvis saxeobaa. Tu saTao
elementi SeiZleba gamouTqmeli iyos (nulovani saTao elementi), meore tipis
kompoziti SeiZleba gamouTqmeli saTao elementiT iyos warmodgenili (is
`vefxvs~ niSnavs), romelic mTeli kompozitis maxasiaTeblebs gansazRvravs:
N
N
(a)
N
tree
trunk
saber
[ ]tiger
tooth
axla Semdegi kompozitebi ganvixiloT. (gaixseneT, rom kompozitis saTao

elementi mTeli kompozitis maxasiaTeblebs gansazRvravs).
sabertooth
freeze-dry
beanie baby
poorhouse
redneck
Walkman
tree trunk
in-crowd
pickpocket
1. daadgineT TiToeulis Sinaarsi da romelime tips: pirvels

(endocentruli) an meores ( egzocentruli) miakuTvneT.
2. warmoadgineT kompozitebis pickpocket,
beanie baby da Walkman
struqturuli reprezentacia.
354
savarjiSo 5.10
xisebri diagramebis ageba

es Zalze martivi savarjiSoa, romlis Sesrulebisas mxolod xisebri
diagramebis ageba mogeTxovebaT. Tu saWiro gaxdeba,
unda miuTiToT
gadanacvlebis Tu CarTvis romel saxeobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
xisebri diagramebiT gamosaxeT Semdegi magaliTebis struqtura:
(I) Cordelia did not insult Shylock. kordelias Sailoki ar Seuracxyvia.
(II ) For Portia to confront Shylock,
took courage. porcias SailokTan
dasapirispireblad gambedaoba dasWirda.
(III) Mary should not have been playing Cordelia. _ meris kordelias roli ar unda
eTamaSa.
(IV) Can anyone tell me what I should do? _ vinmes SeuZlia miTxras, ra gavakeTo?
(V) Did you carefully read this book about linguistics? _ es wigni lingvistikis
Sesaxeb yuradRebiT waikiTxe?
(VI) I did! ( es V winadadebis pasuxia)
(VII) They are constantly wondering if they are constructing a nice set. maT sul
(mudmivad) is ainteresebT, lamaz dekoracias ageben Tu ara.
savarjiSo 5.11
brZanebiTi formebi (naudemi)

roca ucxo enebis masalas aanalizebT, yovelTvis ecadeT, maTTan yvelaze
axlo mdgomi enebis struqturebi moiSvelioT.
naudemSi, nigeriul-kongouri (guris) erT-erT enaze, romelic togos
teritoriazea gavrcelebuli, piriani zmnis Semcvel TxrobiT winadadebebs,
CarTulsa Tu matriculs, Semdegi forma aqvT:
(I)
(a) (.......)a dun
de: te
-is Wama+arasr. saWmeli
ìs Wams~.
(b) ne
dun
de:te
Tqven Wama-arasrul. saWmeli
`Tqven WamT~.
a.
aageT xisebri diagramebi (Ia) winadadebisTvis. ra SegiZliaT TqvaT im
poziciis Sesaxeb, romelic nacvalsaxeliT warmodgenil subieqts uWiravs?
qvemoT naudemidan moyvanili magaliTebi mravlobiTi ricxvis meore piris
brZanebiT formebs Seicavs. (droian winadadebebSi da brZanebiT winadadebebSi
mxolobiTi ricxvis meore pirSi mdgomi nacvalsaxelebi nulovani morfemebia
da amis gamo TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebuli Taviseburebebis saCveneblad
ar gamodgeba.)
(II)
(a) de
ne
de: te
Wama+brZan. Tqven saWmeli
`WameT!~ ( mimarTva mravlobiTi ricxvis meore pirisadmi)
(b)
Io
ne
wadga:
kan
dadeba(+brZan.) Tqven wigni-gansazR. artikli iq
`dadeT iq is wigni!~
b.
ras xedavT am brZanebiT winadadebebSi? moaxdineT brZanebiTi
winadadebebis analizi da CamoayalibeT analizis Tqveneuli logika.
6
sityvisa da winadadebis
struqturis aTviseba
Tavis sarCevi
6.0 Sesavali
6.1 codna sityvaTwarmoebis Sesaxeb
6.2 ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos sityvad?
6.2.1 enis specifikuri SezRudvebi
6.2.2 enebi, sadac Ziris saxiT sityvebi
ar gamoiyeneba
6.2.3 enebi, sadac Ziris saxiT sityvebi
gamoiyeneba
6.3 morfemebis mimagreba
6.3.1 Sedgenili warmoeba da doneTa mim
devroba
6.3.2 doneTa mimdevrobis modeli
6.3.3 eqsperimentaluri testi
6.4 sityvaTwarmoebisas daSvebuli Secdo
mebi
6.5 SeniSvna funqciur sityvebTan dakavSi
rebiT
6.6 sintaqsi bavSvebis gramatikaSi
6.7 principebi da parametrebi

6.7.1 parametrebis gansazRvra da adre
uli morfosintaqsuri ganviTareba
6.8 Ziris formiT gamoyenebuli infini
tivebi
6.9 winadadebis struqtura da funqci
uri kategoriebi
6.9.1 prefunqciuri gramatika?
6.9.2 metruli hipoTeza
6.9.3 pragmatuli hipoTeza
6.9.4 damwifeba gramatikuli struq
turebisa da principebis mTlianobis
winaaRmdeg.
6.10 sintaqsuri damokidebuleba
6.10.1 ukuTqmiTebi
6.11 Sejameba
SeniSvnebi
6.0 Sesavali
mas Semdeg rac ukve gavecaniT mozrdilTa morfologiasa da sintaqss,
SegviZlia ufro axlodan SevxedoT bavSvebis mier gramatikis aspeqtebis
Secnobis sakiTxs. rogorc wina TavebSi vnaxeT, gramatika sakmaod kompleqsuria
da mainc, TiToeuli Cvengani uproblemod, yovelgvari winaswari momzadebis
gareSe bunebrivad iTvisebs. am TavSi ganvixilavT morfologiur da sintaqsur
ganviTarebas. aq Cven srulad ver warmovadgenT bavSvis morfologiasa da
sintaqss, magram SevecdebiT zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
ician enis struqturaze bavSvebma ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze da ramdenad
hgavs an gansxvavdeba es codna ufrosebis lingvisturi codnisagan.
6.1 codna sityvaTwarmoebis Sesaxeb

sityvebis warmoTqmas bavSvebi pirveli wlis bolos an meore wlis dasawyisSi
iwyeben da intensiurad iTviseben axal sityvebs skolamdel wlebSi. magram ra ician
356
maT sityvebze da maT warmoebaze? me-2 TavSi ganxiluli iyo sityvaTa struqturebi
da maTi sirTuleebi. rogor da rodis iTviseben am codnas bavSvebi?
Cans, rom bavSvebma sityvaTwarmoebis warmmarTveli principebi Zalian
adreuli periodidan ician, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom aseTi saxis codna
universaluri gramatikis nawilia, anu Tandayolili codnaa. (universaluri
gramatika pirvel TavSi iyo ganxiluli). sityvebis warmoebis gzebis
codna sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba. Cven amas Semdegi sakiTxebis ganxilviT
warmovadgenT: (1) imis codna, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos sityva da (2) morfemis mibmis
codna, roca Sedgenili sityvis warmoebaze vsaubrobT.
bavSvebi, Cveulebriv, axal sityvebs warmoTqvamen meore wlis dasawyisSi,
anu sityvebs, romlebic araa zepirad dasamaxsovrebeli formebi, rogo
ricaa patacake an peekaboo. minimaluri asaki 10 sityvis warmosaTqmelad 15
Tvea. aRsaniSnavia, rom am pirveli sityvebis aTvisebis drosac bavSvebma ukve
ician sityvaze morfemis mimagrebisTvis saWiro SezRudvebi da principebi.
morfemebis calkeuli tipebi SeiZleba ar gamovlindes skolis adreul
wlebamde, magram morfologiuri struqturis ZiriTadi SezRudvebidan
gadaxrebi mainc miuRebelia.
6.2 ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos sityvad?

bavSvebis adreuli metyveleba erTsityviani gamoTqmebisgan Sedgeba. amas
xSirad erTsityvian safexurs uwodeben, an holofrazuli safexurs (rac
niSnavs mTeli winadadebis erTi sityviT gadmocemas). amis mixedviT bavSvma
ara mxolod is icis, Tu ra aris sityva, aramed risgan Sedgeba sityva enis
morfologiuri struqturis TvalsazrisiT.
6.2.1 enis specifikuri SezRudvebi

rogor unda ganvsazRvroT erTsityviani gamoTqmebis mixedviT, romleb
sac patara bavSvebi warmoTqvamen, rom maT
ician da emorCilebian kidec
rogorc universaluri gramatikis, ise enis specifikur SezRudvebs? erT-erTi
damadasturebeli mtkicebulebaa, rom tipologiurad gansxvavebul enebze mo
laparake bavSvebi morfologiurad gansxvavebuli tipis sityvebs gamoTqvamen.
magaliTad, sityvaTa warmoTqmis dawyebidan bavSvebi avlenen codnas imis Sesaxeb,
SeiZleba Tu ara Sesaswavl enaSi sityvis Ziris formiT gamoyeneba. erTsityvia
ni metyvelebisas bavSvebi, romlebic inglisur an vietnamur enas swavloben,
sadac sityvebi Ziris saxiT gamoiyeneba, (mag. bottle, water, go)gamoTqvamen
zmnebsa da arsebiT saxelebs im yovelgvari morfologiuri danamatebis gareSe,
rogoricaa drois an mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli niSnebi. amis sapirispirod
Turqulis, italiuris an ivriTis Semswavleli bavSvebi ar warmoTqvamen marto
sityvis Zirebs, vinaidan am enebSi sityvis Ziri damoukideblad ar gamoiyeneba.
aseT enebSi bavSvebi fleqsiur Zirebs awarmoeben.
6.2.2 enebi, sadac sityvebi Ziris saxiT ar gamoiyeneba

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Turqulis aTvisebis procesi.
(1) Turquli aris metad fleqsiuri ena, sadac arsebiT saxelebs aseTi forma aqvT:
fuZe (mravlobiTi ricxvi) (kuTvnileba) brunva
sityvisa da winadadebis struqturis aTviseba
xolo zmnebi aseTi saxisaa:

zmnis fuZe kilo dro/aspeqti piri/ricxvi
frCxilebSi Casmuli morfemebi warmodgenilia mxolod, roca saWiroa, xolo
danarCenebi aucilebelia. rogorc vxedavT, sakmaod kompleqsuri sistemaa,
romlis aTvisebasac wesiT didi dro unda dasWirdes. miuxedavad amisa, arsebi
Ti saxelisa da zmnis aseTi saxis warmoebas erTsityvian safexurzec vxvdebiT,
xolo warmoebis srulyofili aTviseba 24 Tvis asakisTvis xdeba. faqtobrivad,
morfologiuri struqturis TvalsazrisiT, aksu-koCisa da slobinis Tanaxmad,
. . . Turqi bavSvis metyveleba TiTqmis uSecdomoa. . . morfologiis ZiriTadi
nawili saxeladi da zmnuri produqtiulad gamoiyeneba orsityvian
safexurze, anu 2 wlis asakamde.
(a) -(g) magaliTebSi (gamartivebuli fonologiiT) warmodgenilia Turqulis
adreuli warmoTqma.
(bavSvis asaki wlebSi; ATveebSia warmodgenili. amrigad, 2;1 niSnavs 2 wlisa da
1 Tvis asakis bavSvs).
(a) bit-ti
damTavrda
(1;6)

finish-past
(b) kalem-i

(g) sev-mi-eceg-im

fanqari
(1;10)
fanqari-brald.
onu
daha
`me is aRar meyvareba~ (2;0)

siyvaruli-uary.-momav.-1mx.r.-3mx.r. brald. meti.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela zmnasa da arsebiT saxels fleqsia aqvs mimagrebuli.

arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar gvxvdeba mxolod Ziri. (2) -(4) -Si warmodgenilia bavSvis
erTsityviani gamoTqmebi iseT enaSi, sadac mxolod Ziris saxiT moyvanili
sityvebia gramatikulad araswori. TiToeuli magaliTi erTi da imave movlenis
ilustraciaa: bavSvi warmoTqvams mxolod iseT sityvebs, romlebic misaRebia
misi enis morfologiisTvis:
(2) ivriTi fleqsiuri ena, romelSic aris warmouTqmeli, samTanxmovniani
zmnis fuZeebi. isini wyvetili morfemebis saxiT gvevlineba, rogorc es me-2
TavSi iyo ganxiluli (xmovnebi, romlebic morfemebs warmoadgenen, am Zirebs
Sorisaa Camatebuli). zmnis es fuZeebi aucileblad gamoiyeneba piris, ricxvis,
droisa da sqesis aRsaniSnad. ivriTis magaliTebSi didi asoebi aRniSnavs
samTanxmovnian Zirebs da plusebi (+) gamoiyeneba morfemebis gamosayofad.
(a) G+a+M+a+R-ti
`me davasrule~ (1;7)

dasruleba wars. -1mx.r.
(b) +o+X+e+L-et
(me) vWam
(1;8)

Wama-awmy. mdedr. mx. r.
(g) H+o+L+e+X-et
(deda) dadis (1;8)

siaruli-awmy. mdedr. mx. r.
(3) italiuri ena, sadac zmnebs piris, ricxvisa da drois/aspeqtis
morfemebi emateba:
a. pend-o io
me viReb
(1;11)

aReba-1 mx.r. I
357
358
b.
fai-te
fai-te
keTeba-2mx.r. keTeba-2mx.r.
(Sen) akeTeb, (Sen) akeTeb
g.
son-o
defecate-habit-place-agentive intran. particip.-be involved
(1;11)
giu
(me) var qveda sarTulze
(1;11)
yofna-1mx.r. qveda sarTuli
(4) grenlandiuri polisinTezuri ena, romelSic 318 fleqsiaa da 400-ze
meti derivaciuli morfema. Cveulebriv, zmna Sedgeba fuZisagan, romelsac
derivaciuli afiqsebi savaldebulo fleqsiur afiqsebs mosdevs. zedsarTavi
da arsebiTi saxelebis Tavisebureba vlindeba arsebiTi saxelis fuZeze
fleqsiebis damatebiT.
a. nangia-ssa-nngil-anga
me ar SemeSindeba

SeSineba-momav.-ara-1mx.r. TxrobiTi kilo
b. anar-tar-fi(k)ler-i-su-u-pput
They are the sewage collectors

g.
s.

with-be-3pl.indicativ e
sewage
tuluar-suaq
yvavili-didi
una-a-nngit-toq
collector
didi yvavili
are
es is ar aris
is-yofna-ara-2mx.r. mimReoba
6.2.3 enebi, sadac sityvebi Ziris saxiT gamoiyeneba

axla ki aTvisebis es modeli SeadareT bavSvebis mier iseTi enebis Secnobis
models, sadac monomorfemuli sityvebi misaRebia. aseTi enebia inglisuri da
vietnamuri. bavSvebis mier adreul asakSi warmoTqmul aseTi enis sityvebs Tu
davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom adreuli leqsikoni moicavs iseT sityvebs,
rogoricaa look, see, want, bottle, cookie, water, rice, father, chopsticks, eat, finish,
come, romlebic mxolod Ziris saxiT vlindeba. adreuli or-samsityviani
gamoTqmebic, Cveulebriv, Zireuli sityvebia, rac (5) -(6) -Sia warmodgenili:
(5)
inglisuri
a.
want bottle
b. No sleep
g. Want more cookie
d. See Mommy car
e. Look my shoe
(6)
a.
vietnamuri
an dua
eat chopsticks
finish water
b.
g.

ve
nuoc
wyali daicala
bo
den
mama modis
father come
d. bo an com

CxirebiT Wama
father eat rice
mama brinjs Wams
e.

me roi com
mother cook rice
359
deda brinjs amzadebs
am enebSi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebis (gansakuTrebiT saxelebis, zmnebisa

da zedsarTavebis) struqturis sworad formirebis SezRudva gansazRvravs
SeiZleba Tu ara sityvis gamoyeneba Ziris saxiT. Tu ramdenad moqmedebs es
SezRudva bavSvis aRqmaze adreul periodSi, naTlad Cans Turquli zmnebis
aTvisebis magaliTiT. TurqulSi meore piris brZanebiTi forma sxva formebTan
SedarebiT gvian vlindeba bavSvis leqsikaSi. gasaocaria, rom meore piris
brZanebiTi (mag, (you) Hold me) Cveulebriv yvelaze adreuli periodis zmnis
formebs Sorisaa yvela enaSi, xolo TurqulSi esaa mxolod fuZe, romelic
ar iRebs arcerT afiqss. ratom iTviseben Turqulis Semswavleli bavSvebi
morfologiurad martiv zmnas, romelic yvelaze xSirad esmiT, ufro gvian,
vidre rTuli formis zmnebs? amis erT-erTi axsna isaa, rom bavSvis gramatikaSi
aqtiurad moqmedebs SezRudva, romelic krZalavs zmnis Ziris formiT
gamoyenebas. meore piris brZanebiTi ki am SezRudvas arRvevs da amitomac
metyvelebaSi vlindeba mogvianebiT, roca ukve bavSvis gramatika mzadaa aseTi
gamonaklisebis aRsaqmelad.
Turquli da inglisuri enebi kontrasts qmnian im sakiTxSi, Tu ra SeiZleba
CaiTvalos sworad formirebul sityvad, magram orive SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi
adreuli asakidanve emorCilebian sityvaTwarmoebis wesebs.
niSanTa Secnoba
smenadaqveiTebuli adamianebis mier mTel msoflioSi gamoyenebuli niSanTa
enebi avlenen sityvaTwarmoebis iseTive SezRudvebs, rogoric sametyvelo
enaSia. niSanTa enaSi TiToeuli morfema Sedgeba specifiuri Jestis an Jestebis
kombinaciisgan. zogi aseTi sityva mxolod erT morfemas Seicavs, zogi _ erTze
mets. niSnebis TiToeul enas sakuTari morfemebi aqvs da sityvis warmoebis
sakuTari wesebi. niSnebis enis Semswavleli bavSvi sityvis struqturis
principebs adreuli asakis sityvebSi ise iTvisebs, rogorc bgeriTi enis
Semswavleli bavSvebi. es miuTiTebs, rom bavSvi adreul asakSive xvdeba mis
enaSi romelia sworad warmoebuli sityva, imisda miuxedavad, es ena niSnebisaa
Tu bgeriTi. magaliTad, amerikuli niSanTa ena (ASL=American Sign Language)
mdidaria verbaluri morfologiiT. me-2 TavSi vnaxeT, rom zapotekis enis
zmnebs aqvs gansxvavebuli formebi eqvsi sxvadasxva aspeqtisTvis. amis msgavsad,
ASLL-Si zogi zmnis fuZe ganasxvavebs 15-ze meti aspeqtis formas da aseve aqvs
subieqtisa da obieqtis SeTanxmebis niSnebi. Sesabamisad, (a) da (b) gamoixateba
(g) -(z) -sgan gansxvavebulad.
(a) You give to me.
(b) I give to you.
(g)
(d)
(e)
(v)
(z)
Olivia talks (on one occasion).
Olivia talks all the time.
Olivia talks over and over again.

Olivia talks for hour/endlessly.
Olivia talks over a long period of time.
CanarTi
6.1
360
aspeqtisa da SeTanxmebis gamomxatveli morfemebi savaldebuloa mxolod

yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli zmnebis jgufisTvis. bavSvebi, romlebic ASL-s
iTviseben Sesaswavl enas aRiqvamen Zireuli tipis enad (iseTi ena, romelSic
sityvis Ziris formiT gamoyeneba SeiZleba), rogoricaa vTqvaT inglisuri.
Sedegad isini adreuli sityvebis saxiT warmoTqvamen arafleqsiur Zirebs,
im zmnebis SemTxvevaSic ki, romlebisTvisac savaldebuloa afiqsis damateba.
garda amisa, imis gamo, rom aseTi zmnebi ZiriTadi modelis gamonaklisia da
ara wesisa, bavSvebi maT sworad warmoebas iwyeben 2,5-3 wlis asakSi, xolo
fleqsiuri morfemebis sruli aTviseba sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobs.

6.3 morfemis mimagreba

rogorc vxedavT bavSvebma ician, rodis SeiZleba iyos swori Ziris formiT
sityvis gamoyeneba, magram rodis iwyeben isini im wesebisa da SezRudvebis
aTvisebas, romlebic polimorfemuli sityvebis warmoebas gansazRvravs?
adreul asakSive bavSvebi morfemebis mimagrebisas Secdomebs ar uSveben,
maSinac ki, roca ramdenime morfemis erTdroulad gamoyenebaa saWiro, rogorc
Turquli da grenlandiuri enebis zmnebis SemTxvevaSi; anu isini prefiqss
sufiqsis an infiqsis adgilas arasodes svamen. (magaliTad, inglisuris
Semswavleli bavSvi ar ityvis *ingplay playing-is nacvlad, xolo frangulis
Semswavleli ar ityvis *aisparl-s parlais-is nacvlad); isini morfemebs arasodes
alageben araswori mimdevrobiT (*brushtooth ar iTqmis toothbrush-is nacvlad),
arc sufiqsebs amagreben araswori mimdevrobiT, maSinac ki, roca erTze metis
damatebaa saWiro (*catcheser nacvlad catchers).
is faqti, rom bavSvebi adreuli asakidan morfemebs swori mimdevrobiT
alageben da fleqsiur sufiqsebs derivaciulebis Semdeg svamen, gviCvenebs,
rom bavSvebi dasawyisidanve xvdebian sityvaTa ierarqiul struqturasa da
sxvadasxva tipis morfemaTa gansxvavebul distribucias, rac wina TavebSi iyo
ganxiluli.
6.3.1 Sedgenili warmoeba da doneTa mimdevroba

patarebi aseve avlenen Sedgenili sityvebis warmoebis wesebis codnas,
romlebic me-2 TavSi iyo ganxiluli. magaliTad, Sedgenili sityvis warmoebisas
yuradReba eqceva arsebiT saxelebSi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis formas.
arsebiTi saxeli, romelic Cveulebrivad awarmoebs mravlobiT ricxvs,
Sedgenili sityvis warmoebisas ar gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi mravlobiTis
formiT, vinaidan moqmedebas iwyebs gamravlebiTobis wesi (magaliTad,
gveqneba rat-infested da ara *rats-infested), xolo arsebiTi saxeli, romelic
mravlobiTis warmoebis wess arRvevs, Sedgenil sityvaSi mxolobiTis da
mravlobiTis formiTac misaRebia (sworia, rogorc mouse-infested, aseve miceinfested). arawesieri formiT warmoebuli mravlobiTi SeiZleba Segvxvdes
Sedgenili sityvis SigniTac, vinaidan arawesieri mravlobiTis forma enis
leqsikur maragSi mxolobiTis paralelurad gvxvdeba da Sesabamisad, SeuZlia
iyos Sedgenili sityvis fuZeSi. SeadareT (7), romelSic rat-infested sityvis

warmoebaa warmodgenili, sadac mxolod mxolobiTi ricxvis formis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba da (8) -(9), romlebic warmoadgens mouse-infested da mice-infested
sityvebis derivacias, roca Sedgenili sityvis warmoebisTvis orive forma
dasaSvebia.
(7)
zeds.
zeds.
s
rat
(8)
zm
af
infest
ed
zeds.
zeds.
s
mouse zm
infest
(9)
af
ed
zeds.
zeds.
s
mise
zm
af
infest
ed
6.3.2 doneTa mimdevrobis modeli

models, romlis Tanaxmadac arawesieri fleqsiuri (da idiosinkrazuli
derivaciuli) afiqsebis mimagreba Cveulebrivi derivaciuli da fleqsiuri
wesebis win dgas, doneTa mimdevrobis modeli hqvia, vinaidan es modeli
moqmedebis gansxvavebuli, Tanmimdevruli doneebis hipoTezas ayenebs, romlis
mixedviTac rTuli morfologiuri formebi iwarmoeba specifikuri wesebiT,
romlebic mxolod da mxolod erT doneze gvxvdeba. (10) ganmartavs Tu ra saxis
morfemebi gvxvdeba TiToeul doneze:
(10)
doneTa mimdevrobis modeli:

I done araproduqtiuli an semantikurad arawesieri derivaciuli an

fleqsiuri afiqsebi.

II done produqtiuli an semantikurad Cveulebrivi derivaciuli

afiqsebi.

III done Cveulebrivi fleqsiuri afiqsebi.
gaixseneT, rom morfemaTa mimagrebis am modelSi arc erTi done ar
gamoiyeneba wina doneze adre. amis Sedegad, doneTa mimdevroba winaswar
gansazRvravs, rom mravlobiTi ricxvis Sedgenili sityvebis warmoebisas
mravlobiTis wesieri forma Sedgenili sityvis SigniT ar gvxvdeba, vinaidan
361
362
Cveulebrivi mravlobiTis niSnebi III doneze emateba, mas Semdeg, rac yvelanairi
derivaciuli da arawesieri fleqsiuri afiqsebi miemagreba. Tumca arawesieri
mravlobiTis afiqsebi I doneze emateba da Sesabamisad vlindeba Sedgenili
sityvis SigniT. (11) gviCvenebs rat-infested da mouse-infested Sedgenili sityvebis
warmoebas doneTa mimdevrobis mixedviT, xolo (12) gviCvenebs, rogor
iwarmoeba doneTa mimdevrobis mixedviT, rat-swalowers, mouse-swallowers da
mice-swallowers:
(11) (a) (ufrosebis mier rCeuli)

I done

II done

III done

saboloo Sedegi
rat infest
______
rat infest-ed
rat infested
mouse infest
______
mouse infest-ed
mouse infested

(b) ufrosebisgan dawunebuli rat infest
mouse infest

I done
______

mice infest

II done
rat infest-ed

mice infest-ed

III done
______
______
rat infested
mice infested

saboloo Sedegi
(12) (a) (ufrosebis mier SerCeuli)
er
I done
III done
III done
saboloo Sedegi
(b) ufrosebisgan dawunebuli

I done

II done

III done

saboloo Sedegi
rat swallow
mouse swallow
______
rat swallow-er
rat swallow-er-s
rat swallowers
rat swallow
______
rat swallow-er
______
mouse swallow-
mouse swallow-er-s
mouse swallowers
mouse swallow
mice swallow
mice swallow-er
rat swallow-er-s mice swallow-er-s

rat swallowers
mice swallowers
rogorc vxedavT, Sedgenili sityvebis mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisas

pirveli elementis gamravleba SeuZlebelia, Tuki is mravlobiT ricxvs
Cveulebrivi mrvlobiTi ricxvis fleqsiiT awarmoebs, vinaidan wesieri
mravlobiTi ricxvis fleqsia vlindeba III doneze da Sesabamisad SeiZleba
sufiqsis saxiT miemagros mxolod mTlian Sedgenil sityvas. Tumca, Sedgenili
sityvis pirveli elementis gamravleba SeiZleba Tu igi mravlobiT ricxvs
arawesierad awarmoebs, vinaidan mravlobiTi ricxvis arawesieri warmoeba
gvxvdeba pirvelive doneze, sxva yvela afiqsaciis win. aseT SemTxvevaSi
pirveli wevris mravlobiToba SerCeviTia da sakmaod dawunebulia ufrosTa
mier. mozrdilebi sakmaod iSviaTad an arasdros ar iyeneben iseT variants,
rogoricaa mice-eater an teeth-swallower. zog mkvlevars aqvs hipoTeza, rom
doneTa mimdevroba universaluri gramatikis nawilia da Sesabamisad ar
iswavleba.
6.3.3 eqsperimentaluri testi

rogor unda Semowmdes doneTa mimdevrobis hipoTeza da hipoTeza, romlis
Tanaxmadac doneTa mimdevroba universaluri gramatikis nawilia da warmarTavs
bavSvis mier sityvis warmoebis process misi Seswavlis aucileblobis gareSe?
piter gordonma (1985) Seamowma es hipoTezebi da Caatara bavSvebze testi,
ramdenad emorCilebodnen bavSvebi doneTa mimdevrobis principebs Sedgenili
sityvebis mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisas. Tu bavSvi miejaWveba modelis
SezRudvebs, maSin igi arasodes ar gamoiyenebs Sedgenili sityvis SigniT
arsebiT saxels mravlobiTis wesieri formiT, magram SerCeviTad dauSvebs
arsebiT saxels mravlobiTis arawesieri warmoebiT sityvis SigniT. Tuki
yvelaze patarebic am models mihyvebodnen, maSin CaiTvleboda, rom doneTa
mimdevroba maTi Tandayolili codnis anu universaluri gramatikis nawili
iyo da ara mogvianebiT Seswavlili.
gordonma Seamowma 3-dan 5 wlamde bavSvebis codna Sedgenili sityvebis
warmoebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa dog-catchers. sityvis pirvel komponentad man
aiRo orive saxis arsebiTi saxeli: iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa rat, bead da hand,
romlebic wesebis dacviT awarmoeben mravlobiT ricxvs (rats, beads, hands) da
iseTi sityvebi, romlebic mravlobiT ricxvs arawesierad awarmoeben (tooth,
foot, mouse da man). man bavSvebs aCvena sagnebi da Cookie Monster is meSveobiT
ekiTxeboda dasaxelebuli sagnis mravlobiTs da Semdeg am sityvisgan
Sedgenili sityvis mravlobiTs. imisaTvis, rom Sedgenili arsebiTi saxeli
gamoevlina, Cookie Monster-i kiTxulobda: What do you call someone who eats X
(mag, hands) (ras uwodebT mas, vinc X-s Wams? mag, xelebs?) ase magaliTad, Cookie
Monster-i ikiTxavda: `ras uwodebT mas, vinc xelebs Wams?~ (What do you call
someone who eats hands?) bavSvis mier am kiTxvis pasuxad warmoebuli Sedgenili
sityva miuTiTebs, ramdenad dasaSvebia bavSvis gramatikisTvis am sityvis
mravlobiTi forma Sedgenili sityvis SigniT. SegaxsenebT, rom ufrosebs
urCevniaT mxolobiTis gamoyeneba maSinac ki, roca mravlobiTic dasaSvebia,
rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom bavSvebi ufrosebisgan TiTqmis saerTod ar ismenen
mravlobiTi ricxvis formas Sedgenil sityvaSi.
gordonis eqsperimentidan sami mniSvnelovani Sedegi miviReT. pirveli,
rom 3 wlis bavSvma icoda, rogor ewarmoebina Sedgenili sityvis mravlobiTi
ricxvis iseTi forma, rogoricaa rat-eaters an mice-swallowers. meore bavSvebi
mudam icavdnen doneTa mimdevrobis models. isini Sedgenil sityvaSi iyenebdnen
mravlobiTi arsebiTi saxelebis mxolobiT formas. am Sedegebma aCvena, rom
rTuli sityvebis formirebisas bavSvebi iyenebdnen doneTa mimdevrobis
SezRudvebs. amas bavSvebi Secdomebis daSvebisasac ki avlendnen, kerZod, roca
bavSvi arasworad awarmoebda martivi arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiT ricxvs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, mouses an tooths, igi arasodes ityoda *mouses-eater.
mesame Sedegi, romelic am eqsperimentma aCvena bavSvebi, romelTac sityvis
arawesieri mravlobiTis forma icodnen, Sedgenil sityvaSi xan mxolobiT
formas iyenebdnen (tooth-swallowers), xan mravlobiTs (teeth-swallowers). bavSvebi
TiTqmis arasodes ar ismenen iseT formebs, rogoricaa teeth-swallowers an micecatchers, magram maT mainc ician, rom aseTi forma Secdoma ar aris. es safuZvels
gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom es codna ara SeZenili, aramed universaluri
363
364
gramatikis nawilia.
gordonis kvlevis Sedegebi uCveulo ar gaxlavT. im droisaTvis, roca
bavSvebma ician Sedgenili sityvebis warmoeba, (anu saSualod 3 wlis asakSi) isini
avlenen Sedgenili sityvebis warmoebisTvis saWiro yvela saxis codnas, rac
me-2 TavSi iyo ganxiluli. es gulisxmobs mTavari wevris adgils, morfemebis
mimagrebas da gansxvavebas Sedgenili sityvisa da frazis maxvilebs Soris.
bavSvebSi maxvilis gamoyenebisas Secdomis daSveba sakmaod iSviaTia, maSinac ki,
roca Sedgenili sityva da fraza identuri wevrebisgan Sedgeba, rogorc (13)
-isa da (14) -is SemTxvevaSia, sadac maxviliani sityva didi asoebiTaa dabeWdili:
13. a blueBIRD (Citi, romelic lurjia)
14. a BLUEbird (Citis konkretuli saxeoba)
6.4 sityvaTwarmoebisas daSvebuli Secdomebi

morfologiurad rTuli formebis warmoebisas bavSvebi, ra Tqma unda,
uSveben Secdomebs, magram maTi codna enaSi sityvis warmoebis wesebis Sesaxeb
aisaxeba maT mier daSvebul SecdomebSi. aseTi Secdomebi moicavs sityvebis
warmoebas gramatikaSi sityvaTwarmoebis produqtiuli wesebis gamoyenebiT,
magaliTad, sweeper an typer, romlebsac mogvianebiT enaSi arsebuli igive
mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi Caenacvleba, am SemTxvevaSi broom da typist.
sityvaTwarmoebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi iSviaTia, magram sityvebis for
mirebis Sesaxeb yvelaferi adreul asakSi ar viTardeba. bavSvebs xangrZlivi
dro sWirdebaT sityvaTwarmoebis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis asaTviseblad,
romlebic idiosinkrazulia da romlebisTvisac ar arsebobs zogadi wesebi
an principebi. inglisurSi, magaliTad, saWiroa, viswavloT zepirad, romeli
(araproduqtiuli) derivaciuli afiqsi romel Zirs miesadageba da ra
mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs. bavSvebi xSirad uSveben im tipis Secdomebs, romlebic
(15)-Si da (16)-Si aris warmodgenili. am Secdomebs RG uSvebs 2;6 da 4;2 wlis asakSi:
(15) (gareT TamaSis Semdeg Sin dabrunebuli) (2;6)
R: I want a yellow bicycle no, some sickle.
me minda yviTeli velosipedi da ara namgali

(roca cdilobs, rom gaixsenos saWiro sityva, R miuTiTebs macivarze da
ambobs)
popsicle! - sawuwni kamfeti
(16) (R-s zewari saSrobSia, romelic Zalian unda rom Tan hqondes) (4;2)
R: I think its had enough *dryment. - vfiqrob mas sakmarisi *dryment hqonda.
(15) -Si R urevs sicle da cycle morfemebs. pirveli iseT sityvebSi gvxvdeba,
rogoricaa fudgesicle da icicle, xolo meore bicycle da tricycle. orive morfema
arsebiT saxels awarmoebs da orive erTnairad gamoiTqmis, magram maT
gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvT da sxvadasxva morfemebTan gvxvdeba. isini
omonimebia anu erTnairi JReradobis, magram gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis
mqone sityvebi, rogorc to, too da two. Tumca, R-is leqsikonSi isini jer kidev
erTsa da imave morfemas warmoadgenen.
(16) -Si R araswor derivaciul morfemas amagrebs dry zedsarTav saxels
sasurveli arsebiTi saxelis sawarmoeblad. (mas swori formis misaRebad ing
unda gamoeyenebina.) magram sayuradReboa, rom man iseTi derivaciuli morfema

SearCia, romelic, namdvilad awarmoebs arsebiT saxels, magram zmnebisgan da
ara zedsarTavi saxelebisgan, rac (17a) da (17b) -Si Cans:
(17) a.
b.
s
s

zm
af
zeds.
af
enjoy
ment
*dry
ment
garda fleqsiur morfologiaSi daSvebuli Secdomebisa (rasac Cven

qvemoT ganvixilavT), bavSvebis Secdomebi moicavs iseT formebs, romlebic
dasamaxsovrebelia da/an sityvis idiosinkrazuli maxasiaTeblebia, romlebic
leqsikonSi unda iyos aRnusxuli da ara romelime zogadi wesis Tanaxmad
formirebuli.
6.5. SeniSvna funqciur sityvebTan dakavSirebiT

marTalia, bavSvebis adreuli periodis metyveleba ZiriTadad moicavs
leqsikur anu Ria klasis sityvebs, magram daxuruli klasis anu zogierTi
funqciuri sityva adreve iCens Tavs, xSirad orsityvian etapamde. kvleva
gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi ganviTarebis dasawyisSive mgrZnobiareni arian
funqciuri da leqsikuri sityvebis gansxvavebis mimarT. vidre fonologiur
formas daxvewen, bavSvebi iyeneben martiv (xSirad erTmarcvlian), fonetikurad
neitralur formebs funqciuri sityvebis saxiT. maT mkvlevrebi erTmarcvlian
adgilis Semvsebebs (anu MPH-ebs) uwodeben. isini vlindebian iq, sadac wesiT
funqciuri sityva unda iyos da funqciuri sityvebis specifikuri kategoriebis
codna ki mJRavndeba Sesabamisi distribuciiT magaliTad, inglisursa da
italiurSi arsebiTi saxelis win artiklis gamoyenebiT. mas Semdeg, rac MPH
morfemebi Sinaarsis mqone sityvebTan kombinaciaSi Semowmda, aRmoCnda, rom
vidre bavSvebi aiTviseben sintaqss an calkeuli morfemebis swor gamoTqmas,
maT ician, ra tipis morfemebi arian isini (leqsikuri Tu funqciuri) da aseve
zusti warmodgena aqvT maTi distribuciis ganmsazRvrel wesebze.
6.6. bavSvis gramatikis sintaqsi

am qveTavSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sintaqsis ganviTarebaze. SeuZ
lebelia bavSvis sintaqsis yvela aspeqts SevexoT, magram SevecdebiT, zogadi
warmodgena mainc SegiqmnaT, Tu ra ician patarebma maTi enis sintaqsur struq
turaze ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze da ramdenad hgavs an gansxvavdeba es
codna mozrdilTa codnisgan.
zogjer 2 wlis bavSvebi TanmimdevrobiT warmoTqvamen ramdenime sityvas.
dasawyisisTvis maTi gamoTqma ori-sami sityvisagan Sedgeba da aseTi adreuli
periodis winadadebebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba ufrosis gamoTqmebisagan.
magaliTad, Semdegi winadadebebi tipiuria 2 wlis inglisurad metyveli
bavSvisTvis:
(18)
a. Make a cho-choo train.

b. Mommy throw it away.
g. No want this.
365
366

d. Not making muffins.

e. Man sit down.
v. See my doggie?
z. What cowboy doing?
mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom bavSvis ena adreul periodSi sagrZnoblad

dalagebulia da garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba mozrdilTa enisagan. es
gansxvaveba sakmaod sistemuria. magaliTad, (18) -Si warmodgenil winadadebebSi
vxedavT, rom bavSvebi xSirad toveben subieqtebs. Tumca, inglisurad
mosaubreni, Cveulebriv, amas ar akeTeben. aseve vxedavT, rom am asakSi bavSvebi
toveben drois/SeTanxmebis fleqsias, rogorc es (18) -Sia. ufrosis mier
warmoTqmuli winadadeba ase JRers Mommy threw it away an Mommy throws it
away. meore mxriv, ganrgZobiTi ing sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebis am
etapze, rogorc (18 d,z) -Si vxedavT.
bevr Cvengans Zalian moswons bavSvebis ena da xSirad kargad verTobiT
maT Secdomebze. magram bavSvis ena ar aris mxolod SemTxveviTi miaxloeba
Sesaswavl enasTan. am etapze bavSvs aqvs Sinaganad Tanmimdevruli, wesebiT
marTuli kognituri sistema gramatika specifikuri maxasiaTeblebiT,
romelTa swavlac SesaZlebelia (iseve, rogorc ufrosebis gramatika).
rogorc pirvel TavSi iyo ganxiluli, bavSvi Tavdapirvelad universaluri
gramatikis aTvisebas iwyebs, romelic gansazRvravs gramatikis zogad formas
da mogvianebiT xdeba misi Sevseba enisTvis specifiuri detalebiT konkretuli
enis garemoSi cxovrebis Sedegad. zogi xarvezi swrafad swordeba, zogis
aTvisebas meti dro sWirdeba, ris meSveobiTac iqmneba aTvisebis etapebi.
sqematurad es (19) -Sia naCvenebi, sadac ganviTarebis TiToeuli safexuri aris
Gn, saTaveSi dgas sawyisi etapis aRmniSvneli, Go, igive UG da bolos mozrdili
adamianis konkretuli enis srulyofili gramatika Ga.
(19) G0, G1, . . . . , Gn, . . . , Ga
enis ganviTarebis erT-erTi saintereso Tvisebaa erTsaxovneba, rac

bavSvebSi vlindeba. sxvadasxva pirobebSi gazrdili bavSvebi, romlebic
Zalian gansxvavdebian erTamaneTisgan, enis ganviTarebis erTsa da imave
safexurebs gadian. magaliTad, telegrafiuli etapi, romelic vlindeba
(18) -Si naCvenebi sityvebis saxiT, saerToa yvela bavSvisTvis. niSnisa da
sasaubro enis Semswavleli bavSvebic enis aTvisebisas TvalSisacem msgavsebas
amJRavneben. Cndeba kiTxva: ratom avlenen bavSvebi am erTferovnebas? aSkaraa,
rom (18) -Si mocemuli magaliTebi ufrosi mosaubris warmoTqmuli araa. bavSvis
ganviTarebaSi Sualeduri gramatikis Seswavlisas naTlad vnaxavT lingvisturi
codnis bunebasa da im meqanizmebs, romelTa meSveobiTac bavSvebi am codnas
iZenen.
6.7 principebi da parametrebi

yvelaze gasaocari Sedegi, rac gramatikis ganviTarebis kvlevis Semdeg
miviReT, aris is, rom bavSvebi adreul asakSive iwyeben sintaqsis Zireuli
aspeqtebis aTvisebas. magaliTad, rogorc (18) -Si vxedavT, miuxedavad imisa,
rom calkeuli elementebi gamotovebulia, winadadebis mTavari wevrebi swori
mimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli (subieqti zmna obieqti anu SVO). obieqti
367
zmnis Semdeg dgas, rogorc amas inglisuris gramatika moiTxovs. imave asakSi
iaponuris Semswavleli bavSvi OV sityvaTa rigs iyenebs, rac sworia iaponuri
gramatikis mixedviT:
(20)
a.
b.
hyaku-en choodai
a hundred-yen give
mieci asi ieni
Hako tabe-chau wa
box eat-will have exclamative particle
is SeWamda yuTs!
rogorc vxedavT, gramatikis im nawilebs, rasac parametrebi hqvia, Zalian

swrafad iTviseben bavSvebi, rogorc es me-3 da me-5 TavebSi iyo aRwerili.
gramatikis aTvisebis procesi gulisxmobs parametrebis gansazRvas.
magram vidre Secnobis Sedegebamde mividodeT, mokled gadavavloT Tvali
parametrebisa da maTi gansazRvris Teorias.
Tavdapirvelad universaluri gramatika Cven ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
nimuSi, romlis xarvezebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeZenili gamocdilebiT
unda gaswordes. axla ki ufro konkretuli saxe mivceT am ganmartebas. UG
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc principebisa da parametrebis sistema. iseTi
principebi, rogoricaa gramatikuli wesebis struqturuli damokidebuleba
da kategoriaTa SerCevis piroba me-4 TavSi iyo warmodgenili. yovelive es
enebs Soris saerTo gramatikuli aspeqtebis gamomxatvelia. magram rogorc
me-5 TavSi vnaxeT, enebi gansxvavdeba calkeul sakiTxSi da am gansxvavebebs
SegviZlia parametrebi vuwodoT. UG-is parametrebi gamoxatavs im mcire
gansxvavebebs, rasac enebi avlenen zogierT gramatikul kategoriaSi.
parametrebis varirebis naTeli magaliTi iyo me-5 TavSi da am TavSi mocemuli
zemoT ganxiluli zmnisa da misi damatebis urTierToba. aq gvaqvs ori SesaZlo
varianti, obieqti an mosdevs zmnas, rogorc inglisurSi, an win uswrebs zmnas,
rogorc iaponurSi.
gramatikis pasiuri codna

bavSvebis mier sintaqsis codna yvelaze naTlad Cans (20) -Si warmodgenilis
msgavsi mravalsityviani gamoTqmebis formirebisas. Tumca gvaqvs safuZveli,
vifiqroT, rom bavSvebma ZiriTadi sintaqsuri wesebi ufro adrec ician.
boloxans Catarda eqsperimentebi, raTa SeemowmebinaT bavSvebis pasiuri codna
sintaqsis Sesaxeb. am eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom 17 Tvis asakis bavSvebi, roca
maTi leqsikoni ramdenime sityvas iTvlis da roca maT jer kidev ar SeuZliaT
mravalsityviani gamoTqmis formireba, grZnoben sityvaTa mimdevrobiT
gamowveul mniSvnelobis cvlas. preferential looking paradigm teqnikaSi
(hirS-paseki da golinkofi 1996) bavSvebs asmenineben winadadebebs da Semdeg
uCveneben videos, sadac sxvadasxva scenaa naCvenebi. am scenebidan erT-erTi
Seesabameba maT mier mosmenil winadadebas. Sedegebma aCvena, rom Bert is tickling
Ernie winadadebis mosmenis Semdeg airCeven videos, sadac berti amxiarulebs
ernis da ara piriqiT. amgvar Sedegebs mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom bavSvebma
gramatika imaze adre ician, vidre Tavad daiwyeben mis gamoyenebas.
CanarTi
6.2
368
(21)

a. Brutus killed Caesar.
_ brutusma mokla keisari.
b. Taro-ga gohan-o tabeta.

Taro rice eats
taro Wams brinjs
amrigad, gvaqvs sawyisi/finaluri parametri (rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxeT).

meore magaliTi exeba subieqtis adgils winadadebaSi. cnobilia, rom yvela
winadadebas unda hqondes subieqti, magram, rogorc me-3 TavSi ganvixileT
(3.2.6 qveTavi), enebi gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, subieqti realizdeba Tu
ara leqsikurad. uamrav enaSi, magaliTad inglisurSi, winadadebis qvemdebare
unda warmoiTqvas ise, rogorc es (22a) winadadebaSi. sxva enebSi, rogoricaa
italiuri, subieqti SeiZleba Cumi iyos (Tumca aucileblad unda iyos),
magram msmeneli xvdeba, romelia nagulisxmevi subieqti zmnaSi gamoxatuli
SeTanxmebis fleqsiebiT da aseve konteqstiT. amrigad, (22b) winadadebaSi zmnaSi
gamoxatulia pirveli piris niSani da Sesabamisad uTqmeli subieqtis gageba
iolia.
(22)
a. Julius Caesar was betrayed. _ iulius keisars uRalates.

(cf. *Was betrayed).
b. Fui tradito.

Was-1st per. betrayed
me miRalates
enebSi arsebul am gansxvavebas nulovani subieqtis parametri hqvia
(NSP=Null Subject Parameter).
parametrebis varirebis morigi magaliTi gulisxmobs piriani zmnis pozi

cias, romelic me-5 TavSi iyo ganxiluli. rogorc vnaxeT, enebi gansxvavdeba
imis mixedviT, zmna vlindeba V, T Tu C formiT. es ukanaskneli zmnis meore
fenomenad iTvleba. es gansxvaveba martivad parametrebis varirebis pirobebSi
SegviZlia gadmovceT. zmnis poziciis parametrs qvemoT davubrundebiT.
rogorc aRvniSneT SesavalSi, lingvistur Teoriasa da enis aTvisebas
Soris mWidro kavSiria. universaluri gramatikis konkretuli modeli ar
aris mxolod ufrosebis gramatikuli codnis amsaxveli modeli, aramed igi
aseve warmogvidgens Secnobis procesis calkeul suraTs. UG-is principebisa
da parametrebis modelSi bavSvebi iTviseben parametrebs da maT mxolod
evalebaT Seasworon es parametrebi ise, rom Sesaswavli enis moTxovnebs
akmayofilebdes. amas isini konkretuli enis garemodan miRebuli informaciis
safuZvelze akeTeben, amgvarad, inglisurad mosaubre bavSvi NSP-s asworebs
ise, rom warmoTqvams subieqts, xolo espanurad mosaubre bavSvi arCevs Cum
subieqts.
principebisa da parametrebis modeli sakmaod mimzidvelia, vinaidan
igi gvTavazobs enis aTvisebisas gaCenili logikuri problemis pirdapir
gadawyvetas. Tuki sintaqsis Secnobac mxolod parametrebis Sesworebamde
mcirdeba, maSin gramatikis am aspeqtebs bavSvi swrafad da efeqturad aiTvisebs,
vinaidan igi viwro UG gziT midis. ganviTarebis safexurebis erTsaxovneba
asaxavs parametrebis gansazRvris gzas. axla ufro detalurad ganvixiloT
bavSvebis mier parametrebis gansazRvris procesi.
6.7.1 parametrebis gansazRvra da adreuli

morfosintaqsuri ganviTareba
parametrebis gansazRvris sasargeblo metaforaa, Tu warmovidgenT,
rom bavSvi mosmenil lingvistur masalaze uamrav gadamrTvels CarTavs an
gamorTavs.
naxati 6.1. parametrebis gansazRvra

vinaidan parametrebis gansazRvras ganmasxvavebeli buneba mivaniWeT,
mosalodnelia, rom bavSvi swrafad aiTvisebs gramatikis am Zireul aspeqtebs.
marTlac, kvlevebis umravlesoba am Sedegs avlens. bavSvebi Zalian mgrZnobia
reni arian Sesaswavli enis morfosintaqsis detalebisadmi da Sesabamisad,
Zalian bevri parametric (SeiZleba yvela) ganisazRvreba ganviTarebis adreul
etapze.
ori parametri, romelsac axla ganvixilavT - T-Si V parametric da zmnis
meore parametric gulisxmobs gansxvavebas pirian da upiro zmnebs Soris.
amitomac daviwyebT imaze saubriT, Tu rogor iyenebs am ori tipis zmnebs bavSvi.
rogorc me-5 TavSi iyo ganxiluli, zrdasrulTa enebSi mTavar winadadebaSi
unda iyos piriani zmna, romelsac miemagreba drois an piris an sxva Tvisebis
gamomxatveli fleqsia. SeadareT (23) -Si warmodgenili gramatikulad araswori
magaliTebi frCxilebSi Casmul variantebs.
(23) a. *Romeo (to) love Juliet.
(inglisuri)

(cf. Romeo loves Juliet).
b. *Romo boire du vin.

romeo daleva-inf. Rvino.
(franguli)
(cf. Romeo bit du vin.)
(romeo daleva-III p. mx. Rvino)

g. *Romeo Juliet kussen.
(holandiuri)
romeo julieta kocna inf.
369
370

(cf. Romeo kust Juliet.)
(romeo kocnis julietas.)

infinitivi mxolod mTavari piriani zmnebis damatebaa, rogorc (24) -Sia
naCvenebi:
(24) a. Romeo hopes [to marry Juliet].

romeos imedi aqvs, [rom julietas moiyvans colad].
b. Henri veut [aller au palais].
henris sasaxleSi wasvla unda
(franguli)

g. Petruccio will Kate trouwen.
petruCio unda qeiTi daqorwindeba inf.
(holandiuri)

petruCios qeiTis colad moyvana unda.

uamrav enaSi infinitivi vlindeba garkveuli infinitivuri fleqsiiT,

magaliTad er frangulSi, -en holandiurSi. inglisurSi fuZiseuli formaa
infinitivi. (mis nawilakad to gamoiyeneba, Tumca igi Tavad zmnis nawili araa,
aramed T-Si gvxvdeba). (es sakiTxi me-3 TavSi iyo ganxiluli).
bavSvebis adreuli periodis winadadebebi, Cveulebriv, iseT damokidebul
winadadebebs ar Seicavs, rogoric (24) -Sia. aramed es winadadebebi moklea da
mxolod erTi zmnisgan Sedgeba da amitomac am etapze saerTod ar gvxvdeba
zmnebi sawyisi formiT. Tumca patarebi (uxeSad rom vTqvaT, 2-3 wlis asakSi)
ukve iyeneben infinitivebs da, sainteresoa, rom ufrosebisgan gansxvavebiT maT
svamen mTavar winadadebaSi. yvelaze naTlad es holandiursa da frangulSi Cans,
sadac infinitivi gamoixateba sufiqsiT. (25) -sa da (26) -Si naCvenebi gamoTqmebi,
Cveulebriv, mesame wels gvxvdeba. maT Zireuli infinitivebi hqviaT.
(25)

a. Pas manger la poupe.

ara Wama-inf. Tojina
Tojina ar Wams.
b. Michel dormir.
maikli Zili-inf.
maikls Zinavs.
(26)
a. Pappa schoen wassen.

mama fexsacmelebi gawmenda-inf.

mama wmends fexsacmelebs.
(franguli)
(holandiuri)
b. Ik ook lezen
me aseve kiTxva-inf.
me aseve vkiTxulob.
Zireuli infinitivis es Secdoma bavSvebSi SemTxveviTia, vinaidan igi

saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT piriani da upiro zmnebis distribucia
adreul gramatikaSi da gavigoT, rodis iwyeben zmnis poziciis parametrebis
gansazRvras. ufro detalurad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
cxrili 6.1. zmnis pirianoba da uaryofiTi nawilakis pozicia frangulSi.

piriani zmnebi
neg V
V neg
216
upiro zmnebi
122
2
wyaro: pirsi(1992)
T-Si V parametri
me-5 Tavidan gavixsenoT, rom frangulSi piriani zmna uaryofiTi pas-is

marcxniv unda idges, rogorc (27a) -Sia naCvenebi, anu igi T-Si gvxvdeba. upiro
zmnis SemTxvevaSi ki, rogoricaa (27b), zmna pas-is marjvniv dgas.
(27)
a.Romo ne visite pas ses voisins.
Romeo NEG-visits not his neighbors.
romeo ar dadis stumrad Tavis mezoblebTan.
b.Romeo a Ihabitude de ne pas visiter ses viosins.

romeos Tavis mezoblebTAan stumrad ar
wasvlis Cveva aqvs.
gansxvavebuli mimdevrobis gamoyeneba gamowveulia imiT, rom frangulSi

sruli zmna gadaadgildeba uaryofiT nawilak pas-idan T-sken. bavSvis enis
ramdenime mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom frangi bavSvebi pirvel mravalsityvian
gamoTqmebSi swor adgils uCenen pirian da upiro zmnebs. isini pirian zmnas pasis marcxniv svamen, xolo Zireul infinitivebs marjvniv. cxrili 6.1 gviCvenebs
piriani da upiro zmnebis distribucias sami frangi bavSvis SemTxvevaSi (asaki
1;8-dan 2;6-mde). cxrilis Tanaxmad, bavSvebma piriani zmnebi 225 SemTxvevidan
216-Si (96%) sworad Casves uaryofiTi nawilakis marcxniv, xolo 124-dan 122
SemTxvevaSi (98%) upiro zmnebi marjvniv.
vinaidan bavSvebi mxolod SemTxveviT Secdomebs uSveben zmnis Casmisas (5%ze naklebi), naTelia, rom patara frangi bavSvebi swrafad gansazRvraven zmnis
poziciis parametrs, vTqvaT rogoricaa V-s T-Si Casma.
igive viTrebaa inglisurad mosaubre bavSvebSic. inglisuris SemTxvevaSi
sapirispiro varianti gvaqvs. mTavari zmna ar gadadis T-Si, aramed rCeba zmf-Si
da uaryofiTi nawilakis marjvniv gvxvdeba, rogorc (28a) -s SemTxvevaSi. Tumca
aqve gaixseneT, rom be zmna gadadis T-Si, rac (28b) -Sia ilustrirebuli:
(28) a. Othello does not [zmflove Desdemona any more].

b. Iago is not [zmf ------- a very nice fellow].
inglisurad mosaubre bavSvebi yovelTvis sworad aTavseben mTavar zmnas

uaryofiTi nawilakis marjvniv, xolo be zmnas marcxniv, riTac gramatikis
aspeqtebis ufrosebisnair codnas avlenen. amrigad, bavSvebi ar uSveben iseT
Secdomebs, rogoric (29) -Sia naCvenebi:
(29) a. @Mommy not is going.
b. @Mommy likes not cookies.

irlandiuri Zalian saintereso enaa zmnis poziciis mixedviT. rogorc me-5
TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, sruli daqvemdebarebuli winadadebebi irlandiurSi
gulisxmobs VSO mimdevrobas, rac Semdeg winadadebebSia warmodgenili:
371
372
(30)
a. Chonaic m spideog ar maidin.
saw I a-robin on morning.
me vnaxe meJolia am diliT.
b. Thit me inne.
fell I yesterday.
me daveci guSin.
srul winadadebaSi zmna inacvlebs T-Si, subieqtze maRla, romelic

irlandiurSi zmf-s SemadgenlobaSia, rogorc qvemoTaa naCvenebi:
(31)
[zmfthit [zmf me _____ inne]]
(defisebi gadaadgilebuli zmnis adgils miuTiTebs).
roca mTavari zmna upiroa, rogorc, magaliTad, gangrZobiTis

konstruqciaSi, zmna zmf-Si subieqtze qvemoTaa da SegviZlia vnaxoT SVO
sityvaTa mimdevroba, rac momdevno winadadebaSia warmodgenili, sadac build
mosdevs subieqts Sean:
(32) T [zmfSen ag tgil tithe i nDoire.]

is Sean build (prog.) houses in Derry

Soni doriSi saxlebs aSenebs.
irlandiurad mosaubre patara bavSvebi, saSualod 14 Tvis asakSi mkacrad

ejaWvebian zmnis poziciur moTxovnebs; mTavari piriani zmnebi yovelTvis
sawyis poziciaSia (VSO rigi), xolo gangrZobiTi zmnebi yovelTvis subieqtiT
dawyebul stuqturebSia, rogorc es (33) -Si Cans:
(33)

moncaiag ithe
monkey eat (prog.)
maimuni Wams.
frangi bavSvebis msgavsad irlandieli bavSvebi kargad arCeven pirian da

upiro (gangrZobiT) zmnebs da isini swrafad gansazRvraven V-is gadanacvlebis
parameters. am mxriv, isini hgvanan ufrosebs. Tuki (32) da (33) magaliTebs
SevadarebT, mivxvdebiT, rom bavSvis gangrZobiTi konstruqcia araa ufrosis
konstruqciis identuri. pirveli, rasac SevniSnavT, isaa, rom bavSvebi toveben
be damxmare zmnas da am mxriv maTi warmoTqmuli winadadebebi inglisurad
mosaubre bavSvis mier wamoTqmul (34) winadadebas hgavs:
(34)
Birdie flying.
(34) -Si naCvenebis msgavsi winadadebebi bunebrivia 2 wlis inglisurad

mosaubre bavSvisTvis. qvemoT ufro mets visaubrebT telegrafiul
metyvelebasa da bavSvebis mier sxvadasxva funqciuri elementebis gamotovebis
Sesaxeb. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom gamotoveba erTgvarovnebis erT-erTi
maCvenebelia. bavSvebi tipologiurad gansxvavebuli enebis aTvisebisas mainc
msgavs gramatikul safexurebs gadian.
Verb second
morigi parametri, romelic Zalian kargadaa Seswavlili rogorc

ufrosebSi, ise bavSvebSi, aris verb second anu V to C parametri. gaixseneT,
rom calkeul germanikul enebSi, gansakuTrebiT germanulsa da holandiurSi,

piriani zmnebi inacvlebs C-Si (meore pozicia), rogorc es (35a) -Si holandiuris
SemTxvevaSia warmodgenili, xolo upiro zmnebi (sawyisebi da mimReobebi)
winadadebis boloSia, rogorc (35b) -s SemTxvevaSi:
(35)
a.
[dmfRomeoi [ C kustj] [IP ti Juliet ti ]]
romeo kocnis julietas.
b.

[dmfHiji [C moetj] [IP ti Juliet kussen ti]]

He must Juliet kiss-inf.
man julietas unda akocos.
rogorc manamde aRvniSneT, Zalian patara bavSvebi ar warmoTqvamen

iseT rTul winadadebebs, rogoricaa (35b). Tumca, isini aqtiurad iyeneben
infinitivebs mTavar winadadebaSi, rac (25) -sa da (26) -Sia naCvenebi. Tu patara
germanelma da holandielma bavSvebma sworad gansazRvres V to C parametric,
maSin maTi piriani da upiro zmnebis distribucia gansxvavdeba zrdasrulebis
variantisagan; piriani zmnebi unda iyos meore adgilze, xolo infinitivebi
winadadebis bolos. uamravma kvlevam daadastura, rom es marTlac asea.
cxrili 6.2. warmoadgens zmnis distribucias germanulad mosaubre bavSvis
metyvelebaSi.
6.2. cxrili gviCvenebs, rom piriani zmnebis umravlesoba gamoiyeneba
meore poziciaSi, xolo upiroebi ZiriTadad finalur poziciaSi arian
ganTavsebuli. msgavsi Sedegebi miviReT holandiuris, Svedurisa da sxva V2
enebis Semswavleli bavSvebis kvlevisas. amrigad, V2 enis Semswavleli bavSvebi
sworad gansazRvraven am mniSvnelovan parametrs adreul asakSive. marTlac,
Cans, rom bavSvebs TiTqmis arasdros ar eSlebaT zmnis meore poziciaze dasma.
cxrili 6.2. adreuli asakis germanulSi piriani da upiro zmnebis pozicia.

piriani zmnebi
V2-is pozicia
finaluri pozicia
197
11
upiro zmnebi
6
37
wyaro: pepeli da veqsleri(1993)

nulovani subieqtis parametri
ukanaskneli parametri, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, aris nulovani
subieqtis parametri. SegaxsenebT, rom es parametri gansazRvravs SeiZleba Tu
ara italiuri (36b) winadadebis msgavsad faruli subieqtis gamoyeneba, an Tu
aucilebelia subieqtis warmoTqma, rogorc es (36a) inglisur winadadebaSia:
(36) a. We saw Petruccio . . . Cven vnaxeT petruCio
b. Abbiamo visto Petruccio . . .
have-1st per. Plu. Seen Petruccio.
(We) have seen Petruccio.
erT-erTi yvelaze ucnauri Tviseba adreuli enisa aris subieqtis SerCeviTi

gamoyeneba. yvela bavSvi gadis subieqtebis xSiri gamotovebis safexurs. es
373
374
exeba im SemTxvevebsac, roca Sesaswavl enaSi ar aris nulovani subieqti. (37-39)

-Si warmodgenilia inglisurad, frangulad da holandiurad mosaubre patara
bavSvebis usubieqto winadadebebi. es enebi nulovani subieqtebis gamoyenebis
saSualebas ufrosebis metyvelebaSi ar iZleva:
(37) a. Want go get it.
b. Not making muffins.
g. No play matches.
(holandiuri)
(38) a. Ook toren bouwen.

also tower build
mec vaSeneb koSks.

b. Kann niet slapen op een schaap
ver viZineb cxvarze.
(39) a. Veux pas lolo.
(franguli)

want not water
me ar minda wyali.
b. Pas manger.
ar Wama.
amgvar magaliTebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebobs
parametrebis arasworad gansazRvris SemTxvevebi, anu, roca inglisurad
(holandiurad, frangulad) mosaubre bavSvebi NSP-s italiuris mixedviT
gansazRvraven. aRsaniSnavia, rom ar arsebobs aseTi SemTxvevis gamomricxavi
saSualeba. Tu universaluri gramatikis parametrebi SezRuduli raodenobis
variaciis saSualebas gvaZlevs, am variacias aseve aRmovaCenT ganviTarebis
periodSi gamoTqmul mimdevrobebSi: bavSvi italiuris msgavsi gramatikiT
iwyebs, Semdeg gadadis inglisur NSP-ze. es hipoTeza, romelsac SegviZlia
parametrebis arasworad gansazRvris hipoTeza vuwodoT, Secnobis etapebs
pirdapir ukavSirebs ufrosebis enaSi arsebul tipologiur variacias da
Semdeg ganviTarebas ganmartavs gramatikis damoukideblad motivirebuli
principebisa da parametrebis mixedviT. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, parametris
araswori gansazRvra didi xniT ver inarCunebs Tavs. magaliTebma aCvena, rom am
parametrebs bavSvebi Zalian adreul asakSive sworad gansazRvraven.
parametrebis arasworad gansazRvris hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad SevadaroT
adreuli periodis inglisuri da adreuli periodis italiuri enebi. Tu
inglisurad mosaubre bavSvi Tavdapirvelad laparakobs nulovani subieqtiT,
maSin misi ena unda hgavdes patara italieli bavSvebis enas, romlebic nulovani
subieqtis mqone enas iTviseben. Tumca, saqme ase ar aris. dakvirvebam aCvena, rom
italieli bavSvebi ufrosebiviT 70%-is sixSiriT toveben subieqtebs, xolo
ingliselebi ki 30-50%-is sixSiriT (valiani 1991). marTalia, ar gvaqvs zusti
axsna, Tu ratom warmoTqvamen aseTi zusti sixSiriT amgvar formebs, magram
italiurad da inglisurad mosaubre bavSvebs Soris sixSiris gansxvavebam aCve
na, rom subieqtis gamotovebis faruli mizezebic. gansxvavebulia nulovani
subieqti adreul inglisurSi da adreul italiurSi gansxvavdeba distribu
ciis mxriv. italieli bavSvebi nulovan subieqts ZiriTadad iq iyeneben, sadac
ufrosebi martiv srul winadadebaSi rogorc es (40) -Sia warmodgenili:
(40) a. Sono gi.
am-1st person downstairs

(me) var qveda sarTulze.

b. E mia gonna.
is-3rd person my skirt
(es) Cemi qvedaboloa.

g. Mama dice che non sympatico.
Mama says that not is nice.
deda ambobs, rom (es) ar aris kargi.
adreul inglisurSi ki nulovani subieqtebi Zireul damokidebul

winadadebebSi gamoiyeneba. ufro metic, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba usrul damokidebul winadadebebSi. amrigad, italieli bavSvebi
nulovan subieqts iyeneben imave sixSiriTa da distribuciiT, rogorc ufrosi
asakis italielebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom bavSvebi sworad
gansazRvraven NSP-sP adreul asakSive. inglisurad mosaubre bavSvebi ki
iyeneben nulovan subieqtebs naklebi sixSiriT da gansxvavebul konteqstebSi,
Sesabamisad, ver visaubrebT namdvil nulovan subieqtebze, magram Tu es
marTlac asea da enaSi ar arsebobs nulovani subieqti, maSin riTi aixsneba
bavSvebis mier misi gamoyeneba? sainteresoa, rom am kiTxvis pasuxs isev
mivyavarT im sakiTxTan, romliTac Cveni diskusia daviwyeT es gaxlavT Ziris
formiT gamoyenebuli infinitivebi.
6.8 Ziris formiT gamoyenebuli infinitivebi

adreul gramatikaSi zmnis pirianobis sakiTxis ganxilvidan gaixseneT, rom
bavSvebi iyeneben infinitivebs Zireul damokidebul winadadebebSi, rogoricaa
(25) da (26) magaliTebi. bavSvis enaSi Ziris formiT gamoyenebuli infinitive
bis Seswavlam mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mogvca. erT-erTi maTgani exeba
nulovani subieqtebis distribucias iseT enebSi, sadac subieqti, Cveulebriv,
gamoxatulia. aseTi enebia: holandiuri, franguli, germanuli da flamandiuri.
subieqti nulovania Tu misi gamoxatuleba damokidebulia winadadebis
sisruleze. amrigad, Ziris formiT gamoyenebuli infinitivebi gvxvdeba
nulovan subieqtebTan, xolo srul winadadebaSi gamoiyeneba gamoxatuli
subieqtebi, rogorc es 6.3. cxrilSia naCvenebi. (urTierTmimarTeba araa
srulyofili. marTalia, nulovani subieqtebi gvxvdeba srul winadadebebSi
da gamoxatuli subieqtebi Ziris formiT warmodgenil infinitivebTan, magram
isini procentulad ufro naklebadaa, vidre mosalodnelia).
cxrili 6.3. nulovani da gamoxatuli subieqtebi srul da usrul winadadebebSi.

flamandiuri
germanuli
franguli
holandiuri
piriani zmnebi
gamoxatuli nulovani
75
80
74
68
25
20
26
32
upiro zmnebi
gamoxatuli
nulovani
11
11
7
15
89
89
93
85
wyaro: krameridan aRebuli flamandiuri da franguli monacemebi (1994);

haegemanidan aRebuli holandiuri monacemebi (1994); berensidan aRebuli
germanuli monacemebi (1993)
375
376
msgavsi urTierTmimarTeba nulovan subieqtebsa da zmnis pirianobis

naklebobas Soris adreul inglisurSi ZiriTadad Wh-kiTxvebSi vlindeba. amis
mizezebi ki Cveni ganxilvis Temas scdeba. Tu mTel yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
Wh-konteqstebze, aRmovaCenT, rom nulovani subieqtebi ZiriTadad usrul
kiTxvebSia, rogoricaa (41a), xolo srul kiTxvebSi ki subieqtebi gamoxatulia,
msgavsad (41b) magaliTisa. usrul Wh-kiTxvebis 49%-Si nulovoani subieqtebi
gvxvdeba, xolo sruli Wh-kiTxvebis mxolod 5%-Sia nulovani subieqti. amitom
(43g) -s msgavsi winadadeba namdvilad miuRebelia.
(41) a. Where_____ go?
b. Where dis goes?
g. *Where ____ goes?
Cven vfiqrobT, rom (41) -Si zmna upiroa, vinaidan winadadebis nagulisxmevi
subieqti (romelsac konteqstiT vxvdebiT) mesame pirSia, magram zmnas ar aqvs
arc s da arc ed niSani. gaixseneT me-3 TavSi ganxiluli sakiTxi, rom infinitivi
ver iRebs ganmasxvavebel afiqss da igi omofonuria zmnis fuZesTan mimarTebaSi.
magaliTad, eat, sleep, dance. amrigad, inglisurSi Ziris formiT gamoyenebuli
infinitivis eqvivalenti iqneba fuZis saxiT warmodgenili zmna. marTlac,
hipoTezaa SemuSavebuli, rom inglisurad mosaubre bavSvi ambobs Mommy go
an svams iseT kiTxvas, rogoric (41a) -Si iyo warmodgenili. bavSvebi, romlebic
iTviseben iseT enas, sadac subieqti gamoxatulia, nulovan subieqtebs iyeneben
ZiriTadad usrul damokidebul winadadebebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa
aRiniSnos, rom nulovani subieqti gvxvdeba mxolod usrul damokidebul
winadadebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom infinitivebsa da droian
klauzulebs erTnairi struqtura aqvT. orives aqvs subieqti. es aSkaraa, roca
subieqti gamoxatulia, rogorc (42a) -Si, magram subieqti aseve aris (42b) -Si,
Cumi PRO subieqti, rogorc es me-3 TavSi iyo ganxiluli.
(42) a. It takes courage [for Kate to defy Petruccio].

b. It takes courage [PRO to defy Petruccio].
(42b) -s PRO subieqtis aRsaniSni aris `viRac~ (someone), rogorc winadadebaSi

It takes courage for someone to defy Petruccio.
nulovani subieqtis gamoyeneba upiro zmnasTan universaluri gramatikis

nawilia da Sesabamisad, am fenomens vawydebiT nebismieri enis analizisas. zogi
aseTi magaliTi (43) -Sia warmodgenili:
(43)

a. Kate wants [PRO____ to defy Petruccio].

b. Kate wil
[PRO ____ Petruccio uitdagen]
g. Kate veut
[__PRO ___ dfier Petruccio]
(holandiuri)
(franguli)
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom bavSvebi, romlebic swavloben enas, sadac

subieqti gamoxatulia, Secdomas ki ar uSveben, roca nulovan subieqtebs
Ziris formiT naxmar infinitivebTan iyeneben, aramed avlenen universaluri
gramatikis codnas. nulovani subieqtis gamoyenebis faqtebi miuTiTebs, rom
Zalian patarebsac aqvT unari ganasxvavon sruli da usruli winadadebebi.
bavSvebis mier nulovani subieqtebis Zireul winadadebaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
SekiTxva daiyvaneba Semdeg sakiTxamde: ratom iyeneben bavSvebi infinitivebs

Zireul konteqstebSi? Tuki am meore kiTxvas vupasuxebT, maSin pirvelzedac
miviRebT pasuxs. ori SekiTxva erTiandeba.
axla ki unda movZebnoT pasuxi Tu ratomaa SesaZlebeli patara bavSvebis ena
Si infinitivebis Ziris formiT gamoyeneba am kiTxvis sxva saxiT formulireba ase
SegviZlia: ratom SeuZliaT bavSvebs gamotovon winadadebebSi gardamavlobis
maxasiaTebeli, xolo ufrosebs amis unari ar aqvT? es kiTxva ufro farTo
konteqstSi ganvixiloT, kerZod ki: ratom aris sxvadasxva funqciuri elementi
gamotovebuli adreuli asakis metyvelebaSi, rogoricaa dro, (subieqti)
nacvalsaxelebi, damxmareebi da msazRvrelebi?
6.9 winadadebis struqtura da funqciuri kategoriebi

am TavSi warmodgenili sxvadasxva magaliTidan SevityobT rom, patarebi
gamoTqmebidan xSirad funqciur elementebs agdeben. wina qveTavSi aRvniSneT,
rom bavSvebi toveben subieqtur nacvalsaxelebs, ris Sedegadac nulovani
subieqtis mqone winadadebas viRebT. aseve SeiZleba gamotovon drois
gamomxatveli fleqsia, ris Sedegadac Ziris formiT gamoxatul infinitivs
viRebT. aseve aRmovaCenT, rom msazRvrelebi da damxmare saSualebebic
xSirad ar aris patarebis winadadebebSi. am adreuli periodis enas uwodeben
telegrafiul metyvelebas, vinaidan igi Zalian hgavs im enas, ufrosebi
telegramis gagzavnisas rom iyeneben, romelSic sxvadasxva funqciuri
sityvebia gamotovebuli.
Stranded in Athens, need money, send immediately.
ufrosebi aseT telegramas agzavnian fulis dazogvis mizniT da toveben

im funqciur elementebs, romelTa aRdgena da mixvedra iolia konteqstis
mixedviT, magram ratom akeTeben amas bavSvebi? ekonomiis gamo? Tu asea,
maSin ris ekonomias akeTeben? gramatikuli resursisas Tu kidev sxva ramis?
telegrafiul metyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva Teoria arsebobs. Cven
sam variants ganvixilavT: pirveli ganmartavs telegrafiul metyvelebas,
rogorc bavSvis gramatikis Sedegs; meore yovelives fonologiis gavlenas
miawers da mesame am movlenas bavSvis pragmatul sistemas ukavSirebs.
6.9.1 prefunqciuri gramatika?

bavSvebis mier droisa da sxva funqciuri elementebis gamotovebis
Sesaxeb erT-erTi Teoria mdgomareobs imaSi, rom bavSvebis gramatikaSi ar
aris sakmarisi funqciuri kategoriebi: DET, INFL, COMP. am TvalsazrisiT,
adreuli gramatika aris prefunqciuri da bavSvebis frazebis struqtura Sed
geba mxolod iseTi leqsikuri elementebisgan, rogoricaa sf, zmf, zf, Tf. am
ideis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba aris Semoklebuli damokidebuli winadadebis
hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmadac, bavSvebis adreuli periodis winadadebebi
struqturulad ufrosebis iseT patara winadadebebs utoldeba, rogoric me-3
TavSi iyo ganxiluli, mxolod funqciuri danamatebis gareSe:
(44) a. [zmf* [sf Man] [zmf sit down]]
377
378

b. [Tf* [sf Mommy] Tf in house]]

g. [zf* [sfDolly] [zf hapy]]
d. [sf* [sf Mommy] [sf shoe]]
uaryofis gamomxatveli nawilakebi da Wh-frazebi, rogoricaa 18g, d, z,

T), iqneba gansazRvreba Semoklebul damokidebul winadadebebSi da ara, T an C
elementebi, rogorc es ufrosebis gramatikaSia.
(45) [No/wh [[sf ] [zmf ]]]
Semoklebuli damokidebuli winadadebebis hipoTeza da masTan

dakavSirebuli Teoriebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamotovebuli elementebi
pirdapir ganvixiloT; maTi CasmisTvis saWiro ar aris araviTari miTiTeba.
ver iqneba drois aRmniSvneli markeri, Tu ar aris drf, Tu aklia df an dmf
winadadebaSi, ver gveqneba gansazRvrebebi da damatebebi. amgvarma midgomam
SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom bavSvebis ena ufro martivia, vidre ufrosebisa,
magram Cndeba problema: prefunqciuri gramatikis idea aqamde ganxilul
faqtebs ewinaaRmdegeba. pirvel rigSi unda iTqvas, rom funqciuri elementebi
gamoiyeneba adreul enaSi, magram ufrosebis gramatikisgan gansxvavebiT,
SerCeviTia. meore, rogorc vnaxeT, zmnis poziciis parametri mravalsityviani
gamoTqmebis sawyis etapze ganisazRvreba. mesame, Tu inglisurad, holandiurad
da frangulad mosaubre bavSvebi ZiriTadad toveben subieqtebs upiro
zmnebTan, maSin maT aqvT piriani da upiro zmnebis garCevis unari. garda amisa,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, bavSvebi, romlebic srulad toveben funqciur
elements, mainc warmoTqvamen fonologiur elements adgilis Sesavsebad.
arsebobs aseve eqsperimentiT miRebuli damamtkicebeli sabuTi, rom
bavSvebma ician funqciuri elementebi manamde, sanam isini Tavad daiwyeben
maT gamoyenebas. erT-erTi kvlevisas 2 wlis bavSvebi ufro ukeT usadagebdnen
gramatikulad gamarTul msazRvrelian winadadebebs ((46a)) Sesabamis suraTebs,
vidre gramatikulad araswor winadadebebs, romlebSic msazRvrelis adgilas
be idga, rogorc (46b) winadadebaSi.
(46)

a. Find the bird for me.

b. Find was bird for me.
bavSvebma rom ar icodnen gansxvaveba funqciur elementebs Soris, maSin

erTnairi reaqcia eqnebodaT swor da araswor variantebze. empiriuli
damamtkicebeli sabuTebi mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba hipoTezas bavSvebis
prefunqciuri gramatikis Sesaxeb. qvemoT SevexebiT bavSvebis ganviTarebas
SeTanxmebisa da brunebis sakiTxSi. yovelive es mainc tovebs kiTxvas: Tu
patarebs ufrosebis msgavsi sintaqsuri struqtura aqvT da ara Semoklebuli
winadadebebi, maSin ratom gamoTqvamen frazebs telegrafiuli formiT?
6.9.2 metruli hipoTeza

bavSvebis mier funqciuri elementebis gamotovebas gansxvavebulad xsnis
metruli hipoTeza, romelic am movlenebs bavSvTa metyvelebaze dawesebul
fonetikur, kerZod ki, metrul SezRudvas ukavSirebs. inglisurSi funqciuri
morfemebi ZiriTadad umaxvilo marcvlebia. maxviliani marcvlebi kargad

aRiqmeba, vinaidan isini ufro xmamaRali da ufro xangrZlivia, vidre
umaxviloebi. magaliTad, pirveli marcvali sityvaSi Apple a aris maxviliani,
xolo meore ple umaxvilo. iseT winadadebaSi, rogoricaa The aple is red, the
da is funqciuri sityvebia da umaxviloebia. eqsperimentma aCvena, rom bavSvebi
umetes SenTxvevaSi funqciur sityvebs toveben, roca isini umaxviloa da maT
maxviliani marcvali mosdevs. (aseTi tipis maxvilis nimuSs vuwodebT U-S-s).
meore mxriv ki, isini naklebad ikargeba, roca maxviliani marcvlis Semdeg dgas
(anu S-U modeli). magaliTad, savaraudod, bavSvi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, artikls
gamotovebs (47a) magaliTSi, sadac U-S maxvilis modeli moqmedebs, vidre
(47b)-Si, sadac S-U maxvilis nimuSia. (umaxvilo patara SriftiT weria, xolo
maxvilianebi _ didi SriftiT).
(47)
a. the BEAR + KISSED JANE

b. PETE + KISSED the + LAMB
msgavsi Sedegi miviReT subieqti da obieqti nacvalsaxelebis
Sepirispirebisas. vinaidan subieqti nacvalsaxeli U-S maxvilis modelSia (48a)
-Si, xolo obieqti nacvalsaxeli S-U modelSia (48b) -Si, subieqti ufro xSirad
ikargeba.
(48) a. he KISSED + JANE
b. PETE + KISSED her
amrigad, metruli hipoTeza gvaZlevs axsnas nulovani subieqtis Sesaxeb,
razec wina qveTavSi visaubreT.
metruli analizis mixedviT, bavSvis naTqvamze fonologiuri filtri
moqmedebs, romelic S-U nimuSs uSvebs da ara U-S-s. S-U struqturisTvis upi
ratesobis miniWeba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos im faqtTan, rom S-U maxvilis
ZiriTadi modelia inglisurSi, an SeiZleba es simpaTia Tandayolili iyos.
metruli hipoTeza detalurad ganixilavs imitaciis eqsperimentebis
Sedegebs, magram ar aris sakmarisi sxvadasxva ganzogadebebis ganmartebisTvis,
romlebic vlindeba cocxal metyvelebaSi. magaliTad, igi ver xsnis aSkara
kavSirs nulovan subieqtebsa da zmnis pirianoba-upirobas Soris; aseve ar exeba
sakiTxs, Tu ratom toveben bavSvebi subieqtebs maxvilis iseT modelebSi, rom
lebic U-S nimuSisgan gansxvavdebian, magaliTad, Wh-kiTxvebi, rogorebic (41)
-Si iyo warmodgenili. ufro rom ganvazogadoT, metruli hipoTeza araviTar
safuZvels ar gvaZlevs saimisod, rom gavigoT infinitivebis Zireuli formiT
gamoyeneba telegrafiul metyvelebaSi. es hipoTeza aseve ar ganmartavs, Tu
ratom iyeneben patarebi zmnis uafiqso formas (18b, e) winadadebebSi, radganac
drois aRmniSvneli afiqsi aramarcvlovania (does, eats), an Tu marcvlovania,
gulisxmobs sust maxvils S-U maxvilis modelSi (he DANCes). aseve ar exeba
igive hipoTeza aSkara kavSirs inglisuri zmnis Zireul formebsa da im
Zireul infinitivebs Soris, romlebsac bavSvebi niSniani infinitivebis mqone
enebis aTvisebisas warmoTqvamen, magaliTad, holandiurisa da frangulis
SemTxvevaSi. metruli hipoTezis mixedviT Cven ar veliT, rom bavSvebi
marcvlovan fleqsiebs daumateben zmnebs. mis Tanaxmad, nacvalsaxelebisa

379
380
da msazRvrelebis gamotoveba ar ukavSirdeba zmnis Tvisebebs. es elementebi

sintaqsurad msgavsia, vinaidan isini arian sawyisebi funqciuri erTeulebisa
da maT msgavsi pragmatuli funqcia aqvT.
6.9.3 pragmatuli hipoTeza

bavSvis mier pragmatikis codna sruliad sxvagvarad ganixilavs funqci
uri elementebisa da sisrulis SerCeviT gamoyenebas. pragmatika gulisxmobs
enis gamoyenebis wesebs, maT Soris im sakiTxsac, Tu ramdenad jdeba winadade
bebi ufro farTo diskurssa da aralingvistur konteqstSi. magaliTad,
winadadebebis sxvadasxva elementebi (magaliTad, nacvalsaxelebi -he,
gansazRvruli dfDP-ebi the boy) moiTxoven diskursul winmswrebebs, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi maTi aRsaniSni gaurkveveli iqneba. aseve dro ganisazRvreba
diskursul droSi, warsuli dro niSnavs diskursis upirveles moments da
awmyo diskursis Tanadroul moments. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom bavSvebi
xSirad naTlad ver gamoxataven konteqstSi nagulisxmev drosa Tu faqts.
magaliTad, bavSvma SeiZleba saubari daiwyos aseTi winadadebiT He ate my ice
cream. am dros is darwmunebulia, rom he nacvalsaxelis referenti yvelasTvis
iolad misaxvedria. drois, msazRvrelebisa da nacvalsaxelebis SerCeviTobas
SeiZleba, saerTo safuZveli hqondes. gramatikulad bavSvi ar gamoxatavs
winadadebis, sf-ebisa da (subieqti) nacvalsaxelebis gardamaval mimarTebas,
vinaidan igi varaudobs (zogjer SecdomiTac), rom informaciis miReba
konteqstidan an mosaubrisa da msmenelis saerTo fonuri codnis mixedviTac
SeiZleba. Tuki aseTi Sexeduleba sworia, es niSnavs, rom bavSvebis gramatikuli
codna win uswrebs diskursis principebis codnas. maT ician abstraqtuli
funqciuri struqturebi, magram jer ar ician pirobebi, romlis mixedviTac
nacvalsaxelTa aRsaniSnebi unda iyos gansazRvruli gramatikulad da ara
konteqsturad. metruli hipoTezis sapirispirod, pragmatuli hipoTeza
erToblivad exeba sxvadasxva saxis gamotovebebs.
6.9.4 damwifeba gramatikuli struqturebisa da
principebis mTlianobis winaaRmdeg

Cven ukve ganvixileT ramdenime hipoTeza, romlebic exeboda telegrafiul
metyvelebas da 2 wlis asakis gramatikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev ar
gvaqvs zusti ganmarteba, Tu ratom toveben bavSvebi funqciur elementebs,
faqtebi miuTiTebs, rom bavSvebs namdvilad aqvT funqciuri struqtura aseT
adreul asakSi da maTi gramatika iseTive mdidaria Semadgeneli struqturebiT,
rogorc ufrosebis gramatika. patarebi ufrosebisgan gansxvavdebian mxolod
produqtiulobis unariT an pragmatuli SesaZleblobebiT (an oriveTi).
Cven mier funqciuri agebulebisa da gansxvavebebis ganxilva warmoSobs
ufro zogad SekiTxvas gramatikis Sesaxeb, kerZod, bavSvebs universaluri
gramatikis yvela principi aqvT Tu gramatikis calkeul Tvisebebs ganviTarebis
procesSi iZenen? konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli hipoTezebi warmoSobs
ufro farTo hipoTezas, rom sintaqsis calkeuli fundamenturi aspeqtebi
ar vlindeba adreul gramatikaSi, aramed damwifebis Sedegia. amas damwifebis

hipoTeza hqvia, rac mTlianobis (uwyvetobis) hipoTezis sapirispiro
xedvaa, romlis Tanaxmadac universaluri gramatikis yvela aspeqtis
aTviseba ganviTarebis procesSi xdeba. mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi universaluri gramatikis principebi iTvleba Tandayolilad,
magram damwifebis TvalsazrisiT, universaluri gramatikis principebi an
struqturebi vlindeba biologiuri ganviTarebis etapebis mixedviT.
rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, universaluri gramatikis aspeqtebi Zalian
adreul periodSi vlindeba, magaliTad, frazis struqturis principebi
da sxvadasxvagvari gadaadgilebebis wesebi. magram kiTxva, arsebobs Tu ara
universaluri gramatikis iseTi principebi, romlebic gviandel bavSvobaSi
iwyebs gamovlinebas, jer kidev upasuxoa da Semdgom kvlevebs moiTxovs.
saeqsperimento teqnikis daxvewasTan erTad mkvlevrebs saSualeba eZlevaT,
Seamowmon ufro da ufro patara bavSvebis mier gramatikuli principebis codna.
erTi, rac amJamad sruliad naTelia, aris is, rom bavSvi dabadebidan im enaze
ar saubrobs, romelzec ufrosebi; Sesabamisad, raRac unda momwifdes, rom maT
es SeZlon. dava midis imis Taobaze, Tu enis zustad romeli aspeqti ganicdis
damwifebas aris es mTlianad universaluri gramatika, metyvelebis meqanizmebi,
pragmatuli sistema, leqsikoni Tu CamoTvlilTagan ramdenimes kombinacia.
Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT gramatikis kidev erT YZireul Tvisebas
sintaqsur damokidebulebas. dainteresebulni varT, rogor da rodis iwyeben
bavSvebi ZiriTadi sintaqsuri damokidebulebebis aTvisebas. ra Tqma unda,
sintaqsuri kavSiri ganisazRvreba frazis struqturis doneze da amgvarad,
bavSvebis damokidebulebis gageba am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi saSualebas gvaZ
levs miviRoT damatebiTi informacia SemadgenelTa struqturis adreuli
formis Sesaxeb.
6.10 sintaqsuri damokidebuleba

rogorc me-4 TavSi ganvixileT, sintaqsuri damokidebuleba gramatikis
erT-erTi Zireuli maxasiaTebelia. sintaqsuri damokidebuleba gulisxmobs,
rom winadadebaSi erTi sityvis an morfemis arseboba damokidebulia meores
yofnaze. Cven damokidebulebis erTi magaliTi ukve vnaxeT adreul gramatikaSi
kavSiri nulovan subieqtebsa da (Ziris saxiT gamoyenebul) infinitivebs
Soris. am qveTavSi SevexebiT adreul gramatikaSi gamovlenil sxva saxis
sintaqsur damokidebulebebs. kerZod ki, ganvixilavT brunebisa da SeTanxmebis
sistemebs da SevamowmebT bavSvebis mier fleqsiebis mimagrebis codnas. aseve
vnaxavT gramatikuli wesebisa da kategoriaTa SerCevis rols sintaqsur
damokidebulebaSi.
Cven dainteresebulni varT, gavarkvioT, rodis avlenen bavSvebi
sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebebis codnas da ra niSniT gansxvavdeba maTi
gramatika ufrosebis gramatikisagan. es kavSirebi naTelia yvela sakiTxSi Tu
momwifebis Sedegia?
381
382
pirvel rigSi ganvixilavT SeTanxmebasa da brunebas, vinaidan es ori

sakiTxi yvelaze axlos dgas Cven mier zemoT ganxilul TemebTan. rogorc wina
qveTavebSi, Cven ganvixilavT ZiriTadad Zalian patara bavSvebis metyvelebas
daaxloebiT 2 wlis asakSi. Semdeg ki SevexebiT struqturul damokidebulebas,
kategoriaTa SerCevasa da afiqsebis mimagrebas. amgvari damokidebulebebis
Sesaxeb eqsperimentebis wyalobiT mxolod 4-6 wlis bavSvebi SeviswavleT.
me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom arsebobs Zireuli damokidebulebebi, romelic
morfologiurad vlindeba, rogoricaa SeTanxmeba da bruneba. vinaidan isini
morfologiis donezea gamoxatuli, maTi kvleva patara bavSvebSi sagrZnoblad
ufro iolia. magaliTisTvis aviRoT subieqtisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba.
rogorc me-2 da me-4 TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, calkeul enebSi, rogoricaa
italiuri, TiToeuli zmnis forma subieqts pirsa da ricxvSi eTanxmeba. awmyo
drois paradigma (49) -Sia mocemuli:
(49). parlare
laparaki

mxolobiTi
mravlobiTi
I piri
parlo
parliamo
II piri
parli
parlate
III piri
parla
parlono
CanarTi
6.3
bavSvis gramatikis kvlevis teqnika

Zalian adreuli enis kvlevebi efuZneba naturalistur monacemebs, xolo
ufro mozrdili bavSvebis enis Seswavla xorcieldeba eqsperimentis saSualebiT.
amis mizezi isaa, rom 2,5 wlis asakamde bavSvebi eqsperimentis moTxovnebze
ar reagireben, Tumca rogorc adre aRvniSneT, dainerga eqsperimentis axali
teqnika, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars eqsperimenti Caataros Zalian
patarebzec iseTebzec, romlebsac laparaki jer arc ki dauwyiaT! aseTi mcire
asakis bavSvis enis Seswavlis yvelaze gavrcelebuli orgvari teqnika arsebobs:
moqmedebis/mixvedris davalebebi da saxecvlili daskvnis davalebebi. pirvelis
SemTxvevaSi bavSvi gamomcdelis mier warmoTqmuli winadadebis mixedviT unda
amoZravdes. amas ZiriTadad Tojinebis daxmarebiT akeTeben. magaliTad, bavSvs
SeiZleba sTxovon: SegiZlia maCveno Robeze gadamxtari kata? meore saxis
teqnikis mixedviT (kreini da makki, 1985), bavSvma unda gadawyvitos mosmenili
winadadeba Seesabameba Tu ara videos, suraTs an gamomcdelis moqmedebas.
magaliTad, roca bavSvs aCveneben suraTs an videos, sadac erni kocnis berts,
bavSvs SesaZloa hkiTxon: am suraTze kocnis Tu ara erni berts?
am asakis bavSvebSi gramatikuli codnis Sesaxeb pirdapiri daskvnebis
miReba sakmaod rTulia, Tumca zogierTma eqsperimentatorma warmatebas mainc
miaRwia. magaliTad, gramatikulad araswori winadadebis mosmenisas bavSvi
xSirad icinis da zogjer SeuZliaT gaasworon araswori winadadeba Tojinis
an raime saTamaSo cxovelis mier warmoTqmuli.
Zalian patara bavSvebTan zogjer imitaciis davalebebic gamoiyeneba.
mTavari arsi am davalebebis isaa, rom mosmenil winadadebas bavSvi mxolod im
formiT gaimeorebs, ris saSualebasac misi gramatika miscems, romelic bavSvis
metyvelebis filtris funqcias asrulebs. metyvelebis telegrafiul doneze

kvlevisas, bavSvi funqciur morfemebs tovebda ara mxolod Tavis saTqmelSi,
aramed sworad formirebuli winadadebis gameorebis drosac. magaliTad,
winadadebas Mommy will eat an ice cream, bavSvi gaimeorebs Mommy eat ice cream.
TiToeul am teqnikas Tavisi upiratesobac aqvs da naklic. kvlevis teqnikis
SerCeva damokidebulia sxvadasxva faqtorebze, maT Soris bavSvis asakze da
gramatikis im aspeqtze, romelic kvlevis obieqtia.
rogorc 6.2 CanarTsa da me-15 TavSia naTqvami, or wlamde asakis CvilebTan
sxva teqnika gamoiyeneba.
uamravi kvlevaa Catarebuli imis gasarkvevad, emorCileba Tu ara bavSvi
SeTanxmebis wesebs, kerZod subieqtisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmebas. sxvadasxva
enaSi erTi da igive Sedegi gamovlinda bavSvebi gasaocrad adreuli asakidan
iTviseben SeTanxmebis wesebs. amis naTeli magaliTia is faqti, rom bavSvebi
Zalian iSviaTad uSveben Secdomebs SeTanxmebaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, swor
Semasmenels arCeven subieqtisTvis (magaliTad, io parlo me vlaparakob, lui parla
is laparakobs da a.S.)
SeTanxmebis aTvisebis procesi Seiswavles espanurSi, katalaniurSi,
italiursa da germanulSi. mTlianobaSi Seswavlis Sedegad aseTi daskvna
miviReT: 1,5-2,5 wlebSi bavSvebis SeTanxmebis magaliTebis 96% sworia. Tumca
es ar niSnavs, rom 2,5 wlis asakSi bavSvebma SeTanxmebis mTeli paradigma
zedmiwevniT kargad ician. magaliTad, bavSvebi gvian iwyeben mravlobiTi
ricxvisa da mxolobiTi ricxvis meore piris gamoyenebas. fleqsiur morfemebs
bavSvebi individualurad iTviseben, SesaZloa erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebis
gziTac. radgan isini erTianad ar swavloben enaSi arsebul sityvebs, ar
iTviseben mTel paradigmas erTdroulad. Tumca, mniSvnelovania, iTqvas, rom
ra formebic ician, im formebs sworad iyeneben. sruli paradgmis arqona ki
miuTiTebs maT SezRudulobas referentebSi da ara gramatikaSi. (semantikuri
codnis aTvisebis sakiTxs Cven kidev davbrundebiT me-10 TavSi).
SeTanxmebis Sedegebi ramdenime mizezis gamoa mniSvnelovani. pirvel
rigSi, igi gvamcnobs, rom bavSvebis gramatikuli codna moicavs Zireuli
damokidebulebebis codnasac, riTic es codna ufro metad hgavs ufrosebis
gramatikas. meore rigSi, es faqti miuTiTebs, rom bavSvebs aqvT funqciuri
struqtura, radgan SeTanxmeba funqciuri kategoriaa. da bolos, damatebiT
cnoba gveZleva infinitivebis Ziris saxiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, rac zemoT
ganvixileT. bavSvebi zmnis upiro formebs Ziris formiT mxolod imitom ar
warmoTqvamen, rom Sesabamisi piriani forma ar ician.
meore saxis damokidebuleba realizdeba brunebaSi. uamrav enaSi
nacvalsaxelisa da sf-is forma damokidebulia mis funqciaze winadadebaSi.
amrigad, rogorc meoTxe TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, subieqtebi saxelobiT brunvaSi
dganan, pirdapiri damatebebi braldebiT brunvaSi, kuTvnileba naTesaobiTi
brunviT gamoixateba da a.S. inglisuri brunvaTa sistema minimalur donemdea
dayvanili, rac mxolod nacvalsaxelebTan vlindeba. magaliTad, he aris
saxelobiTi brunvis forma, him braldebiTi, his naTesaobiTi. sxva enebSi,
383
384
magaliTad, germanulSi, laTinursa da rusulSi iseT df-ebsac aqvT brunvis

forma, romlebic nacvalsaxelebiT ar vlindeba. germanuli ganarCevs
saxelobiT, braldebiT, naTesaobiT da micemiT brunvebs, xolo rusulSi 6
ZiriTadi brunvaa.
brunebis aTvisebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi, romlebic
iTviseben mravali brunvis mqone enas, sakmaod male iwyeben brunvis niSnebis
gamoyenebas, Tumca paradigmis yvela formas erTnairi sizustiT ver gamoTqvamen.
magaliTad, rusulad mosaubre bavSvebi 1,5 wlis asakSi saxelobiTi formis
gamoTqmebs zustad gamoTqvamen. maT Zalian iSviaTad eSlebaT subieqtisTvis
brunvis SerCeva, romelic yovelTvis saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas. pirdapir da
irib damatebebsac xSirad sworad usadageben braldebiT da micemiT brunvebs,
Tumca ufro xSirad uSveben Secdomebs, vidre subieqtis SemTxvevaSi. msgavsi
Sedegebi gamovlinda germanul enaze dakvirvebis drosac. germanulad
mosaubre bavSvebi ufro didi sizustiT iyeneben saxelobiT brunvas, vidre
braldebiTsa da micemiTs. orive enaSi yvelaze xSirad uSveben Secdomebs maSin,
roca sxva brunvaa saWiro, bavSvebi ki saxelobiT brunvas iyeneben, rogorc es
(50) -Sia naCvenebi:
(50) a. Du hann

(unda iyos dich)

Sen-sax.br. dartyma

me girtyam Sen.
b. meiner au sauber mach ich saube Mama

(unda iyos meinen)

Cemi aseve sufTa gakeTeba me sufTa deda

me Cem vasufTaveb, vasufTaveb deda.
riTia gamowveuli es Secdomebi? erTi hipoTeza, romelic SegviZlia
CamovayaliboT, aris is, rom bavSvebma an ar ician Sesabamisi brunvis niSani,
an brunvis gansazRvris wesebi, vinaidan isini, Cveulebriv, sworad iyeneben
braldebiT (da sxva) brunvas. saxelobiTi brunvis obieqtebTan gamoyeneba
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos im faqtiT, rom es brunva am enebSi default brunvaa.
amaSi vgulisxmobT, rom df-s struqturulad ar sWirdeba brunvis niSani. me-4
TavSi warmodgenili wesebis Tanaxmad, df-ebs brunva eniWeba maTi struqturuli
poziciis mixedviT: roca zmnis damateba braldebiT brunvaSi dgas. Tu
obieqti zmnis mixedviT brunvis gansazRvris arealis gareTaa, igi ver iqneba
braldebiT brunvaSi. magaliTad, (51) winadadebaSi df Der Johan zmf-is gareTaa
da Sesabamisad igi saxelobiT brunvaSia, miuxedavad imisa, rom logikurad igi
obieqtia. meore mxriv ki, nacvalsaxeli ihn braldebiT brunvaSia, vinaidan igi
damatebis poziciaSi dgas.
(51)

Der Johan, ich habe ihn gesehen

the Johan-nom. I have him-accus. seen
rac Seexeba iohans, me is minaxavs
amitomac SesaZlebelia (50) -is msgavsi Secdomebi warmoadgendes iseT

SemTxvevebs, roca damateba DP saxelobiTSi unda iyos braldebiTis nacvlad.
modiT amas vuwodoT default brunvis hipoTeza. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT,
es hipoTeza amtkicebs, rom adreul gramatikaSi SeiZleba brunvis miniWeba
struqturis mixedviT ver moxdes da aseT SemTxvevaSi, df iqneba default

brunvaSi. am hipoTezis damamtkicebel empiriul magaliTebs mogvianebiT
warmovadgenT, roca ganvixilavT adreul inglisurSi daSvebul Secdomebs.
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, inglisuris brunvaTa sistema minimaluria,
amitomac SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom inglisurad mosaubre bavSvebi minimaluri
odenobis Secdomebs unda uSvebdnen. marTlac, inglisuris brunvebSi
Secdomebi ar aris xSiri. Tumca aris erTi Secdoma, romelic yuradRebis
Rirsia. esaa SemTxvevebi, roca bavSvebi nacvalsaxelebs braldebiTi brunvis
formiT subieqtis poziciaSi iyeneben, rogorc es (52) -Sia warmodgenili:
(52)

a. Her have a big mouth.

b. Him fall down.
marTalia, nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli subieqtebis 10 procentia

mxolod braldebiT brunvaSi, magram es Secdoma sainteresoa, vinaidan
igi ewinaaRmdegeba sxva enebSi gamovlenil Sedegebs. cota xnis win vnaxeT,
rom germanulsa da rusulSi, romlebsac brunebis ufro rTuli sistemebi
aqvT, bavSvebi saukeTesod gansazRvraven subieqtis brunvas. inglisurSi ki,
piriqiT, yvelaze met Secdomas subieqtis brunvis gansazRvrisas uSveben.
ratom vxvdebiT inglisurSi braldebiT brunvaSi Casmul subieqtebs? modiT
davubrundeT Cvens default brunvis hipoTezas. germanulsa da rusulSi
default brunva aris saxelobiTi brunva da, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bavSvebis
Secdomebi moicavs default brunvis anu saxelobiTis gamoyenebas obieqtebTan.
inglisurSi ki piriqiT, bavSvebi subieqtebs SecdomiT svamen braldebiT
brunvaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom inglisurSi default brunva aris braldebiTi. amis
danaxva Zalian iolia Tu aviRebT inglisur winadadebas da SevadarebT (51) -Si
warmodgenil germanul variants:
(53)
Him, he left the party early.
winadadebis subieqtia he, magram Tu emfaturi miznebisTvis gavimeorebT

subieqts, romelic IP-is miRma iqneba, miviRebT braldebiTi brunvis formas
da iqneba him. amrigad, inglisurSi nacvalsaxeli, romelsac struqturulad
Secvlili aqvs pozicia iRebs braldebiT brunvas. kvlevis Semdegi sakiTxia
infinitivebis Ziris formiT gamoyeneba, razec adrec visaubreT. vlindeba,
rom braldebiTi brunvis formiT subieqtebi mxolod da mxolod Ziris formiT
gamoyenebul infinitivebTan gvxvdeba da ara pirian zmnebTan, rogorc es (52)
-Si Cans. braldebiT brunvaSi Casmul subieqtebs ver vxvdebiT im zmnebTan,
romlebsac awmyo droSi niSani aqvs, magaliTad, *him does it. default brunvis
hipoTezas amis axsna SeuZlia: saxelobiT brunvaSi Casmis wesi gulisxmobs, rom
droiani damokidebuli winadadebis subieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi unda iyos
(rogorc es me-2 TavSi iyo ganxiluli).
sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba im faqtidan, rom bavSvebi,
romlebic mravalbrunvian enebs iTviseben, ase adreul asakSi avlenen brunvis
niSanTa codnas. pirvel rigSi, es movlena kategoriulad upirispirdeba
prefunqciuri gramatikis ideas, vinaidan subieqtisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba
da bruneba fleqsiuri kategoriebia. meore, igi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebma ician
385
386
damokidebuleba struqturul poziciebsa da brunvebs Soris. ase rom ar

iyos, maT mier brunvebis miniWeba SemTxveviTi iqneboda, es ki simarTles ar
Seesabameba.
CanarTi
6.4
morfologiurad gadaWarbebuli ganzogadeba

erT-erTi yvelaze kargad cnobili movlena enaSi aris morfologiurad
gadaWarbebuli ganzogadebis aTviseba. igi gvxvdeba maSin, roca bavSvi
gramatikul wess ufro ganzogadebulad iyenebs, vidre ufrosebi. am movlenis
yvelaze tipuri magaliTebia Semdegi saxis formebi: eated, goed, tooths, sadac
bavSvi Cveulebrivi wesiT awarmoebs im sityvebis warsul drosa da mravlobiT
ricxvs, romlebic Cveulebriv arawesieri formiT gamoxataven am gramatikul
kategoriebs: ate, went, teeth. gadaWarbebuli ganzogadebis Secdomebi Zalian
mniSvnelovani sabuTia imis dasamtkiceblad, rom bavSvebi enas imitaciis gziT
ar iTviseben (isini eated formas mSoblebisgan ver iswavlidnen).
SeiZleba Tu ara (52) -sa da (54) -Si daSvebuli Secdomebic ganvixiloT,
rogorc gadaWarbebuli ganzogadebis SemTxvevebi?
6.10.1 ukuTqmiTebi
damokidebulebis kidev erTi saxe gamoxatulia anaforebiT. anafora aris
sityva, romlis interpretacia damokidebulia winadadebis sxva elementze.
ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelebi anaforis erT-erTi saxea. ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli
himself (54) winadadebaSi gulisxmobs Macbeth-s. elements, romelic anaforis
aRsaniSns gansazRvravs, hqvia winmswrebi. (54) -Si Macbeth aris himself-is
winmswrebi.
(54) Macbeth cut himself.
rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo ganxiluli, ukuTqmiTisa da winmswrebis

damokidebulebas marTavs ori principi: clausemate piroba da kategoriaTa
SerCevis piroba. clausemate piroba gulisxmobs, rom ukuTqmiTi da misi
winmswrebi aucileblad winadadebis erT nawilSi unda iyos. (55) -Si es wesi
darRveulia.
(55) * Macbeth said that you cut himself.
kategoriaTa SerCevis pirobis Tanaxmad ki, winmswrebi unda urCevdes

kategorias anaforas.
(54) -Si df Macbeth, romelic aris subieqti, kategorias urCevs himself-s,
rogorc (56) -Si Cans.
drf
(56)
df
zmf
Macbeth zm
cut
ganvixiloT (57) winadadeba:
df
himself

(57) Macbeths friend cut himself.
es winadadeba ukve aRar niSnavs Macbeth cut himself da aRarc Macbeth cut
his friend df Macbeth veRar iqneba ukuTqmiTis winmswrebi, vinaidan ukuTqmiTi
aRar aris Macbeth-is c kategoriaTa SerCevis are. yovelive ufro naTlad rom
davinaxoT, davxazoT Semdegi xe:
(58)
drf
df2
df1
sf
zmf
df1
sf
ar urCevs kategorias himself-s. meore mxriv,

df1, romelSic
Sedis Macbeth,
cut
Macbeths friend
himself
df2 urCevs, amitomac erTaderTi winmswrebi himself-isTvis aris Macbeths
friend.
naxati 6.2a konkias da sakuTar TAavs exeba.
387
388
aqvT Tu ara bavSvebs ukuTqmiTobis principi? es kiTxva sam damoukidebel

SekiTxvas badebs: (1) ician Tu ara bavSvebma, rom himself/herself anaforebia?
(2) ician Tu ara kategoriaTa SerCevis piroba? da (3) ician Tu ara clausemate
piroba? uamravi kvleva Catarda am sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad. erT-erT kvlevaSi
2,5-6,5 wlis asakis bavSvebs misces (59) -is msgavsi winadadebebi da sTxoves
suraTisa da winadadebis misadageba. erT suraTze konkias da sakuTar Tavs
exeba, xolo meoreSi konkias da konkias exeba, rogorc es 6.2a da 6.2b naxatebze
Cans.
(59)
Cindirellas sister is touching herself. - konkias da sakuTar TAavs exeba.
rogorc zemoT iyo ganxiluli, am winadadebis erTaderTi gramatikulad

swori interpretacia aris is, rom konkias da sakuTar Tavs exeba. Cinderella ver
naxati 6.2.b konkias da konkias exeba

iqneba winmswrebi. amrigad, Tu bavSvebma ician kategoriaTa SerCevis piroba,
ukuTqmiTsa da winmswrebs Soris damokidebulebis gamomxatveli, isini airCeven
389
im suraTs, romelSic konkias da sakuTar Tavs exeba da ara imas, romelSic da

konkias exeba. am eqsperimentma aCvena, rom daaxloebiT 5 wlis asakis bavSvebma
sworad miusadages winadadebas suraTi. vinaidan kategoriaTa SerCeva
ierarqiul struqturas gulisxmobs, aseTi Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom bavSvebi
ufrosebis msgavs struqturas iTviseben.
struqturuli damokidebuleba adreul gramatikaSi
zogjer varaudoben, rom bavSvebi anaforisTvis uaxloes winmswrebs
arCeven. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi minimaluri distanciis strategia ar aris
struqturuli damokidebulebis gamomxatveli, vinaidan gulisxmobs xazovan
da ara ierarqiul struqturas winadadebaSi. amrigad, Tu bavSvebi iyeneben
minimaluri distanciis strategias, isini enis ZiriTad struqturas arRveven.
ukuTqmiTebze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi aseT xazovan
sistemas ar iyeneben, radgan winadadebaSi uaxloesi winmswrebi sister iyo, maT
unda aerCiaT suraTi, romelSic konkias da sakuTar Tavs exeboda (swori pasuxi,
magram mcdari gziT miRebuli), es ki ase ar moxda. clausemate eqperimentebmac
daadastura, rom minimaluri distanciis strategias bavSvebi ar iyeneben,
vinaidan maT airCies yvelaze Sors mdgomi DPdf. amrigad, eqsperimentebma
gamoricxa varaudi, rom isini struqturisgan damoukidebel wesebs iyeneben.
yvelaze patarebi, romlebmac varaudiT upasuxes, 4 wlamde asakisani
iyvnen da maTgan 50%-ma swori pasuxi gasca. ratom irCeven ufro patara
bavSvebi araswor pasuxs? pirveli mizezi is SeiZleba iyos, rom maT ar
ician kategoriaTa SerCevis piroba. meore mizezis Tanaxmad patarebma jer
ar ician, rom himself/herself anaforebia. ufro adre aRvniSneT, rom sami
gansxvavebuli aspeqti arsebobs ukuTqmiTebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTagan
pirveli gulisxmobs imis swavlas, rom himself/helrself-is msgavsi gamoTqmebi
ukuTqmiTia. gaixseneT, rom enaSi sityvebi unda iswavlebodes sintaqsur
maxasiaTebelTan erTad. leqsikis aseTi saxiT swavleba ki gulisxmobs enasTan
urTierTobis ufro xangrZliv gamocdilebas. erTi SesaZlo varianti isaa,
rom bavSvebi dasawyisSi arasworad aanalizeben himself/herself-s da analogias
xedaven mesame piris sxeulTan. amgvar gagebas xels uwyobs himself-is
nacvlad bavSvebis mier hisself formis xSirad gamoyeneba. Tu saqme marTlac
esaa, maSin himself/herself Tavdapirvelad unda miiCneodes araukuTqmiT,
specialuri tipis nacvalsaxelad. (60) winadadebaSi vxedavT, rom herself
gulisxmobs her body-s, sadac df1 da df2 orive SeiZleba iyos winmswrebi:
(60)

Cinderellas sister touched her body.

= Cinderellas sister touched her own body.
=Cinderellas sister touched Cinderellas body.
bavSvebi orive winmswrebis aRqmas agrZeleben manam, sanam xelaxla ar

gaaanalizeben himself/herself-s da ar mianiWeben mas ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelis
statuss. amis Semdeg ki moqmedebas iwyebs Sesabamisi SezRudva. vTvliT, rom
kategoriaTa SerCevis da clausemate pirobebi universaluri gramatikis
CanarTi
6.5
390
nawilebia, magram isini gavlenas ar axdenen am SemTxvevaze, vinaidan bavSvebma aq

leqsikuri Secdoma dauSves.
aseve Semowmda bavSvebis mier clausemate pirobebis codnac. am kvlevisas
bavSvebs iseTi rTuli winadadebebi misces, rogoric (61) -Sia warmodgenili:
(61) Mulan says that (Sarah) should point to herself.
bavSvs uTxres gaeTamaSebina mosmenili winadadeba. qvemoT (frCxilebSi)
subieqti moicavs bavSvis saxels, am SemTxvevaSi Sarah, xolo Mulan - misi
Tojinaa. swori, ufrosebis msgavsi pasuxi iqneboda, bavSvs rom sakuTar Tavze
mieTiTebina, xolo araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi mulanze.
Sedegebma aCvena, rom 5-dan 5,5 wlamde asakis bavSvebi asrulebdnen davalebas,
riTic avlendnen codnas clausemate pirobis Sesaxeb. ufro patara bavSvebi
mulanze uTiTebdnen. 2,5-3 wlamde asakis bavSvebis mxolod 20%-ma upasuxa
kiTxvas sworad. es kategoriaTa SerCevis davalebaze Catarebul eqsperimentze
miRebul Sedegze uaresia, sadac 50% iyo swori pasuxi. Tu gavyvebiT Cvens
hipoTEezas, rom bavSvebi Tavidan ukuTqmiT herself/himself nacvalsaxelebs
kuTvnilebis gamomxatvelad miiCneven, davinaxavT, rom marTlac SesaZlebelia,
kuTvnilebiTma nacvalsaxelma winmswrebad winadadebaSi misi uSualo mezobe
li ar miiRos. es naCvenebia (62) -Si, sadac her gulisxmobs saras an mulans.
(62)

Mulan says that (Sarah) should point to her body.

= Sarah should point to Sarahs body.
= Sarah should point to Mulans body.
Cveni hipoTeza miuTiTebs, rom orive subieqti SeiZleba iyos winmswrebi im

bavSvebisTvis, vinc ar icis, rom himself/herself ukuTqmiTebia. ratom vlindeba
yvelaze patarebSic tendencia ierarqiulad yvelaze maRla mdgomi subieqtis
SerCevisa? am kiTxvisTvis pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa davubrundeT Cvens
ganxilvas lingvisturi variaciis Sesaxeb. irkveva, rom arsebobs enebi, sadac
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi inglisuri kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebisgan
gansxvavebulad
ìqcevian~.
inglisurSi
kuTvnilebis
konstruqciaSi
gamoyenebuli nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba exebodes winmswrebs winadadebis imave
nawilSi. es ilustrirebulia (62) -Si, sadac her SeiZleba exebodes saras. sxva
enebSi ki, rogoricaa magaliTad, islandiuri, kuTvnilebiT konstruqciaSi
gamoyenebuli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli ver iqneba winmswrebi. (63) -Si hann
SeiZleba exebodes mxolod Ptur-s da ara Jn-s.
(63)

Ptur segir a Jn pvoi bilinn i hverri viku

Petur says that John washes car-the his in every day.
piteri ambobs, rom joni mis (=piteris)

manqanas recxavs yovel dRe.
rogorc vxedavT, inglisurad mosaubre patarebi himself/herself-s epyrobian

ara mxolod rogorc kuTvnilebiT konstruqcias, aramed rogorc kuTvnilebiTi
konstruqciis islandiur variants. amrigad, roca (61) -is msgavs winadadebas
ismenen, isini arCeven winmswrebs, romelic winadadebis imave nawilSi ar
aris. es Secdoma swordeba mas Semdeg, rac isini inglisur winadadebebs
ismenen, sadac kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli winadadebis Sida winmswrebs
exeba, rogorc winadadebaSi Mulan washed her clothes. am TvalsazrisiT, maT

Tanabrad dasaSvebad unda miiCnion winadadebis Sida da winadadebis gare dfebi winmswrebebad. es ki xdeba daaxlobiT 4,5 wlis asakSi. nel-nela isini aseve
swavloben, rom himself/herself ukuTqmiTebia, rac daaxloebiT 5,5 wlis asakSi
xorcieldeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela es cvlileba gaucnobiereblad xdeba.
bavSvis mier ukuTqmiTebis aRqma miuTiTebs ufro zogad sakiTxze, romelic
aTvisebas exeba sityvebis idiosinkrazuli leqsikuri Tvisebebi unda
iswavlos bavSvma. man unda daimaxsovros sityvebis gamoTqmaA da mniSvneloba,
aseve aiTvisos calkeuli sityvis sintaqsuri da semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi. es
maxasiaTeblebi moicaven imis garkvevas, elementi anaforaa Tu nacvalsaxeli.
vinaidan arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis nacvalsaxelebi da anaforebi, bavSvma unda
daadginos, Tu romeli saxe gamoiyeneba mis konkretul enaSi.
6.11 DSejameba
sityvebisa da winadadebebis agebis codna naTlad Cans enis gan
viTarebaSi. morfologiaSi vnaxeT, rom Zalian adreul asakSic bavSvebma
ician morfemaTa tipebi da wesebi, riTic maTi gaerTianeba xdeba. ufro
metic, bavSvebi mgrZnobiareni arian maTi Sesaswavli enis fundamenturi
sityvaTstruqturebisadmi. magaliTad, SeuZliaT Tu ara Zirebi iyvnen calke
sityvebi. isini ejaWvebian am modelebs maSinac ki, roca gamonaklisebs awydebian.
es xdeba manam, sanam maTi gramatika ar momwifdeba iqamde, rom gamonaklisebis
aRqma SeZlos. im morfologiuri procesebisa da wesebis bolomde aTviseba,
romlebic ar emorCileba zogad principebs, sakmaod gvian xdeba.
roca mivubrundebiT sintaqsis ganviTarebas, msgavs Sedegs miviRebT.
bavSvebma ician asaTvisebeli enis zogierTi sistemis calkeuli Tvisebebi.
es ZiriTadad vlindeba adreuli periodis parametrebSi. aseve gvaqvs
damamtkicebeli sabuTic, rom bavSvebs gramatikis zogadi principebi unda
vaswavloT, maT Soris funqciuri struqtura, sintaqsuri damokidebuleba.
es Tavi SegviZlia davasruloT pirvel TavSi warmodgenili sakiTxiT,
romelic exeboda kavSirs lingvistur Teoriasa da enis aTvisebas Soris.
xsenebuli Teoria migviTiTebs, rom ganviTarebis garkveul etapze bavSvebi
avlenen Secdomebs. bavSvebs ar aqvT sirTule im maxasiaTeblebTan, romlebic
universaluri gramatikis nawilebad moiazrebian. Tumca asakis matebasTan
erTad, isini asworeben bavSvTa enis xarvezebs.
SeniSvnebi
1. bavSvebis enis bevri magaliTi moyvanilia
wignidan Child Language Data Exchange
System
(MacWhinney and Snow 1985.)
2. Aksu-Ko, and Slobin, D. 1985. The
acquisition of Turkish. In D. Slobin,

ed.,
The Crosslinguistic Study of
Language
Acquisition, Vol. I: The Data, p. 854.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
391
392
Cairns, H. 1996. The Acquisition of Language.Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Goodluck, H. 1991. Language Acquisition:
A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge:
Basil Blackwell.
Hyams, N. 1986. Language Acquisition and
the Theory of Parameters. Dordrecht:
Reidel.
Lightfoot, D. 1992. Biology of Grammar.
Radford, A. 1990. Syntactic Theory

and the Acquision of English Syntax.
Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
In addition to those cited in the text, the
following referenves were consulted:
Radford 1986, Hickey 1990, Wexler
1994, Hoekstra and Hyams 1998, McDaniel, Cairns and Shu 1990
nawili III
semantika
7
semantika I :
kompoziciuroba
Sinaarsis sarCevi
7.0 Sesavali
7.1 kompoziciuroba
7.2 logikuri gamomdinareoba
7.3 gavrcobiTi semantika
7.3.1 Semasmenlebi da argumentebi
7.3.2 gavrcoba da gaZliereba
7.3.3 msazRvrelebi da arsebiTi
saxelebi
7.3.4 garemoebebi: rekursia da

kompoziciuroba
7.4 mtkiceba da varaudi
7.5 sityvis mniSvnelobis momcveli
kros-lingvisturi Sedarebebi
7.6 daskvna
damatebiTi sakiTxavi literatura
savarjiSoebi
7.0. Sesavali
wina TavSi ganxilulTa msgavsi SemadgenelTa struqtura gamoTqmaSi
Semaval nawilebs gviCvenebs, rasac am enis nebismieri specialisti Semdegnairad
aanalizebs:
(1)
w
df
d
zmf
sf
zm
df
zm
sf
The cunning witch charms the
sf
prince
am winadadebis analizisas saWiroa ganvsazRvroT ras gulisxmobs

qvemdebaris fraza da zmnuri fraza da aseve yvela sxva Semadgeneli nawili,
aseve am xeSi gadmocemuli urTierTdamokidebuleba. Tumca enis specialistoba
gacilebiT mets moiTxovs. konkretuli enis specialisti valdebulia icodes
ra saxis struqtura aqvs am enas.
semantikuri Teoria Seiswavlis gamoTqmaTa mniSvnelobebis lingvistur
aspeqtebs. Tumca sakmaod rTulia mniSvnelobis lingvisturi aspeqtebisa
da zogadi codnis erTmaneTisagan garCeva. magaliTad, rac zemoT moyvanili
winadadebis gasagebadaa saWiro, aris im codnis mcire nawili, rac inglisurad
396
semantika
mosaubres aqvs grZneulebze, ufliswulebsa da mojadoebaze. am winadadebas

kargad gaigebs isic, visac sjera jadoqrebis arseboba da isic, visac amisi
ar swams. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am winadadebis gaazreba ar moiTxovs,
magaliTad, imis codnas, arsebiTi saxeli `jadoqari~ ras aRniSnavs, an
realuria is Tu ara. TumcaRa, winadadebis gageba gulisxmobs, rom Cven gvesmis
iseTi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa konkretuli damokidebuleba am da sxva
winadadebebs Soris. magaliTad, mosaubre ver gaigebs winadadebas:
(2) Quince is a blond carpenter.
Tuki ar icis, rom am winadadebis siswore gulisxmobs momdevno winadadebis

sisworesac:
(3) Quince is a carpenter.
rodesac erTi winadadebis siswore meore winadadebis marTebulobas

gulisxmobs, Cven aseT dros vambobT, rom pirveli gulisxmobs meores. amgvarad,
winadadeba (2) gulisxmobs winadadeba (3) -s. winadadebebs Soris amgvari kavSiri
damokidebulia ara mxolod sityvaTa kategoriebsa da frazaSi maT adgilze,
aramed maT mniSvnelobaze. amgvarad, esaa semantikuri kavSiri. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom winadadebebi (4) da (5) Sedgeba imave kategoriis sityvebisgan,
romlebic isea dalagebuli rom winadadebis msgavsi struqtura Seqmnas, magram
(4) ar gulisxmobs (5) -s.
(4) Quince is a fake lion.
(5) Quince is a lion.
iseTi kavSiris gamocnoba, rogoricaa entailment, romelic akavSirebs (2)

da (3) winadadebebs da ara (4) -s da (5) -s, damokidebulia sityvebis mniSvnelobaze
da ara winadadebebis marTebulobaze. ufro sworad, damokidebuleba
lingvisturia, rac yvela enis specialistma icis. semantikuri Teoria
gulisxmobs enis aseTi tipis codnas.
CanarTi
7.1
semantika lingvistur TeoriaSi

adamianuri enis TeoriaSi semantikis saWiroeba sakamaToa. magaliTad,
noam Comski (1995) ambobs: `bunebriv enas SeiZleba hqondes mxolod sintaqsi
da pragmatika; mas aqvs semantika mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is swavlobs,
Tu rogor gamoiyeneba es iaraRi metyvel sazogadoebaSi, romlis formaluri
struqtura da gamoTqmaTa SesaZleblobebi sintaqsis Seswavlis sagania.~
Comskis erT-erTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, bunebrivi ena mosaubris Sinagan
samyaroSia da is araa mowodebuli gare samyaros movlenebis aRniSvnisTvis.
Comski ambobs: `sruliad gaurkvevelia is faqti, rom bunebrivi enis Teoria
mniSvnelobas, simarTles da a.S. ukavSirebs zogierT iseT cnebas, rogoricaa
mniSvnelobis teqnikuri Teoria~.
ra Tqma unda, marTalia, rom lingvisturi Teoria ar unda iyos mimarTuli
hamletis tipis saxelebis mniSvnelobis gansasazRvrad, iseve, rogorc miznad
ar unda isaxavdes imis garkvevas, Tu zmnuri fraza ,,live in the forest, ramdenad
semantika I : kompoziciuroba
Seesabameba simarTles. es mosaubrisgan damoukidebel gareSe faqtorebs

ukavSirdeba da Zalian Sors dgas lingvistikisgan. magram amgvari dakvirveba
ar gvaZlevs daskvnis gakeTebis uflebas, TiTqos mosaubreebs gamokveTili
semantikuri codna ar gaaCndeT. logikuri gamomdinareoba, rac akavSirebs
(1) da (2) winadadebebs, aSkarad efuZneba mniSvnelobas: Tuki (1) marTalia,
maSin WeSmaritia (2) -c. es kavSiri Seicnoba miuxedavad imis codnisa, realur
samyaroSi es winadadebebi simarTles aRniSnaven Tu ara da aseve rogor
gamoiyeneba es winadadebebi diskursSi. Tumca, kvlevis amgvari gza SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mxriv iyos ganpirobebuli.
zogierTi filosofosi davobda, rom SeuZlebelia zusti gansxvavebis
povna lingvistur codnasa da samyaroze zogad codnas Soris. zogi lingvisti
irwmuneboda, rom logikuri gamomdinareoba da sxva misi msgavsi winadadebebs
Soris kavSiris tipebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes sintaqsurad, miuxedavad imisa,
realur faqts gamoxatavs is Tu ara. ZiriTadma sakiTxebma didi gavlena iqonies
lingvistebis mier sagnis kvlevaze. sabednierod, bevri saintereso ramis Tqma
SeiZleba semantikur maxasiaTeblebze sakiTxTa sruli ganzogadebis gareSe,
rasac vnaxavT am da momdevno TavSi.
7.1 kompoziciuroba
adamianis unari, Seicnos winadadebebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, ar
Semoifargleba ramdenime winadadebiT, aramed moicavs usazRvro odenobis
winadadebebs, ris saSualebasac ena gvaZlevs. germanelma moazrovnem da
filosofosma gotlob frigim (1923) aRniSna da SemogvTavaza zogadi azri, Tu
rogor unda SevxedoT am sakiTxs:
`gasaocaria enis SesaZleblobebi. ramdenime marcvlis saSualebiT mas
SeuZlia uTvalavi fiqris gadmocema imgvarad, rom dedamiwis nebismieri
mkvidris mier gagonili es naazrevi pirvelive jerze SeiZleba gasagebi gaxdes
imisTvisac ki, visTvisac es fiqri sruliad axalia. es SeuZlebeli iqneboda,
Cven rom ar SegveZlos fiqris nawilTa Sesatyviseba winadadebis wevrebTan.
amgvarad, winadadebis struqtura emsaxureba fiqris struqturis asaxvas.~
mTavari azri am naTqvamSi isaa, rom Cven winadadebebs maTi Semadgeneli

nawilebis gaazrebiTa da winadadebis struqturis mixedviT wevrebis
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis gziT vigebT. es saSualebas gvaZlevs nacnobi
sityvebisa da maTi dakavSirebis wesebis mniSvnelobebi gaviazroT maSinac ki,
roca winadadeba pirvelad gvesmis. intuitur aRqmaSi winadadebas aqvs Tavisi
wevrebis mniSvneloba, iseve rogorc suraTs aqvs fragmentebi, romlebic
Seesabameba sruli scenis nawilebs. es SegviZlia gavigoT, rogorc enaSi
gamoTqmebis Sinaarsebis empiriuli dasabuTeba, rac nawilobriv motivirebulia
im fsiqologiuri hipoTeziT, rom adamianebi rTuli gamoTqmis mniSvnelobas
Semdegnairad sazRvraven:
semantikuri kompoziciuroba - winadadebis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba misi
nawilebis mniSvnelobebiT da maTi dakavSirebis gzebiT.
397
398
semantika
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, semantikis gansazRvris wesebi iseve re

kursiulia, rogorc sintaqsuri da morfologiuri wesebi. adamianebi wina
dadebas igeben winadadebis wevrebis gagebiT da imis gaazrebiT, Tu rogoraa es
nawilebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
semantikisadmi kompoziciuri midgomis analizisas unda iTqvas, rom
semantikuri Teoria ori aspeqtisgan Sedgeba: enis ZiriTadi elementebis
mniSvnelobaTa simravle da imis gamoTvla-gamoangariSeba, Tu rogoraa
rTuli gamoTqmis mniSvneloba agebuli misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mniSvne
lobebisgan.
Sesabamisi nawilebi aq aris sintaqsuri Semadgenlebi, xolo SemadgenelTa
dakavSirebis gzebi mocemulia sintaqsur TeoriaSi. rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT,
sintaqsi akavSirebs sityvebs ufro did erTeulebad da (1) -is msgavsi xeebi
gviCveneben rogor xdeba es SekavSireba. vinaidan enis ZiriTadi elementebis,
morfemebis mniSvnelobebi ar gamomdinareobs sxva danarCeni nawilebis
mniSvnelobebidan, saWiroa am ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebis Seswavla. konkretul
enaze nebismier mosaubres ecodineba am enis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebis
gansazRvruli odenoba, magram es nawilebi SeiZleba daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs
uamravi gansxvavebuli da mniSvnelobis mimniWebeli gziT.
7.2 logikuri gamomdinareoba

daviwyoT winadadebebs Soris semantikuri urTierTobis im saxis ganxilviT,
romelic mocemuli iyo SesavalSi. Cven vnaxeT, rom lingvistikis kompetenciis
farglebs scdeba, magaliTad, imis garkveva ra saxis sagnebia `jadoqrebi~ da
`tyeebi,~ magram inglisurad mosaubre nebismieri adamiani mixvdeba, rom Tu (2)
winadadeba marTalia, maSin WeSmaritia (3) -c. amis msgavsad, nebismieri mosaubre
mixvdeba, rom Tu (6) sworia, maSin sworia (7) -c:
(6) Julius Caesar was a famous man.
(7) Julius Caesar was a man.
modiT, ganvmartoT CvenTvis saintereso kavSiris saxe Semdegnairad:

winadadeba S1 gulisxmobs S2 winadadebas, vinaidan, roca S1 marTalia
situaciidan gamomdinare, maSin S2-c WeSmaritia imave situaciaSi.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom logikurad gamomdinareobs mxolod
garkveuli SesaZlo SemTxvevebi, rodesac winadadebebi sworia aseTi kavSiri
interesdeba ufro rTuli SexedulebiT, Tu ramdenad relevanturia
erTmaneTTan sxva situaciaSi es ori winadadeba. logikuri gamomdinareobis
amgvar definicias gasaocari Sedegebi mohyveba xolme da maTi gaTvaliswineba
dagvexmareba zustad davinaxoT is kavSiri, razec vsaubrobT.
zogi winadadeba WeSmaritia yvela SesaZlo situaciaSi. me-6 winadadeba
marTali Canda, Tumca Tavisuflad SegviZlia warmovidginoT situacia, sadac
is ukve simarTles aRar Seesabameba. keisari SeiZleba ar yofiliyo cnobili.
meore mxriv ki, iseTi winadadebebi, rogoricaa me-8, m-10-e WeSmaritia nebismier
situaciaSi.
399
(8) Either there are withches in the forest ot there arent.

(9) People are people.
(10) The number four is even.
am winadadebebis mniSvnelobis CvenebiT vxedavT, rom isini WeSmaritia imis

miuxedavad, ra da rogor icvleba realur samyaroSi. es winadadebebi WeSmaritia
mxolod maTi Sinaarsis wyalobiT. warmoudgenelia situacia, romelSic es
winadadebebi mcdari aRmoCndeba. vinaidan es winadadebebi yvela situaciaSi
marTalia, Cans, rom Tuki (4) marTalia, maSin aseve sworia (8): (4) gulisxmobs (8)
-s. faqtobrivad ki yvela winadadeba gulisxmobs (8) -s, (9) -s da (10) -s. maSinac
ki, roca (4) winadadeba mcdaria, is mainc gulisxmobs (8), vinaidan (8) WeSmaritia
nebismier garemoebaSi. msgavsad amisa, winadadeba (11) gulisxmobs (12) -s, magram
(12) ar gulisxmobs (11):
(11) Viola has stockings.
(12) Brown hedgehogs are hedgehogs.
logikuri gamomdinareoba da albaTobebi

Cven mier warmodgenili logikuri gamomdinareobebis ganmartebis
gaazrebisaTvis saWiroa swori warmodgena gvqondes albaTobebze, vinaidan
Zalian bevri gansxvavebuli tipis albaToba arsebobs da saWiroa maT garCevaze
vivarjiSoT. saintereso faqtia, rom adamianur enaSi, garda im winadadebebisa,
romelTa simarTle-sicrue damokidebulia gare samyaroze, arsebobs iseTi
winadadebebi, romelTa marTebuloba gamomdinareobs maTi mniSvnelobidan,
anu isini ar moicaven informacias samyaros Sesaxeb. am tipis albaToba
gansxvavdeba fizikuri albaTobisgan. magaliTad, fizikurad SeuZlebelia
sinaTlis siCqareze swrafad gadaadgileba, magram es ar aris lingvisturi
faqti. `Nothing travels faster than the speed of light~ am winadadebis Sinaarsi
sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is yovelTvis sworia da amgvarad, es winadadeba araa
nagulisxmevi (11) winadadebaSi, magaliTad ise, rogorc es winadadeba (12) aris.
ramdenadac lingvistika amis saSualebas gvaZlevs, SegviZlia warmovidginoT
situaciebi, sadac es winadadeba mcdaria, rasac xSirad akeTeben mwerlebi.
aSkaraa, rom logikuri albaToba, riTic Cven varT dainteresebulni, aseve
gansxvavdeba dakanonebuli Tu moraluri albaTobisgan, vinaidan, roca
vambobT, rom winadadeba `The kings subjects pay taxes marTalia, mivaniSnebT,
rom es faqti gardauvalia rogorc kanonis mixedviT, ise moralurad. am
winadadebis saWiroeba ar momdinareobs mxolod masSi Semavali sityvebis
mniSvnelobebidan.
es faqti gamomdinareobs logikuri gamomdinareobis ganmartebidan da
iqidanac, rom (8), (9), (10) da (12) tipis winadadebebi simarTlea yvela SesaZlo
situaciaSi, gansxvavebiT (1) -(7) da (11) -sa.
kidev erTi gansakuTrebuli wesia mniSvnelovani logikur gamomdi
nareobasTan dakavSirebiT: sawinaaRmdegos mtkiceba gulisxmobs yvelafers.
CanarTi
7.2
400
semantika
magaliTad, (13) gulisxmobs (11) -s:

(13) Some hedgehog is not a hedgehog.
(13) gulisxmobs (11) s, vinaidan logikurad ar arsebobs situacia, sadac

(13) marTalia,xolo (11) ara. am SemTxvevas ucnaurs xdis is faqti, rom (13)
arasodes ar aris marTali da amitomac logikuri gamomdinareoba uazroa. (13)
gulisxmobs yvela winadadebas.
logikuri gamomdinareobis is saxe, romelic akavSirebs (11) da (12)
winadadebebs mTlad iseTi ar aris, rogoric zogadi ganmartebidan Cans, magram
lingvistebisa da moazrovneTa azriT, esaa kavSiris ZiriTadi da martivi forma.
damtkicebulia, rom sxva tipis kavSirebi gacilebiT ufro rTulia saswavlad
da enaSi naklebad aris gamoyenebuli. mosaubre yovelTvis xvdeba logikuri
gamomdinareobis tipis kavSirs winadadebebs Soris gabmul metyvelebaSic.
rodesac simarTle gvesmis, Cven SegviZlia martivad gavarkvioT am winadadebis
mier nagulisxmevi winadadebebidan romelia swori.
savarjiSo
7.1
imsjele, ratomaa qvemoT CamoTvlili yvela mtkiceba swori:

1. winadadeba Viola has yellow stockings gulisxmobs winadadebas Viola has

stockings.
2. winadadeba Viola has stockings ar gulisxmobs winadadebas Viola has yellow

stockings.
3. winadadeba Viola has stockings gulisxmobs winadadebas Either Viola has

stockings or 2 is an even number
4. winadadeba Viola has stockings gulisxmobs winadadebas Either two is an odd

number or two is not an odd number.
5. winadadeba Two is an odd number gulisxmobs winadadebas Viola has

stockings.
rodesac vinme frazis mniSvnelobas gvekiTxeba, an sityvas leqsikonSi

veZebT, Cveulebriv, vigebT logikuri gamomdinareobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad,
roca vigebT, rom zmna cog niSnavs cheat-s Cven ukve viciT, rom
(14) winadadeba I will cog igivea, rac I will cheat.
rodesac megobrebis wresa Tu leqsikonebSi veZebT ama Tu im sityvis
mniSvnelobas, miRebul ganmartebaTa Soris aucileblad Segvxvdeba logikuri
gamomdinareobis formac. SeiZleba ar icode rodis vTaRliTob, magram axla
ukve ici, ras niSnavs TaRliToba. amgvaradve, SeiZleba ar icode, rom romeo
mxatvruli gmiria, magram Tuki inglisurad mosaubris mier naTqvami winadadeba
,,Romeo loves Juliet sworia garkveul situaciaSi, maSin ,,Something or someone
loves Juliet aseve sworia imave situaciaSi.
7.3. ganvrcobiTi semantika

7.3.1 Semasmenlebi da argumentebi
xSirad winadadebis simarTle-sicrue damokidebulia mxolod imaze, Tu
ras aRniSnavs subieqti da ra moqmedebaa gamoxatuli zmnuri fraziT. zmnur

frazas zogjer Semasmenelsac uwodeben da subieqti ki aRniSnavs Semasmenlis
arguments. am suraTs miviRebT Semdegi martivi winadadebisgan:
nax. 7.1 mocinari adamianebis jgufi, romelSic kasandrac Sedis.

(15) Cassandra laughed.
bunebrivi iqneba, Tu vivaraudebT, rom aseTi tipis winadadebebi amtkicebs,

rom subieqtiT aRniSnul sagans Cassandra aqvs zmnuri fraziT gamoxatuli
Tviseba laughed. Tu sityvaSi Cassandra vigulisxmebT adamians saxelad
kasandra, xolo sityvaSi laughed miviCnevT saganTa jgufs, romelic icinis,
maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT:
(16) winadadeba Cassandra laughed sworia Tu jgufi [[Cassandra]] Sedis jgufSi
[[laughed]].
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom (16) winadadeba ar saWiroebs imis codnas, ras

miemarTeba saxeli kasandra an vin Sedis mocinar xalxTa ricxvSi, an riTi
gansxvavdeba sicili tirilisgan.
(16) erTi SexedviT martivi faqtis uxerxuli gamoTqmaa, magram
faqtebis aseTi saxiT formulireba, marTlac, sasargebloa, raTa yuradReba
gavamaxviloT im zogad wesebze, romelic migviTiTebs winadadebis sisworeze.
kidev erTi zogadi mtkiceba SeiZleba ase gamovTqvaT:
(17) rodesac df aris sakuTari saxeli, [df zmf] tipis winadadeba sworia
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu [[df]] Sedis [[zmf]] -s SemadgenlobaSi.
am TvalsazrisiT, zmf gamoxatavs jgufs - [[zmf]] , xolo DPdf aRniSnavs

iseT raimes, rasac [[df]] hqvia da is SeiZleba ekuTvnodes an ara zemoaRniSnul
jgufs.
(17) winadadeba jgufebis Sesaxeb arsebul sxva faqtebTan erTad
migviTiTebs logikur gamomdinareobaze. magaliTad, vinaidan yvela SesaZlo
situaciaSi jgufi [[sits and sings]] aris qvejgufi jgufisa [[sings]] (radganac
jgufi [[sings]] gamoxatavs im sagnebisa Tu adamianebis jgufs, romelic mReris da
mxolod zogierTi zis simReris dros), (17) gviCvenebs, rom winadadeba Philomena
401
402
semantika
sits and sings gulisxmobs Philomena sings. es martivi saxis kavSiri zogadia da is
gamomdinareobs (17) winadadebidan da im faqtidan, rom yvelaferi, rac Sedis S

jgufis qvejgufSi, aseve Sedis S jgufSi:
nax. 7.2 kalibani erTiandeba nasvami momRerlebis qvejgufSi, romelic

Tavis mxriv, momRerlebis jgufSi Sedis.
(18) rodesac DPdf aris sakuTari saxeli da gvaqvs ori zmnuri fraza zmf1
da zmf2, romelTagan [[zmf1]] yovelTvis [[zmf2]]-is qvejgufia, maSin

winadadeba [[df zmf1]] gulisxmobs winadadebas [df zmf2] .
vinaidan [[sings drunkenly]] srulad ekuTvnis jgufs [[sings]], winadadeba
Caliban sings drunkenly gulisxmobs Caliban sings.
7.3.2 gavrcoba da gaZliereba

sityvaTa jgufebs, rogoricaa arsebiTi saxeli witch an zmnuri fraza
sings an loves Juliet, zogjer frazis savrcobebs uwodeben. semantikisadmi amgvar
midgomas, romelic efuZneba gavrcobas da siswores, zogjer gavrcobiT

semantikasac uwodeben. gasakviria, rom gavrcobiTi semantika aseTi naTelis
momfenia, radganac semantikis am gziT kvleva ar moicavs mniSvnelobasTan
dakavSirebul CvenTvis saintereso yvela sakiTxs. magaliTad, arsebobs
saxeladi frazebi, romlebsac erTi da igive aRsaniSni aqvT, magram mniSvneloba
- sxvadasxva. frazebi: the author of Cymberline da the author of Romeo and
Juliet aRniSnaven erTsa da imave adamians, magram maT mainc gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebi aqvT. rogor davrwmundeT imaSi, rom isini sxvadasxva rames
aRniSnaven? erTi gza amis saCveneblad intuiciaze dayrdnobaa: Tu ori gamoTqma
erTsa da imaves aRniSnavs, maSin maTi urTierTCanacvleba winadadebaSi ar unda
iwvevdes mniSvnelobis cvlas. amgvari cdis CatarebiT davinaxavT, rom Cven
mier magaliTad moyvanili ori saxeladi fraza mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba. winadadeba (19) SeiZleba Seicvalos winadadeba (20) -ad erTi
saxeladi frazis meoreTi Canacvlebis gziT, sadac orive fraza erTsa da
imave sagans miemarTeba. es ori winadadeba ar aRniSnavs erTsa da imaves, rasac
davinaxavT im faqtiT, rom (19) SeiZleba iyos marTali, maSinac ki, roca (20)
mcdaria:
(19) Most people know that Sakespeare is the author of Romeo and Juliet.
(20) Most people know that Shakespeare is the author of Cymbeline.
naTlad Cans, rom am or saxeladi frazis mniSvnelobebs Soris seriozuli

gansxvavebaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsa da imave adamians aRniSnavs - [[the author
of Romeo and Juliet]]=[[the author of Cymbeline]. amis msgavsad, saganTa jgufi,
romelTa Tvisebasac gamoxatavs zmnuri fraza - is the author of Romeo and Juliet,
igivea, rac zmnuri fraziT gamoxatuli jgufi is the author of Cymbeline. maTi
orive Tviseba Seesabameba erTsa da imave jgufs, romelic mxolod Seqspirs
moicavs, magram zmnur frazebs aSkarad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvT. xSirad
gamoiTqmis, rom Tumca am or gamoTqmas erTi da igive aRsaniSni aqvs, an erTi da
igive savrcobi, maT aqvT gansxvavebuli gamaZliereblebi. maTTan dakavSirebiT
Teoriebi arsebobs, magram amJamad Cven yuradRebas mxolod aRniSvnebze da
savrcobebze/gavrcobaze SevaCerebT.
7.3.3 msazRvrelebi da arsebiTi saxelebi

wina qveTavi Zalian martiv ideas gvTavazobs mniSvnelobisa da sintaqsuri
struqturis kavSiris Sesaxeb, Tu rogor kavSirSia aRniSvnebi da savrcobebi
martiv gauvrcobel winadadebaSi (sadac mxolod qvemdebare da Semasmenelia).
es idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qvemdebare aRniSnavs sagans, xolo zmf aRniSnavs
mis Tvisebas da winadadeba gviCvenebs, rom qvemdebare df-s aRniSvnebs aqvs
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatulia zmf-iT. amgvari azri mcdaria. Cven vxedavT,
rom is ukve aRar moqmedebs SedarebiT ufro rTul winadadebebSi. ganvixiloT
winadadebebi:
(21) Every man is odd.
(22) No man is odd.
(23) Most men are odd.
(24) Less than 5 men are odd.
am winadadebebSi qvemdebareebi ar aRniSnaven mxolod erT sagans. am

winadadebebSi sxvadasxva msazRvrelebi kacTa jgufs ukavSireben ucnaur
saganTa jufs, rac SeiZleba ase davaxasiaToT:
(25) [No s zmf] marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rac ar aris [[s]]-Si, aseve
araa [[zmf]]-Si
(26) [Every s zmf] marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu [[s]] [[zmf]]-s qvejgufia.
(27) [The s zmf] marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli ram
(konteqstis mixedviT gansazRvruli), rac aris [[s]]-Si aseve aris [[zmf]]-Si.
(28) [Most s zmf] marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TvisebaTa jgufi, rac
aqvs orives [[s ]-sac da [[zmf]-sac aWarbebs im TvisebaTa ricxvs, romelic
mxolod [[s]]-s aqvs, magram ar gaaCnia [[zmf]]-s.
(29) [Less than five s zmf] marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orivesTvis
damaxasiaTebel TvisebaTa jgufi moicavs 5-ze nakleb Tvisebas.
403
404
semantika
es mtkicebebi gveubneba, Tu ras aRniSnaven mocemuli msazRvrelebi:

TiToeuli maTgani gviCvenebs kavSirs sf-sa da zmf-s mier aRniSnul jgufebs
Soris. Eyvela inglisurad mosaubrem icis, rogoraa Semasmeneli da qvemdebare
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
SegviZlia (25) -(29) winadadebebi ufro mokled CamovayaliboT jgufebis
Teoriidan mcire aRniSvnebis SemotaniT: nebismieri jgufi aRvniSnoT S-iT,
xolo |S| iyos S Si Semavali Tvisebebi. aRniSnavs cariel jgufs. S1-sa
da S2-Si Semavali saerTo jgufebisTvis SemoviRoT aRniSvna (S1 S2). A, B
warmoadgens N da VP-s mier aRniSnul jgufebs. amgvari pirobiTi aRniSvnebiT
SegviZlia ganvixiloT msazRvrelebis ufro didi jgufi:
yoveli A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu A B-s qvejgufia
arc erTi A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu (A B) =
zogi A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu (A B)
umetesoba A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu ( 2x |A B|) > |A|
sul mcire xuTi A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu |A B| > 5
eqvsze naklebi A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu |A B| < 6
maqsimum Svidi A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu|A B| 7
zustad 2000000 A B = WeSmaritia mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu|A B| = 2000000
(zustad) xuTi an eqvsi A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu |A B| = 5
an

|A B| = 6
usazRvrod bevri A B = WeSmaritia mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu |A B| usazRvroa
samis garda yvela A B = WeSmaritia mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu |A| - 3 = |A B|
6-sa da 12-s Soris A B = WeSmaritia mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu 6 |A B| 12
samidan ori A B = WeSmaritia
mxolod da mxolod maSin, Tu |A-B| = |A B| x 2/3
am cxrilis naxvis Semdeg SeiZleba mogveCvenos TiTqos yvela saxis kavSiri

or jgufs Soris SeiZleba gamovsaxoT msazRvrelebis saSualebiT, rogorc
nebismieri sagani SeiZleba aRiniSnos saxeliT da nebismieri Tviseba gamoixa
tos SemasmenliT. CavTvaloT, rom naxazi 7.3 moicavs mTel samyaros. A sivrce
moicavs yvelafers, rasac aqvs A Tviseba, xolo B sivrce moicavs B Tvisebebis
mqoneebs. maTi gadakveTis adgilze mobinadreni atareben orives Tvisebebs,
xolo am sivrcis gareT myofni arc erTis Tvisebebs.
nax. 7.3 A da B-s gadakveTa B = A B
A B
ganvixiloT [d sf zmf]-s tipis winadadebebi, sadac d gamoxatavs kavSirs

da zmf rogorc
B-s Tvisebebi. SeiZleba gvegonos, TiTqos adamianuri ena Cvengan moiTxovs
winadadebis marTebulobis gansazRvrisas zemoT moyvanili diagramis oTxive
mxaris gaTvaliswinebas. gagikvirdebaT da, es simarTles ar Seesabameba.
adamianur enaSi msazRvrelebs ar axasiaTebT aseTi moqniloba. aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom Cven TiTqmis yovelTvis SegviZlia mTeli Cveni yuradReba
gadavitanoT mxolod A sivrceze da ugulebelvyoT yvela danarCeni, rac Asivrcis
gareTaa. amgvarad, [Q A B] sisworis gansazRvrisas saWiro Sedegs miviRebT,
Tu mTels sivrces A-Si movaqcevT. vambobT, rom bunebrivi enis msazRvrelebi
SezRudulni arian Semdegnairad: A jgufi asrulebs maTi SemzRudvelis
funqcias.
msazRvrelis mniSvnelobebze SezRudvebis saxeebma didi yuradReba
miiqcia da moxda sxvadasxva komponentis gansazRvra. yvelaze martivad
aRweril komponents `konservatiulobas~ uwodeben. es msazRvrelTa is
Tvisebaa, romelic aRniSnulia baruaizisa da kuperis (1981), aseve kinanisa da
stavis (1986) mier:
Q-sTan, sf SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc A-s Tvisebebi
A relation Q named by a determiner is conservative if, and only if, for

any properties A and B, relation Q holds between A and B if and only if
relation Q holds between A and the things in
(A B)
magaliTad, mxolobiTobis gamomxatveli every konservatiulia, vinaidan

winadadeba every man is odd gulisxmobs da Tavis mxriv nagulisxmevia
winadadebaSi every man is a man that is odd (msgavsi viTarebaa am tipis yvela
windadebasTan, sadac every gvxvdeba). monaTesave sityvebis qvejgufi saxeliT
every moTavsebulia [[man]]-isa da [[is odd]] jgufebs Soris mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu es qvejgufi moTavsebulia[[man]]-is jgufsa da im TvisebaTa jgufs Soris,
romelic saerToa [[man]]-isa da [[is odd]]-is jgufebisTvis. amis msgavsad
mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli most konservatiulia imitom, rom winadadeba
most men are odd gulisxmobs da aseve nagulisxmevia winadadebaSi most men are
men that are odd. am movlenas konservatiuloba hqvia, vinaidan intuiciurad,
rodesac arsebiTi saxelis aRmniSnveli A mocemulia, msazRvreli Q da
Semasmeneli B arafers axals ar gvaZleven : isini mxolod gvawvdian damatebiT
informacias A jgufze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom konservatiuloba an arakonservatiuloba semantikuri
maxasiaTebelia. msazRvreli aris Tu ara konservatiuli, ver gansazRvrav
misi fonologiuri an sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebiT misi konservatiuloba
damokidebulia mis mniSvnelobaze, ufro konkretulad ki mniSvnelobis im
aspeqtebze, romlebic ganxilulia gavrcobiT semantikaSi.
am TvalsazrisiT martivia iseTi msazRvrelis Seqmna, romelic ar aris
konservatiuli. warmovidginoT inglisuri leqsikonisTvis msazRvreli
somenon-is damateba, ris Sedegadac Tavisuflad vityodiT: somenon nobles are
commoners. somenon-s ase ganvmartavdiT:
(30) somenon A B marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tuki is, rac ar aris A-Si
aris B-Si.
405
406
semantika
amgvari msazRvrelis saSualebiT albaT marTebuli iqneba Tu vityviT

somenon nobles are commoners. xolo somenon kings are not kings ki namdvilad
marTebuli winadadebaa (sadac A aris [[is a king]] da B aris [[is not a king]]).
mniSvnelovania is sakiTxi, rom msazRvreli somenon araa konservatiuli.
winadadeba somenon kings are not kings niSnavs, rom zogierTi TviTmarqvia mefe
ar aris mefe, rac aSkarad simarTlea. winadadeba somenon kings are not kings ar
gulisxmobs winadadebas somenon kings are kings that are not kings. es ukanaskneli
winadadeba ki aSkarad mcdaria. aSkarad arasworia, rom zogierTi TviTmarqvia
mefe aris mefe, romelic mefe araa. amgvarad gansakuTrebuli logikuri
gamomdinareoba, rac msazRvrelTa konservatiulobas gansazRvravs, ar Cans am
gamogonili msazRvrelis somenon-is SemTxvevaSi. msazRvreli somenon ar aris
konservatiuli.
sxva magaliTebic advili asagebia. vTqvaT, rom owt aris axali msazRvreli,
romelic aRniSnavs two-s sapirispiro cnebas Semdegi TvalsazrisiT:
(31) Owt A B marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu B-Si aris sul cota ori ram,
rac ar aris A-Si.
amgvarad, winadadeba owt students speak Quechua sworia radgan queCua-s
enaze sul cota ori mosaubre maincaa, romlebic ar arian studentebi. Tumca,
winadadeba owt students are students that speak Quechua aSkarad mcdaria. ar
arsebobs minimum ori studenti, romlebic saubroben am enaze da romlebic ar
arian studentebi. amgvarad, owt ar aris konservatiuli. asevea eerth, rouf, xis da
yvela sxva msazRvreli, romelsac Cven gamovigonebT.
gasaocari isaa, rom arc erT adamianur enas ar gaaCnia msazRvreli,
romelic arakonservatiulia, rogoric iyo somenon an owt. yvela adamianur
enaSi yvela msazRvreli konservatiulia. martivi Sesamowmebelia yvela
magaliTi, romelic naCvenebia 381 gverdze. ramdenime urTierTsawinaaRmdego
magaliTicaa moyvanili, magram gamonaklisebi Zalian cotaa da aris aseve
konstruqciebi, romlebic damoukidebel specialur kvlevas saWiroeben.
ratomaa yvela msazRvreli konservatiuli? bunebrivi iqneba Tu vcdiT
am faqtis dakavSirebas ufro Zireul sakiTxTan, ra gziTac Cven enas vigebT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom konservatiuli msazRvrelebi, [d s zmf]-s tipis winadadebebi
miCneulia, rom [[s]] saganTa klass asaxeleben da Semdeg gvawvdian informacias,
Tu rogoraa es klasi dakavSirebuli [[zmf]]-sTan. amgvarad, roca vambobT: all
men are odd, vinc kaci ar aris _ Seusabamoa am winadadebis WeSmaritebisTvis
da am winadadebas aqvs martivi saxis komentaris struqtura. arsebiTi saxeli
asaxelebs Temis mTavar sakiTxs, xolo msazRvrelebi ukavSireben am sakiTxs mis
moqmedebas, romelic gamoxatulia SemasmenliT.
nebismieri adamianuri enis Seswavlisas Semswavlels sWirdeba imis codna,
Tu romeli msazRvreli aRniSnavs jgufebs Soris sxvadasxva tipis Sedarebas.
inglisuri enis Semswavlels esaWiroeba semantikuri gansxvavebis codna iseT
sityvebs Soris, rogoricaa: every, no, three, less than two da a.S. savaraudod,
Semswavleli ar miaqcevs yuradRebas im faqts, rom msazRvrelebs enaSi aqvT
iseTi mniSvneloba, rogoric Cven mivaniWeT somenon-s.
7.3. 4 garemoebebi: rekursia da kompoziciuroba

frazis struqturis sintaqsuri principebi usasrulo raodenobis wina
dadebis agebis saSualebas gvaZlevs, vinaidan isini rekursiulia. adamianur
enebSi mocemuli kategoriis frazaSi SeiZleba iyos amave kategoriis sxva
frazebi; kategoria SeiZleba araerTxel ganmeordes. es idea warmodgenili
iyo me-3 TavSi, sadac vnaxeT, rom df-Si Semavali Tandebuliani fraza SeiZleba
moicavdes sxva df-s. am Tavis dasawyisSi naCvenebi xe warmoadgenda magaliTs.
df the witches by the cauldron moicavs df-s the cauldron. df-Si SeiZleba Sediodes
nebismieri odenobis df. igive viTarebaa sxva tipis frazebTan mimarTebaSic:
Tf SeiZleba moicavdes uamrav Tf-s, zmf SeiZleba Sedgebodes sxva zmf-ebisgan,
winadadebaSi SeiZleba iyos ganusazRvreli odenobis winadadebebi. rogor unda
gaigos mosaubrem es yvelaferi? logikuri gamomdinareobis gaTvaliswinebiT
SegviZlia aseTi kiTxva davsvaT: rogor unda gamoarCios mosaubrem logikuri
gamomdinareoba uamrav gansxvavebul winadadebas Soris? frigis pasuxis
Tanaxmad, winadadebebs Soris aseTi kavSiri gamoiangariSeba winadadebebis
wevrTa mniSvnelobebisgan. Zneli gasarkvevi ar aris es rogor xdeba.
daviwyoT isev martivi winadadebebiT. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
(32) Every witch laughed.
(33) Every English witch laughed.
winadadeba (32) marTebulia, rodesac [[witch]]-is jgufis yvela wevri aris

[[laughed]]-is jgufSic. winadadebisTvis cunning-is damatebiT (34) winadadeba
ufro SemzRudveli xdeba jgufebTan mimarTebaSi, xolo winadadeba (33) ki

amtkicebs, rom yvelaferi rac Sedis [[witch]]-isa da [[English]]-is jgufebSi,
aseve [[laughed]]-is SemadgenlobaSicaa. sakiTxis ase dasmiT SeiZleba aixsnas,
ratom gulisxmobs (32) winadadeba (33) -s, vinaidan [[witch]] yovelTvis aris
qvejgufi im sagnebisa, romlebic erTdroulad [[witch]]-Sicaa da[[English]]-Sic.
sxva zedsarTavi saxelis damateba ki winadadebas kidev ufro SemzRudvels
gaxdis:
(34) Every cunning English witch laughed.
naTelia, rom aseTi gziT nebismieri raodenobis zedsarTavi saxelis

damateba SeiZleba da TiToeuli maTgani ufro da ufro SezRudavs arsebiTi
saxelis mier aRniSnul saganTa jgufs.
[[cunning]]-is damateba (34) winadadebaSi SemzRudvelia: is amatebs
kriteriumebs mis mier gansazRvruli jgufisaTvis. zedsarTav saxelebsa
da zmnizedebs msgavsi tipis SezRudvebi SemoaqvT. (33) da (34) winadadebebSi
SezRudvas erTi konkretuli martivi saxe aqvs. zedsarTavi saxelebi mkveTni
arian, vinaidan isini zRudaven predikacias ori sxvadasxva jgufis sityvebis
saerTo elementebis SerwymiT.
zedsarTavi saxeli mkveTia, Tu [[every zf sf] zmfM marTebulia mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maxasiaTeblebi rac aris [[s]]-Sic da [[zf]]-Sic, aseve aris
407
408
semantika
[[zmf]]-s qvejgufSic.
rodesac mkveTi zedsarTavi saxeli an sxva msazRvreli Cndeba saxelian

frazaSi, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT Semdegi martivi principi imis gasarkvevad, Tu
ramdenad marTebulia winadadeba. An English witch is on the moor sworia, Tu is,
rac aris [[witch]]-Sic da [[english]]-Sic aseve aris [[is on the moor]]-Sic. Brown cow
sf-iT gansazRvruli jgufi, gadakveTaa [[brown]]-isa da [[cow]]-si.
zmnizedebi zogjer igives saSualebas iZlevian. magaliTad, aq warmodge
nili gavrcobiTi semantikis magaliTi, SeiZleba gavavrcoT msazRvrelebis (35)
winadadebaSi CarTviT:
(35) The witches by the cauldron laughed in the forest.
SegviZlia Tf in the forest CavTvaloT [[laughed]] jgufis SemzRudvelad,

iseve rogorc by the cauldron-s miviCnevT SezRudvad [[witch]] jgufisTvis.
yvela enas gaaCnia TvisebaTa aRmniSvneli gamoTqmebi, sityvaTa jgufebi da
msazRvrelebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT SezRudon jgufebi, rogorc saxelad,
ise zmnur sistemebSi. adamianur enaSi msazRvrelebis konservatiulobis
gaazrebis Semdeg, vxedavT, rom saxelad da zmnur sistemebSi dasaxelebuli
jgufebis Sedarebis saxeebi Taviseburi xasiaTisaa.
bevr msazRvrels ufro rTuli semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.
magaliTad, Semdeg winadadebaSi msazRvreli ar aris mkveTi im gagebiT, rogorc
es ganmartebuli iyo:
(36) The oldest witch laughed.
Oldest rom iyos mkveTi, oldest witch saxeladi frazis mier aRniSnuli jgufi
iqneboda `yvelaze xnierebisa~ da `jadoqrebis~ jgufebis gadakveTa, magram
uazrobaa yvelaze xnierTa jgufze saubari. Tuki henri mefe iyo erTaderTi
xelmwife, 9 Tvis asakSi, maSin is yvelaze xnieri mefe iyo, magram is ar iyo yvelaze
xnieri biWi an beberi adamiani. xvdeba Tu ara is yvelaze xnierTa jgufSi? am
kiTxvas azri aqvs, radgan oldest SedarebiT cnebas gamoxatavs. viRac SeiZleba
iyos yvelaze xnieri wevri erTi jgufisa, magram ar iyos yvelaze xnieri meore
jgufSi. amis msgavsad, uazrobaa did sagnebze saubari, vinaidan raRac SeiZleba
erTi jgufis didi wevri iyos, magram meore jgufSi ara. didi rwyili mainc
patara cxovelia. udidesi ram Cvens mzis sistemaSi mainc patara varskvlavia.
aseTi tipis msazRvrelebisadmi swori damokidebuleba gulisxmobs maTi
mimarTebiTi statusis gansazRvras.
7.4 mtkiceba da varaudi

wina qveTavSi vnaxeT, rom winadadebebs Soris logikuri gamomdinareobis
codna warmoadgens lingvistikaSi semantikis kompetenciis ZiriTad nawils. am
qveTavSi SevecdebiT, ganvasxvavoT logikuri gamomdinareobis ori saxeoba:
mtkiceba da varaudi.
ganvixiloT winadadebebi (37):
(37)

a. Desdemona went to the dance with Cassio.

b. Desdemona denied going to the dance with Cassio.
g. Desdemona regretted going to the dance with Cassio.
(37a) garkveviT ambobs, rom dezdemona wavida kasiosTan sacekvaod.
409
aseTi tipis gamonaTqvams mtkicebiTi hqvia. igi uqmdeba uaryofiTi formis

saSualebiT. (38a) amtkicebs (37a)-s sapirispiros:
(38) a. Desdemona didnt go to the dance with Cassio.
(37a) -sgan gansxvavebiT (37 b, g) arafers ar amtkiceben dezdemonasa da
kasios cekvasTan dakavSirebiT. faqtiurad, (37b) -Si dezdemona an wavida an ara
sacekvaod. magram (37g) -Si ki Cven viciT, rom dezdemonam icekva. ufro metic,
(37 b, g) -s uaryofa ar abaTilebs Semdeg daskvnebs:
(38) b. Desdemona didnt deny going to the dance with Cassio.

g. Desdemona didnt regret going to the dance with Cassio.
(38b) SeiZleba aRwerdes situacias, roca dezdemona wavida sacekvaod

kasiosTan erTad da aRiara kidec es, an situacias, sadac dezdemonam an icekva
an ara, magram arc daadastura es faqti da arc uaryo. meore mxriv, (38g) mxolod
iseT situacias aRwers, sadac dezdemona wavida kasiosTan sacekvaod da es ar
unania.
ra axsna aqvs am qmedebas uaryofasTan mimarTebaSi? garda imis mtkicebisa,
rom dezdemonam an inana an ara kasiosTan sacekvaod wasvla, (37g) da (38g)
varaudoben, rom damateba (going to the dance with Cassio) aRwers faqts. amgvarad,
damatebis Sinaarsi aris mTeli rTuli winadadebis varaudi. SegviZlia vTqvaT:
(39) winadadeba S1 uSvebs S2-s mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu S1 gulisxmobs
S2-s da S1-is uaryofa gulisxmobs S2-s.
amgvarad (37g) dasaSvebs xdis (37a) s, vinaidan misi mtkicebiTi da

uaryofiTi forma (38g) gulisxmobs (37a) -s. meore mxriv, (37g) gulismxobs, rom
dezdemonam inana raRac, magram misi uaryofiTi forma (38g) amas ar uaryofs,
Sesabamisad, es aris (37g) winadadebis mniSvnelobis mtkiceba da ara varaudi.
amis msgavsad (40) varaudobs (41) -s da (42) varaudobs (43) -s:
(40) The prince of Denmark is haunted.
(41) There is a Prince of Denmark.
(42) We watched the witches gather.
(43) The witches gathered.
yvela (an TiTqmis yvela) mtkicebiTi winadadeba amtkicebs raRacas da

maTgan zogs, magram ara yvelas, aqvs damatebiT varaudebi.
ras amtkicebs da ras gulisxmobs Semdegi winadadeba?
The maid who was singing was singing.
ra Tavisebureba axasiaTebs am winadadebas?

diskursiuli analizis mxriv, varaudebi emsaxureba msmenelsa da mosaub
res Soris saerTo safuZvlis arsebobis rogorc Semowmebas, iseve agebas.
msmenelma an ukve icis an xvdeba yvelafers, rasac es winadadeba varaudobs.
is aSkara saerTo safuZvels umatebs maT. SegviZlia warmovidginoT, roca
msemenli am winadadebas ismens Desdemona never regretted going to the dance
with Cassio sakuTar Tavs eubneba: aha, me unda mcodnoda, rom dezdemona
wavida kasiosTan sacekvaod. ar vicodi, magram araferi sawinaaRmdego ar maqvs
savarjiSo
7.2
410
semantika
imisa, Tuki Tavs movaCveneb, TiTqos es vicodi. Tuki msmeneli winaaRmdegia,

mas SeuZlia Riad gaaprotestos. magram yuradReba miaqcieT, rom is ar ityvis:
Tqven ityuebiT. aseTi saxis gaprotesteba gamoiyeneba cru mtkicebisas.
Tanamosaubre aRSfoTebuli gipasuxebT: ras ambob? rogor SeeZlo mas enana
is, rac mas ar gaukeTebia? varaudis arseboba xSirad gulisxmobs, rogorc
leqsikuri elementis, aseve sintaqsuri konstruqciis faqtsac. magaliTad,
(44a) varaudobs, rom emiliam misca xelsaxoci iagos, magram (44 b, g) amas ar
gulisxmobs:
(44) a. Emilia remembered (did not remember) that she gave the handkerchief to Iago.
b. Emilia remembered (did not remember) giving the handkerchief to Iago.

g. Emilia remembered (did not remember) to give the handkerchief to Iago.
ungruli gviCvenebs kidev erT gzas, riTic varaudi SeiZleba damokidebuli

iyos sxvadasxva gramatikul formebze. am enas aqvs ori zmna, romlebic
aRniSnaven uaryofas: tagad da letagad. formalurad, meore gansxvavdeba
pirvelisgan prefiqsiT le. Tagad aris inglisuri deny-is msgavsi, vinaidan
isic ar iwvevs varauds, xolo Letagad gansxvavdeba inglisuri deny-isgan,
radgan is varaudobs, rom rac uaryves simarTlea. Tuki gadavTargmniT (37b)
winadadebas Desdemona denied going to the dance with Cassio ungrulad letagad
zmnis gamoyenebiT, gamova, rom dezdemona wavida sacekvaod, magram es faqti
aRar aRiara.
vnaxeT, rom winadadeba deny zmniT ar varaudobs mTavari zmnis damatebis
WeSmaritebas, magram igi iwvevs sxva tipis varaudebs. Desdemona denied going to
the dance with Cassio varaudobs, rom misi sacekvaod gasvlis sakiTxi garkveuli
formiT dadga. magaliTad, vivaraudoT, rom otelom sxvadasxva braldeba
wauyena dezdemonas, magram mas arasodes wamouyenebia sakiTxi dezdemonasa da
kasios cekvasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad amisa, dezdemona moulodnelad
warmoTqvams winadadebas: I didnt go to the dance with Cassio. amjerad ki SegviZlia
es scena ase gadmovceT: Desdemona said she did not go.... da ara rogorc Desdemona
denied going...., swored imitom, rom es sakiTxi saerTod ar wamoWrila.
savarjiSo
7.3
gaaanalizeT Semdegi zmnebi da sxva Semasmenlebi:

think (that...), confirm (that...), know (that...), be surprised (that...), agree (that...),
suspect (that...), accept (that...), assume (that...).
CamoTvlilTagan romelia regret zmnis msgavsi im mxriv, rom misi Semcveli

winadadeba varaudobs, rom that-winadadebis Sinaarsi faqtia? romeli maTgani
SeiZleba SevadaroT deny-is, that-winadadebis Sinaarss statusTan dakavSirebiT
sxvadasxva varaudis warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT? ipoveT Tu ara iseTi nimuSi,
romelsac am oridan verc erT jgufs ver miakuTvnebT?
magaliTi: Restate (that...) varaudobs, rom that-winadadebis Sinaarsi
winaswar iyo gadmocemuli, vinaidan orive (a)-c da misi uaryofiTi forma (b)-c
gulisxmobs amas.
(a) Emilia restated that she was not guilty.
(b) Emilia didnt restate that she was not guilty.
meore mxriv, (a)-c da (b)-c SeiZleba iyos swori miuxedavad imisa emilia
realurad damnaSave iyo Tu ara. amgvarad, restate imave kategorias ekuTvnis, rasac
deny.
7.5. sityvis mniSvnelobis momcveli

kros-lingvisturi Sedarebebi
wina qveTavSi vidaveT, rom lingvisturi semantika ar aris mecniereba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli winadadebaa WeSmariti da romeli ara: igi Seiswavlis
logikur gamomdinareobas winadadebebs Soris, WeSmariteba ki mxolod damxma
re cnebaa mocemuli kavSiris daxasiaTebisas.
SeiZleba msgavsi SekiTxvis dasma sityvis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiTac.
aris Tu ara sityvis mniSvneloba (leqsikuri mniSvneloba) konceptualuri
gansxvavebebis martivi anarekli; gansxvavebebisa, romlebic pirdapir kavSirSia
imasTan, Tu rogor aris msoflio mowyobili da rogor muSaobs Cveni aRqmisa
da Semecnebis aparati? magaliTad, sruliad bunebrivia Tuki davinteresdebiT
im sakiTxiT, rom zogierTi mimarTebis amocnoba da misTvis saxelis darqmeva
CvenTvis Zalian martivia, xolo zogierTisa ki Zalian rTuli. windebulebrivi
frazebis ganxilvas Tu davubrundebiT, Tavs iCens saintereso SemTxveva.
windebulebi aRniSnaven sruliad abstraqtul kavSirs:
(45) Einglisuri windebulebis arasruli CamonaTvali:
on, in, by, of, under, over, near, from, into, onto, through, along, towards, above,
below, across, around, inside, outside, at, about, after, before, with, without,
within, behind, past, for, until, among, between, as, despite, except, against,
amid, less, down, up.
am sityvebiT aRniSnuli zogierTi kavSiri martivia da Cvenc xSirad

gvgonia, rom msgavsi kavSiri sxva enebSic windebulebiT unda iyos aRniSnuli.
amgvar sivrciT kavSirze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT gavaanalizoT inglisuri
windebulebi on da in:
(46) The apple is in the bowl.
(47) The bowl is on the table.
SemecnebiTi TvalsazrisiT, gansxvaveba rameSi yofnasa da rameze yofnas

Soris Zalian naTeli da arsebiTia. erTi SexedviT (46) gulisxmobs, rom vaSli
moTavsebulia jamSi, xolo (47) gulisxmobs, rom jami magidis zedapirze devs.
Tumca sxva magaliTebis gaanalizebisas vnaxavT, rom windebulebis mniSvneloba
ufro abstraqtulia. Is in ar niSnavs zustad imas, rasac is contained in, iseve
rogorc is on zustad imaves ar gulisxmobs, rasac is on the surface of:
(48)

a. the runner is in the race the runner is contained in the race

b. the light is in my eyes the light is contained in my eyes.
g. the player is in the field the player is contained in the field.
d. the work is in a mess the work is contained in a mess.
(49) a. the skis are on the wall (in a ski rack) the skis are on the surface of the wall

b. the bruise is on his nose the bruise is on the surface of his nose
g. the break is on the edge (of the glass) the break is on the surface of the edge

d. her work is on the frontier her work is on the surface of the frontier.
amgvari eSmakobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba mainc bunebrivad CaiTvalos imis
411
412
semantika
mtkiceba, rom windebulebi in da on gansazRvrulni arian da aqvT martivi

mniSvneloba, vinaidan enas sWirdeba Zireuli SemecnebiTi Taviseburebis asaxva.
ufro Sorsac SegviZlia wavideT da CamovayaliboT hipoTeza, rom sityvis
mniSvnelobebi zogadad asaxavs enisagan damoukidebel SemecnebiT movlenebs.
sxva enebTan Sedarebis Semdeg es azri ar dasturdeba. pirvel rigSi
Cven vpoulobT enebs ufro uxeSi da ufro msubuqi TaviseburebebiT, vidre
inglisuria. espanur enaSi orive zemoaRniSnul winadadebaSi SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT erTi da igive windebuli en. Cven EN-s viyenebT rogorc in-isa da
on-is aRmniSvnels erTad:
(50) La manzana est en el frutero.

the apple is EN the bowl.

vaSli devs TasSi'.
(51) El frutero est en la mesa.

the bowl is EN the table.

Tasi devs magidaze'.
meore mxriv, germanulSi ZiriTadi gamoyeneba inglisuri windebulisa on

gayofilia sam windebulad: auf, an da um.
(52) Die Tasse is auf dem Tisch.

the cup is AUF the table.

Wiqa devs magidaze.
(53) Das Bild ist an der Wand.

the picture is AN the wall.

naxati kidia kedelze.
(54) Der Serviettenring ist um die Serviette.

the napkin ring is UM the napkin.
xelsaxoci Sekrulia xelsaxocis sakraviT.
germanuli iTvaliswinebs, rogoria zedapiri: horizontaluri (auf),

vertikaluri (an) Tu garSemortymulia sagniT (um).
vinaidan espanuri, inglisuri da germanuli amgvar gansxvavebebs
avlenen, SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom sxva enebSi sxvadasxva saxis gansxvavebebi
araerTgvarovani sizustiT iqneba gadmocemuli.
axla Tvali gadavavloT holandiursac, romelic dakavSirebulia ingli
surTanac da germanulTanac. holandiurs aqvs sami windebuli, romlebic
istoriulad dakavSirebulia germanul auf, an da um-Tan: op, aan da om.
germanuli magaliTebis zemoT moyvanili holandiuri Sesatyvisebi gviCvenebs,
rom maTi mniSvnelobebic erTi da igivea:
(55) De kop staat op de tafel.

the cup stands OP the table.

Wiqa devs magidaze.
(56) Het schiderij hangt tegen de muur aan.

the picture hangs against the wall AAN.
suraTi kidia kedelze.
(57) De servetring zit om het servet.

the napkin ring sits OM the napkin.
xelsaxoci Sekrulia xelsaxocis sakraviT.
magram momdevno magaliTebi naTels xdis, rom es ase ar aris:

(58) a. germanuli:
Das Pflaster ist an meinem Bein
the Band-aid is AN my leg.
fexze maqvs plastiri.

b. holandiuri: De leiter zit op mijn been.
the Band-aid sits OP my leg
fexze maqvs plastiri.
(59) a. germanuli:
Die Fliege ist an der Wand.
the fly is AN the wall.
kedelze buzia.
b. holandiuri: Het vlieg zit op de muur.
the fly sits OP the wall.
kedelze zis buzi.
bauermanma (1989) dakvirvebis Sedegad daaskvna, rom `holandiurSi

gansxvaveba op-sa da aan-s Soris ufro naklebad iyo dakavSirebuli
orientaciasTan, vidre mimagrebis meTodTan: roca zedapiri ar aris
horizontaluri, sagnis aRwera xdeba aan-iT, Tu is mimagrebulia erTi an
erTze meti wertiliT (rogorc suraTi kedelze, foTlebi totze da a.S.). amis
sapirispirod, Tu obieqti aris cocxali arseba, rogoricaa buzi an mTeli
zedapiriT mimagrebuli brtyeli sagani, maSin aseTi kavSiri gamoixateba op-iT.~
holandiuris magaliTebi sxvadasxva mizeziT aris saintereso. isini
germanul magaliTebTan jvaredini klasifikaciiT eWvqveS ayeneben varauds,
rom ena pirdapir asaxavs damoukidebel SemecnebiT gansxvavebebs. savaraudoa,
rom espanuri, inglisuri, germanuli da holandiuri realobas lingvisturi
gziT warmoaCenen. xSirad xdeba aseTi lingvisturi da sxvadasxva SemecnebiTi
gansxvavebebis erTmaneTTan misadageba. sxva mxriv nebismieri ena gamousadegari
iqneboda, rogorc Semecnebis iaraRi. magram araviTari gza ar arsebobs imis
winaswar gansazRvrisa, Tu romeli lingvisturi gansxvaveba unda gamoviyenoT
ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi.
mas Semdeg, rac gamoikvlia, ratom aqvT give-isa da throw-s msgavs zmnebs
ori alternatiuli argumentis struqtura, xolo donate-sa da carry-snair
zmnebs ki ara, pinkeri (1989) mivida daskvnamde, romelic warmodgenilia (60)
da (61) winadadebebSi:
(60) a. Portia gave a ring to Bassanio [___ df to df]

Portia gave Bassanio a ring. [___ df df]
b. Nerissa threw a box to Antonio. [___ d to df]

Nerissa threw Antonio a box. [___ df df]
g. give da throw-s msgavsi sxva zmnebi:
lease, lend, pass, pay, rent, sell, serve,
413
414
semantika

trade, advance, assign, award, grant, guarantee,

issue, leave, offer, owe, will, bring, take, ship,
mail, hand, send, bounce, float, roll, slide,
address, bring, kick, flip, hip, hurl, wire, ask,
read, show, reach, tell, e-mail, fax, phone, radio, telegraph.
(61) a. Portia donated a ring to Bassanio. [___ df to df]
*Portia donated Bassanio a ring. [___ df df]

b. Nerissa carried a box to Antonio. [___ df to df]
*Nerissa carried Antonio a box. [___ df df]
g. donate da carry-is msgavsi sxva zmnebi:
address, administer, broadcast, catapult, convey,

contribute, drag, haul, heave, push, tug, delegate, deliver,
dictate, describe, demonstrate, donate, exhibit,
express, explain, illustrate, introduce, narrate,
portray, recite, recommend, refer, reimburse, restore,
submit, surrender.
sainteresoa, rom meore cnobili mecnieri levini (1993) zmnebis aseT

alternatiul konstruqciebs dasaSvebad miiCnevs, magram carry-sa da give-s erT
klasSi aqcevs. rogorc vxedavT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
gvxvdeba rogorc mosaubreebs Soris, aseve mecnierebs Sorisac. aRsaniSnavia,
rom [___
df dfDP] argumentuli struqturis mqone zmnebi aRniSnaven moqmedebas,
romelic raime saxis kuTvnilebas miuTiTebs. (60a) winadadebaSi, basanios eqneba

beWedi, (60b) winadadebaSi antonios eqneba yuTi. magram [___ df dfDP] struqturis
mqone yvela zmna, romlis mniSvnelobac SeiZleba garkveulwilad kuTvnilebas
davukavSiroT, ar SeiZleba amgvaradve iqnes gagebuli. SeiZleba CavTvaloT,
rom balistikuri moqmedebis gamomxatveli zmnebi iseve, rogorc iZulebiTi
moqmedebis gamomxatveli zmnebi, ganapirobeben mimRebis mier gadaadgilebuli
obieqtis flobas. Tumca, zogierT balistikuri moqmedebis zmnebs (rogoricaa
throw) [___
df dfDP] konstruqcia aqvT, xolo sxvebs (rogoricaa atapult winadadeba
Si *I catapulted you a rock) ar aqvT da es ganirCeva mosaubreebSic. amis msgavsad,

iZulebiTi moqmedebis gamomxatvel zog zmnas (rogoricaa carry) ar aqvT [___ df
dfDP] konstruqcia, xolo sxvebs (rogoricaa zmna bring winadadebaSi I bring you
a rock) aqvT. daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom gansxvavebebi sadao sakiTxia, ris
nawilsac bavSvi enis Seswavlisas unda gaecnos.
7.6 daskvna
mosaubreebi cnoben konkretul kavSirs winadadebebs Soris, kavSirs,
romelic emyareba winadadebaTa mniSvnelobebs. swori winadadeba amtkicebs
imas, rasac is gulisxmobs, magram winadadeba aseve SeiZleba varaudobdes
raimes, kerZod ki imas, rac nagulisxmevia rogorc winadadebaSi, ise
mis uaryofiT formaSi. logikuri gamomdinareoba aris urTierTobis
gansakuTrebulad martivi da mniSvnelovani saxe. Cven vamtkicebdiT, rom
winadadebebis mniSvnelobebi ganisazRvreba kompoziciurad da amitom lo

gikuri gamomdinareoba icnoba winadadebis wevrTa mniSvnelobebis ganxilvis
safuZvelze.
iseT martiv winadadebaSi, rogoricaa Cassandra laughed, subieqti df aRniS
navs sagans, xolo zmf asaxelebs im Tvisebas, rac am saganTa jgufs axasiaTebs.
winadadeba aseve amtkicebs, rom kasandra am jgufis SemadgenlobaSia. magram
yovelTvis marTali ar aris, TiTqos winadadebis subieqti im sagans aRniSnavdes,
romelzec saubrobs zmf. sakuTari saxelebi Cveulebriv asaxeleben raimes,
magram [Dd sN]-is formis df-ebi gacilebiT ufro rTulia. msazRvrelebi
s-iT gadmocemuli Tvisebebis
gviCveneben urTierTdamokidebulebas
mqone saganTa jguf [[Ns]]-s da zmf-iT aRniSnuli Tvisebebis mqone saganTa
jgufs [[zmf]]-s Soris. msazRvrelebiT gadmocemul kavSirTa saxeebi mainc
SezRudulia: msazRvrelebi, TiTqmis gamonaklisis gareSe, konservatiulia.
mkveTi A zedsarTavi saxeli agreTve SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc [[Az]]
saganTa jgufis TvisebaTa aRmniSvneli. rodesac mkveTi zedsarTavi saxeli z
gansazRvravs arsebiT saxel s-s, SegviZlia visaubroT Tvisebebze, romlebic
gvxvdeba rogorc [[zA]] jgufSi, ise [[Ns]] jgufSi. jgufebis aseTi kombinaciebi
SeiZleba ganmeordes mravaljer: rodesac ori mkveTi zedsarTavi saxeli Az1
da Az2 gansazRvravs arsebiT saxels s-s (rac dasaSvebia sintaqsis wesebiT), Cven
vsaubrobT im Tvisebebze, romelic aris yvela jgufSi [[Az1]]-Sic, [[Az2]]-Sic da
[[Ns]]-Sic. es gavrcobili variantebi ar exeba yvelafers, rac viciT mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb, magram aseTi saxis angariSi aris sawyisi imisa, rac sistematurad
SeiZleba ganviTardes da daukavSirdes enis struqturebs.
Bach, Emmon. 1989. Informal Lectures
on Formal Semantics. New York: State
University of NY Press.
Barwise, Jon and Cooper, Robin. 1981.
Generalized quantifiers and natural
language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4:
159-219.
Keenan, Edward. 1996. The semantics of
determiners. In Shalom Lappin, ed., The
Handbook of Contemporary Semantic
Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Keenan, Edward. 1971. Two kinds of
presupposition in natural language. In
Fillmore, C. and Langendoen, D. T. eds.,
Studies in Linguistic Semantics, PP.4554. New York: Holt.
Pinker,
Steven.
1989.
Learnability
and Cognition: The Acquisition of
Argument Structure. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
Talmy, Leonard. 1985. Lexicalization
patterns: Semantic structure in lexical
forms. In T. Shopen, ed., Language
Typology and Syntactic Description,
Volume 3: Grammatical Categories and
the Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Stalnaker, Robert. 1978. Assertion. In
Peter Cole, ed., Pragmatics. Syntax
and Semantics, 9, pp. 315-32. New
York: Academic Press.
415
416
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 7.4
semantika
marTebulia Tu ara Semdegi debulebebi?

(a) winadadeba Everything is a brown cow gulisxmobs Most things are cows.
(b) winadadeba All cows are purple gulixmobs All purple things are cows.
(g) winadadeba The student ate the cake gulisxmobs The student ate.
(d) winadadeba The hammer broke the cup gulisxmobs The hammer broke.
savarjiSo 7.5
gaaanalizeT zogierTi axlad Seqmnili msazRvrelebi: wurg da berf, ise rom

SeZloT TqvaT: Wurg daughters of Lear loved him da Berf fairies attend Hippolyta.
gansazRvreT Semdegi msazRvrelebi Semdegnairad:
[Wurg Ns zmfP] aris swori mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ufro meti ram
igulisxmeba [[zmf]]-Si, vidre [[Ns]]-Si
[Berf N s zmfP] sworia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu [[zmf]] aris [[Ns]]-is qvejgufi.
aseTi saxis ganmartebebiT upasuxeT Semdeg kiTxvebs:
a. wurg konservatiulia Tu ara? daasabuTeT.
b. aris Tu ara wurg-is msgavsi mniSvnelobis mqone msazRvreli inglisur
enaSi? anu rogor ityodiT winadadebas Wurg fairies wait upon the Queen
inglisurad wurg sityvis gamoyenebis gareSe.
g. berf sityva konservatiulia? daasabuTeT.
d. aris Tu ara inglisurSi berf-is Sesatyvisi msazRvreli?
savarjiSo 7.6
Tandebuliani frazebi zogjer SemzRudvelia da mkveTi ise, rogorc

zedsarTavi saxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvrelebi. magaliTad, Every witch in the
castle smiled ambobs, rom yvela elementi [[witch]] [[in the castle]]-is jgufis
aris [[smiled]] jgufSi. SegviZlia vTqvaT:L
Tandebuliani frazebi Tf aris mkveTi Tu [every s Tf] niSnavs, rom saganTa
jgufi, romelic aris [[Ns]]-Sic da [[PPTf]]-Sic, aseve aris [[zmfP]] jgufSi.
moifiqreT ramdenime Tandebuliani fraza, romlebic araa mkveTi da
daasabuTeT, Tqveni azriT, ratom ar arian isini mkveTebi.
savarjiSo 7.7
mtkiceba, rom yvela msazRvreli konservatiulia, kargadaa gavrcelebuli

yvela enaSi. Tumca, mainc aris ramdenime aSkara gamonaklisi. erT-erTi maTgania
inglisuri sityva only frazaSi only witches cast spells.
a. Tuki only ganixileba, rogorc msazRvreli, is araa konservatiuli.
axseniT, ratom?
b. Semdegi monacemebi asabuTeben Tu ara, rom only aris msazRvreli?
axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.
the witches cast spells
three witches cast spells
the three witches cast spells
*the the witches cast spells
*the three four witches cast spells
only witches cast spells
only the witches cast spells
only the three witches cast spells
the three witches only cast spells
the three witches cast only spells
amerikuli inglisuriT mosaubreTa umravlesoba dasaSvebad miiCnevs

Semdeg winadadebebs:
They
They
They
They
They
They
417
savarjiSo 7.8
baked a cake for me

baked me a cake
dug a ditch for me
dug me a ditch
mixed a drink for me
mixed me a drink
zogierTi sxva zmna iRebs [___ dfDP for-DPdf] struqturas da ara [___ df dfDP]
formebs:
A1. a. They opened the door for me
b. *They opened me the door
A2. a. They arranged the day for me
b. *They arranged me the day
A3. a. They caught the plane for me
b. *They caught me the plane.
Tumca, es bolo magaliTebi damabnevelia. is, rac realurad xdeba, aris

Zalian SeumCneveli da damokidebulia argumentebze:
A1. g. They opened me a beer
A2. g. They arranged us a wedding
A3. g. They caught me a butterfly
Tqveni azriT, ra xsnis gansxvavebas (b) da (g) magaliTebs Soris? (Tu ar

xarT amerikuli inglisuriT mosaubre, maSin SeiZleba dagWirdeT konsultacia
adamianTan, visTvisac amerikuli inglisuri mSobliuri enaa).
Seadare erTmaneTs inglisuris, hauzasa da ungrulis sityvebi. iq, sadac
inglisurs sityvaTa wyvili aqvs, hauzasa da ungruls mxolod erTi Sesatyvisi
gaaCniaT. ganixile, ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa am enebis SemecnebiT da
lingvistur gansxvavebebs Soris:
inglisuri
hauza
ungruli
savarjiSo 7.9
moqmedeba gulisxmobs Semdeg komponentebs: moqmedebis faqts, moqmed

figuras, moqmedebis mimarTulebas, moqmedebis maneras. (figuris cneba
gesaltis fsiqologiidan momdinareobs: is aris movlenis centraluri
elementi). CavTvaloT, rom es SemecnebiTi terminebia, romliTac moqmedeba
aRiwereba. SeadareT, am komponentebis gamoxatvis saSualebebi inglisursa
da espanur enebSi. imsjeleT, raze metyvelebs Semdegi mtkicebis Sedegebi:
mniSvnelobebi pirdapir asaxavs SemecnebiT sxvaobebs.
savarjiSo 7.10
leather/skin
meat/flesh
wood/tree
fata
nama
itae
br
hs
fa
The bottle floated into the cave.

La botella entro a la cueva flotando.
the bottle went+in prep the cave floating
418
semantika
boTli Setivtivda gamoqvabulSi.

I rolled the keg into the storeroom.
Meti el barril a la bodega rodandolo.
put+in+l the keg prep the storeroom roling
me kasri sawyobSi Sevagore.

savarjiSo 7.11
CamoTvlilTagan romeli varaudobs winadadebas I regret that I lied to the

queen? analizisas, ganixileT pirobebi, ra SemTxvevaSic marTebuli iqneba
rogorc zemoaRniSnuli winadadeba, aseve misi uaryofiTi forma.
(a) I regret that I lied to the queen.
(b) I lied to the queen.
(g) I am generally an honest person.
(d) There is a queen.
(e) A unique queen is identifiable in the context.
savarjiSo 7.12
qvemoT mocemulia ganmarteba, romelic mkacrad icavs wess, rom reko

mendaciis werilSi cudi araferi ar unda Tqva adamianze. magram avtori mainc
axerxebs Caweros zogi mniSvnelovani cnoba. zustad ra cnobebzea saubari da
rogor axerxebs avtori amas?
Mr. X is a great person. He has recently stopped beating his neighbours and kicked
his habit of coming to work stone drunk.
mister X mSvenieri adamiania. man axlaxan Sewyvita mezoblebis cema da

samsaxurSi galeSili mTvrali aRar midis.
savarjiSo 7.13
me-4 TavSi Cven visaubreT damokidebulebaze, romelic arsebobs whfrazebsa da winadadebaSi gamotovebul adgilebs Soris. aseTi damokidebuleba
SeiZleba moicavdes erTze met winadadebas, magaliTad:
How do you believe (that) I should behave - ?
amgvar Soreul damokidebulebas mTavari winadadebis zmnasTan hqvia

xiduri zmna. zemoT aRniSnuli magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom believe aris sakmaod
kargi xidi. SeamowmeT, ramdenad kargi xidebia 7.3 savarjiSoSi warmodgenili
zmnebi. am Semowmebisas SeinarCune wh-sityva how, magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
gaasworeT zmnebis dro da kilo. Seecade moaxdino xidobisa da varaudebis
ganzogadeba.
savarjiSo 7.14
ras varaudobs Semdegi winadadebebi? awarmoeT maTi uaryofiTi forma it is
not the case that frazis win darTviT:
(a) Othello, too, wept.

(b) Even Othello wept.
(g) Only Othello wept.
(d) It was Othello who wept.
8
semantika II:
konteqsti
Sinaarsis sarCevi
8.0 Sesavali
8.1 nacvalsaxelebi da kavSirebi
8.2 uaryofiTi polarulobis gamomxat
veli sityvebi
8.3 mimarTebiTi konteqsti

8.3.1 uaryofisa da df-ebis mimarTebiTi

konteqsti
8.3.2 ori df-is mimarTebiTi konteqsti
8.3.3 konteqstis interpretacia: SeiZ
leba Tu ara, rom aralingvisturi
codna gaxdes wyaro?

8.3.4 mimarTebiTi konteqstis sintaqsu
ri da semantikuri aspeqtebi
8.4 konteqsturi kavSirebis markireba:

8.4.1 grenlandieli eskimosi

8.1.2 ungreli
8.5 daskvna
savarjiSoebi
8.0 Sesavali
kompoziciurobis principis Tanaxmad, gamoTqmis mniSvneloba gani
sazRvreba misi wevrebis mniSvnelobebiT. wina Tavi daeTmo pirvel monaxazs
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. es Tavi ki yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs im faqtze, rom
gamoTqmis mniSvneloba aseve SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos mis konteqstze,
rodesac relevanturi konteqsti aris lingvisturi struqtura, sadac
mocemuli gamoTqma gvxvdeba. magaliTad, rodesac vambobT: Henry was King of
England, _ Henry saxeliT aRniSnuli adamiani gansxvavdeba Semdeg winadadebaSi
aRniSnuli Henry-sgan: Henry founded the Ford Motor Company. mniSvnelobis
mxriv gansxvaveba winadadebis sintaqsuri wevrebiT ki ar ganisazRvreba,
aramed misi pragmatuli konteqstis mixedviT. magram roca vambobT, Every king
admires himself, himself-is mniSvneloba gamomdinareobs misi struqturuli
konteqstidan: is gulisxmobs TiToeul mefes.
es Tavi yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs semantikuri Rirebulebis konteqsturad
gansazRvris am ukanasknel gzaze; konkretulad ki, winadadebaSi every king admires
himself sityva himself-is mimarTebas gansazRvravs struqturuli konteqstis
sxva elementebi. amgvar tipis SemTxvevebSi vambobT, rom subieqts aqvs obieqti
Tavis konteqstSi. es ar uaryofs ZiriTad ideas kompoziciurobis Sesaxeb,
imas rom konkretul enaze mosaubreebs TavianT enaze usasrulo raodenobis
420
semantika
gamoTqmaTa gasagebad sWirdebaT winadadebebis wevrTa mniSvnelobebis codna

da imis mixvedra, Tu rogor aris es wevrebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
gamoTqmis kompoziciurad gansazRvruli mniSvneloba dasaSvebs xdis faqts,
rom gamoTqmis zogierT wevrs SeiZleba konteqstidan gamomdinare Rirebuleba
hqondes. imis gasagebad, Tu ras gamoxatavs winadadeba nebismier konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, mosaubrem unda gaiTvaliswinos iseTi gavlenac, rogoricaa
himself-isnairi wevrebis mimarTeba maTi struqturuli konteqstisadmi. es
Tavi ganixilavs struqturuli konteqstis mixedviT wevrebis mniSvnelobis
semantikurad cvlilebis gzebs.
8.1 nacvalsaxelebi da kavSirebi

ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom nacvalsaxelebi gansxvavdebian konteqstebSi
interpretirebis mixedviT. dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom es gavlena sistematuria
da struqturis mimarT mgrZnobiare. Cven Tvali gadavavleT am sakiTxs me-4
TavSi, sadac vnaxeT, rom winadadebis erTsa da imave nawilSi ukuTqmiTi
nacvalsaxelebi da maT win mdgomi sityva unda iyos SeTanxmebuli, kategoriiT
SerCeuli. swrafad rom gadavavloT Tvali am sakiTxs, ganvixiloT Semdegi
winadadebebi:
(1) Cleopatra amuses herself.
(2) *Antony amuses herself.
(3) *Cleopatra knows that Antony amuses herself.
(4) *Antony and Cleopatra amuse herself.
(1) winadadebaSi ukuTqmiT nacvalsaxels herself win uswrebs sityva

Cleopatra. ukuTqmiTi gvevlineba winadadebis imave nawilSi, sadac misi winmswrebi
sityvaa, igi ewyoba mas ricxvsa da sqesSi (mdedrobiTi sqesi, mxolobiTi ricxvi)
da is kategoriiT SerCeulia winmswrebis mier. (2) winadadebaSi ukuTqmiT
nacvalsaxels ar aqvs winmswrebi. erTaderTi variantia Antony, magram es
saxeli tradiciulad mamrobiTi sqesisaa da igi ar eTanxmeba nacvalsaxels.
(3) winadadebasTan is problemaa, rom nacvalsaxeli da misi winmswrebi dgas
winadadebis erTsa da imave nawilSi. da bolos, (4) winadadeba miuRebelia,
vinaidan Cleopatra kategoriiT ar irCevs herself-s. erTaderTi kategoriiT
SerCeuli fraza aris mTeli subieqti, Antony and Cleopatra, magram is ar ewyoba
ukuTqmiT nacvalsaxels. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom (4) -Si nacvalsaxeli ar dgas
SesaZlo winmswrebis konteqstSi, rac niSnavs, rom herself araa im adgilas,
sadac mis mniSvnelobas Cleopatra gansazRvravda.
esaa sintaqsuri faqtebi, ramdenadac isini ganapirobeben ukuTqmiT
nacvalsaxelTa adgils sintaqsur struqturaSi, magram asevea semantikuric,
vinaidan winmswrebi aRniSnavs imas, rasac nacvalsaxeli miemarTeba. am
SemTxvevebSi, aSkaraa, rom Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT nacvalsaxelis
mimarTeba mxolod winadadebis wevrebze Tvalis gadavlebiT. Cven ufro farTo
konteqsts unda SevxedoT da ufro metic, CvenTvis am farTo konteqstis mxolod
semantika II: konteqsti
konkretuli wevrebia mniSvnelovani, kerZod kategoriiT SerCeuuli wevrebi,

romlebic winadadebaSi frazebs erTmaneTs uwyoben. aq imas vgulisxmobT, rom
mxolod maT SeuZliaT nacvalsaxelis mimarTebis gansazRvrisas winmswrebis
funqciis Sesruleba.
me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom (1) -snair winadadebaSi ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli
droebiTi saxeliviT iyo, roca mas ekava is pozicia, sadac Cven Cleopatra meored
unda gvexsenebina. amgvari aRwera intuitiurad sworia, magram ar moicavs
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs nacvalsaxelTa gansakuTrebul maxasiaTeblebs.
nacvalsaxelebs aqvT Tviseba, romelic simcires aRniSnavs. isini enacvlebian
TiToeul adamians winmswrebis mier aRniSnul xalxSi. amas naTlad vxedavT
Semdeg winadadebaSic:
(5)
Every princess amuses herself.
aq nacvalsaxeli enacvleba TiToeul princesas. saxeli am rols ver

Seasrulebda. princesebisa da dedoflebis oTaxSic ki (6) winadadebaSi
dasaxelebuli kleopatra ver aRniSnavs imas, rasac nacvalsaxeli (5)
winadadebaSi:
(6) Every princess amuses Cleopatra.
(5) winadadeba aseve ar aRniSnavs imaves, rasac (7) windadeba:

(7) Every princess amuses every princess.
ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli zrdis enis gamoxatvis unars.
ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelebis garemocvaze arsebuli gansakuTrebuli

SezRudvebi gansxvavdeba im SezRudvebisgan, romelic xorcieldeba
araukuTqmiT nacvalsaxelTa (he, she, it, him, her) garemocvaze. ganvixiloT
winadadebebi:
(8) Every princess knows that Cleopatra will find a prince.
(9)
Every princess knows that she will find a prince.
(8) winadadebaSi warmodgenili saxeli SeiZleba miemarTebodes sxvadasxva

adamians sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. Tu winadadeba warmoTqmulia xalxiT savse
oTaxSi saxelad kleopatra, maSin referenti SeiZleba naCvenebi iyos miTiTebiT.
gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa (9) winadadebaSi, sadac saxelis nacvlad nac
valsaxelia. aq SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT she nacvalsaxelis interpretaciis ori
gza. erTi variantia, rom nacvalsaxeli miemarTeba adamians, romelic manamdea
naxsenebi, an vinmes, vinc miTiTebulia. amas xSirad uwodeben nacvalsaxelTa
mimarTebiT gamoyenebas. magram nacvalsaxels aqvs iseTi arCevani, romelic
sakuTar saxels ar aqvs: mas SeuZlia miemarTebodes every princess-Si nagulisxmev
TiToeul adamians. am SemTxvevaSi winadadeba niSnavs imas, rom yvela princesam
icis, rom ipovis Tavis princs. es winadadeba orazrovania. SegviZlia igi Semdegi
mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad gamoviyenoT:
(10) Every princessi knows that shei will find a prince.
es minawerebi gviCvenebs, rom she miemarTeba TiToeul individs, romelic

nagulisxmevia every princess-Si. aseT SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom nacvalsaxeli
421
422
semantika
mimagrebulia winmswreb every princess-ze. nacvalsaxelTa amgvari bmuli

gamoyeneba, gansxvavebiT mimarTebiTi xmarebisa, gvaZlevs (9) winadadebis
interpretacias, romelic gulisxmobs, rom Tu kleopatra princesaa, maSin
kleopatram icis, rom is, anu kleopatra, ipovis princs. (aRsaniSnavia, rom
kleopatras dedofloba Seqspiris àntonio da kleopatra~-Si mniSvnelovani
ar aris). mimarTebiTi gageba gvaZlevs winadadebas, sadac she miemarTeba
sxva adamians da ara TiToeul princesas, da amgvarad, SegviZlia saxeladi
frazebisTvis sxvadasxvagvari minaweris gakeTebiT winadadebis Semdegnairi
wakiTxva warmovadginoT:
(11) Every princessi knows that shej will find a prince.
am pirobebSi ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelebi yovelTvis mimagrebulia, xolo

araukuTqmiTebi SeiZleba iyos an bmuli an mimarTebiTi. saxelebi ki arasdros
araa bmuli.
konteqstebi, sadac araukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelebi bmulad gvxvdeba
gansxvavdeba im konteqstebisgan, sadac ukuTqmiTebi bmulebia, rasac Semdegi
winadadebebis Sedarebac gviCvenebs:
(12) Every princessi appreciates herselfi.
(13) *Every princessi appreciates heri.
(14) *Every princessi knows that we appreciate herselfi.
(15) Every princessi knows that we appreciate heri.
es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom Tuki ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelis winmswrebi

aucileblad winadadebis imave nawilSi unda iyos, sadac Tavad nacvalsaxelia,
araukuTqmiTebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiTaa. SeuZlia Tu ara nacvalsaxels
winmswrebi sxva winadadebaSi hqondes? vxedavT, rom ar SeuZlia:
(16) *Every queeni knows the joke. Shei laughed.
vinaidan
araukuTqmiTi
nacvalsaxelebi
sakmaod
gansxvavdebian
ukuTqmiTebisgan, SegviZlia SevamowmoT, kategoriiT unda SearCios Tu
ara araukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli winmswrebma swored es iyo (4) winadade
bis miuReblobis mizezi. Semdegi magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom nacvalsaxelebs
amgvari moTxovnebi aqvT:
(17)
a. [Every queen and every princess]i knows that we appreciate heri.
b. *Every queen and [every princess]i knows that we appreciate heri.
(17a)-Si warmodgenili nacvalsaxeli miemarTeba TiToeul dedofals da

princesas, magram (17b) miuRebelia. es nacvalsaxeli ver miemarTeba mxolod
TiToeul princesas.
amrigad, naTelia, rom ukuTqmiT nacvalsaxelebsa da sxva nacvalsaxelebs
Soris gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelis
mniSvnelobis dadgena konteqstis mixedviT xdeba. am ramdenime magaliTis
ganxilvis Semdeg SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi gansxvavebebi:
kavSiris principi A: ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli unda iyos mimagrebuli

winmswrebze umcires w-Si (an sf-Si).
kavSiris principi B: nacvalsaxeli ver iqneba mimagrebuli winmswrebze

umcires w-Si (an sf-Si).
kavSiris principi C: saxelebi ar SeiZleba iyos mimagrebuli.
es principebi dasawyisia im CamonaTvalisa, Tu rogor moicavs sintaqsuri
struqtura winadadebis mniSvnelobas nacvalsaxelebTan da ukuTqmiTebTan
erTad da rogor axerxebs amas im gzebiT, romelic gavlenas axdens winadadebis
marTebulobisTvis aucilebel situaciasa da logikur gamomdinareobaze.
8.2 uaryofiTi polarulobis gamomxatveli sityvebi

me-4 TavSi warmodgenili idea, rom Semadgeneli nawili SeiZleba iyos im
gamoTqmaTa konteqstSi, romlebic kategoriiT irCeven mas, exeboda ara mxo
lod ukuTqmiT nacvalsaxelebs, aramed uaryofiTi polarulobis gamomxatvel
sityvebsac uaryofis saSualebebsac, NPI-s rom uwodeben, aseTebia at all, much da
ever.
(18) He does not like beer at all.
(19) *He likes beer at all.
(20) He doesnt ever drink beer.
(21) *He ever drinks beer.
(22) The princess eats pies and the prince doesnt ever drink beer.
(23) *The princess doesnt eat pies and the prince ever drinks beer.
wina sintaqsur TavSi warmodgenili varaudi aseTi iyo:

NPI-s licenzirebis wesi:
NPI-is Semcveli winadadeba sworadaa formulirebuli, Tu NPI aris
uaryofiTi polarulobis sityvebis licenzoris kategoriiT SerCeul
nawilSi.
amgvarad, (19) da (20) winadadebebi Seusabamoa, vinaidan maT ar aqvT

uaryofiTi elementebi, xolo (23) ar varga, vinaidan uaryofiTi elementi ar
irCevs kategoriiT NPI-s.
zemoT aRniSnuli wesi moicavs uaryofiTi polarulobis sityvebis
pozicias winadadebis struqturaSi da es aris swored is, rasac Cven sintaqsuri
principebisgan moveliT. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es wesi ar ambobs, ra
unda iyos uaryofiTi elementi; ukeT gasarkvevad ramdenime magaliTia
naCvenebi. es aCens SekiTxvas: elementis uaryofiToba aris Tu ara sintaqsuri
maxasiaTebeli? modiT, ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. saWiroa, gavaanalizoT Semdegi
winadadebebi, sadac vxedavT, rom NPNPI-ebi gvxvdeba zogierT iseT konteqstSi,
romlebic calsaxad uaryofiTi araa:
(24) Less than three knights ever drink beer.
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semantika
(25) *More than three knights ever drink beer.
(26) At most ten knights ever drink.
(27) *At least ten knights ever drink.
arsebobs raime Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac less than three da at

most ten uaryofiTia, xolo more than three da at least ten ara? axla vnaxavT,
rom arsebobs. sakiTxis aseTi ganxilva sainteresoa, vinaidan aq moyvanili

uaryofiTi elementebis daxasiaTeba semantikuria da aseve imitomac, rom am
uaryofiTi elementebis konteqsti kvlav mocemulia kategoriaTa SerCevis
pirobebSi.
SegviZlia, Semdegnairad ganvsazRvroT msazRvrelTa jgufi maTi
logikuri gamomdinareobis safuZvelze:
msazRvreli d awarmoebs SemcirebiT df-s Tu, roca gvaqvs 2 zmnuri
fraza zmf1 da zmf2, saidanac [[zmf1]] yovelTvis [[zmf2]]-is qvejgufia,
aseT dros winadadeba [d s zmf2] gulisxmobs winadadebas [d s zmf1].
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, zmnuri fraza sings and dances, romelic aRniSnavs
[[sings and dances]] jgufs. es jgufi yovelTvis iqneba [[sings]]-is qvejgufi,
vinaidan yvelaferi, rac mReris da cekvavs aris is, rac mReris. analogiurad,
jgufi [[sings beautifully]] yovelTvis aris [[sings]] jgufis qvejgufi, vinaidan
yvelaferi, rac mSvenivrad mReris aris is, rac mReris.
modiT, sings beautifully aRvniSnoT zmf1-iT, xolo jgufi sings zmf2-iT.
es zmnuri frazebi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT, rom SevamowmoT, awarmoebs Tu
ara msazRvreli no SemcirebiT df-s. s arsebiTi saxeli iyos king. (nebismieri
arsebiTi saxelis SemTxvevaSic igive iqneboda). naTlad Cans, rom (28) winadadeba
gulisxmobs (29) winadadebas.
nax. 8.1 mSvenivrad momReral adamianTa jgufi aris momReralTa

qvejgufi.
(28) No king sings.
(29) No king sings beautifully.
vaskvniT, rom no awarmoebs SemcirebiT df-s. sxva msazRvreliT, rogori

caa every, igive magaliTebis gaanalizebisas Sedegebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia.
(30) ar gulisxmobs (31) -s:
(30) Every king sings.

(31) Every king sings beautifully.
sxva msazRvrelebis ganxilviT martivad vxvdebiT, SemcirebiTia isini Tu

ara:
(32) msazRvrelebi, romlebic awarmoeben SemcirebiT df-ebs:
no, less than 3, at most 30, fewer than 6, no more than 2. . .
(33) msazRvrelebi, romlebic ar awarmoeben SemcirebiT df-ebs:
the, a, every, some, most, exactly 6, at least 5, all but 3. . .
debuleba uaryofiTi polarulobis sityvebis Sesaxeb SemdegSi

mdgomareobs: yvela SemcirebiTi df aris negatiuri elementi, NPI licenzire
bis wesis mier moTxovnili TvalsazrisiT. (32) da (33) -Si warmodgenili siis
gadamowmebiT, davinaxavT, rom es debuleba gamodgeba Tundac aseTi tipis
konstruqciebisTvis:
(34) a. No child ever betrayed her father.

b. Less than 3 children ever betrayed their fathers.

g. No more than 2 children ever betrayed their fathers.
d. *The child ever betrayed her father.
e.*Every child ever betrayed her father.
v.*Most children ever betrayed their fathers.
es nimuSebi gviCvenebs, rom Semcirebis semantikuri maxasiaTebeli isaa,

ris mimarTac mosaubreebi mgrZnobiareni arian da es amtkicebs gavrcobiTi
semantikis ZiriTad cnebebs, rac ganvixileT wina TavSi. am ukanasknelis
Tanaxmad, ama Tu im enaze yvela mosaubrem unda icodes winadadebebs Soris
logikuri gamomdinareobis sul cota ramdenime safuZveli. amis Sedegad,
nacvalsaxelis interpretacia ganicdis kategoriiT SerCeuli winmswrebis
zegavlenas da uaryofiTi polarulobis sityva moiTxovs kategoriiT SerCeuli
SemcirebiTi df-is yofnas. orive maTgani konteqstis cnebebia: roca gvaqvs
SemcirebiTi df, romelic savaraudo winmswrebia, aman SeiZleba zegavlena
moaxdinos kategoriiT SerCeuli nawilis struqturasa da interpretaciaze.
es nawilebi df-is konteqstSi Sedis.
8.3 mimarTebiTi konteqsti

am qveTavSi ganvavrcobT konteqstis cnebas a) uaryofisa da saxeladi
frazis urTierTmimarTebasTan kavSirSi da b) or saxelad frazasTan
mimarTebaSi.
8.3.1. uaryofisa da df-ebis mimarTebiTi konteqsti

zogi winadadeba orazrovania, gansakuTerbiT dawerili formiT
(saubrisas es orazrovneba qreba intonaciis daxmarebiT). ganvixiloT (35) da
(36) winadadebebis or-ori mniSvneloba.
(35) Puck didnt solve one problem.

a. There is no problem that Puck solved. Puck didnt solve a single problem.
b. There is one particular problem that Puck didnt solve (but he might have
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semantika
solved some other problems).
(36) Puck didnt trick many of the lovers.

a. There arent many lovers that Puck tricked; Puck tricked few lovers.
b. There are many lovers whom Puck didnt trick.
(35a) winadadebaSi uaryofis konteqstSi moqceulia one problem,

xolo (36a) -Si many of the lovers. amgvarad, winadadebebi saubroben àrcerT
problemaze~ da àrc ise bevr Seyvarebulze~. (35b)-s SemTxvevaSi one problem
uaryofis konteqstis miRma rCeba, iseve rogorc (36b)-Si many of the lovers. (35
a-b) perifrazebSi gamoxatuli orive saxis konteqsturi kavSiri dasaSvebi
variantia (35) winadadebisTvis, xolo (36 a-b) ki (36) winadadebisTvis.
msgavsi tipis zogi winadadeba mxolod erTi saxis interpretaciis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. rodesac msazRvreli gadmocemulia df-iT fewer than
five, igi ufro viwro konteqsts iRebs, vidre pirdapiri obieqtiT gamoxatuli
df, magram ufro farTos, vidre subieqtiT gadmocemuli uaryofa. aseT dros
intonacias mniSvneloba ara aqvs:
(37) Richard III didnt murder fewer than three squires.
a. It is not the case that R. III murdered fewer than three squires; he murdered at
least three squires.
b. *There are fewer than three squires whom R. III didnt murder.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom aris Svidi skvairi. (a) variantis Tanaxmad,

(37) winadadeba niSnavs, rom riCardma mokla sul cota 3 skvairi da es sworia. (b)
variantis mixedviT ki, (37) winadadeba moiTxovs, rom mas sul cota 5 adamiani
hyavdes mokluli da es metismetad Zlieria.
(38) Fewer than three squires didnt obey Richard III.
a. *It is not the case that fewer than three squires obeyed R. III; at least three
squires obeyed him.
b. There are fewer than three squires who didnt obey R.III
amjeradac, Svidi skvairis SemTxvevaSi, (b) niSnavs, rom sul cota xuTi
maTgani daemorCila riCards da es sworia, xolo (a) gulisxmobs, rom sul cota
3 daemorCila mas, rac ar aris sakmaod Zlieri.
varskvlavebiT
aRniSnuli
perifrazebi
TavisTavad
logikuri
mniSvnelobis mqoneni arian, im gagebiT, rom maT mier gadmocemuli azrebi
gamoxatavs dalagebul da arasapirispiro azrebs. miuxedavad amisa, am
konkretul winadadebebs, faqtiurad, ar aqvT aseTi Sinaarsi.
8.3.2 ori df-is mimarTebiTi konteqsti
orazrovneba
ori df SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdnen
urTierTqmedeba orazrovnebis safuZeli xdeba:
konteqstSi.
zogjer
(39) Two fairies have talked with every Athenian.

a. There are two fairies such that each has talked with every Athenian.
b. For every Athenian, there are two possibly different fairies who have talked
with him/her.
es
(39a)-Si aRwerili situacia gulisxmobs mxolod or ferias. magram (39b)

gviCvenebs, rom maqsimum aTenelebze orjer meti feria iyo CarTuli am saqmeSi
(`maqsimum~ imitom, rom zogi feria SeiZleba erTsa da imave aTenels elaparaka).
(39a)-Si two fairies-s ufro farTo gageba aqvs, vidre every Athenian-s; (39b) -Si
ki piriqiT. nax. 8.2-ze warmodgenili diagramebi gviCvenebs am perifrazebis
marTebulobas. davuSvaT, rom sul aris sami aTeneli:
nax. 8.2 feriebi da aTenelebi
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semantika
(39a)
F1 talked with A1, A2, A3
F2 talked with A1, A2, A3
(39b)
F1 talked with A1
F2 talked with A1, A2
F3 talked with A2, A3
F4 talked with A3
sxva magaliTebi araa ase orazrovani, magaliTad (40) winadadebaSi

pirdapiri obieqti few of the Athenians ar SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc subieqtze
Every fairy ufro farTo konteqstis mqone:
(40)
Every fairy has met few of the Athenians.
a. For every fairy, there are few Athenians he/she has met.
b. *There are few Athenians whom every fairy met.
savarjiSo
8.1
CamowereT am winadadebis farTo subieqturi da obieqturi konteqsturi

variantebi. daasaxeleT ori situacia: erTi, sadac wina sworia, momdevno ki
mcdari, meore ki piriqiT. aageT am situaciebis diagrama.
Exactly two squires greeted three of the earls.
rogor davamtkicoT, rom winadadebis zogi varianti misaRebi aris an

ar aris?
aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT varaudebze, romelic gamomdinareobda
konkretuli winadadebidan an piriqiT, SeuZlebeli iyo. magram nagulisxmevis
pirdapir amocnoba xSirad Zalian rTulia. es imdenad mniSvnelovania
semantikaze muSaobisas, rogorc uSualo SemadgenelTa struqtura sintaqsSi.
Cveni amgvari Sexedulebis damamtkicebeli sabuTis povna SeiZleba mecnierebis
yvela dargisTvis saerTo meTodologiaSi.
Cveulebriv, winadadebebs aqvT qveteqsti, Taviseburi gageba, sadac
subieqti pirdapir obieqtze ufro farTo konteqsts gulisxmobs. magram ufro
bundovani xdeba winadadebis wakiTxva, roca pirdapir obieqts eniWeba ufro
farTo gageba, vidre subieqts. amas inversiuli konteqsti hqvia, vinaidan igi
xazovan an kategoriaTa SerCevis urTierTobis sapirispiroa. ganvixiloT oTxi
magaliTi, sadac or maTganSi vamtkicebT, rom winadadebis mocemuli saxiT
wakiTxva SeiZleba, xolo danarCen orSi Cvensave damtkicebul azrs uarvyofT.
es magaliTebi gviCvenebs qveteqstis arseboba-ararsebobaSi sakuTari Tavis
darwmunebis gzebs.
daviwyoT (41) magaliTiT, romelsac, Cveni mtkicebiT, farTo subieqtur
(a) konteqstTan erTad aqvs farTo obieqturi (b) gagebac:
(41) Two fairies have talked with every Athenian.

a. There are two fairies such that each has talked with every Athenian.
b. For every Athenian, there are two possibly different fairies who have talked
with him/her.
Cveni davalebaa, davrwmundeT, rom (b) arsebobs, rogorc calke mdgomi

wakiTxva. Cven viyenebT e.w. ìnversiuli wakiTxvis gabrwyinebis~ meTods.
am magaliTs SevcvliT ise, rom aSkara qveteqsti (a) gaxdeba praqtikulad,
daujerebeli. winadadebis iseTi gageba, romlis arsebobac gamoricxulia,
aRvniSnoT#-iT.
vcdilobT, davrwmundeT, rom winadadebis am saxesxvaobaSi mniSvnelovani
sintaqsuri da semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi daculia. dasawyisisTvis,
msazRvrelTa da mTavari saxeladi frazebis gramatikuli funqciebi unda
iyos SenarCunebuli. (42) magaliTi emyareba mtkicebas, rom Wiqa sarkesTan
Sejaxebisas imsxvreva da meorejer misi gatexva SeuZlebelia:
(42) Two wine glasses crashed against every mirror.
a. # There is a pair of wine glasses such that each glass has crashed
against every mirror.
b. For every mirror, there is a possibly different pair of wine glasses

that has crashed against it.
(42) winadadebas azri ara aqvs. SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom obieqtis

farTo konteqstur gagebas arseboba SeuZlia raodenobis gamomxatveli
msazRvrelebis gareSec.
msgavsi meTodi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT inversiuli gagebis ar1arsebobis
saCveneblad. Sansi mieci gabrwyinebas Tu ver gabrwyinda, e.i. is iq araa.
ganvixiloT (43) winadadeba, romelsac (b) gageba ara aqvs:
(43) Every fairy has met few of the Athenians.

am SemTxvevaSi Znelia SevamowmoT (a) saxis wakiTxva, romlis arsebobac

azrobrivad dauSvebelia; Tumca, sasargeblo variantis Seqmna SeiZleba:
(44) Everyone who read many of the books read few of the books.

es winadadeba aSkarad mcdaria martivi, subieqtis farTo konteqsturi
gagebiT:
(44) a. For everyone who read many of the books, there are few of the
books that he/she read
meore mxriv, varaudi, rom zogi wigni yvela ganaTlebul adamians ar

aqvs wakiTxuli, sworia. (sxvadasxva xalxi sxvadasxva wigns kiTxulobs.) ismis
kiTxva, ramdenad SesaZlebelia (44) winadadebis iseTi intonaciiT warmoTqma,
rom igi misaRebi varaudi gaxdes? Cveni azriT, es SeuZlebelia. (44)-s mxolod
sawinaaRmdego sintaqsi aqvs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, inglisur enaSi (44b)
ar aris (44) -is qveteqsti:
(44) b. * There are few of the books that have been read by everyone
who read many of the books.
ìnversiuli wakiTxvis gabrwyinebis~ meTods SeiZleba mivmarToT, roca

rTuli, inversiuli wakiTxva (b) SeiZleba marTebuli iyos martivi (a) wakiTxvis
sisworis gareSec. es is SemTxvevaa, roca (b) ar gulisxmobs (a) -s.
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savarjiSo
8.2
semantika
daamtkiceT, rom (42b) ar gulisxmobs (41a) -s. miyeviT im Tanmimdevrobas,

rac (43) winadadebisTvisaa qvemoT mocemuli.
principi - w1 gulismxobs w2-s - niSnavs, rom Tu w1 marTalia, maSin w2-c
aucileblad sworia.
xolo, w1 ar gulisxmobs w2-s niSnavs, rom SegviZlia SevqmnaT iseTi
situacia (modeli), sadac w1 swori iqneba, xolo w2 ara.
axla gaCvenebT, rom (43b) ar gulisxmobs (43a)-s. davuSvaT, rom aris
mxolod sami feria da aTi aTeneli da ganvixiloT Semdegi situaciebi:
F1 met A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9
F2 met A1, A3, A5, A7, A9, A10
F3 met A1, A2, A4, A6, A8, A10
am situaciaSi mxolod erTi aTeneli, A1, Sexvda samive ferias. amgvarad,

simarTlea, rom ramdenime aTenels yvela feria Sexvda (=(43b)). meore mxriv,
yvela feria Sexvda bevr aTenels, sul cota aTidan eqvss. amgvarad, mcdaria is
azri, rom TiToeuli feriisTvis aris ramdenime aTeneli, romelsac is Sexvda
(=43a)). es niSnavs, rom (43b) ar gulisxmobs (43a)-s.
axla ki SevadaroT Semdegi ori winadadeba:
(45) Every fairy had a taste of two of the pies.
(46) Every fairy had a taste of two or more pies.
naTelia, rom orive winadadebas aqvs farTo subieqturi gageba:

(45) a. For every fairy, there are two pies that she had a taste of.
(46) b. For every fairy, there are two or more pies that she had a taste of.
garda amisa, vamtkicebT, rom (45) winadadebas aqvs farTo obieqturi

konteqstic, magram (46)-s ar aqvs:
(45) b. There are two pies that every fairy had a taste of.
(46) b. *There are two or more pies that every fairy had a taste of.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom yvela feriam gasinja

erTi da igive namcxvari, maSin es emTxveva (46) winadadebas, magram ar arsebobs
erTnairi wakiTxvis garantia.
(b) gagebis dasamtkiceblad ar SegviZlia ìnversiuli wakiTxvis
gabrwyinebis~ meTodis gamoyeneba. daimaxsovreT: es meTodi emyareba martivi
(a) gagebis gamoricxvas ise, rom rTuli (b) wakiTxva gamoCndes. magram (45)-(46)
winadadebebSi (b) ver iqneba swori, Tu (a)-c marTali araa; (b) gulisxmobs (a) -s.
Cven unda mivmarToT sxva meTodsac.
savarjiSo
8.3
daamtkiceT, rom (46b) gulisxmobs (46a)-s.
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom (46)-s ar aqvs obieqtis farTo konteqsti,

SegviZlia gamoviyenoT winadadebaTSorisi nacvalsaxelebi testis, Se
mowmebis funqciiT. ganvixiloT Semdegi ori magaliTi, sadac they miemarTeba
namcxvrebs da ara feriebs:
(45) Every fairy had a taste of two of the pies. They were soon gone.
(46) Every fairy had a taste of two or more pies. There were soon gone.
romel namcxvrebs miemarTeba they am or SemTxvevaSi? (45)-Si, they-m

SeiZleba martivad aRniSnos is ori namcxvari, romelic yvela feriam gasinja.
vinaidan (45b) naTlad ambobs, rom ori namcxvari yvela feriam miirTva, theyis zemoaRniSnuli interpretacia ioli gasagebia, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, (45b)
marTebuli variantia.
xolo (46)-Si they miemarTeba an yvela warmodgenil namcxvars, an im
namcxvrebs, romelic arcerT ferias ar gausinjavs. igi ar aRniSnavs im
namcxvrebs, romelic yvelam miirTva. es adasturebs varauds, rom (46) -s ar aqvs
iseTi wakiTxva, romlis mixedviTac ori an meti namcxvari yvela feriam gasinja.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, inglisur enaSi (46b) ar aris (46) -is varianti.
arc inversiuli wakiTxvis gabrwyinebis meTods da arc winadadebaTSorisi
nacvalsaxelebis tests SeuZlia agvaridos daskvnis intuiciiT gakeTebis
problema. es meTodebi sasargebloa, vinaidan isini rTul variants Sesacnobad
ufro martiviT anacvleben.
8.3.3 konteqsturi interpretacia: SeiZleba Tu ara, rom

aralingvisturi codna gaxdes wyaro?
modiT, mivubrundeT Cveni analizis mTavar xazs da davsvaT kiTxva, Tu
ra dgas sxvadasxva konteqsturi variantebis ukan. SeiZleba gramatika tovebs
konteqstur kavSirs da mosaubrisa da msmenelis mocemuli situaciis codna
gansazRvravs konteqstur interpretacias. gavixsenoT (35)-e winadadeba:
(35)

Puck didnt solve one problem.
a. There is no problem that Puck solved; Puck didnt solve a single problem.
b. There is one particular problem that Puck didnt solve.
Tuki viciT, rom pakma sruliad auria oberonis brZanebebi da viRac ambobs
(35)-e winadadebas, Cven mis (a) interpretacias vakeTebT, anu Puck did not solve
a single problem, aq not-s ufro farTo gageba aqvs, vidre one problem-s. meore
mxriv, Tu viciT, rom pakma kargi, magram ara brwyinvale saqme Seasrula, Cven
(b) variants warmovTqvamT, sadac one problem-s ufro farTo gageba aqvs, vidre
not-s.
Cven aseve davinaxeT, rom azrobrivad dauSveblobam SeiZleba gamoricxos
wakiTxvis erT-erTi varianti. rogorc wina qveTavSi, aqac miuRebeli varianti
# niSniT aRvniSnoT:
(42) Two wine glasses crashed against every mirror.

a. #There is a pair of wine glasses such that each glass has crashed
against every mirror.
b. For every mirror, there is a possibly different pair of wine glasses
431
432
semantika
that has crashed against it.
magram situaciur an zogad codnas ar SeuZlia yvela saxis konteqsturi

interpretacia gaamyaros. vnaxeT, rom arsebobs logikurad SesaZlebeli
variantebi, romlebic ubralod arasodes ar aris xelmisawvdomi iseTi kon
kretuli winadadebebisTvis, rogoric iyo: (37b), (38a), (40b), (44b) da (46b).
samyaros codna ar aRadgens am winadadebebs. rogorc vnaxeT, Cven mier
wamoyenebuli mtkiceba, rom arsebobs ramdenime wigni, romelic ganaTlebul
adamianebs wakiTxuli aqvT, dauSvebels xdis amgvar interpretacias Everyone
who read many of the books read few of the books. es gviCvenebs, rom aseTi tipis
codna SeuZlebelia gaxdes konteqsturi interpretaciis pirvelwyaro.
8.3.4. mimarTebiTi konteqstis sintaqsuri da semantikuri aspeqtebi

konteqsturi variantebis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
sintaqsuri da semantikuri aspeqtebi. sintaqsuri aspeqtebis wina planze
wamowevisTvis yuradReba gavamaxviloT (37), (38) da (40) winadadebebze, sadac
maTi gamotovebuli konteqsti ewinaaRmdegeba kategoriaTAa SerCevis kavSirs:
(37) Richard III didnt murder fewer than three squires.
a. It is not the case that R.III murdered fewer than three squires;
he murdered at least three squires.
b. *There are fewer than three squires whom R.III didnt murder.
(38) Fewer than three squires didnt obey Richard III.

a. *It is not the case that fewer than three squires obeyed R. III;
b. There are fewer than three squires who did not obey R.III.
at least three squires obeyed him.

(40)
Every fairy has met few of the Athenians.
qvemoT moyvanili xe gviCvenebs, rom subieqti kategoriiT irCevs uaryofas

da pirdapir obieqts (magram ara piriqiT), xolo uaryofa kategoriiT irCevs
pirdapir obieqts (da ara piriqiT).
(47)
subieqti
uaryofa
zmna
pirdapiri obieqti
modiT, operatoris terminSi gavaerTianoT uaryofa da raodenobis

gamomxatveli msazRvrelebiani df-ebi. SegviZlia am dakvirvebis Sejamebac:
(48)
roca operatori 1 kategoriiT irCevs operator 2-s, iseTi inerpretirebaa

SesaZlebeli, sadac operatori 1-is konteqstSi operatori 2-ic
igulisxmeba. xolo iseTi interpretaciis arseboba, sadac operatori 2
Tavis konteqstSi iqcevs operator 1-s (inversiuli wakiTxva), saTuoa.
433
es sainteresoa, vinaidan aRmovaCineT, rom kategoriaTa SerCeva aseve

aris kritikuli sintaqsuri kavSiri makavSireblebTan da NPI licenzirebasTan
mimarTebaSi. ganzogadebis Sedegad miviRebT:
(49) Tu gamoTqma g1 kategoriiT irCevs g2 gamoTqmas, maSin SesaZlebelia Eg1-ma
gansazRvros zogierTi aspeqti g2-is interpretaciaSi.
Tumca, moqmedebis sferoebs Sorisac aris gansxvaveba. rogorc zemoT iyo
ganxiluli, dfDP-Tan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli Tu
is kategoriiT irCevs am nacvalsaxels, xolo SemcirebiT operators SeuZlia
NPI-s licenzireba Tu igi kategoriiT irCevs am saSualebas. operatorebis
mimarTebiTi konteqsti ufro Tavisufalia. sakmarisia, I-ma operatorma
kategoriiT SearCios II operatori, rom I operatoris konteqstma gadafaros II
operatoris konteqsti, magram es yovelTvis savaldebulo ar aris.
kvlav mimarTebiT konteqstze Tu SevaCerebT yuradRebas, ismis kiTxva: ra
ganapirobebs inversiuli wakiTxvis yofna-aryofnas? es sakmaod rTuli kiTxvaa,
rasac safuZvlianad unda gaeces pasuxi am saxelmZRvaneloSi. magram is mcire
magaliTebi, rac Cven ganvixileT, damafiqrebelia. arseboben konkretuli
operatorebi, romelTa konteqsturi qceva sruladaa damokidebuli maT
sintaqsur poziciaze: isini mxolod imas moicaven konteqstSi, rasac Tavad
irCeven kategoriiT. Cven mier ganxilul magaliTSi warmodgenili uaryofa
da df-ebi, romelTa msazRvrelebia few an fewer than n am klass ekuTvnis.
sainteresoa, rom isini erTmaneTze mimagrebulni arian semantikiT: klebis
gamoxatviT.
(50) operatori op SemcirebiTia Tu gvaqvs ori zmnuri fraza zmf1 da zmf2,
sadac [[zmf1]] yovelTvis [[zmf2]]_is qvejgufia, maSin [op zmf2] gulisxmobs
[op zmf1]-s.
At most two witches aseve SemcirebiTi df-a. gadaamowme, SeuZlia Tu ara am
df-m miiRos inversiuli konteqsti pirdapiri obieqtis poziciaSi da ganavrcos

uaryofasa da subieqtze. Seni magaliTebi dawere (37) da (40) winadadebebis
mixedviT.
savarjiSo
8.4
araSemcirebiT df-ebs, Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT miiRon inversiuli kon

teqsti, sul mcire konkretul operatorebTan mimarTebaSi.
Every witch, two or more witches da two witches araSemcirebiTi df-ebia.
Seamowme, SeuZliaT Tu ara am df-ebs inversiuli konteqstis miReba pirdapiri

obieqtis poziciaSi da am konteqstis gavrceleba (a) uaryofasa da (b) subieqtze.
gamoiyene (39), (45) da (46) winadadebebSi warmodgenili faqtebi da daamate Seni
magaliTebi.
SegviZlia, nawilobrivi ganzogadeba movaxdinoT (51) winadadebis saxiT:
savarjiSo
8.5
434
semantika
(51) sxvadasxva operators sxvadasxva konteqsturi qceva axasiaTebs.

zogi operatori konteqsts ganavrcobs mxolod imaTze, romelTac irCevs
kategoriiT. zogma ki SeiZleba sxvadasxva xarisxiT moicvas isic, rasac Tavad
ar irCevs kategoriiT (inversiuli konteqsti). semantikuri maxasiaTeblis
mixedviT, SeiZleba mivxvdeT, romel klass miekuTvneba esa Tu is operatori. es
semantikuri maxasiaTebelia klebadobis gamoxatva.
Cven jer kidev ar gangvimartavs, Tu ratom avlens TiToeuli operatori
ama Tu im qcevas, aseve ar gviCvenebia, Tu rogor aqvT miRebuli kompoziciurad
swori konteqsturi interpretaciebi. magram raRac safuZveli ukve SevqmeniT.
kvantifikatoris konteqstis kompoziciuri gramatika safuZvlad daedo (51)
winadadebas.
8.4 konteqsturi kavSirebis markireba:

kros-lingvisturi
faqtebi
SeiZleba
moviyvanoT
konteqstTan
dakavSirebuli mtkicebebis dasasabuTeblad, romlebic inglisur enazea
dafuZnebuli. sxvadasxva ena operatorTa konteqstebs amyarebs morfologiaze
an sintaqsze. amas naTlad davinaxavT grenlandieli eskimosebis enasa da
ungrulis magaliTze.
8.4.1. grenlandieli eskimosebis ena
grenlandieli eskimosebis ena polisinTezuri enaa. rogorc me-2 TavSi
iyo ganmartebuli, es termini imas niSnavs, rom winadadebis mniSvnelobis
Semadgeneli nawilebi gamoxatulia bmuli morfemuli afiqsebiT, romlebic
mimagrebulia zmnaze; isini SeiZleba iyos an ara winadadebis damoukidebeli
wevrebi. biTmerma (1995w.) ivarauda, rom am enaSi (umetes SemTxvevaSi) operatoris
sufiqsi moicavs yvelafers, rasac is kategoriiT irCevs sufiqsiani sityvis
morfologiur struqturaSi. mniSvnelovani varaudia, rom eskimosTa enis
sityvebs aqvT Semdegnairi struqtura:
fuZe
sufiqsi 1
sufiqsi 2
....
amgvarad, sufiqsi im sufiqsebs, romlebic xazovan rigSi mis win dganan.

Semdegi magaliTebi gviCvenebs konteqstisa da kategoriaTa SerCevis
urTeirTkavSirs. (52) winadadebaSi tariaqa anu must da lir anu begin operatorebis
mimarTebiTi konteqstia warmodgenili. roca lir mosdevs tariaqa-s, es niSnavs
begin to have to, xolo roca piriqiTaa, mniSvneloba Semdegnairia have to begin
to. relevanturi morfemebi da maTi Targmani gamotanilia pirvel planze.
mkiTxvels SeuZlia am magaliTebis sxva detalebs yuradReba arc ki miaqcios:

(52)

a. atuar-TARIAQA-LIR-p-u-q
study-MUST-BEGIN-indicative-[-transitive]-3sing
man daiwyo unda eswavla.

b. atua-LIR-TARIAQAR-p-u-q
study-BEGIN-MUST-indicative-[-transitive]-3sing
mas unda daewyo swavla.

(53) winadadebaSi warmodgenilia nngi (not) da ganusazRvrelobis (a
book) mimarTebiTi konteqsti. kavSiri gadmocemulia uaryofiTi sufiqsis
daa book frazis arsebobis aRmniSvneli (s)i sufiqsis kavSiriT. roca nngimosdevs si-s maSin interpretaciaa not a single book. roca (s)i mosdevs nngi-s,
maSin mniSvneloba aseTia one book not. saerTo jamSi, uaryofis abreviaturaa
NEG, xolo morfemisa (s)i SI. yuradReba gaamaxvileT wina planze wamoweul
morfemebze:
(53) konteqsti: Last year, Jaaku ordered five books.
Yesterday, when I talked to her mother,

a. suli atuakka-mik ataatsi-mik

yet book-instumental one-instrumental
tigu-SI-sima-NNGI-nirar-p-a-a
get-SI-perf-NEG-say-indicative-[+transitive]-3sing
. . . she said that he didnt get a single one yet.
b. suli atuakka-mik ataatsi-mik
yet book-instrumental one-instrumental
tassumununnga tigu-sima-NNGI-nira-I-v-u-q
him-dative get-perf-NEG-say-SI-indicative-[-transitive]-3sing
. . . she said that there is one that he didnt get yet.
erTi mizezi, ratomac eskimosTa enidan moyvanili magaliTebi mniSvne

lovania isaa, rom am enis morfologia konteqsts erTmniSvnelovans xdis. am
enaze mosaubreebi iseve yuradRebiT unda iyvnen nagulisxmevi konteqstis
naTlad interpretaciisas, rogorc inglisurad mosaubreni droebis sworad
gamoyenebisas. es aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom universalur gramatikas SeuZlia
konteqsturi gansxvavebebis daSifrva. konteqstis interpretacia araa mxolod
situaciur da konceptualur codnaze dafuZnebuli.
8.4.2. ungruli
ungruls ar aqvs zmnuri afiqsebi konteqstis erTmniSvnelovnobis
gamosaxatavad. amis nacvlad igi wevrTa rigs iyenebs. amgvarad, df-ebis
zedapiruli kategoriaTa SerCevis kavSiri da sxva Tavisufali operatorebi
calsaxad gamoxataven konteqstur kavSirs:
(54) a. Sok ember mindenkit felhivott.

many man-nom everyone-acc up-called.
bevrma adamianma daureka yvelas =
435
436
semantika
aris bervi adamiani, romelTagan TiToeulma daureka yvelas.

b. Mindenkit sok ember felhivott.

everyone-acc many man-nom up-called
bevrma adamianma daureka yvelas =

yvelasTvis arsebobs bevri adamiani, vinc mas daureka
(TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis potenciurad gansxvavebuli
abonentTa jgufi).
(55) a. Hatnl tbb ember
hvott fel mindenkit.
six-than more man-nom called up everyone-acc
eqvsze metma adamianma daureka yvelas =

aris eqvsze meti adamiani, romelTagan TiToeulma daureka yvelas.
b. Mindenkit hatnl tbb ember
hvott fel.
everyone-acc six-than more man-nom called up
eqvsze metma adamianma daureka yvelas =

yvelasTvis arsebobs eqvsze meti adamiani, vinc mas daureka
(TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis potenciurad gansxvavebuli
abonentTa jgufi).
ungruli enobrivi masalis analiziT imave daskvnamde mivdivarT, rogorc

eskimosTa enis analizis Semdeg: konteqstis gansazRvra gramatikis Seswavlis
sagania.
rogorc vxedavT, ungrulSi df-ebis marcxnidan marjvniv dalageba
gansazRvravs mimarTebiT konteqsts. magram ungrulSi df-ebi araa swor xazov
nad survilisamebr dalagebuli. ungrulis sintaqsuri sistemis detaluri
analizis gareSe SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom winadadebebs Soris gansxvaveba
gacilebiT ufro Sors midis, vidre df-ebis ganlagebaa. (54) winadadebaSi
everyone da many men mniSvnelobis mqone df-ebis urTierTCanacvleba
SeiZleba, xolo zmnuri nawilaki fel, rac niSnavs up, win uswrebs zmnis fuZes.
(55) winadadebaSi ki more than six men mniSvnelobis mqone df uSualod unda
uswrebdes zmnis fuZes. arc df-s da arc zmnur nawilaks ar SeuZliaT zmnasa da
maT Soris winadadebis sxva wevri Caisvan. (maSasadame, (54)-isgan gansxvavebiT,
df, romelic niSnavs everyone, unda iyos zmnis Semdeg, raTa ufro viwro
konteqsti hqondes). yvelaferi es imitom xdeba, rom TiToeuli saxis df
gvxvdeba gansakuTrebul poziciaze sintaqsur struqturaSi maTi xazovani
rigi da Sesabamisad, mimarTebiTi konteqsti ki aris ubralo Tanmdevi Sedegi.
(51) winadadebaSi vnaxeT, rom sxvadasxva operatori sxvadasxva
konteqsturi qceviT gamoirCeva. ungrulSi sintaqsi saSualebas iZleva,
konteqsturi gansxvavebebi aixsnas damoukidebeli sintaqsuri da semantikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic marTaven kidec am operatorebis zogad qcevebs.
8.5 daskvna
amrigad,
Cven
vnaxeT,
rom
konkretuli
gamoTqmebi
yovelTvis
437
damokidebulia sxva frazebis interpretaciis zogierT aspeqtze. ukuTqmiTi

nacvalsaxelebi da uaryofiTi polarulobis sityvebi amis naTeli magaliTia:
ukuqceviT nacvalsaxels winmswrebi sWirdeba, xolo uaryofiTi polarulobis
sityvebs-licenzori. sxva konkretuli gamoTqmebi SeiZleba damokidebulni
iyvnen interpretaciis sxva aspeqtebze, rogorc es piris nacvalsaxelebisa da
ganusazRvreli saxeladi frazebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba: kvantifikatori imagrebs
nacvalsaxels, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios ganusazRvreli referencialuri
varianti. yvela am SemTxvevaSi, vambobT, rom urTierTkavSiris mTavar wevrs
aqvs damokidebuli wevri konteqstSi da vnaxeT, rom konteqsti gamowveulia
sintaqsuri kategoriaTa SerCevis agebulebiT. zemoaRniSnuli oTxi
urTierTobidan, or saxelad frazas Soris konteqsturi urTierTqmedeba
yvelaze xSirad lingvisturi da aralingvisturi konteqstis zegavlenas ganic
dis. imis saCveneblad, rom es sakiTxebi gramatikas ekuTvnis, warmovadgineT
ramdenime meTodi wakiTxvis intuiciuri variantebis dasamtkiceblad, aseve
vnaxeT, rom zogierTi ena araorazrovans xdis kvantifikatoris konteqsts
TavianT morfologiasa da sintaqsSi.
sakiTxavi literatura:
Ladusaw, William. 1979. Polarity Sensitivity Szabolcsi, Anna. ed. 1997b. Ways of
Scope Taking. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
as Inherent Scope Relations. Ph.D.
dissertation. University of Texas, Austin, Szabolcsi, Anna. 1999. The syntax of
Texas.
scope. To appear in Mark Baltin and
Chris Collins, eds., The Handbook
May, Robert. 1985.
Logical Form: Its
of Contemporary Syntactic Theory.
Structure and Derivation. Cambridge,
Oxford: Blackwell.
MA: MIT Press.
marTebulia Tu ara Semdegi winadadebebi? daasabuTeT.

(a) winadadebaSi, every student likes him, subieqturi sf every student
kategoriiT irCevs obieqtur sf-s him.
(b) winadadebaSi, every student likes him, subieqtur sf-s every student
SeuZlia miimagros obieqturi sf him.
(g) winadadebaSi, every student likes himself, subieqturi sf every student
kategoriiT irCevs obieqtur sf-s himself.
(d) winadadebaSi, every student likes himself, subieqtur sf-s every student
SeuZlia miimagros obieqturi sf himself.
(e) winadadebaSi, every student knows the teacher likes him, subieqturi sf
every student kategoriiT irCevs sf-s him.
(v) winadadebaSi, every student knows the teacher likes him, subieqtur sf-s
every student SeuZlia miimagros sf him.
(z) winadadebaSi, I doubt that Brutus ever goes to dramas with no violence, sf
no violence kategoriiT irCevs NPI ever.
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 8.6
438
savarjiSo 8.7
semantika
winadadebis farTo subieqturi gageba gulisxmobs Tu ara farTo

obieqtur gagebas, an piriqiT? Tqveni azri ganamtkiceT im situaciuri
diagramebiT, sadac winadadebis orgvari wakiTxva sworia.
Two witches overturned every cauldron.
savarjiSo 8.8
Semdegi winadadebebis perifrazi moaxdineT ise, rom naTeli gaxdes maT

mniSvnelobebs Soris gansxvaveba. SeiZleba Tu ara es gansxvaveba CaiTvalos,
rogorc mimarTebiTi konteqstiT warmodgenili sxvaoba? Tu asea, romeli
wevrebi urTierTqmedeben konteqstSi?
(a) Hermia may marry a fat nobleman.
(b) Hermia may marry any fat nobleman.
savarjiSo 8.9
Seadare winadadebebi, sadac ganusazRvreli DPdf moicavs msazRvrelebs
a(n) an some iseve, rogorc uniSno mravlobiTis formis msazRvrelebs. ra
sistemuri sxvaoba Cndeba konteqstis interpretaciisas?

(a) Every earl visited some ladies.
Every earl visited ladies.
(b) Hamlet did not like a king.

Hamled did not like kings
(g) Hamlet may meet an actor.

Hamlet may meet actors.
savarjiSo 8.10
Knight-isa da every sword-is erTnairi interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva

Tu ara Semdegi winadadebebi?
(a) A knight bought every sword.
(b) A knight wanted to buy every sword.
(g) A knight thought that I bought every sword.
(d) A knight who bought every sword challendged Laertes.

savarjiSo 8.11
konteqsti axdens Tu ara zegavlenas df-ebis unarze moaxdinon NPI

licenzireba an miimagron nacvalsaxelebi.
Semdegi magaliTebi orazrovania few sons-isa da every knight-is
konteqsturi interpretaciis gamo. gamoyaviT am ori SemTxvevisTvis or-ori
gageba.
(a) ) Fathers of few sons have time to sing madrigals.
(b)) Prayers for every knight were said by this lady.
axla ki ganixileT am magaliTebis Semdegnairi saxesxvaobebi:

(a) Fathers of few sons have any time to sing madrigals.
(b) Prayers for every knight were said by his lady.
saxecvlili magaliTebi inarCuneben Tu ara orazrovnebas? Tu ara,

romeli gageba rCeba? daasabuTeT NPI licenzirebis pirobebTan da teqstSi
mocemul kavSirebTan mimarTebaSi.
9
semantika III:
kategoriaTSorisi
paralelizmebi
Sinaarsis sarCevi
9.0 Sesavali
9.1Tvladi/uTvladi da sruli/us
ruli
9.1.1 gansxvaveba Tvladsa da uTvla
ds Soris: [+/- kvantirebuli]
9.1.2 gamaerTianebeli da
macalkevebeli mimarTeba
9.1.3 gansxvavebebis gavrceleba
zmnebze
9.1.4 ori sferos urTierTqmedeba
9.1.5 igive gansxvavebebia
iaponurSic?
9.2 msazRvrelebi da zmnizedebi
9.2.1 msazRvrelebi da zmnizedebi
inglisurSi: msgavsebebi da
gansxvavebebi
9.2.2 zmnizedis SezRudvis aRdge

na: varaudi
na: centri
na: individebi
9.2.5 d-kvantifikacia (msazRvrel
Ta kvantifikacia) da Az-kvan
tifikacia (zedsarTav saxel
Ta kvantifikacia): kroslingvisturi Tvalsazrisi
9.3 daskvna
SeniSvnebi
savarjiSoebi
9.0. Sesavali
semantikis TeoriaSi Rrmad CaxedviT davinaxavT, rom sxvadasxva sintaqsu
ri kategoriis gamoTqmaTa interpretaciebs Soris mniSvnelovani paralelizmi
arsebobs. es Tavi ganixilavs or aseT SemTxvevas. pirveli gulisxmobs
gansxvavebebs Tvladsa da uTvlads Soris, aseve zmnebSi sruli da usruli
aspeqtebis garCevas. naxavT, rom maT Soris semantikuri msgavseba arsebobs.
ufro metic, isini urTierTqmedeben winadadebis kompoziciur semantikaSi.
meore SemTxveva ki exeba im dakvirvebas, rom inglisurSi konkretuli zmnizedebi
asruleben imave rols, rasac msazRvrelebi. garda amisa, uamrav enaSi am
funqcias ufro xSirad zmnizedebi da frazis gareSe-elementebi asruleben,
vidre msazRvrelebi.
440
semantika
9.1. Tvladi/uTvladi da sruli/usruli1

9.1.1 gansxvaveba Tvladsa da uTvlads Soris : [+/- kvantirebuli]]
inglisurSi sakmaod farTodaa cnobili gansxvaveba Tvlad da uTvlad
saxelebs Soris. Tvlad arsebiT saxelebs mravlobiTi ricxvi aqvT, isini
gvxvdeba many-sTan da ricxviT saxelebTan. uTvlad saxelebs ki ar aqvT
mravlobiTi ricxvi, maTTan gamoiyeneba much da ricxviTi saxelebidan mxolod
zoma-odenobis gamomxatvel gamoTqmebSi gvxvdeba.
(1) count nouns: a chair, ten chairs, many chairs,

*much chair(s), *ten pounds/pieces of chair
(2) mass nouns: much wine, ten gallons of wine

*a wine, *ten wines, *many wines,
much oil, ten drops of oil

* an oil, *ten oils, *many oils

A wine, an oil da a.S. miuRebelia, rogorc erTi minimaluri odenobis Rvinis
an erTi minimaluri odenobis zeTis mniSvnelobiT. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom

yvela uTvlad arsebiT saxels aqvs Tvladi oreuli, romelic aRniSnavs an
standartul ulufas an saxeobas. magaliTad:
(3) a. Bring me a wine, a nectar, etc. (miRebuli bevr, magram ara yvela dialeqtSi)

b. Cleopatra invented a magical oil.

g. This cellar produces several famous wines.
da piriqiT, TiTqmis yvela Tvladi saxeli SegviZlia vaqcioT uTvladad,

bunebrivi, an ZiriTadad, gansakuTrebuli gziT, romelic arRvevs mis
mTlianobas:
(4)

a. Heres an apple; but dont put too much apple in the salad.
b. After the earthquake, there was roof all over the floor.
amgvarad, arsebiTi saxelebis Tvlad da uTvlad saxelebad dayofis nacv

lad, unda visaubroT arsebiT saxelebze, romlebic Tvladi an uTvladi formi
Taa gamoyenebuli. arCevani gviCvenebs, saxeli realurad kvantirebulia Tu
ara. kvantirebuli niSnavs, rom aRsaniSnSi igulisxmeba minimaluri elementebi.
Tu ase araa, maSin zomaodenobis gamoTqmebi asruleben kvantifikatoris
funqcias. is faqti, rom zogi arsebiTi saxeli Tvladadaa miCneuli, zogi ki
uTvladad, asaxavs, Tu rogoraa sazogadoebis rwmenis mixedviT dakanonebuli
aRniSnuli sagnebis bunebrivi qceva lingvisturad.
CanarTi
9.1
Tvladoba/uTvladoba enebs Soris

umetes SemTxvevaSi realuri samyaro miuTiTebs saxeli Tvladi iqneba Tu
uTvladi. magram zog SemTxvevebSi gansxvaveba lingvisturia. magaliTad: chair,
table da a.S. Tvladia, magram furniture uTvladi: *furnitures, magram a piece of
furniture. Pebbles da gravel didad ar gansxvavdeba calkeuli naWrebis zomiT,
magram a pebble miRebuli formaa, xolo *a gravel miuRebeli. Sen SegiZlia
semantika III: kategoriaTSorisi paralelizmebi

make a promise, magram ara give an dvice, Tumca viRacam SeiZleba ifiqros,
rom es ori nimuSi ar gansvavdeba kvantifikaciis TvalsazrisiT da, faqtiurad,

frangulSi orive une promesse (a promise) da un avis (a piece of advice)
Tvladi saxelebia. kros-lingvisturi magaliTebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom
Tvladoba-uTvladobis gansxvaveba lingvisturia, romelic gansazRvrulia
ama Tu im enis gramatikiT.
9.1.2 gamaerTianebeli da macalkevebeli mimarTeba

Cndeba kiTxva, aris Tu ara Tvladoba-uTvladobis gansxvaveba erTi saxis,
an aqvs Tu ara mas kavSiri lingvistur erTeulebTan. am kiTxvaze pasuxis
povnaSi dagvexmareba [+/- kvantirebuli] cnebis ganmarteba ise, rom sxvadasxva
elementebsac exebodes.
gamaerTianebeli mimarTeba
ganixileT:
gamaerTianebeli mimarTeba
vTqvaT, E aris gamoTqma, magaliTad, arsebiTi saxeli. Cven vambobT, rom

igi miemarTeba gamaerTianeblad Tu konkretuli sagnebis E-Ti aRniSvnis
Semdeg SegviZlia imave E gamoTqmiT gamovxatoT masSi Semavali sagnebis jami.
termini gamaerTianebeli mimarTeba gulisxmobs, rom erTs SeuZlia

gaaerTianos sagnebi, magaliTad, oil da Sedegad miiRos is, rac kvlav aRniSnulia
oil-iT. ori boTli zeTis erT konteinerSi gadasxmiT isev zeTi miiReba. es
niSnavs imas, rom gamoTqma oil gamaerTianeblad miemarTeba. meore mxriv, ori
sagnis jami, romelTagan TiToeuli aRniSnulia (a) chair-iT ki ar gamoixateba,
rogorc (a) chair , aramed aRiniSneba sityviT chairs. aq da iq mdgomi skamebis
gaerTianeba sxva skams ar mogvcems. amgvarad gamoTqma (a) chair ar miemarTeba
gamaerTianeblad. es sakiTxi mniSvnelovani gaxdeba 9.1.4 qveTavSi.
vxedavT, rom uTvladi sityvebi miemarTeba gamaerTianeblad, magram
Tvladebi ara. es gamomdinareobs kvantifikaciis cnebidan. gaixseneT, rom
Tvlad sityvas, rogoricaa a chair, aqvs kvantirebuli mimarTeba, vinaidan misi
aRsaniSnebi warmodgenilia minimaluri erTeulebiT.
magram (a) chair-is aRmniSvneli TiToeuli erTeuli unda moicavdes mTeli
simravlidan zustad erT erTeul skams. imaze odnav metic ki, rac saWiroa
erTi erTeulis Sesadgenad, ukve Zalian bevria. meore mxriv, uTvladi sityvebi,
rogoricaa oil ganicdian kvantifikaciis saSualebaTa naklebobas, vinaidan ar
arsebobs erTeulis zoma, romlis zeda zRvaris dadgena moxdeboda, amitomac
mTeli simravle erTiandeba da mainc igive iarliyi rCeba.
macalkevebeli mimarTeba
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebaa macalkevebeli mimarTeba,
gamaerTianebeli mimarTebis sarkisebri anarekli. es termini aRniSnavs, rom
mTlianis dasaxeleba nawildeba TiToeul wevrze.
441
442
semantika
macalkevebeli mimarTeba:
gamoTqma E macalkeveblad miemarTeba, Tu
nebismieri nawili aseve E-Tia aRniSnuli.
E-Ti aRniSnuli sagnis
arsebobs Tu ara iseTi SemTxveva, roca a chair-iT aRniSnuli sagnis nawili

aseve aRniSnulia a chair-iT? anu, iarliyi (a) chair vrceldeba Tu ara a chairiT aRniSnuli sagnis nawilebze? rasakvirvelia, ara. Tu me skams davamtvrev,
me SemrCeba gafuWebul skams damatebuli misi fexi da ara gafuWebul skams
damatebuli meore skami. Tvladi saxelebi ar miemarTeba macalkeveblad. es isev
gamomdinareobs kvantifikaciidan: erTeulis SeqmnisTvis saWiroze naklebs
arasodes SeuZlia igive iarliyi miiRos.
miemarTeba Tu ara uTvladi saxelebi macalkeveblad? vTqvaT, galoni
Jangbadi gayavi or nawilad, Semdeg es nawilebi kidev orad da a.S. am procesis
Sedegad didxans geqneba Jangbads damatebuli Jangbadi, vidre ar mixval erT
molekulamde. maSin es jaWvi gawydeba: jangbadis molekulis arc erTi nawili
aRaraa Jangbadi. zogierTi amtkicebs, rom molekulebis msgavsi minimaluri na
wilebis arseboba Zlieri argumentia uTvladi saxelebis mimarTebisa. TumcaRa,
am mtkicebas SegviZlia SevewinaaRmdegoT da vTqvaT, rom molekulebze da maT
Semadgenel nawilebze arsebuli mecnieruli codna ar aisaxeba enaSi da amdenad
araa mniSvnelovani. ufro metic, abstraqtuli uTvladi saxelebis aRsaniSnebs,
rogoricaa siyvaruli da Tavisufleba, ar aqvT umciresi elementebi, maSinac
ki, Tuki Cven vipoviT am cnebebis dayofis metaforul gzas. es niSnavs, rom zogi
uTvladi arsebiTi saxeli macalkeveblad miemarTeba. magram macalkevebeli
mimarTeba aris Tu ara yvela uTvladi saxelis Tviseba? amis dasasabuTebeli
sapirispiro magaliTebi arsebobs, romelic wminda lingvistur codnas
moiTxovs. magaliTad, es is SemTxveva araa, rom avejis yvela nawili avejia
(magidis fexi aveji araa) da arc is SemTxvevaa, rom skamebis nawilebi skamebia
(skamebis grova SeiZleba martivad davSaloT nawilebad da sul cota erTi
maTgani iqneba skami).
amgvarad, daskvna aseTia, rom uTvladi saxelebi SeiZleba miemarTebodnen
macalkeveblad, SeiZleba ara; es damokidebulia individualur SemTxvevaze.
gamaerTianebeli mimarTebisgan gansxvavebiT, macalkevebeli mimarTeba saxelTa
am klass ar axasiaTebs.
9.1.3 gansxvavebebis gavrceleba zmnebze
sruli usrulis winaaRmdeg

gamaerTianebeli da macalkevebeli mimarTebebis cnebaTa gamoyenebiT,
SegviZlia kiTxva ase CamovayaliboT: aris Tu ara sxva lingvistur elementebSi
gamoTqmebi, sadac kvantirebulisa da gamaerTianebeli gansxvavebebis
dapirispireba mniSvnelovania?
vvaraudobT, rom zmnuri frazebiT gamoxatuli moqmedebebi swored
aseTia. es sakiTxi Sedis aspeqtis kategoriaSi, romelic dakavSirebulia
movlenaTa Sinagan struqturasTan.
zmnuri gamoTqmebi or did kategoriad iyofa imis mixedviT, maT mier
gadmocemuli ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba Seicvalos for an hour fraziT,

Tu within an hour fraziT. daxarisxeba maTi erT-erTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT
saWiroa, vinaidan winadadeba SeiZleba misaRebi iyos wakiTxvis garkveul
etapze, rac amJamad CvenTvis naklebad mniSvnelovania. magaliTebTan erTad
warmodgenili interpretaciebi dagvexmareba yuradReba gavamaxviloT
savaraudo wakiTxvebze. naxeT magaliTebis Semdeg gakeTebuli komentarebi.
sameulis win dasmuli * niSani gankuTvnilia TiToeuli wevrisTvis.
(5)
a. Romeo wandered
for an hour
hesitated
watched Juliet
A single event of Romeo wandering lasted for an hour, etc.
b. *Romeo woke
for an hour.
recovered
glanced at Juliet
A single event of Romeo waking (not the resulting state) lasted for an hour,
etc.
(6)
a. Romeo woke
within an hour.
recovered
glanced at Juliet
A single event of Romeo waking occured and terminated within an hour, etc.
g. *Romeo wandered
within an hour.
hesitated
watched Juliet

A single event of Romeo wandering occured and terminated

(not just began) within an hour, etc.
(5) winadadebaSi Romeo wandered for an hour misaRebia, vinaidan xetiali erT
saaTs gagrZelda. Romeo woke for an hour miuRebelia imave saxis mniSvnelobiT,
Tumca igi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes Sedegis xangrZlivobas, anu romeos eRviZa 1
saaTis manZilze. es ukanaskneli interpretacia Cven ar gvainteresebs da amis
gamo igi aq aRniSnulia, rogorc miuRebeli.
aseve ararelevanturia (5) winadadebis navaraudevi wakiTxva, romlis
Tanaxmadac Romeo woke for an hour niSnavs, rom is ganmeorebiT iRviZebda
da iZinebda. amas gamoricxavs erTjeradi movlena. es ganmeorebiTobis
gamomxatveli wakiTxvis gancalkeveba SeiZleba misTvis only once-is damatebiT,
rogorc es qvemoTaa naCvenebi:
(7) a. Romeo watched Juliet only once, and on that occasion he watched

her for an hour.

b. *Romeo glanced at Juliet only once, and on that occasion he glanced

at her for an hour.
(7a) -Si only once SeiZleba gulisxmobdes mis dabadebis dReze da

brwyinvaled SeTavsebadia droSi gavrcobili cqeris moqmedebasTan. Only
443
444
semantika
once-is damateba (7b) winadadebas dauSvebels xdis, vinaidan erTi Sexedva ver
gagrZeldeba erTi saaTi da ganmeorebac gamoricxulia. ganmeorebiTobis
gamomxatveli wakiTxva metnaklebad mza formiTaa xelmisawvdomi, rac
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad dasaSvebia mdgomareobis ganmeoreba.
(6) winadadebaSi Romeo woke within an hour erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi
romeos gaRviZebis faqtis martivi gamoxatvaa. Romeo wandered within an hour
frazas imave tipis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tumca es SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom
raRacam aiZula romeo erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi saxetialod wasuliyo (es aris
dasawyisi da ara dasasruli xetialisa, romelic grZeldeboda erTi saaTi).
kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom meore saxis specializebuli interpretacia
Cven ar gvainteresebs.
am zmnebis yovelmxrivi analizisas saWiroa yvela ararelevanturi
wakiTxvis gaTvaliswineba. amJamad Cven gvainteresebs maTi mniSvnelobis
mxolod erTi konkretuli aspeqti, rasac axla unda mivubrundeT.
im klasis wevrebs, romlis Secvla SeiZleba within an hour-iT da ara for an
hour-iT, hqviaT sruli. es termini momdinareobs berZnuli sityvisgan telos, rac
dasasruls niSnavs. amis sapirispirod, im klasis wevrebs, romlis Sesacvle
lad gamodgeba for an hour da ara within an hour, hqviaT usruli, romelTa
mixedviTac gadmocemul movlenebs ar aqvT dasasruli. ix. danarTi 9.2.
srulis da usrulis dapirispireba mogvagonebs kvantirebulisa da
gamaerTianebeli maxasiaTeblis dapirispirebas. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, sruli
aspeqtis zmna recover. Romeo recovered niSnavs, rom iyo xanmokle an xangrZlivi
procesi romeos gamojanmrTelebisa, magram konkretul wertilSi moxda
cvlileba: is isev kargad gaxda. gamojanmrTelebis faqti SemosazRvrulia
am cvlilebiT. erTxel gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg, romeo isev cudad unda
gaxdes, rom isev gamojanmrTeleba moaxerxos. es movlena ar gagrZeldeba am
wertils miRma. amis sapirispirod, ganvixiloT usruli aspeqtis zmna hesitate.
Romeo hesitated winadadebiT gadmocemul movlenas ar aqvs sasruli wertili.
usasrulod SeiZleba gagrZeldes; an Tu is mTavrdeba, es imitom, rom an
romeos daeZina an gadawyvetileba miiRo. es araa misi yoymanis kulminacia. es
moqmedeba ubralod Sewyda (ratom? Cven gvesmis, rom movlenis kulminacia
misi nawili unda iyos, magaliTad Tu gamojanmrTeldebi, xarisxis cvlileba
gamojanmrTelebis movlenis nawilia. magram CaZineba an gadawyvetilebis miReba
ise wyvets orWofobas, rom misi nawili araa).
es dakvirveba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevqmnaT testi, rom ganvsazRvroT,
zmnuri fraza gamaerTianeblad miemarTeba Tu macalkeveblad.
CanarTi
9.2
sruli da usruli _ SemasmenelTa klasebi

usruli aspeqtis SemasmenlebSi, Cveulebriv, gamoyofen or qvejgufs:
mgdomareobis (know the poem, be tall) da moqmedebis (smile, be polite) da or
qvejgufs sruli aspeqtis SemasmenlebSi: Sesrulebis (recover, eat a sandwich)
da miRwevebis (win, die). amJamindel diskusiaSi es gansxvavebebi monawileobas
ar iRebs.
qvemoT mocemuli Semasmenlebi sruli aspeqtisaa Tu usruli?

(a) Falstaff sneezed.
(b) Hamlet sweated.
(g) Juliet died.
(d) Romeo grieved.
(e) The water froze.
sisrule da kvantirebuloba
Tu romeo xetialobda (an yoymanobda, an ucqerda julietas) 9 saaTidan
9:30-mde da is xetialobda (an yoymanobda, an ucqerda julietas) 9:30-dan 10
saaTamde, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom man ixetiala (an iyoymana, an ucqira julietas)
9-dan 10 saaTamde. mokled rom vTqvaT, xanmokle movlenebi martivad erTiande
ba erT faqtad da iRebs saerTo iarliys. usruli aspeqtis zmnuri frazebi,
rogorc mosalodnelia, gamaerTianebeli mimarTebiT xasiaTdeba.
amis sapirispirod, Tu romeom gaiRviZa (an gamojanmrTelda, an Sexeda
julietas) naxevari saaTis ganmavlobaSi da man es isev gaimeora, ver vityviT, rom
man gaiRviZa (an gamojanmrTelda, an Sexeda julietas) erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
es gviCvenebda, rom iyo mxolod erTi gaRviZeba (an gamojanmrTeleba, an mzera):
magram, faqtiurad, iyo ori. amgvarad, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, sruli
aspeqtis zmnuri frazebi ar miemarTebian gamaerTianeblad.
macalkevebeli mimarTebis testi, uxeSad, imave Sedegs gvaZlevs, rac
Tvladi da uTvladi saxelebis Sepirispirebisas miviReT. sruli aspeqtis zmnu
ri frazebi ar miemarTebian macalkeveblad. gaRviZebis faqti (an gamojanmrTe
leba, an mzera) ar SeiZleba davyoT kvlav gaRviZebis (an gamojanmrTelebis,
an mzeris) nawilebad. meore mxriv, xetials (an yoymans, an julietas cqeras)
aqvs uamravi amave saxelis mqone Semadgeneli movlenebi, Tumca aqve SeiZleba
iseTebic Sediodes, romlebic saxes ar ucvlian faqts. magaliTad, Romeo
watched Juliet from 9 to 9:30am sworia maSinac ki, Tu romeom am drois ganmavlobaSi
daacemina da droebiT misi yuradReba gaifanta, anu julietas cqeris faqti
moicavs sxva iseT movlenebs, rac araa julietas cqera. amgvarad, dayofa ar
aris usruli aspeqtis faqtebis ganmsazRvreli Tviseba.
daskvna:
uTvladi saxelebi da usruli aspeqtis Semasmenlebi gamaerTianeblad
miemarTebian. maTi aRsaniSnebi ar aris kvantirebuli.
Tvladi saxelebi da sruli aspeqtis Semasmenlebi ar miemarTebian
gamaerTianeblad. maTi aRsaniSnebi kvantirebulia.
9.1.4 ori sferos urTierTqmedeba

metad sainteresoa is faqti, rom sakiTxebi, rasac saxeladi gamoTqmebi
miemarTebian da movlenebi, rasac zmnuri frazebi aRweren, struqturulad
msgavsia. magram aqvs Tu ara amas Sedegi kompoziciur semantikaSi, rac
445
savarjiSo
9.1
446
semantika
gulisxmobs sakiTxs, Tu rogoraa rTuli gamoTqmebis mniSvneloba Sedgenili

misi nawilebis mniSvnelobebisgan?
Cven davamtkicebT, rom kompoziciur semantikaSi Sedegi aisaxeba.
zemoaRniSnul magaliTSi, leqsikurma zmnam gansazRvra zmnuri frazis
sisrule-usruloba. magram es yovelTvis ase araa. (interpretaciebs uSualod
mohyveba komentarebi):
(8) a.
Hamlets mother consumed a poisoned drink within five minutes.
The vendor sold a pie within five minutes.
b. *Hamlets mother consumed a poisoned drink for five minutes.
*The vendor sold a pie for five minutes.
(9) a. *Hamlets mother consumed ale within five minutes.

*The vendor sold wine within five minutes.
b.
Hamlets mother consumed ale for five minutes.

The vendor sold wine for five minutes.
(10) a . *Hamlets mother consumed poisoned drinks within five minutes.

*The vendor sold pies within five minutes.
b. Hamlets mother consumed poisoned drinks for five minutes.

The vendor sold pies for five minutes.
yuradReba mivaqcioT im varskvlavian magaliTebs, sadac within gvaqvs

gamoyenebuli. rogorc (5) da (6) winadadebebTan mimarTebaSi aRvniSneT,
varskvlavian magaliTebs akliaT erTi ZiriTadi varianti, rac mza saxiTaa
xelmisawvdomi misi uvarskvlavo variantisTvis. garda amisa, axali
ararelevanturi wakiTxvebi SeiZleba gaCndes (8), (9), (10) an maT mcire sa
xesxvaobebSi pirdapiri obieqtis yofnis gamo, magaliTad, Hamlets mother used
to consume drinks in five minutes sworia, Tu es imas niSnavs, rom qals SeeZlo
sasmelis xuT wuTSi daleva.
rodesac consume zmnas aqvs pirdapiri obieqti, romlis aRsaniSnic
kvantirebulia, zmnuri fraziT gadmocemuli moqmedeba srulia. es niSnavs,
rom saxeladi fraza a drink miemarTeba kvantirebulad da consumed a drink
aris sruli aspeqtis, sadac sasmelis daclaa nagulisxmevi. Tumca, roca
imave zmnas pirdapiri obieqti aqvs, romelic gamaerTianebeli mimarTebiT
xasiaTdeba, zmnuri fraziT gadmocemuli movlena usruli aspeqtisaa. anu,
radganac saxeladi fraza ale miemarTeba gamaerTianeblad, consumed ale aris
usruli aspeqtis da winadadeba neitraluria imasTan mimarTebaSi, kidev
darCa Tu ara ludi. martivad rom vTqvaT, am zmnuri frazebiT gadmocemuli
faqtebi pirdapiri obieqtis aRsaniSnisgan iReben TavianT macalkevebel Tu
gamaerTianebel maxasiaTebels.
es is faqtia, rac kompoziciur semantikas SeuZlia awarmoos. arafor
malurad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pirdapiri obieqtiT aRniSnuli sagnebi
gansazRvraven mTlian faqts: rac ufro meti ludi dailia, miT ufro
xangrZlivi iyo ludis dalevis procesi da bunebrivi dasasruli dadga maSin,
roca ludis maragi amoiwura. amgvarad, Cven mier ganxiluli zmnebi gegmaven
447
pirdapiri obieqtis aRsaniSnis struqturas, rom am ukanasknelma Camoayalibos

zmnuri fraziT gadmocemuli movlena.
(a) gansazRvre, Semdegi magaliTebi sruli Tu usruli aspeqtisaa: to work,
to work oneself to death, to work on a plan, to work out a plan
gamoiyene Semdegi frazebi: for five minutes/an hour/ a year (romelic

Sesaferisi iqneba). gaxsovdeT teqstSi gakeTebuli komentarebi,
ararelevanturi meoradi wakiTxvebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTi: Lorenzo watched the race for an hour: usruli aspeqtis

*Lorenzo won the race for an hour (Tu es ar niSnavs imas,
rom aRniSnuli erTi saaTis Semdeg man
diskvalifikacia miiRo): sruli aspeqtis
(b) Seni Sedegebis mixedviT, gansazRvre ra kategoriebi unda gamoiyos,
rogorc sisrule zm, zmf Tu rame sxva?
msgavsi movlena gvxvdeba Semdeg magaliTebSi:
(11) Romeo walked west(ward) for a minute (*within a minute).
(12) Romeo walked to Juliets side within a minute (*for a minute).
West(ward) gulisxmobs biliks gamaerTianeblad, xolo Juliets side aris
kvantirebuli biliki, romelic SemosazRvrulia julietas adgilsamyofeliT.
Walk agegmarebs bilikebis struqturas movlenaTa struqturaze.
yvela zmnas ar axasiaTebs struqturis dacviT ganawilebis Tviseba:
zmnuri frazebi, rogoricaa press on, stroke an admire usruli aspeqtisaa
miuxedavad pirdapiri obieqtis ragvarobisa. naTelia, rom Sesabamisi movlena
ver iqneba gagebuli, rogorc dasasrulis wertili.
(13) a. Richard stroked a horse/horses for an hour (*within an hour).

b. Richard admired a horse/horses for an hour (*within an hour).
arsebobs Tu ara zmnebi, romlebic mudmivad sruli aspeqtisaa?

xSir SemTxvevaSi, ganmeoreba dasaSvebia da awarmoebs usruli aspeqtis
interpretacias, rogorc (7) winadadebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT. Tumca, Tu zmniT
an zmnuri fraziT gamoxatuli movlena SeiZleba moxdes mxolod erTxel,
ganmeoreba gamoiricxeba, magaliTad, *she died of a fever for a year.
me-7 TavSi Cven CavxedeT Teoriuli semantikis safuZvlebs. am qveTavSi
ganxiluli movlena damatebiT sabuTs gvaZlevs, rom bunebrivi enebis Sesaxeb
semantikis Teorias unda hqondes unari aRwerisa da sakmaod daxvewili saxis im
struqturebiT moqmedebisa, romelTac lingvisturi gamoTqmebi miemarTeba.
9.1.5 igive gansxvavebebia iaponurSic?2

zemoT moyvanili argumentaciisas Cven veyrdnobodiT inglisuri enis
Tvisebas ganasxvavos Tvladi da uTvladi saxelebi. es Sedegebi vrceldeba Tu
ara iseT enaze, rogoricaa iaponuri, sadac aseTi gansxvavebebis dadgena araa
savarjiSo
9.2.
448
semantika
saWiro? magaliTad, ringo SeiZleba niSnavdes: an apple, apples, some apple, the
apple, an the apples. inglisurisgan gansxvavebiT, zmnis erTi da igive forma
SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc within one minute gamoTqmiT, aseve for one minute.
a.
(14)

de tabe-ru
me vWam vaSls erT wuTSi.

b.
Watasi-wa ringo-o ip-pun
I-top apple-acc one-minute in eat-pr

Watasi-wa ringo-o
I-top
ip-pun-kan
tabe-ru
apple-acc one-minute-for eat-pr
me vWam vaSls erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
(a) winadadeba niSnavs, rom vaSli(ebi) SeWames, xolo (b) winadadeba mxolod
imas miuTiTebs, rom vaSlis Wamis procesi 1 wuTs gagrZelda. es paraleluria
inglisurSi ganxilulisa. Ippon de-Ti gansazRvruli Semasmeneli sruli
aspeqtisaa. rodesac Semasmenlis mTavari zmna sruli aspeqtis eat tipisaa, misi
pirdapiri damateba kvantirebulia da piriqiT, ippunkan-iT gansazRvruli
Semasmeneli usruli aspeqtisaa. roca usrulis aspeqtis Semasmenlis mTavari
zmna eat tipisaa, misi pirdapiri obieqti gamaerTianebeli mimarTebisaa. es
niSnavs, rom am iaponuri gamoTqmebis semantikuri sturqtura igivea, rac
msgavsi inglisuri magaliTebisa, Tumca es msgavseba zedapiruli markerebiT
ar SeiniSneba.
am SeumCneveli efeqtis gamokveTa SeiZleba zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis
mciredi cvlilebiT. (15a) winadadebaSi gerundivs damatebuli aqvs damam
Tavrebeli morfologia imisaTvis, rom miviRoT finish eating an eat up
mniSvneloba zmnisgan tabete-shimau. (-te-shimaus-s damamTavrebeli gamoyeneba
unda ganvasxvavoT sxva tipis gamoyenebisgan, sadac daaxloebiT aseTi
mniSvneloba aqvs: I wound up going and doing. . . am gansxvavebul wakiTxvas
mcirediT apologetikuri arsi aqvs).
(15) a. Watashi-wa ringo-o ip-pun de tabete-shimau.
-te-shimau-s damamTavrebeli gamoyeneba iwvevs winadadebaSi sruli aspeqtis
gagebas, magram SegviZlia Sedareba ufro naTeli gavxadoT, Tuki davamatebT
progresul morfologias te-iru zmnis saxiT (15b) winadadebaSi:
(15) b. Watashi-wa ringo-o ip-pun-kan tabete-iru.
(te-iru-s es progresuli gamoyeneba unda ganvasxvavoT sxva tipis

gamoyenebisgan, rasac mniSvneloba aseTi aqvs Recently Ive been doing. . . ).
roca zmnuri morfologiis am ori saxis modaluri arsia warmodgenili, maSin
Cven zmnis naTeli damamTavrebeli da progresuli aspeqturi morfologia
gvaqvs saxeze, romelic srul da usrul interpretacias iTxovs. amis dasanaxad,
vcadoT ippun de-sa da ippun-ka-s urTierTCanacvleba. winadadebebi Semcirebis
gzaze wava:
(16) a. *Watashi-wa ringo-o ip-pun de tabete-iru.

b. *Watashi-wa ringo-o ip-pun-kan tabete-shimau.

winadadebas davumatoT vaSlebis mTvleli ik-ko, rac awarmoebs aseT
449
mniSvnelobas I eat one apple. . . .

(17) a. Watashi-wa ringo-o ik-ko ip-pun de tabete-shimau.

b. Watashi-wa ringo-o ik-ko ip-pun-kan tabete-iru.
Ik-ko-m gamoiwvia ringo-s kvantirebuli an gansazRvruli wakiTxva. winadadeba

(17a) bunebrivia da niSnavs I eat up one apple in one minute. (17b) winadadeba ki
ucnauria. misi interpretireba iseTi saxiT SeiZleba, sadac konkretuli vaSli
iqneba gamoyofili (da vaSlebis ganusazRvrel raodenobas SeWamen). vinaidan
ringo (17a) da (17b) winadadebebSi erTnairad aRniSnavs vaSlis naWersac da
ramdenime vaSlsac, es faqtebi namdvilad mowesrigebulia. gansxvaveba isaa,
vaSlebis konkretuli odenoba SeiWama Tu ganusazRvreli.
9.2. msazRvrelebi da zmnizedebi3

ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba:
(18) Usually, a Shakespearean sonnet contains the word love.
ras niSnavs aq usually? SeiZleba Tu ara es niSnavdes, vTqvaT, kviris samuSao

dReebSi Seqspiris sonetebi sityva love-s Seicaven, xolo SabaT-kviras - ara? ra
Tqma unda, es ase araa. am winadadebis uxeSi perifrazi aseTia:
(19) Most Shakespearean sonnets contain the word love.
(19) gviCvenebs, rom msazRvrelebsa da zmnizedebs msgavsi funqciebis

Sesruleba SeuZliaT. am qveTavSi Cven ganvixilavT am movlenasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs. pirvel rigSi ganvixilavT im niSniT, romliTac inglisuri
msazRvrelebi da zmnizedebi erTnairad moqmedeben, Semdeg ki, gavaanalizebT
zog kros-lingvistur magaliTebs, sadac maTi funqciebi iyofa.
9.2.1 msazRvrelebi da zmnizedebi inglisur enaSi: msgavsebebi da

gansxvavebebi
elementebisa da movlenebis jgufebi

me-7 TavSi vnaxeT, rom msazRvrelebi, rogoricaa every, many, most da few,
gviCvenebs individTa ori jgufis kavSirs:
(20) Every king is whimsical:
mefeebi axirebuli adamianebis qvejgufia
(21) Few kings are whimsical:
axirebul mefeTa ricxvi mcirea

an

axirebuli mefeebis ricxvi

mefeebis ricxvze mcirea
gaixseneT me-7 TavSi warmodgenili most-is ganmarteba:
[Most s zmf] sworia mxolod im SemTxvevSi, Tu [[s]] da [[zmf]] jgufebi ufro
didia [[s]] jgufze, magram ara [[zmf]]-ze.
most A B = True mxolod maSDin, Tu (2x |AB|) > |A|
SeavseT (a) winadadeba (20) -(21) -is msgavsad:

(a) Most kings are whimsical. . .
savarjiSo
9.3
450
semantika
axla yuradReba gavamaxviloT Semdeg sakiTxze: aris Tu ara msazRvrelebi

erTaderTi kategoria, romelic or jgufs ise akavSirebs, rogorc es me-7TavSi
iyo aRwerili?
Tuki movZebniT iseT gamoTqmebs, romlebic SeiZleba msazRvrelebis
msgavsad saxes ucvlides individebisgan gansxvavebul elementebs, zmnizedaTa
klasi gagvaxsendeba: always, sometimes, often, usually, seldom da a.S. maT
kvantifikaciis zmnizedebi hqviaT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTi da
zemoaRniSnuli msazRvrelebis mniSvnelobebi msgavsia, Cndeba kiTxva: romelia
is jgufebi, rasac isini miemarTebian?
am kiTxvas martivad SegviZlia vupasuxoT: isini miemarTebian ori saxis
jgufs an movlenebs, an situaciebs (romlebic ioli aRsaqmeli da farTod
gavrcelebulia yoveldRiurobaSi).
(22) If/when you deal with Puck, you ALWAYS have a good time: SemTxvevebi, rodesac
pakTan gaqvs saqme aris im SemTxvevaTa qvejgufi, roca Sen karg dros atareb.
(23) If/when you deal with Puck, you USUALLY have a good time: im SemTxvevaTa ricxvi
ufro didia, roca Sen pakTan xar da karg dros atareb, vidre SemTxvevebi, roca
pakTan xar da ver atareb karg dros.
savarjiSo
9.4
daasrule Semdegi winadadeba, sadac gaakeTebT seldom-is ganmartebas (21)

winadadebaSi warmodgenili few-s ganmartebis mixedviT.
(a) If/when you deal with Puck, you seldom have a good time. . .
zmnizedis SezRudvebi
garda konkretuli msazRvrelis funqciis ganmartebisa, Cven warmo
vadgineT maTi wminda semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi. upirveles yovlisa, Cven
vaCveneT, rom maT mier aRniSnuli ori jgufi identur rols ar asrulebs:
pirveli maTgani, romlic sf-is denotacias Seesabameba, zRudavs msazRvrelebs.
magaliTad, rom SevamowmoT sworia Tu ara winadadeba Every king is whimsical,
ar dagvWirdeba mefeebis jgufis miRma gaxedva. es or rames niSnavs. jer erTi,
imas, rom Cven gvWirdeba im elementebis gaTvaliswineba, romlebic arc mefeebs
da arc axirebulebis jgufs ar miekuTvneba (mag. skamebi); da meore, saWiroa,
ganvixiloT elementebi, romlebic axirebulTa jgufSia, magram ar ekuTvnis
mefeebis ricxvs (mag., dedoflebi). es ukanaskneli faqti iyo gadmocemuli
msazRvrelTa konservatiulobaze saubrisas.
Tu SevadarebT (20) -(21) da (22) -(23) winadadebebs, davinaxavT, rom (22) -(23)
winadadebebSi if-nawiliT gadmocemuli SemTxveva imave rols asrulebs, rasac
(20) -(21) winadadebebSi sf-is denotaciaSi gadmocemul individTa jgufi.
vrceldeba Tu ara es msgavseba im if-winadadebebze, romlebic kvanti
fikatori zmnizedebis SezRudvis funqcias asrulebs?
SeamowmeT, aris Tu ara kvantifikaciis zmnizedebi konservatiuli.

gaixseneT me-7 TavSi warmodgenili ganmarteba:
451
savarjiSo
9.5
msazRvreliT gadmocemuli Q kavSiri konservatiulia, Tu nebismieri

A A da B B TvisebebisTvis Q Q kavSiri dgas A-sa da B-s Soris da Tu Q kavSiri
dgas A-sa da (AABB) maxasiaTeblebs Soris.
ganmartebis mixedviT gaakeTe (a) winadadebis perifrazi da gadawyvite,
ekvivalentia Tu ara is originalisa.
(a) If/when you deal with Puck, you always have a good time:. . .
axla ki SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom if-winadadeba imave rols asrulebs

kvantifikatori zmnizedebisTvis, rasac sf msazRvrelebisTvis: is zRudavs
Cvens yuradRebas ufro farTo masStabis movlenebze, romlebic potenciurad
mniSvnelovania winadadebis sisworisTvis.
Semcirebadoba
sxva semantikuri Tvisebebi, romlebic, rogorc SevniSneT, msazRvrelebs
gadaaqvT kvantifikaciis zmnizedebze. magaliTad, rogorc iTqva, msazRvreli
few SemcirebiTia zmf-iT gadmocemul movlenasTan mimarTebaSi da aqve iyo
aRniSnuli, rom uaryofiTi polarulobis sityvebic aseve mgrZnobiareni
arian am Tvisebisadmi. axla ki saSualeba gvaqvs, davamatoT, rom seldom-ic
SemcirebiTia mTavari winadadebiT gadmocemul movlenebTan mimarTebaSi da
uaryofiTi polarulobis sityvebis licenzirebas axdens.
yuradReba miaqcieT (a) -Si gadmocemul faqts:

(a) relevanturi jgufis inkluzia:

SemTxvevaTa jgufi, sadac Sen kargi dro gaatare, aris
im jgufis qvejgufi, sadac Sen kargi dro gaatare.
axla ki daasrule (b) da (g). (b) -is SemTxvevaSi, ra aris is Tanafardoba, rac
If you deal with Puck, you seldom have a good time winadadebam unda igulisxmos,
raTa seldom-ma SemcirebiTi mniSvneloba miiRos? dawere da gansazRvre, aris

Tu ara aq logikuri gamomdinareoba. (g) -is SemTxvevaSi ki gviCvene, seldom
SesaZlebels xdis any-is arsebobas winadadebis moniSnul nawilSi:
(b) SemcirebiTi logikuri gamomdinareoba

If you deal with Puck, you seldom have a good time
= ? = >. . .
(g) NPI licenzireba:

If you deal with Puck, you seldom. . .
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bunebriv enaSi sul cota ori iseTi
saxis gamoTqma arsebobs, romelic or jgufs konkretuli gzebiT gadmoscems:
savarjiSo
9.6
452
semantika
msazRvrelebi da zmnizedebi. pirveli individTa jgufs gadmoscems, xolo

meore SemTxvevaTa jgufs. sintaqsurad am ori saxis gamoTqmebi gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan. anu, maT Soris msgavseba aucileblad semantikuri unda
iyos. aSkarad Cans, rom arsebobs semantikuri meqanizmebi da Tvisebebi, rac
sintaqsisgan damoukidebelia. amgvarad, ganxilvis safuZvelze mivediT
daskvnamde, rom zmnuric da saxeladi frazebic SeiZleba iyos an gamaerTianebeli
an aragamaerTianebeli, anu macalkevebeli.
9.2.2 zmnizedis SezRudvis aRdgena: varaudi

ra xdeba maSin, roca winadadebas ar aqvs if-iani nawili? zmnizedebi isev
SemTxvevaTa or jgufs miemarTeba? Tu asea, maSin rogoraa es ori jgufi
gansazRvruli? arsebobs sxvadasxva SesaZlo varianti.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT es magaliTebi:
(24) The Fool usually/always/seldom regrets offending Lear.
(25) The Fool usually/always/seldom denies offending Lear.
(24) is bunebrivi interpretaciebi Semdegnairia:

(26) a. If/when the Fool offends Lear, he usually/always/seldom
regrets offending Lear.
b. In most/all/few cases when the Fool offends Lear, the Fool
regrets offending Lear.
saidan momdinareobs aseTi saxis interpretacia? meSvide TavSi Cven vnaxeT,

rom regret varaudobs, rom misi komplementi aRwers faqts. (26)-e winadadeba,
kerZod ki is SemTxvevebi, sadac varaudi naTlad Cans, qmnian kvantifikatori
zmnizedebis SezRudvas.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rodesac kvantifikaciis zmnizedis SezRudva
ar aris gadmocemuli if-fraziT, maSin winadadebis varaudma SeiZleba am
SezRudvis ganmsazRvrelis roli Seasrulos.
savarjiSo
9.7
gaixseneT diskusia deny-s varaudebTan dakavSirebiT damoukidebuli

winadadebiTa da gerundiviT warmodgenil komplementTan mimarTebaSi da
gamoyaviT SemTxvevaTa is jgufebi, romlebic qmnian zmnizedebis SezRudvas
(25) winadadebaSi.
9.2.3 zmnizedis SezRudvis aRdgena: centri

axla ki ganvixiloT zmnizedis SezRudvis aRdgenis sxva gza. Cvens
magaliTebSi garkveul sityvebs mZime maxvili eqnebaT. (rogorc qvemoT,
fonologiis TavSi iqneba ganxiluli, sityvis maxviliani marcvali, romelzec
ZiriTadi maxvili modis, xmamaRalia da ufro xangrZlivia, vidre maSin, roca
ZiriTadi maxvili im sityvaze ar ecema). qvemoT moyvanil winadadebebSi mZime
maxvili naCvenebia asomTavruliT:

(27) Oberon usually/always/seldom talks to PUCK about his problems.
am winadadebis perifrazireba Semdegnairad SeiZleba ((28 a, b)-Si igive

saTqmeli sxva gziTaa warmodgenili):
(28) a. If/when oberon talks to someone about his problems, it is

usually/always/seldom Puck.
b. In most/all/few cases when Oberon talks to someone about his problems,

Oberon talks to Puck about his problems.
saidan gamomdinareobs es interpretacia? amis saCveneblad saWiroa mcire

mimoxilvis gakeTeba.
(27) winadadebaSi mZime maxvilian saxelad frazas (Puck) hqvia winadadebis
centri, romelic axal informacias an Sepirispirebas gamoxatavs. winadadebis
danarCen nawils centris CarCo hqvia. Semdegi magaliTebi (romlebic ar
Seicavs kvantifikator zmnizedas) am gamijvnis ilustraciaa.
(29) a. PUCK squeezed the magic flower onto Lysanders eyelids.

centri: Puck
centris CarCo: [someone] squeezed the magic flower onto Lysanders eyelids
b. Puck squeezed the magic flower onto LYSANDERs eyelids.

centri: Lysander
centris CarCo: Puck squeezed the magic flower onto [someone]s eyelids.
g. Puck squeezed the MAGIC FLOWER onto Lysanders eyelids.
centri: the magic flower
centris CarCo: Puck squeezed [something] onto Lysanders eyelids.
mivubrundeT (27) winadadebas. axla vxedavT, rom (28) interpretacia

emyareba centrisa da misi CarCos gamijvnas. xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca
centris CarCo qmnis kvantifikatori zmnizedis SezRudvas.
(30) Oberon talks to PUCK about his problems.

centri: Puck
centris CarCo: Oberon talks to [someone] about his problems
sainteresoa, SesaZlebelia Tu ara zmnizedis SezRudvis aRdgenis am

ori gzis gaerTianeba? es kiTxva Cndeba imitom, rom xSirad centrisa da misi
CarCos gamijvna utoldeba centrisa da varaudis gamijvnas. magaliTad, iseTi
winadadeba, rogoricaa (30), xSirad aRwerilia, rogorc varaudi, rom oberoni
viRacas Tavis problemebze esaubreba da mtkiceba imisa, rom igi amaze pakTan
saubrobs.
(31) Does Oberon talk to anyone about his problems?

Well, it is unlikely that HE TALKS TO PUCK, and I know that he

does not talk to anyone else.
es niSnavs, rom zogadad arasworia, rom centris CarCo navaraudevia.

amgvarad, centris CarCos saSualebiT zmnizedis SezRudvis aRdgenisas ar aris
naTeli, rom es SezRudvis varaudis meSveobiT aRdgenis gansakuTrebuli gzaa.
453
454
semantika
9.2.4 zmnizedis SezRudvis aRdgena: individebi
TiToeuli SemTxveva erT individs moicavs.

imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT SemzRudvelis ganmartebaSi sxva mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi, gavixsenoT (18) winadadeba, rac ganmeorebulia (32) -is saxiT:
(32) Usually, a Shakespearean sonnet contains the word love.
aq araviTari movlena ar aris yoveldRiuri; ufro metic, konkretuli

sityvis Semcveli soneti movlena ar aris. maSin raSia saqme? amieridan, Cven
viwyebT case sityvis Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobis gavrcobas da vaqcevT mas
teqnikur terminad.
Cans, rom TiToeuli soneti qmnis calkeul SemTxvevas. alternatiuli
varianti am magaliTs ufro daamsgavsebs realuri movlenebis Semcvel
winadadebas:
(33) If/when something is a Shakespearean sonnet, it usually contains the word love.
am saxis perifrazi martivad xsnis im saidumlos, Tu ratom niSnavs erTsa

da imaves es ori winadadeba: Usually, a Shakespearean sonnet contains the word love
da Most sonnets of Shakespeare contain the word love. axlaxan vnaxeT, rom usually
niSnavs In most cases, if. . . , then. . . . vinaidan TiToeuli soneti Seesabameba erT
ganumeorebel SemTxvevas, romelic konkretul sonets gulisxmobs, sonetebis
momcveli SemTxvevebi SeiZleba Caenacvlos sonetebs. anu araviTari gansxvaveba
ar aris, Cven sonetebs davTvliT Tu sonetebis momcvel SemTxvevebs.
TiToeuli SemTxveva erTze met individs moicavs

magram yvela msgavsi magaliTi, sadac msazRvreli da zmnizedaa, niSnavs Tu
ara erTsa da imaves? SevadaroT Semdegi winadadebebi, sadac arc subieqti da
arc obieqti ar aris winadadebis centri:
(34) Most fairies who met a mortal tricked him.
(35) Usually, if/when a fairy met a mortal, he tricked him.
warmovidginoT Semdegi situacia: xuTi feria xetialobs tyeSi. oTxidan

TiToeuli xvdeba erT an or mokvdavs da isini atyueben yvela maTgans. mexuTe
feria nabaxusevia da, marTalia, igi 15 mokvdavs Sexvda, magram arc erTi ar
moutyuebia.
(36) F.1 meets M.1
Does F trick the M(s)?
yes
F.2
M.2
yes
F.3
M.3
yes
F.4
M4, M5
yes
F.5
M.6,. . . , M.20
no
Most-iani winadadeba swori Cans, magram usually- iani ara. Semdegi saxis
perifrazi dagvexmareba gaverkveT mizezebSi.
(37) ufro metia feriaTa ricxvi, vinc mokvdavs Sexvda da moatyua,

vidre feriebi, vinc mokvdavs Sexvda da ar moatyua.
455
(38) SemTxvevebi, roca feria mokvdavs Sexvda da moatyua ufro metia,

vidre is SemTxvevebi, roca Sexvda, magram ar moatyua.
Most-iani
winadadeba feriebis ori jgufis sidides gvadarebinebs.
Usually-iani winadadeba ki im ori jgufis sidides adarebs, romlebic feriisa
da mokvdavis Sexvedrebis SemTxvevebs moicaven. es ukanaskneli igivea, Tu

Cven SevadarebT feria-mokvdavis wyvilebis ori jgufis simravles (imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erTi feria erT mokvdavs mxolod erTxel Sexvda).
Cven mier warmodgenili nimuSi gviCvenebs, rom roca feriaTa umciresoba
Sexvdeba mokvdavTa umravlesobas da qceviT gansxvavebuli iqneba feriaTa
umravlesobisgan, es daarRvevs balanss.
faqtiurad, wyvilebis daTvla yvelaze didi saSineleba ar aris, rac
SeiZleba miviRoT:
(39) Most fairies who give a present to a mortal want to take it back.
(40) Usually, if/when a fairy gives a present to a mortal, she wants to take it

back from him.
aqac most-iani winadadeba adarebs feriaTa jgufs (im feriebs, vinc

gadawyvetileba Secvala da vinc ara). Usually-iani winadadeba ki adarebs
SemTxvevaTa im jgufebs, romlebic feriis, saCuqrisa da mokvdavis sameulebs
moicaven. (aq nebismieri feria, romelic gansakuTrebiT bevr mokvdavs xvdeba
an gansakuTrebiT bevr saCuqars gascems, arRvevs balanss). ase SegviZlia
gavagrZeloT oTxeulebze, xuTeulebze da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia, rom SemTxveva daemTxveva mxolod erT individs an wyvils,
sameuls da a.S. Tu ar aris relevanturi movlenebis mravalferovneba,
raSic mocemuli individebi SeiZleba CarTulni iyvnen. SevadaroT Semdegi
winadadebebi:
(41) Usually, if a knight admires a lady, he sings her praise.
(42) Usually, if a knight sees a lady, he bows to her.
TiToeuli raindisa da qalbatonisTvis arsebobs kacis mier qalis

trfialis mxolod erTi SemTxveva; moxibvla ar aris movlenis gamomxatveli
zmna, igi met-naklebad mudmiv mdgomareobas gamoxatavs. amgvarad, (41)
winadadebis siswore-sicruis gasarkvevad sakmarisia raindisa da qalbatonis
wyvilebis daTvla. meore mxriv, TiToeuli raindi da qalbatoni SeiZleba
gvxvdebodnen erTmaneTis naxvis uamrav faqtSi. TiToeuli aseTi faqti (42) -Si
qmnis calkeul SemTxvevas usually-isTvis.
vTqvaT, gvyavs xuTi raindi. pirveli raindi xvdeba erT qalbatons ocjer
dReSi da igive viTarebaa meore raindis SemTxvevaSic. isini erTmaneTs Tavis
dakvriT esalmebian. meore mxriv, mesame, meoTxe da mexuTe raindi saTiTaod
sam qalbatons xvdeba, magram dReSi mxolod erTxel. mesame, meoTxe da mexuTe
raindi Tavis dakvris wess ugulebelyofs.
Tavdapirvelad SeafaseT am situaciaSi marTebulia Tu ara (42). Semdeg,
axseniT, ra miiReT mxedvelobaSi daskvnis gakeTebisas.
savarjiSo
9.8
456
semantika
ra gansazRvravs, erTi individi Seesabameba SemTxvevas Tu wyvili, an

sameuli da a.S.? zemoT naCveneb magaliTebSi amas gviCvenebda mxolobiTi
ricxvis ganusazRvreli df-ebi (a shakespearean sonnet, a fairy da a mortal da
a.S.). amave funqcias asrulebs am magaliTebis saxesxvaobebSi gamoyenebuli
mravlobiTi ricxvi msazRvrelebis gareSe (sonnets):
(43) Usually, Shakespearean sonnets contain the word love.
(44) Usually, when fairies meet mortals, they trick them.
(45) Usually, when fairies give presents to mortals, they want

to take them back from them.
Cven ar vsaubrobT, kidev ra saxis gamoTqmebs SeuZliaT amave funqciis

Sesruleba. aseve Riad vtovebT sakiTxs imis Taobaze, Tu ra sintaqsuri
meqanizmebi imaleba kvantifikatori zmnizedebis interpretaciisas. Tumca
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom kompoziciurma semantikam unda upasuxos aseT kiTxvebs
da Zalian bevri kvleva mimdinareobs am mxriv.
kvantifikaciis zmnizedebi ganzogadebul winadadebebSi

rogorc me-8 TavSi iyo naxsenebi, iseTi tipis winadadebebSi, rogoricaa
Donkeys eat dewberries, gansazRvrebis gareSe warmodgenil mravlobiT ricxvs
uniSno mravlobiTi hqvia. mas inglisurSi aqvs ganzogadebuli gageba,

magaliTad, zemoT warmodgenili winadadeba niSnavs: zogadad, virebi Wamen
mayvals Donkeys in general eat dewberries. Tanamedrove literaturaSi xSirad
amtkiceben, rom aseTi gageba kvantifikaciis Cumi zmnizedis damsaxurebaa,
romelic moqmedebs zemoaRniSnuli aSkara oreulis msgavsad. es Cumi mznizeda
aris faruli kvantifikatori.
misi mniSvneloba aseTia In every case in which you have no evidence to contrary,
assume that if. . . , then. . . , magaliTad, Tu ar gaqvs sawinaaRmdego argumenti,
daamtkice rom Tu raime aris viri, is Wams mayvals. faqtiurad, winadadebas If/
when something is a donkey, it eats dewberries igive zogadi interpretacia aqvs.
SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom faruli zmnizeda enacvleba aSkaras saintereso
gzebiT. magaliTad, (46) winadadeba orazrovania:
(46) Donkeys seldom eat dewberries.

a. Few donkeys eat dewberries.

b. If/when something is a donkey, there are few occasions on
which it eats dewberries.
(a) saxis gageba Cndeba maSin, roca winadadebaSi ar aris faruli

kvantifikatori. (b) wakiTxva ki maSinaa, roca winadadebaSi faruli kvan
tifikatoria da mas ufro farTo konteqsti aqvs, vidre seldom-s.
am qveTavis SejamebisTvis SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cven daviwyeT
kvantifikaciis zmnizedebsa da msazRvrelebs Soris arsebul msgavsebaze
saubriT. mniSvnelovnad moqmedeben Tu ara es zmnizedebi inglisuri enis
gamomsaxvelobis unarze? diax, isini amas Semdegi mizezebis gamo akeTeben.
upirveles yovelisa, isini movlenebis saxesxvaobis saSualebas iZlevian
(magaliTad, pakis SemTxvevaSi), rac ar SeuZliaT inglisur msazRvrelebs.

meore, isini saxes ucvlian SemTxvevebs, romlebic moicavs erT individs an
wyvils, an sameuls da a.S. es Tavisufleba aris is, rac inglisur msazRvrelebs
ar aqvT. winadadebebi Usually, a Shakespearean sonnet noctains the word love da Most
Shakespearean sonnets contain the word love ekvivalentad SeiZleba miviCnioT,
vinaidan maTSi zustad emTxveva sonetebi da SemTxvevebi. winadadebas Usually, if
a fairy meets a mortal, he tricks him araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs most-Tan. rogorc
vnaxeT, amis mizezi isaa, rom most (rogorc yvela msazRvreli) iTvlis sf-Si
gadmocemul calkeul individs da ara SemTxvevebs.
9.2.5 dD-kvantifikacia da zA-kvantifikacia: kros sf-lingvisturi

Tvalsazrisi4
rogorc vnaxeT inglisurs kvantifikaciis gamoxatvis sul cota ori
saSualeba aqvs: saxeladi frazis SigniT gamoyenebuli msazRvrelebi da
winadadebis doneze warmodgenili zmnizedebi. yvela enas aqvs es orive
saSualeba?
mniSvnelovani empiriuli kvleva mimdinareobs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
bevr enas ar aqvs kvantifikatoruli msazRvrelebi, magram yvela enas aqvs
zmnizedebi, zedsarTavebi, damxmare zmnebi da argumentuli struqtura,
romelic kvantifikaciis gamoxatvisTvis gamoiyeneba. adre ganxiluli
d-kvantifikaciis sapirispirod, am uknasknels z-kvantifikacia hqvia.
zogierT enas ar aqvs D-kvantifikacia magram aseTi enebis z-kvantifikaciis
sistema ufro kargadaa ganviTarebuli, vidre inglisuris.
pirvel rigSi SevamowmoT grenlandieli eskimosebis ena, romelic, am mxriv,
inglisuris msgavsia, Semdeg saliSi da maiali, romlebic metad gansxvavebulni
arian.
grenlandieli eskimosebis ena

grenlandieli eskimosebis ena asabuTebs Semdegi mtkicebis kroslingvistur safuZvlianobas, rom d-kvantifikatorebi iTvlian individebs,
xolo z-kvantifikatorebi SemTxvevebs.
eskimosTa enas d-kvantifikatorebic aqvs da z-kvantifikatorebic. (47)
winadadebaSi, tama-nngaja, rac niSnavs TiTqmis yvela, dakavSirebulia arsebiT
saxelTan nukappiaqqat anu biWebi (biTner, 1995):
(47) Nukappiaqqat TAMA-NNGAJA-rmik

boys.ABS
balloni-si-sima-s-u-t
balloon-get-perf-PRT-[-transitive]-p.ABS
minuttit qulit naatinnagit
minutes ten
quaartuur-p-a-at.
break-IND-[+transitive]-3p1. 3s2
(48)
ALL-ALMOST-ABS
within
winadadebaSi, tuaanna-ngajap, rac niSnavsTiTqmis yovelTvis, aris
457
458
semantika
qaartuur- anu gatexva zmnis sufiqsi:
(48) Nukappiaraq balloni-di-gaannga-mi

boy.ABS balloon-get-when.iter-3sPROX
minuttit qulit naatinnagit
minutes ten
qaartuur-TUAANNA-NGAJAP-p-a-a.
break-ALWAYS-ALMOST-IND-[+transitive]-3s.3s.
within
rodesac gaecnen iseT pirobebs, rogoricaa (49) da (50) winadadebebSi

warmodgenili, eskimosTa enis specialistebma (47) anu d-kvantifikatoriani
winadadeba, (49)-Si sworad da (50)-Si mcdarad daadgines. Sefasebebi sapirispiro
gaxda z-kvantifikatoriani (48) winadadebisTvis. igi mcdari iyo (49) -is
mixedviT da swori (50) -is mixedviT. es gvaZlevs Semdegi saxis perifrazs:
(47) Almost all the boys who got a balloon burst it within ten minutes.
(48) Almost always, if/when a boy got a balloon, he burst it
within ten minutes.
(49)
Boys
Balloons received
Balloons burst
within 10 minutes

Jaaku
100
Piita
100
Jensi
Tuuma
David
Karl
204
(50) Boys
Balloons received
Balloons burst
Jaaku
100
100
Piita
100
100
Jensi
Tuuma
David
Karl
204
within 10 minutes
200
imis dasanaxad, Tu detalurad rogor moqmedebs es sistema, yuradReba

miaqcieT, (49) -Si eqvsidan oTxma biWma (anu TiTqmis yvelam) gaxeTqa buSti. (47)
iTvlis biWebs da, Sesabamisad, mniSvneloba ar aqvs Jaaku da Piita-s rom hqondaT
bevri buSti, romlebsac ar xeTqaven. (47) winadadeba (49) -is mixedviT sworia.
axseniT, ratomaa (47) winadadeba mcdari (50) -is mixedviT.
daamtkiceT biTneris mixedviT, rom (48) iTvlis SemTxvevebs da daasabuTeT,

rom (48) mcdaria (49) -is mixedviT da sworia (50) -is mixedviT.
eskimosTa ena da inglisuri morig msgavsebas iziareben Az-kvantifikacias
Tan dakavSirebT. (48)-Si sufiqsi, romelic niSnavs TiTqmis yovelTvis, Cans
uSualod zmnasTan. arsebobs kidev erTi gza (48) winadadebis mniSvnelobis
gadmosacemad. (51) -Si Cven vnaxavT zmnuri sufiqsis tar-isa da damoukidebeli
zmnizeduri kvantifikatoris kombinacias, romelic aRiniSneba, rogorc
zmnizeduri kvantifikatoris sufiqsi. ganvixiloT uSualod sufiqsi -tar:
(51) Nukappiaraq balloni-si-gaannga-mi

boy.ABS
minuttit qulit naatinnagit TAMA-NGAJA-TIGUT
balloon-get-when.iter-3PROX
minutes ten within
qaartuur-tar-p-a-a.
breal-TAR-IND-[+tr] -3s.3s
Almost always, if/when a boy got a balloon, he burst it within ten
minutes (=48)
ALL-ALMOST-AQ
ra roli SeiZleba Seasrulos tar-ma? Tu Cven amoviRebT mas (51) -dan,

winadadeba gramatikulad araswori iqneba, msgavsad inglisuri winadadebisa (52):
(52) *Almost always, a boy got a ballon, he burst it within ten minutes.
meore mxriv, Tu zmnizeduri kvantifikatori tama-ngaja-tigut iqneba amo

Rebuli (51)-idan, winadadeba gramatikulad swori iqneba, magram ufro zogadi
mniSvneloba eqneba. misi Sedareba SeiZleba inglisur (53) winadadebasTan:
(53)
If/when a boy got a balloon, he burst it within ten minutes. =
Generally, if/when a boy got a balloon, he burt it within ten minutes.
es dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom semantikuri roli tar-isa da if/when-isa

msgavsia. orive dakavSirebulia damoukidebel zmnizedur kvantifikatorebTan,
romelic SeiZleba iyos an aSkara an faruli. es ukanaskneli zmnizeduri
kvantifikatori orive SemTxvevaSi zogadia. Tar da if/when moqmedeben
gansxvavebulad. Tar aSkarad gamoxatavs kvantifikatoris konteqsts, xolo if/
when aRniSnavs mis SezRudvas.
saliSi da maiali
streiTs saliSis enebs (romlebzec saubroben britanuli kolumbia da
vaSingtonis Stati) saerTod ar aqvs dD-kvantifikatorebi. erTi streiTis
z-kvantifikatoria zmnizeduri mkw. is SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes Semasmenels
an subieqts an obieqts. Semdegi winadadeba orazrovania (Jelinek, 1995):
(54)
mkw =
w a-t-
seenxw
459
savarjiSo
9.9
savarjiSo
9.10
460
semantika

ALL= 1pNOM LINK eat-TR-3ABS DET fish
We all ate the fish.
We ate the fish up completely.

We ate all the fish.
OR
OR
es orazrovneba gviCvenebs z-kvantifikaciis tipiur maxasiaTebels, rac

Cven ukve vnaxeT inglisuris magaliTze. ris kvantifikaciasac axdenen, is
d-kvantifikatorebis gamosaxatavia da ara z-kvantifikatorebisa. am mizeziT
z-kvantifikatorebs aragadamrCevebi hqviaT.
z-kvantifikatorebi SeiZleba aseve iyos gadamrCevic damoukidebel niadag
ze. aseTia djarrk- maial-is enaSi, romelic gunvinjguanis ojaxis avstraliuri
enaa:
(55)
Garri-djarrk-dulubom
We all shot the dog(s).
we.plu-together-shootPP dog
duruk.
*We shot all the dogs.
Djarrk- gadamrCevia, vinaidan is ara mxolod universaluria, aramed atarebs

damatebiT mniSvnelobas erTad moqmedeba, roca yvela erTsa da imaves akeTebs
erTsa da imave drosa da adgilze. amgvarad, igi moiTxovs, rom saxecvlilma
wevrma gaakontrolos movlena. srolaSi gamovlili ZaRlebi am moTxovnas ver
daakmayofileben. amis msgavsad, djarrk- ver gamoiyeneba die zmnasTan, sadac
erTaderT monawiles araviTari kontroli ar aqvs. is faqti, rom ramdenime
z-kvantifikatori zmnuri sufiqsia, aucilebels xdis maT mier damatebiTi
mniSvnelobis SeZenas, magram is namdvilad aadvilebs amas.
9.3. daskvna
am TavSi ganxiluli iyo semantikuri paralelizmis ori magaliTi
sintaqsurad gansxvavebul erTeulebs Soris.
pirvel rigSi, Cven vnaxeT, rom Tvladoba/uTvladobis gansxvaveba
saxelebSi da sruli/usruli aspeqtis gansxvaveba movlenebSi SeiZleba moeqces
danawevrebuli da sruli mimarTebis Sepirispirebis movlenebSi. es ori sakiTxi
aseve erTmaneTs enacvleba zmf -ebis kompoziciuri semantikis gansazRvrisas.
meore rigSi, davakvirdiT, rom kvantifikaciis zmnizedebi miemarTeba
SemTxvevaTa or jgufs erTi da imave gziT, rogorc msazRvrelebi miemarTebian
individTa jgufs.
orive magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs semantikuri msgavseba am or
sintaqsurad gansxvavebul sferos Soris.
SeniSvnebi
1. 9.1 nawilis Sinaarsi ZiriTadad
dafuZnebulia krifkas (1992) da Tenis
(1994) naSromebze.
2. madlobas vuxdiT akira nakamuras,
qerol Tenis da rika haiami-alens am
nawilis uzrunvelyofisTvis.
3. 9.2 nawilis Sinaarsi ZiriTadad

dafuZnebulia luisis (1975), ruTis
(1996), portneris (1992) da haimis (1990)
naSromebze.
4. am nawilis Sinaarsi aRebulia baxis
(1995) naSromebidan.
461
Tenny, Carol. 1994. Aspectual Roles
and the Syntax/Semantics Interface.
Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Bach, Emmon, et al. eds. 1995.
Quantification in Natural Languages.
Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Chierchia, Gennaro. 1998. Plurality of
mass nouns and the notion of semantic
parameter. In S. Rothstein, ed., Events
and Grammar, pp. 53-103. Dordrecht:
Kluwer.
de
Swart, Henriette. 1993. Adverbs

of Quantification: A Generalized
Quantifier Approach. New York:
Garland.
Kiss, Katalin . 1998. Identificational

focus
versus
information
focus.
Language, 74: 245-73.
Lewis,
David.
1973.
Adverbs
of
quantification. In Keenan, ed., Formal
Semantics and and Pragmatics for
Natural
Languages.
Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-15.
Rooth,
Mats.
1996.
Focus.
In
Shalom Lappin,
ed., Handbook of
Contemporary Semantic Theories, pp.
271-99. Oxford: Blackwell.
dawereT aTi yoveldRiuri zoma-odenobis gamoTqma uTvlad saxelebTan

erTad, romlebTanac isini asocirdeiban.
magaliTi: one bar of soap, chocolate (magram ara bread).
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 9.11
SeadareT Tvladi da uTvladi saxelebi inglisur da sxva romelime enas

Soris (an mSobliuri an is ena, romelic kargad iciT). ipoveT sul cota sami
SemTxveva, roca inglisuri uTvladi saxeli meore enaSi Tvladia da piriqiT.
(ix. CanarTi 9.1)
savarjiSo 9.12
zogierTi ena (mag. Cinuri) iyenebs zoma-odenobis gamoTqmebs iseT

saxelebTanac ki, romlebic inglisurSi Tvladia.
savarjiSo 9.13
mag:
ling l m
one CL rice
two CL rice
erTi (marcvali brinji)
ori marcvali (brinji)
y zhng zhuzi
ling zhng zhuzi
one CL table
two CL table
erTi (erTeuli) magida
ori
(erTeuli)
magida
Tu iciT sxva ena aseTi gamoTqmebiT, moitaneT magaliTebi da axseniT,
rogor moqmedeben isini.
Semdegi arsebiTi saxelebi ZiriTadad Tvladia, uTvladi Tu Sereuli?

miuTiTe, Tu arsebiTi saxeli ZiriTadad uTvladia, aqvs Tu ara mas Tvladi
mewyvile da piriqiT. winadadebebis gamoyeneba gagiadvilebT ZiriTadi da
savarjiSo 9.14
462
semantika
meoradi gamoyenebebis gancalkevebas.

magaliTi: pork
(i)
I bought pork for dinner.
(ii) I bought too much pork for dinner.

(iii) I bought four pounds of pork for dinner.
(iv) *I bought a pork for dinner.
(v) *I bought four porks for dinner.
(vi) You need a tender ground pork to stuff the dumplings with.
(vii) ?This butcher offers several tasty porks.
daskvna: Pork ZiriTadad uTvladi saxelia, rac (I-V) winadadebebSi Cans. igi
Tvladi saxiTac gamoiyeneba iseTi saxiT, rogorc (VI) winadadebaSia, magram ar
gamoiyeneba mravlobiTSi, rac naTelia (VII) winadadebaSi.
bear, egg, sand, change, rug, lipstick, hair, milk, cement, advertisement,
advertising, fabric, metal, crack.
savarjiSo 9.15
arsebiTi saxelebi hose da chain gramatikuli testebis mixedviT

Tvladia Tu uTvladi? gamaerTianeblad miemarTebian Tu macalkeveblad? ra
Taviseburebebi axasiaTebT maT?
savarjiSo 9.16
Semdegi wyvilebi gviCvenebs inglisurSi argumentuli struqturis

alternativebs:
to teach Latin to Cleopatra, to teach Cleopatra Latin,
to stuff feathers into the pillow, to stuff the pillow with feathers
am TavSi warmodgenili semantikuri cnebebi saSualebas gaZlevT,

gamoicnoT am wyvilebis wevrebs Soris arsebuli sistemuri gansxvavebebi. ra
gansxvavebebia es?
savarjiSo 9.17
ganixileT Semdegi Sepirispirebebi inglisuri nominalizaciis gamoTqmaSi.

zog SemTxvevaSi [the s of df] frazis alternativaa [df s] imave mniSvnelobiT:
The destruction of the city
the citys destruction
the exposure of the corruption
the corruptions exposure
the reenactment of the battle
the battles reenactment
the performance of the play
the plays performance
but:
463
the admiration of the art work

*the art works admiration
the discussion of the future
*the futures discussion
(a) moZebneT orive tipis magaliTebi.

(b) orive formis mqone tipebi iseT zmnebs Seiwyobs, romlebic gamoxataven
cvlilebas, romelsac obieqti ganicdis. Seesatyviseba Tu ara es monacemi
ganzogadebas? Tu ara, SegiZliaT daasaxeloT am ori tipis ganmasxvavebeli
sxva maxasiaTebeli?
TiToeul magaliTSi gaxazeT winadadebis centri da misi CarCo. frCxilebSi

moqceuli fraza dagexmarebaT winadadebebis sworad warmoTqmaSi.
savarjiSo 9.18
(a) Ophelia threw white flowers into the water (not red flowers).
(b) Ophelia threw white flowers into the water (not mice).
(g) Ophelia threw white flowers into the water (not into the fire).
(d) Ophelia threw white flowers into the water (instead of dropping them).
(e) Ophelia threw white flowers into the water (instead of dancing a waltz).
(v) Ophelia threw white flowers into the water (not Gertrude).
(a) winadadeba moicavs intonaciur centrs, xolo (b) winadadeba e.w.

gaxleCil konstruqcias:
savarjiSo 9.19
(a) I think that Oberon talks to PUCK.

(b) I think that it is Puck that Oberon talks to.
warmoadgineT sxvadasxva konteqsti, sadac es ori winadadeba SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT da SeamowmeT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia maTi Semdegnairi saxiT
gagrZeleba:
(g) . . . although perhaps he does not talk to anyone.
(d) . . . although perhaps he also talks to Titania.
SeajameT Tqveni Sedegebi da imsjeleT, varaudisa da amomwuravi

CamonaTvalis warmodgenisas identuria Tu ara inglisurSi intonaciuri
centri da gaxleCili konstruqcia.
intonaciuri centri inglisurSi warmosaxviTia, magram bevr enaSi centris

kategoria intonaciurad gamokveTilia da aseve, sintaqsuri poziciiT an masTan
nawilakis dasmiTaa gamoxatuli. aseTi magaliTebis interpretacia Zalian
hgavs inglisurSi it-iT gaxleCil winadadebebs. Semdegi magaliTebi moyvanilia
vatadan da ungrulidan (kofmani 1984).
savarjiSo 9.20
464
semantika
vataSi centri aRniSnulia xazovani sistemiT da centris nawilakiT (m).

zmna see Sedgeba zmnis fuZisa da nawilakisgan, rac ararelevanturia CvenTvis:
kfi y
y y
Kofi see child-the part
kofim dainaxa bavSvi.

y
m kf y
child-the focus kofi saw part
bavSvi dainaxa kofim.

ungrulSi centraluri wevri uSualod zmnis win dgas:
Kati ltta a
gyereket.
Kati saw the child-acc
katim dainaxa bavSvi.

Kati a
gyereket ltta.
Kati the child-acc saw
bavSvi dainaxa katim.

Tu iciT romelime sxva msgavsi ena, aRwereT misi sintaqsi da misi centris
konstruqciis interpretacia.
10
mniSvnelobis Secnoba
Sinaarsis sarCevi
10.0 Sesavali
10.1 leqsikuri ganviTareba
10.1.1 ras niSnavs sityvebi?
mniSvnelobis SeZena Tu sit
yvebis gavrcoba
10.2 sityvawarmoeba
10.3 mcire da gadaWarbebuli gavrco-
ba
10.4 aRqmasa da warmoTqmas Soris ar
sebuli daSoreba
10.5 leqsikonis afeTqeba
10.6 swrafi f
10.7 semantikuri kontrasti
10.8 modulirebis xelaxla ganxilva:
sivrciTi gamoTqmebis ganviTareba
10.9 semantikuri/Tematuri role

bi da urTierTobebi
10.10 mdgomareoba da moqmedeba:
kidev erTi semantikuri pri
mitivi
10.11 nacvalsaxelebis interpretacia
10.12 varaudi: saerTo safuZvlis
gageba
10.13 bavSvebis codna Tvladoba/
uTvladobis gansxvavebisa da
zmnis aspeqtis Sesaxeb.
10.14 daskvna.
10.0 Sesavali
winadadebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba gulisxmobs rogorc gramatikul,
ise aragramatikul faqtorebs. iq, sadac calkeuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis
mniSvnelobaa warmodgenili, Cven mier winadadebis aRqma efuZneba gramatikis
leqsikur komponents, xolo roca saqme gvaqvs, magaliTad, anaforebsa da maT
winsmwrebebs Soris gramatikul kavSirTan, gvWirdeba gramatikis sintaqsu
ri komponenti. Sinaarsis gagebisTvis aseve mniSvnelovania konteqsturi
Tu dikursis faqtorebi, magaliTad, she nacvalsaxelis aRsaniSnis gageba
winadadebaSi She laughed, roca es nacvalsaxeli amave winadadebis arcerT
elements ar miemarTeba. nacvalsaxelis gageba gulisxmobs, rom mosaubrem da
msmenelma ician, vin igulisxmeba she nacvalsaxelSi. amis msgavsad, gansazRvruli
df-s gamoyeneba, rogoricaa the boy, niSnavs, rom arsebobs konkretuli biWi,
romelic erTnairad nacnobia, rogorc mTqmelisTvis, ise msmenelisTvis.
466
semantika
winadadebis Sinaarsis gageba aseve moicavs konceptualur codnasac.

bavSvebis gonebrivi codna mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sityvebisa da
gamoTqmebis maT mier gamoyenebasa da gagebaSi. amgvarad, vxedavT, rom winadadebis
an misi romelime Semadgenlis gasagebad saWiroa enis codna daukavSirdes
aralingvistur codnas. rogorc bavSvebis enobrivi da SemecnebiTi codnis
simcirem aCvena, enis ganviTareba mxolod zogadi codnidan ar momdinareobs.
ena gonebis gamorCeuli elementia, romlis gazrda-ganviTarebac vrceldeba
missave Seqmnil cxrilze; xolo am ukanasknelis gansazRvrebac da struqturac
yalibdeba misive principebiT. gonebis sxva unarebTan erTad enis rogorc
Tvladi modulis ganxilvas xSirad uwodeben modulirebas.
CanarTi
10. 1.
ganviTarebisas gamijvna da modulireba

enisa da gonebrivi ganviTarebis gamijvna adamianis ganviTarebis
procesSi gulisxmobs modulirebas. bavSvebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines maTi
orive mimarTulebiT gamijvna; kerZod, sadac ena met-naklebad dauzianebelia
da sadac ena damaxinjebulia. pirvelis magaliTebi moicavs gonebrivad
CamorCenil bavSvebs, verbaluri autizmiT Sepyrobilebs, magram lingvisturad
ganviTarebulebs, romelTac aqvT normaluri gramatika da maTi gonebrivi
CamorCenilobis miuxedavad uamrav enas floben. (1) -(8) magaliTebi exeba iseT
gonebaSezRudul bavSvebs, romlebsac sagrZnoblad srulyofili gramatika
aqvT, (1) -(6) magaliTebi inglisuradaa moyvanili, xolo (7) da (8) frangulad:
(1)I dont want Bonnie coming in here.
(2) Youre going to get eaten by one.
(3) She mustve got me up and thrown me out of bed.
(4) Shes the one that walks back and forth to school.
(5) Isnt she going to come over here and talk with us?
(6) She does paintings, this really good friend of the kids who I went to school with
last year and really loved.
(7) Il y a encore une maison sur le coin et vous montez un peu plus haut et cest
la que jhabite.There is one more house on the corner and you go up a little further up
and its there that I live.
(8) Alors on doit faire attention parcequils sont forts pour entrer dans les maisons.
Then one must be cautious because they are clever at breaking into houses.
sapirispiro viTarebaa bavSvebSi, romelTac met-naklebi lingvisturi

deficiti axasiaTebT e.w. specifikuri enobrivi naklovanebis mqoneni
anu SLI. SLI bavSvebi normalurad viTardebian, magram Zalian gvian iwyeben
metyvelebas, maTi aRqmis unari gaWianurebulia da isini gramatikuli formebis
agebis deficits amJRavneben. skolis asakSi da Semdegac, aseTma bavSvebma
SeiZleba Semdegnairi frazebi warmoTqvan:
(9) Her getting dress.
(10) She swing outside and she broke his elbow.
(11) Me no know why.
orive SemTxveva kargi metyveleba gonebriv CamorCenasTan erTad da

susti metyveleba normalur araenobriv SemecnebasTan erTad miuTiTebs
enisa da Semecnebis erTmaneTisgan daSorebas. yovelive es ki modulirebis
naTeli magaliTia.
10.1 leqsikuri ganviTareba

10.1.1. ras niSnavs sityvebi? mniSvnelobis SeZena Tu sityvebis
gavrcoba
winadadebis Sinaarsis gageba moicavs calkeuli sityvis mniSvnelobis
codnas. me-6 TavSi Cven vnaxeT sityvaTa morfologiuri formebis Sesaxeb
codnis ganviTareba. axla Cven vubrundebiT formis mniSvnelobaze gadatanas
anu vswavlobT sityvebis semantikas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebs uwevT meqanikurad daimaxsovron an iswavlon
Tavisi enis sityvebi anu ra JReradoba romel mniSvnelobas Seesabameba
normaluri bavSvebi yvelgan aRiqvamen sityvis Sinagan unars sityvisa da
misi mniSvnelobis klasifikaciisa, mdgomareobis, moqmedebisa da sxva saxis
kavSirebis gansazRvrisa. roca isini swavloben sityvas, isini imavdroulad
iTviseben sityvis Tvisebebsa Tu maxasiaTeblebs romlebic gansazRvraven
amave sityvis gavrcobas. dReisaTvis ar arsebobs kargad SemuSavebuli Teoria
sityvis Seswavlis Sesaxeb, magram ramdenime ZiriTadi principi mainc aris
warmodgenili bavSvebisTvis sityvis Seswavlis mizniT. pirveli principi
aris mimarTebis principi, romelic gulisxmobs sityvaTa mimarTebas
garemoSi arsebul sagnebTan, moqmedebebTan, mdgomareobebTan, TvisebebTan.
am principiT moqmedebisTvis saWiroa, rom bavSvebs mudmivi kavSiri hqondes
garemosTan da iyenebdnen garemodan miRebul informacias, romelsac Semdeg
sityviT gamoTqvamen. magram es principi gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebma ukve ician
ra unda gaakeTon da swavla ar sWirdebaT.
sityvebis swavlis kidev erTi principia mTliani obieqtis principi.
es principi gviCvenebs, rom sityvis gagonebis Semdeg bavSvi aRiqvams mTlian
obieqts da ara mis nawils. magaliTad, Tuki bavSvs esmis sityva ZaRli, igi mas
aigivebs garemoSi arsebul oTxfexa cxovelTan, anu warmoidgens mas, rogorc
cxovels da ara rogorc mis kuds, yurebs an fexebs. am principis mixedviT,
bavSvebis leqsikonSi vawydebiT bevri cxovelis, adamianisa da obieqtis saxels
da ara maTi sxeulis calkeul nawilebs.
mesame principi aris kategoriebad dayofis principi, romelic gulisxmobs
SemTxvevebs, roca sityvis mniSvneloba gadaWarbebiT gavrcobilia anu igi
ufro metad erTi da igive kategoriis sxvadasxva obieqts exeba, vidre masTan
Tematurad dakavSirebul nawilebs.
da bolo, leqsikuri kontrastis principi an ormxrivi eqskluziurobis
varaudi, romelic amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi TiToeul obieqts mxolod erT
saxels arqmeven. Cven am principebs TamaSebSi vnaxavT, roca sityvaTa maragis
Secnobis process davakvirdebiT.
467
468
semantika
10.2 sityvawarmoeba
mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebi iwyeben mosmenili sityvebis aRqmas, rogor aqceven
am sityvebs bgerebisa da mniSvnelobis Sesabamisobas TavianTi gonebrivi
leqsikonis nawilad? ra gzas mimarTaven sityvis warmoebisTvis?
roca bavSvi swavlobs sityvas, unda gaiazros imaze meti, vidre sityvis
mniSvnelobaa. man aseve unda miiRos am sityvasTan dakavSirebuli struqturuli
informacia. erT-erTi pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu rogor swavloben bavSvebi sityvebs,
aris is, rom isini intuiciis meSveobiT erTmaneTs ukavSireben semantikur
Sinaarssa da sintaqsur kategorias. (Tumca rogorc me-7 TavSi iyo aRniSnuli,
es asociacia yovelTvis ver myardeba). intiuciuri mixvedrisaTvis saWiroa
makavSirebeli wesebis Camoyalibeba, romelic daakavSirebs semantikur da
sintaqsur kategoriebs. am wesebis CamoyalibebiT, Tu semantikuri nawili
aris adamiani an sagani (magaliTad, ofelia), SegviZlia mivxvdeT, rom igi
gamoxatuli iqneba arsebiTi saxeliT. Tu semantikuri nawili gulisxmobs
movlenas da ara adamians an sagans, maSin mivxvdebiT, rom igi gamoxatuli
iqneba zmniT. Tu Sinaarsi gulisxmobs SeTavazebas, igi gadmocemuli iqneba
winadadebiT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom Sinaarsis sworad gamocnobisTvis saWiroa
sami saxis codna: pirveli, esaa enaSi asaxuli mentaluri obieqtebis Sesaxeb
codna (semantikuri codna); meore, esaa iseTi kategorebis codna, rogoricaa
arsebiTi saxeli, zmna da winadadeba (sintaqsuri codna); da mesame, rom arsebobs
kavSiri am or kategorias Soris. yovelive es aris zrdasrulis lingvisturi
codnis nawili. Cven mier Teoriulad ganxiluli aseTi codna warmodgenilia
universaluri gramatikis mier. (UG).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom gamocnobis zemoT aRwerili formula moqmedebs
ori mimarTulebiT, rac niSnavs imas, rom bavSvs SeuZlia sityvis semantikis
mixedviT sintaqsuri struqtura daadginos (semantikuri sityvawarmoeba)
da piriqiT, sintaqsis mixedviT sityvis Sinaarss mixvdes (sintaqsuri
sityvawarmoeba). gamocnobis am proceduram SeiZleba garemomcveli
struqtura moicvas, anu garemomcveli semantikuri struqtura SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT sityvis mniSvnelobis da sintaqsuri kategoriis gamosacnobad
da aseve sintaqsuri CarCo, romelSic sityva gvxvdeba, saSualebas gvaZlevs
mivxvdeT sityvis semantikur kategorias da semantikas. vinaidan bavSvebi enas
konteqsturad aRiqvamen, isini sistematurad iyeneben kidec aralingvistur
konteqsts da TavianT konceptualur da semantikur codnas sityvis
mniSvnelobis da sintaqsuri kategoriis misaxvedrad. (ucxo enis Semswavlelni
iyeneben amave tipis informacias da codnas sityvis mniSvnelobisa da sintaqsuri
kategoriis semantikur konteqstSi gamosacnobad). Tumca damakavSirebeli
procesi SesaZloa moqmedebdes sxva mimaTulebiTac. rogorc viciT, bavSvebi
iyeneben sintaqss (da konteqsts) sityvis mniSvnelobis gamosacnobad.
daimaxsovreT, rom TiToeuli zmna asocirdeba garkveul informaciasTan da
sintaqsur struqturasTan. patarebze Catarebulma eqsperimentma aCvena, rom
bavSvebi sintaqsur CarCoebs iyeneben, raTa uazro zmnebs mniSvneloba mianiWon.
gleitmanma da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom uamravi zmnis mniSvnelobis

Seswavla SeuZlebelia mxolod konteqstze da semantikur mniSvnelobaze
dakvirvebiT; see da look at-is msgavsi zmnebi amis naTeli magaliTia. brma
bavSvebi aseTi zmnebis codnas avlenen vizualuri Semecnebis (xeliT SegrZneba)
CanacvlebiT. amgvarad, brma bavSvi am or zmnas ase ganasxvavebs look at iqneba
xeliT moZieba, xolo see Seesabameba Sexebas. brma bavSvis SemTxvevaSi vizualuri
dakvirvebiT sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa gansxvavebis dadgena SeuZlebelia,
amitomac sintaqsis gamoyeneba xdeba aucilebeli aseTi zmnebis mniSvnelobis
Sesaswavlad.
sxva eqsperimentma gviCvena, rom mxedvelobis mqone bavSvebi zmnis
mniSvnelobas sintaqsur konteqstSi aRiqvamen, gardauvali zmnis mniSvnelobas
aniWeben uazro zmnebsac ki, Tuki maTi gamoyeneba undaT gardauvali zmnis
mniSvnelobiT, rogorc es (1a) -Sia naCvenebi:
(1) a. Big Bird and Cookie Monster are gorping.
an aniWeben gardamavali zmnis mniSvnelobas Tuki ama Tu im zmnis gardamaval

konteqstSi gamoyeneba undaT:
(1) b. Big Bird is gorping Cookie Monster.
Cveulebriv, bavSvebi sityvis Seswavlisas iyeneben semantikuri da

sintaqsuri codnis kombinacias. SegviZlia es vnaxoT adreul asakSi bavSvebis
mier sityvis aRqmasa da maTi leqsikis qvejgufebze muSaobisas. magaliTad,
bavSvebi sagrZnoblad mcire asakSi, 2 welze adre, ganasxvaveben sazogado da
sakuTar saxelebs. es gansxvaveba bevr enaSi sintaqsuradaa gamoxatuli. sxva
gansxvavebebs Soris sazogado saxelebi, rogorc konkretuli, ise abstraqtuli,
SeiZleba Segvxvdes iseT winadadebebSi, rogoricaa (2a) -(4a), magram sakuTari
saxelebi im konteqstSi ar gamoiyeneba, (2b) -(4b) Si rom Cans:
(2)

a. the sonnet
a. a fine sonnet
a. a terrible injustice
b. *the Shakespeare
b. *a fine Shakespeare
b. *a terrible Shakespeare.
(aRsaniSnavia, rom b winadadebebSi igulisxmeba konkretuli individi da

ara misi Semoqmedeba)
katsma, beikerma da maknamaram (1974) gamoikvlies Tu SeZlebdnen 2 welze
patara bavSvebi ganesxvavebinaT Tojina da kubiki imis mixedviT, rogor
miawodebdnen eqperimentatorebi obieqtebs: aq mniSvnelovania artiklis
gamoyeneba, magaliTad a zav, sazogado saxelisTvis da Zav sakuTari saxelisTvis.
aRmoaCines, rom 17 Tvis bavSvebi xvdebodnen am sagnis klasebs Soris
gansxvavebas. am asakis bavSvebi mgrZnobiareni arian artiklis yofna-aryofnis
mimarT, vinaidan es sintaqsuri niSani miuTiTebs sakuTar da sazogado saxelebs
Soris gansxvavebaze. amis Sesaxeb saubari iyo me-6 TavSic.
bavSvebi ase universalurad aRiqvamen kavSirs konkretuli tipis
sityvebsa da maT mniSvnelobebs Soris. amis damadasturebeli faqtebi qvemoT
iqneba mocemuli. Tu davakvirdebiT leqsikur ganviTarebas sintaqsisgan gan
calkeebiT, davinaxavT, rom bavSvebi xvdebian ra saxis sityva unda gamoiyenon
469
470
semantika
ama Tu im sagnis aRsaniSnad. magaliTad, brma bavSvebi, mxedvelobis mqoneTa

msgavsad, xvdebian, rom feri mxolod fizikuri obieqtebis maxasiaTebelia.
marTalia, brma bavSvebi ver xedaven ferebs, magram isini sworad iyeneben feris
aRmniSvnel sityvebs mxolod fizikuri obieqtebis aRsawerad. katsma aRmoaCina,
rom mcire asakis bavSvebi xvdebian, rom konkretul sagnebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, kubiki, sakuTari saxelebi ar eqnebaT.
sagrZnobi gansxvaveba arsebobs leqsikonis Seqmnis dawyebasTan
dakavSirebiT, magram, Cveulebriv, bavSvebi pirveli sityvebis warmoTqmas
pirveli wlis bolos iwyeben. saSualo asaki 10 sityvis warmosaTqmelad aris 15
Tve da vidre sityvebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas daiwyeben, maT, saSualod, 50
sityvisgan Semdgari maragi aqvT. skolis asakisTvis ki daaxloebiT 10 000- 14
000 sityva ician.
adreuli leqsikonis SemTxvevaSi sxvagvaradaa saqme. zogi bavSvisTvis
misalmeba (hi, bye-bye, night-night), Sorisdebuli (pleasse, thank you) da deiqtikebi
(this, that, here)qmnian maT leqsikons. Tumca, kros-lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT,
miuxedavad Sesaswavli enis Semadgenlobisa, im droisaTvis, roca bavSvebs 30-50
sityviani maragi aqvT, umetesoba warmoadgens arsebiT saxels sakuTarsa Tu
sazogados.
CanarTi
10. 2.
damatebiTi cnobebi sakuTar da sazogado arsebiT saxelebze

katsis aRmoCenebSi kidev ori ram iyo saintereso. pirveli is, rom bavSvebma
ara mxolod icodnen, rom kubikebis msgavs sagnebs, Cveulebriv, sakuTari
saxelebi ar aqvs, aramed xvdebodnen, rom SeuZlebelia maTi gasuliereba
im doneze, rom sakuTari saxeli mieniWoT. amitomac isini yovelTvis
Tavs aridebdnen maTTvis saxelis darqmevas da maT epyrobodnen, rogorc
sazogado saxelebs, miuxedavad imisa, ra saxis saeqsperimento manipulaciebs
mimarTavda mecnieri. meore saintereso faqti isaa, rom gogonebi ufro metad
ganviTarebulni iyvnen, vidre biWebi. biWebi ufro gviandel asakSi aqcevdnen
yuradRebas imas, rom sakuTari da sazogado saxelebi sxvadasxva sintaqsur
konteqstSi gamoiyeneba. sqesTa Soris gansxvaveba enis ganviTarebaSi xSirad
aRiniSneboda xolme, magram, rogorc am kvlevam aCvena, gansxvaveba gvaqvs
gramatikuli momwifebis xarisxSi da ara aRqmis sakiTxSi.
10.3 mcire da gadaWarbebuli gavrcoba

davubrundeT mimarTebis princips, romelic gulisxmobs sityvebis
mimarTebas. es principi sityvis gamoyenebis adreul periodSi mis mcire
gavrcobis saSualebas iZleva sityvis Zalian viwro, situaciur aRsaniSnze
gadatana. magaliTad, sityva shoe SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos fexsacmlis
konkretuli wyvilis aRsaniSnad, an sityva dog SeiZleba mxolod Sinaur ZaRls
gulisxmobdes. naTelia, rom bavSvs garemodan miRebuli informacia gadaaqvs
sityvebSi, leqsikuri ganviTarebis am etapze mimarTebis principi ar aris ise
kargad ganviTarebuli bavSvSi, rom man jgufis erTi warmomadgenlis nacvlad

saxelebi mTel klass daarqvas. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am droisaTvis
bavSvSi ukve moqmedebs mTliani obieqtis principi. Zalian bevri moxseneba
arsebobs literaturaSi sityvis mcire gavrcobasTan dakavSirebiT, magram jer
ar yofila SemTxveva, rom sityva sagnis mxolod romelime nawilis aRsaniSnavad
gamoeyenebinoT.
mcire gavrcobis adreuli periodis Semdeg, sityvis aRqmis jer kidev
sawyis etapze, bavSvebi xSirad gadaWarbebiT avrcoben sityvis mniSvnelobas;
anu, isini sityvebs imaze didi klasis aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneben, vidre Tavad
es sityva gamoxatavs Sesaswavl enaSi. magaliTad, bavSvma SeiZleba gamoiyenos
sityva apple ara mxolod vaSlis aramed sxva mrgvali sagnebis aRsaniSnad.
gadaWarbebiT gavrcoba SeiZleba efuZnebodes bunebriv saxeobebs (mag., kitten
yvela saxis oTxfexa cxovelisTvis, Daddy yvela mamakacis aRsaniSnad), formas
(mag., cookie mTvaris aRsaniSnad, aseve Rilisa da sxva mrgvali nivTebisTvis),
fers (mag., fly WuWyis laqis aRsaniSnad), funqcias (mag., balloon qolgis
aRsaniSnad, open gaTlis, yuTis gaxsnis, Tasmebis Sexsnis nacvlad), masalas
(mag., scissors metalisgan damzadebuli yvela sagnisTvis) da bgerebs (mag.,
erTi da igive sityva gamoiyeneba mamlis yivilis, pianinos musikis, violinosa
da akordeonis JReradobis gadmosacemad). parametrTa didi raodenoba,
romelTa mixedviTac bavSvebi gadaWarbebiT avrcoben sityvis mniSvnelobas,
miuTiTebs bavSvebis mier aRsaniSnTa codnaze. kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom
gadaWarbebiT da mcire gavrcobasTan moqmedebs mTliani obieqtis principi.
10.1 cxrilSi mocemulia gadaWarbebuli gavrcobis ufro meti magaliTi. amave
cxrilSi gamovlenilia kategoriebad dayofis principi, romelic miuTiTebs,
rom gadaWarbebuli gavrcoba exeba erTi da igive kategoriis wevrebs da ara
Tematurad dakavSirebul sityvebs.
es principebi ar pasuxoben kiTxvas, ratom avrcoben sityvis mniSvnelobas
bavSvebi. ara erTi ganmartebaa gakeTebuli mniSvnelobis semantikurad
gadaWarbebiT gavrcobasTan dakavSirebiT. yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli
Sexedulebaa, rom bavSvebis leqsika metismetad SezRudulia da maT ubralod
ar ician sityvebi, romlebic konkretul momentSi sWirdebaT. leqsikuri
gamoxatulebebis erT-erTi Teoria, semantikuri Tvisebis Teoria, am Sexedu
lebas eTanxmeba. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, sityvis mniSvneloba maxasiaTeblebisgan
Sedgeba da roca bavSvebi met sityvebs swavloben, individualuri gansazRvre
bebi umjobesdeba da iZens met maxasiaTebels. amgvarad, or sagans, romelic
erT SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive sityviT SeiZleba gamoixatos, sxva SemTxvevaSi
ori gansxvavebuli sityva sWirdeba. ase magaliTad, roca bavSvi ambobs bow
wow mravali oTxfexa cxovelis da ara marto ZaRlis aRsaniSnad, semantikuri
gamoxatuleba daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba:
(5)
bow wow
+animal
+four legs.
471
472
semantika
cxrili 10.1 semantikurad gadaWarbebiTi gavrcobebis organizeba

garkveuli ganzomilebebis saxiT.
leqsikuri
erTeuli
pirveli
gavrcoba
mniSvneloba
bow wow
dog
saerTo semantikuri
maxasiaTebeli
dogs, cows, horses, sheep, cat
forma

oTxfexa
cookie
cookie
doorknob, moon
forma
fly
fly
specks of dirt, dust, all small
zoma

insects, childs own toes, crumbs of
bread
bebe
other babies, all small animals,
baby
zoma
figures in small pictures
chemin de fer
steaming coffee pot, anything that bgera
sound of trains
(railway)
hissed or made a noise
dany
clock, telephone, doorbells
sound of bell
chocolate
chocolate
bgera
sugar, tarts, grapes, figs, peaches
gemo
bird
sparrows
any animal moving
moZraoba
ach
sound of train
all moving machines
wauwau
dog
all animals, toy dog, soft slippers, teqstura
moZraoba
picture of men dressed in furs
kiki
cat
cotton, any soft material
ouvrir
opening of
piece of fruit peel
(open)
door
teqstura
moqmedeba
bavSvis leqsikoni rac ufro viTardeba, am erTeulsac ufro meti

maxasiaTebeli emateba, romlebic gamoarCeven amas cxovelTa aRmniSvneli
leqsikonis sxva erTeulebisgan, rogorc es (5) -sa da (5) -Sia naCvenebi:
(5) bow wow
vs.
+animal
+animal
+four legs
+four legs
+barks
+meows
+lives in peoples homes
+lives in peoples homes
(5)
bow wow
vs.
kitty
vs.
kitty
+animal
+animal
+animal
+four legs
+four legs
+four legs
+barks
+meows
+moos
+lives in peoples
+lives in peoples
+lives on
homes
homes
cow
a farm
gansxvavebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebis mier gadaWarbebuli
473
gavrcoba SeiZleba Camouyalibebel leqsikonSi sityvebis gasworebis

mcdelobis Sedegi iyos da ara sityvebis arcodnisa. es mosazreba ramdenime
eqsperimentiTaa gamyarebuli momdevno qveTavSi.
10.4 aRqmasa da warmoTqmas Soris arsebuli daSoreba

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian bevri bavSvi iyenebs mniSvnelobis gadaWarbebiT
gavrcobas, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom es movlena mxolod warmoTqmaSia da ara
aRqmaSi. hirS-paseqisa da golinkofis (1996) eqsperimentulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom
12-14 Tvis bavSvebs, romlebic sityvebs ver warmoTqvamen, esmiT mravali sityvis
mniSvneloba manam, sanam isini metyvelebas daiwyeben. Zalian Znelia imis dadgena,
Tu rodis xdeba pirveli sityvis gaazreba. mkvlevrebma, romlebic iyeneben tvinis
gamosaxulebebze dakvirvebis teqnikas, aRmoaCines, rom axalSobilis tvini
gansxvavebulad reagirebs nacnob da ucnob sityvebze maSinac ki, roca es codna
pasiuria. amrigad, mravalgvari wyaro adasturebs, rom bavSvebi floben sityvis
Sesaxeb codnas manam, sanam laparaks daiwyeben. bavSvi adre iwyebs metyvelebas Tu
gvian, es ar moqmedebs aRqmuli sityvebis raodenobaze. Secnobis sawyis etapze
aRqma warmoTqmas ise Seefardeba, rogorc 100/1.
aRqmisa da warmoTqmis Sepirispireba

bavSvebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze amJRavneben leqsikonis gagebasa
da warmoTqmas Soris arsebul daSorebas. iseve, rogorc patara bavSvebi,
mozrdilebi da zrdasrulebi avlenen am xarvezs, roca isini meore an mesame enas
swavloben. es SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos ori procesis gansxvavebaze. gageba
moiTxovs gagebuli sityvis fonologiuri da semantikuri Sinaarsis SeTavsebas
gonebaSi arsebul leqsikonTan. es procesi xandaxan gulisxmobs gamocnobas,
xolo warmoTqma moicavs damatebiT process, romelsac fsiqologebi xSirad
uwodeben Ziebis process. igi moicavs sityvis Ziebis, misi semantikuri
da fonologiuri gamoxatulebis dadgenisa da bolos misi warmoTqmis
procedurebis kombinacias. BbavSvebze Catarebulma eqsperimentma aCvena,
rom aRqmisa da warmoTqmisgan moTxovnili gonebrivi gamoTvlebi gvexmareba
aRqma-warmoTqmas Soris arsebuli daSorebis axsnaSi. gamoCnda, rom is, rac
gadaWarbebuli gavrcobaa, SesaZloa nawilobriv iyos gauTviTcnobierebuli
Ziebis meqanizmi mentaluri procedura, raTa leqsikonidan SeirCes sityva
warmosaTqmelad. gamovlinda, rom rogorc ki Ziebis meqanizmi viTardeba,
mniSvnelobis gadaWarbebuli gavrcoba qreba. amgvari kvlevebidan naTlad Cans,
rom bavSvebs esmiT sityvebi.
10.5 leqsikonis afeTqeba

warmosaTqmeli ormocdaaTsityviani leqsikonis Camoyalibebis Semdeg,
rogorc wesi, xdeba swrafi da moulodneli zrda leqsikuri maragisa.
afeTqebis dawyebis gansazRvris kriteriumia aTi an meti axali sityva 2.5
CanarTi
10.3
474
semantika
kviraSi. sityvaTa umetesoba arsebiTi saxelia. amitomac leqsikonis swrafi

zrda xSirad moixsenieba, rogorc saxelebiT afeTqeba.
leqsikonis afeTqeba ar ukavSirdeba fonetikur zrdas an warmoTqmis
SesaZleblobebs. enobriv ganviTarebaSi sityvaTa warmoTqmis kargi da susti
unaris mqone bavSvebi Tanabar tendenciebs amJRavneben. Tumca arsebobs Sobis
rigiTobis efeqti, romlis mixedviTac pirveli Svilebi ojaxSi ufro metad
avlenen leqsikuri maragis zrdas, vidre imave ojaxis Semdgomi bavSvebi.
1994 wels Catarebulma dapretos eqsperimentmac aCvena, rom
leqsikonis afeTqeba savaraudod dakavSirebulia Ziebis SesaZleblobebis
gaumjobesebasTan. or eqsperimentSi, romelic mieZRvna leqsikonis afeTqebisa
da Ziebis unaris kavSirs, ocdaaTi 14-24 Tvis bavSvi monawileobda. SegviZlia,
isini sam jgufad davyoT: afeTqebamde, afeTqebis periodSi, afeTqebis Semdeg.
erTmaneTTan Sedarebuli iyo obieqtis dasaxelebis mixedviT moZebnis unari
(aRqma) da dasaxelebis warmoTqmis unari (saWiroebs sityvis Ziebas). sagnebi,
romelTa dasaxelebebic kargad icodnen bavSvebma, ganaTavses bavSvebis win
yuTebSi. faqtobrivad, yvela bavSvma SeZlo danaxvisas maTi dasaxeleba.
SekiTxvaze sadaa . . . ? yvela jgufis bavSvma warmatebiT upasuxa (aRqma),
magram kiTxvaze ra aris yuTSi?, afeTqebamdelma bavSvebma ver upasuxes. yuTeb
ze mimaniSnebeli naxati exmarebodaT dasaxelebis moZebnaSi, gansakuTrebiT
afeTqebamdel bavSvebs, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom am bavSvebis Ziebis procesi
arc ise mdgradia, rogorc danarCenebisa. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Ziebis
unaris zrda mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs leqsikonis afeTqebaSi. kidev
erTxel vxedavT, rom bavSvebma imaze meti ician, vidre amboben.
10.6 swrafi daswavla

saskolo asakSi bavSvebi floben daaxloebiT 10 000 sityvisagan Semdgar
warmosaTqmel leqsikons da 15 000 sityvian aRqmad leqsikons. es niSnavs, rom
bavSvebi swavloben 9-12 sityvas dReSi gasaocari miRwevaa. Tuki SeecdebiT
am maCveneblis gaormagebas, warmatebis Sansi Zalian dabali iqneba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom asakiT ufro didi xarT, ufro ganviTarebuli, kogniturad ufro
kompetenturi da swavlis mravalwliani gamocdileba gaqvT. raSi mdgomareobs
umTavresi gansxvaveba bavSvebsa da danarCen adamianebs Soris? gansxvaveba,
rogorc Cans isaa, rom skolamdeli asakis bavSvebs aqvT SesaniSnavi unari
mniSvneloba daadon iseT fonetikur mimdevrobas, romelic maT leqsikonSi
ar arsebobda. gaiTvaliswineT, rom ormxrivi eqskluziurobis principi
swored aq moqmedebs. bavSvebi askvnian, rom Tuki maT esmiT axali sityva, igi ar
aRniSnavs romelime im sagans, romlis erTi dasaxeleba ukve ician. gamovlinda,
rom skolamdel bavSvebs sityvis mxolod erTxel mosmena sWirdebaT, rom igi
maT leqsikonSi moxvdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvis damaxsovrebisTvis
bavSvebi ZiriTadad iyeneben garemosa da lingvistur miniSnebebs, Seswavlis
procesi mainc xorcieldeba gansakuTrebuli miTiTebebis gareSe. amrigad,
bavSvebma Tavdapirvelad unda gaiTvaliswinon sityvis swavlisas misi naTeli
mtkicebulebebi, rogorc amas sintaqsis Seswavlisas akeTeben. aRsaniSnavia,
475
rom sityvis swavlis siswrafesa da sizusteze dayrdnoba ar aris sakmarisi.

bavSvi unda mivides swavlis gansakuTrebul meqanizmamde.
meqanizms, romliTac bavSvebi ase swrafad iTviseben sityvebs, hqvia
swrafi daswavla. bavSvis leqsikonSi axali sityvis swrafi daswavla ar
gulisxmobs, rom Tavidanve iseT mniSvnelobas imaxsovrebs, rac ufrosebis
leqsikaSia. bavSvis leqsikonSi sityvis mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba. dawyebiTi klasebis bolomde uamravi sityvaa, romelTa mniSvneloba
gansxvavebulia ufrosebisTvis nacnobis mniSvnelobisagan. miuxedavad amisa,
swrafi mapping-i exmareba bavSvs yoveldRiurad amdeni axali sityvis swrafad
damaxsovrebaSi.
eqsperimenti sityvis Seswavlaze
CanarTi
10.4
bartletis mier sityvis Seswavlaze Catarebul eqsperimentSi (1977),

mas Semdeg, rac dadginda, rom bavSvebi sityvas green iyeneben olive sityvis
sapirispirod, 3-4 wlis bavSvebs win daudes zeTisxilisferi nivTebi da
maswavlebelma maT sTxova, rom miewodebinaT erT-erTi maTgani. olive-s
uwodes chromium (magaliTad, Bring me the chromium tray; not the red one but
the chromium one). pirvelive cdaze bavSvebma chromium da olive gaaigives da
ara mxolod sworad aRiqves sityva, aramed misi warmoTqmac SeZles. 6 kviris
Semdeg Catarebuli testisas aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebis umravlesobas axsovda,
rom mwvane-zeTisxilisgan warmoiqmna sxva saxelwodeba, romelic arc mwvane
iyo, arc yavisferi. zogierTma zeTisxils chromium-isgan gansxvavebuli saxeli
mouZebna. magram, mniSvnelovani is iyo, rom bavSvebma zeTisxils uwodes ara
green, aramed raRac sxva.
leqsikuri gamoxatulebebis Camoyalibebis

gagrZeleba skolis wlebSi.
keilma da batermanma (1984) Seiswavles bavSvebSi sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla
da aRmoaCines, rom mosalodnel, damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze da gamocdilebaze
dafuZnebuli ganmartebebi nel-nela Caanacvla mniSvnelobebma, romlebic
ufrosis metyvelebaSi sityvis denotaciur mniSvnelobas qmnis. maT bavSvebs
gaacnes mokle, aRweriTi moTxrobebi da hkiTxes, aRwera ramdenad Seesabameboda
sagans. magaliTad, uncle sityvis mniSvnelobis Ziebisas sxvadasxva asakis bavSvs
waukiTxes Semdegi moTxroba: Suppose your Mommy has all sorts of brothers, some
very old and some very, very young. One of your Mommys brothers is so young hes
only 2 years-old. keilma da batermanma Semdeg aseTi kiTxva dasves: Could he be an

uncle? sabavSvo baRis asakis patarebma aseTi pasuxi gasces:
E (eqsperimentatori): SeiZleba Tu ara is biZa iyos?
C (bavSvi): ara. . . vinaidan is mxolod 2 wlisaa.
E: ramdeni wlis unda iyos biZa?
CanarTi
10.5
476
semantika
C: daaxloebiT 24-25.
E: Tuki is mxolod 2 wlisaa, maSin is ver iqneba biZa?
C: vera. . . is SeiZleba biZaSvili iyos.
pasuxi meoTxeklaselebisgan:
E: aris Tu ara is biZa?
C: diax. . . radgan is dedas Zmaa.
E: SeiZleba Tu ara biZa nebismieri asakis iyos?
C: diax.
amgvarad, keilma da batermanma aRmoaCines, rom Tvisobrivi ganmarteba

icvleba dawyebiTi klasebis wlebSi.
10.7 semantikuri kontrasti

bavSvebi bgeriTi sistemisa da morfologiis Secnobisas kontrasts
eZeben (11, 12, 13 Tavebi). am Tvisebis mniSvnelobas fonologiaSi Cven 15 TavSi
ganvixilavT. ormxrivi eqskluziurobis principi aCvenebs, rom kontrasts
didi mniSvneloba aqvs leqsikonis ganviTarebaSi. bavSvebi amCneven, rom
sityvebi mniSvnelobiT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. Tuki bavSvma gaiTavisa
sityvis mniSvneloba ama Tu im jgufTan, an saganTan mimarTebaSi, isini xvdebian,
rom sxva gansxvavebul sityvas gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba unda hqondes. ufro
metic, axali sityvis interpretaciisas gamoyenebuli cnebebis mTeli ierarqia
aqvT, sadac dasaxelebebi saganTa klasebSi erTiandeba. magaliTad, ierarqiaSi
ufro maRla dgas nivTebis dasaxelebebi, vidre sagnebis Semadgeneli masalebi.
uamravma kvlevam aCvena, rom bavSvebi namdvilad akeTeben aseT daskvnebs
da namdvilad iyeneben ierarqias axali sityvebis swavlisas. magaliTad, elen
markmanma (1994) Seiswavla, rogor gansazRvraven bavSvebi sityvis mniSvnelobas.
man skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis sxvadasxva jgufs sityva biff gaacno. rodesac
erT jgufs aCvena pewter tongs wyvili da mas biff uwoda, bavSvebma aRiqves, rom
biff igivea, rac tongs. maT biff Seusabames zogadad marwuxebis klass. roca bavSvebs
sTxoves meti biff moetanaT, maT SearCies plastikuri marwuxis wyvili uamravi
plastikuri nivTidan da aseve araplastikuri marwuxebic. amis sapirispirod,
rodesac bavSvebs aCvenes plastikuri Wiqa da uwodes biff, bavSvebma CaTvales,
rom biff plastikurs niSnavda. maT ukve icodnen cup sityvis mniSvneloba da
amitomac biff sityva cup-isgan gansxvavebul sityvas Seusabames. amjerad biffebis motanis Txovnis Sedegad maT SearCies yvela saxis plastikuri nivTi.
sityvebi rom mniSvnelobis mixedviT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs,
mniSvnelovani daskvnaa. igi Seesabameba nebismieri enis sityvaTa umravlesobas
da Sesabamisad, mTlianad enas. cnebebisa da enaSi gamoyenebuli mniSvnelobebis
Sesabamisobis saSualebiT daskvna, rom sxvadasxva sityvas gansxvavebuli
mniSvneloba unda hqondes, did daxmarebas uwevs bavSvebs aTasobiT axali
sityvis mokle droSi Seswavlisas. etapobrivad mdidari leqsikonis SesaZenad
ormxrivi eqskluziurobis principi azrs kargavs, vinaidan igi krZalavs
sinonimTa wyvilebs. Tumca igive principi exmareba bavSvs daaskvnas, rom mis
enaze mosaubre sazogadoeba iyenebs erT sityvas erTi sagnis aRsaniSnad. es
midgoma miiyvans bavSvs TavianTi idiokratiuli, ganuviTarebeli sityvis
formebis nacvlad aiTvisos sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli formebi.
10.8 modulirebis xelaxla ganxilva:

sivrciTi gamoTqmebis ganviTareba
me-8 TavSi gamoviyeneT kros-lingvisturi faqtebi sivrciT prepo
ziciasTan dakavSirebiT, raTa dagvedgina kavSiri sivrciT cnebasa da mis
lingvistur gamoxatulebas Soris. maSin ori kiTxva gvqonda. pirveli maTgani
iyo, vipovidiT Tu ara kros-lingvistur mudmivobas sivrciT cnebebsa da maTi
dasaxelebebis uSualo prepozicias Soris. maSin im daskvnamde mivediT, rom
kros-lingvisturi ganlagebis saerTo wesi ar arsebobs da rom yvelaze Zireuli
sivrciTi damokidebulebac ki sxvadasxva enis gamoTqmebSi sxvadasxvanairad
irRveva. es amtkicebs aralingvisturi sivrciTi codnis gamijvnas enaSi misi
gamoxatvisagan. Tumca, mozrdilTa enaSi es mtkicebuleba SezRudulia. Cven
mier dasmuli meore SekiTxvaa: adamianebSi sivrciTi Semecnebis erTsaxovnebis
damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, erTgvari iqneba Tu ara (a) sivrciTi konceptebisa da
(b) maTi lingvisturi realizaciis gamoxatvis dro. Tuki vipoviT dasabuTebas
pirvelis sasargeblod, magram aRmovaCenT ganviTarebis drois gansxvavebul
CarCoebs cnebaTa lingvisturi formis kros-lingvisturad aRqmisaTvis,
vnaxavT, rom ganviTarebis dasasruls enas arc derivaciuloba da arc erTi
erTze Sesatyvisoba axasiaTebs.
arsebobs ori saxis mtkicebuleba, romlebic asabuTebs, rom ganviTarebis
procesSi sivrciTi danarTis aRqma araa damokidebuli sivrciTi cnebebis
gamoxatvaze. uamrav kvlevas Soris pirvelad aRmoaCines, rom bavSvebi sivrciTi
cnebebis kros-kulturuli gamoxatvis erTsaxovan rigs avlenen. es aRmoCena
dadebiT pasuxs aZlevs (a) -Si warmodgenil kiTxvas arsebobs Tu ara zogadi
drois CarCo sivrciTi wesebis gamoxatvisa. meore, rac aseve mniSvnelovania, isaa,
rom lingvisturad gansxvavebuli sivrciTi cnebebis jgufi ar axdens gavlenas am
gansxvavebebis aRqmis drosa da sixSireze. Tumca, enisaTvis specifikuri Tvisebebi
SeiZleba moqmedebdnen sixSireze. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia adgilis miTiTebisas
postpoziciur afiqss ufro mieniWos upiratesoba, rogorc es Turqulsa da
serbo-xorvatiulSia, vidre prepoziciurs, rogorc es inglisurSia.
(6) duvar-da

(7) pol - je

kedelze
wall - on
mindvris gavliT
field - through
lokaciuri terminebi vlindeba ufro adrec, roca ganlageba erTi

erTzea sivrciTi damokidebulebis sityvebSi, rogorc magaliTad, Turqulsa
da frangulSi, erT sityvas, romelic niSnavs ukan upirispirdeba erTze meti
sityva inglisurSi, rac warmodgenilia (8)_Si:
477
478
semantika
(8) derrire la maison
behind the house
in back of the house
saxlis ukan
saxlis ukan
erTi erTze ganlagebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba ormxrivi eqsklu

ziurobis principis kidev erTi magaliTia.
aseTi magaliTebi gvaZlevs pasuxs zemoaRniSnul (b) kiTxvaze, rom arsebobs
kros-lingvisturi gansxvaveba sivrciTi mimarTebisTvis lingvisturi
gamoTqmebis warmoSobisa. aq Cven davinaxavT aSkara gamijvnas sivrciTi cnebisa
da sivrciTi codnis ganviTarebasa da enisaTvis specifikuri gzis aRqmas Soris,
romliTac es codna aisaxeba enobriv gamoTqmebSi.
10.9 semantikuri/Tematuri rolebi da urTierTobebi

yvelaze adreuli, erTsityviani gamoTqmac ki gamoxatavs Tematuri
rolebis ZiriTad jgufs, romelic argumentebad da Semasmenlebad gamoiyeneba,
rogorc (9) -(14) -Sia warmodgenili:
(9) obieqti milk, iTqmis, roca rZes swvdeba.
(10) mimRebi Mommy, iTqmis, roca bavSvi dedas aZlevs raimes.
(11) agenti Mommy, gamoiyeneba, roca deda awvdis raimes Tavis Svils.
(12) mdgomareoba allgone, iTqmis, roca sakvebis mTeli maragi gamoileva.
(13) moqmedeba go, gamoiyeneba, roca mama gareT gadis.
(14) instrumenti knife, gamoiyeneba, roca deda xorcs Wris.
bavSvebi aseve avlenen Tematur urTierTobebs argumentebsa da
Semasmenlebs Soris iseve, rogorc predikaciis maxasiaTeblebs TavianT pirvel
sityvaTSeTanxmebebSi, rac (15) -(23) -Sia warmodgenili:
(15) agenti-moqmedeba Mommy push.
(16) moqmedeba-obieqti Bite finger.
(17) obieqti-adgili Car garage.
(18) moqmedeba-adgili Sit bed.
(19) agenti-obieqti Mommy sock (deda bavSvs windas acmevs).
(20) gansazRvreba Big bed.
(21) kuTvnileba Daddy car.
(22) arseboba There doggie.
(23) uaryofa No go.
am Tematuri rolebisa da kavSirebis metyvelebis dasawyisSive gamoyeneba
miuTiTebs, rom isini SesaZloa semantikuri primitivebi iyos da UG-s nawili.
10.10 mdgomareoba da moqmedeba: kidev erTi

semantikuri primitivi
kidev erTi semantikuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic vlindeba enis adreuli
gagebisas, aris gansxvaveba moqmedebisa da mdgomareobisa. inglisurSi, es
gansxvaveba gamoixateba imis mixedviT, zmnebi iReben Tu ara /-ing/ daboloebas.
Seadare (a) winadadebebi, romlebSic moqmedebis gamomxatveli zmnebia, (b)
winadadebebs, sadac Semasmeneli mdgomareobas aRniSnavs:
(24) a. Brutus is betraying Caesar.

b. *Brutus is weighing 200 pounds.
(25) a. Henry is divorcing Katherine of Aragon.

b. *Henry is knowing Katherine of Aragon.
(26) a. Rosalind is couring.

b. *Rosalind is resembling Ganymede.
bavSvebi mxolod moqmedebis gamomxatvel zmnebs umateben /-ing/ sufiqss da

arasodes amas ar akeTeben mdgomareobis gamomxatvel zmnebTan mimarTebSi, rac
miuTiTebs, rom es semantikuri gansxvaveba Zalian adre viTardeba cxovrebaSi
da swavlas ar saWiroebs.
10.11 nacvalsaxelebis interpretacia

me-6 TavSi Cven ganvixileT bavSvebSi ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxelis
ganviTareba. imave eqsperimentSi, romelSic Seamowmes bavSvebis mier ukuTqmiTi
nacvalsaxelebis gagebis unari, aseve Semowmda maT mier sxva tipis nac
valsaxelebis aRqma, iseTebisa, rogoricaa him da her. amieridan araukuTqmiT
nacvalsaxelebs movixseniebT, rogorc nacvalsaxelebs. gavixsenoT, rom
nacvalsaxelisa da misi winmswrebis struqturuli pirobebi aris damateba
ukuTqmiTisa da misi winmswrebis kavSiris pirobebisa sadac nacvalsaxelTa
erTi kategoria gvxvdeba, xolo meore ara da piriqiT. ukuTqmiT nacvalsaxels
kategoriiT SerCeuli winmswrebi aucileblad unda axldes winadadebis imave
nawilSi, romelSic Tavadaa, xolo sxva nacvalaxelebis gamoyenebisTvis es
aucilebeli ar aris. es pirobebi gadmocemuli iyo me-8 TavSi, rasac qvemoT
ganmeorebiT warmogidgenT:
makavSirebeli principi A: ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli mWidrod unda iyos
dakavSirebuli mis winmswrebTan umcires winadadebaSi (an sf-Si).
makavSirebeli principi B: nacvalsaxeli araa mWidrod dakavSirebuli
Tavis winmswrebTan umcires winadadebaSi (an sf-Si).
wina TavebSi Cven ganvixileT mxolod mWidrod dakavSirebuli
nacvalsaxelebi kvantifikatorebis WrilSi, rogorc (27a) -Sia warmodgenili.
magram nacvalsaxeli SesaZloa mimagrebuli iyos saxelze, rogorc (27b) -Si Cans:
(27) a. Every princessi knows shei will find a prince.
b. Cleopatrai knows shei will find a prince.
B principi saSualebas iZleva she nacvalsaxeli mimagrebuli iyos Tavis
479
480
semantika
winmswrebze (27) -winadadebaSi, vinaidan kvantifikatorebi every princess da

Cleopatra winadadebis mTavar nawilSia. Tumca B principi gamoricxavs (28) -is
msgavs winadadebebs, sadac nacvalsaxeli kvantifikatorTan an saxelTan erTad
winadadebis erT nawilSia.
(28)

a. *Every princessi appreciates heri.

b. *Cleopatrai appreciated heri.
amgvarad, (28a) winadadeba gramatikulad arasworia, Tuki masSi

igulisxmeba, rom princesa sakuTar Tavs afasebs; xolo (28b) ki ar gamoxatavs
imas, rom kleopatra sakuTar Tavs afasebs. udavoa, rom (28) -Si warmodgenili
winadadebebi nacvalsaxelTa gamoyenebis mixedviT sworia, vinaidan her sxva
qals miemarTeba. magaliTad Juliet an Mary. am SemTxvevaSi Cven yuradRebas
nacvalsaxelebis winmswrebTan bmul damokidebulebaze vamaxvilebT.
didi odenobiT eqsperimentulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi zustad
mozrdilebiviT ver axdenen (28b)-s msgavs winadadebaSi gamoyenebuli
nacvalsaxelebis interpretacias. (29)-s SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi miuTiTeben
suraTze, sadac erni sakuTar Tavs scems; an roca naxaven scenas, sadac erni
sakuTar Tavs scems da moismenen (29) winadadebas, CaTvlian, rom isini erTmaneTs
Seesabameba (ix. CanarTi 6.2 me-6 TavSi). orive SemTxvevaSi isini him nacvalsaxels
adgilobriv winmswrebs, ernis ukavSireben, riTic aSkarad arRveven B princips.
(29) Ernie hit him.
es eqsperimentaluri Sedegi vlindeba sxvadasxva enis Semswavlel
bavSvebSi. holandiuris, Cinuris, koreulis, islandiurisa da sxva enebis
Semswavleli bavSvebi msgavsi winadadebebis erTnair interpretacias iZlevian,
rac ufrosebis gramatikaSi sruliad miuRebelia. riT aixsneba es Sedegi? es is
SemTxvevaa, roca mozrdilebisagan gansxvavebiT, bavSvebis lingvistur codnaSi
ar Sedis makavSirebeli principi B? SesaZloa Tu ara, rom universaluri
gramatikis principi ganicdides dagvianebul ganviTarebas? am hipoTezas
vuwodoT gviandeli B principis hipoTeza. Tuki igi sworia, maSin uwyvetobis
hipoTezas ewinaaRmdegeba. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebs UG
principebis codna dabadebidanve aqvT (miTiTebulia gansxvavebuli J indeqsiT).
bavSvebis aseTi Secdomebis kidev erTi axsna arsebobs, romelic
ukavSirdeba nacvalsaxelebis gansxvavebul interpretacias. gavixsenoT, rom
nacvalsaxelebi interpretacias SeiZleba iRebdnen winmswrebis mixedviT,
rogorc es (27) magaliTSia warmodgenili, an SeiZleba mimarTebiTad iyos
gamoyenebuli, rogorc (30 a, b) winadadebebSi, sadac her exeboda qals, romelic
imave winadadebaSi ar iyo gamokveTili.
(30) a. Every princessi knows shej will find a prince.

b. Cleopatrai knows shej will find a prince.
mimarTebiTi gamoyenebisas nacvalsaxelis aRsaniSni araa winadadebis
SigniT arsebuli winmswrebi, aramed igi an manamdea naxsenebi, an aralingvisturi
konteqstidanaa mkiTxvelisTvis cnobili. B principi aregulirebs mxolod
nacvalsaxelis mimagrebas. is gamoricxavs (28) tipis winadadebebs, sadac
gamoTqmebSi Tanaindeqsuri damokidebulebaa. magram arsebobs problema:
vinaidan nacvalsaxels aqvs mimarTebiTi gamoyeneba, maSin namdvilad araferi

SeuSlis xels imas, rom nacvalsaxeli him (29)-Si exebodes pirdapir obieqts
Ernie. aseT SemTxvevaSi df Ernie da nacvalsaxeli him erTsa da imaves aRniSnavs
miuxedavad imisa, rom sintaqsurad mimagrebuli kavSiri ar gvaqvs saxeze. amas
SemTxveviTi TanamimarTeba hqvia. igive azri grafikulad (31) -Sia warmodgenili.
(31)
ERNIE
Ernie hit him
mainc Cndeba varaudi, rom SemTxveviTi TanamimarTeba SeuZlebelia am

winadadebaSi da Sesabamisad, unda arsebobdes raime principi, romelic amas
gamoricxavs. aseTi principi pragmatuli principia, romelsac komunikaciis
procesSi mosaubris saTqmeli msmenelamde miaqvs. am pragmatul princips P
princips vuwodebT da igi (32)-Sia (miaxloebiT) warmodgenili:
(32) P principi: Tu mosaubres unda msmenels gaagebinos,
rom or saxelad frazas winadadebaSi erTi da igive aRsaniSni
gaaCnia, maSin, Tu SesaZlebelia, igi iyenebs sintaqsuri mimagrebaSekavSirebis saSualebas (an ukuTqmiTi nacvalsaxeli an bmuli
nacvalsaxeli).
amgvarad, TanamimarTeba gamoiricxeba iseT winadadebebSi, rogoricaa
(29) da (31), vinaidan ena erTi da igive Sinaarsis gadmosacemad ukuTqmiT
nacvalsaxels iyenebs, rogorc es (33) -Si Cans:
(33) Ernie hit himself.
TanamimarTeba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca sintaqsuri
makavSirebeli ver gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, roca saxeli ar irCevs kategoriiT
nacvalsaxels, rogorc (34a) -Sia warmodgenili. TanamimarTeba SesaZlebelia,
roca mosaubres unda iseTi azris gadmocema, rac kavSiris saSualebiT ar
gadmoicema, rogorc (34b) -Sia.
(34) a. All of Cleopatras friends amire her.

drf
dr
df
Spec
Cleopatra
dm
d
s
dr
sf
friends
zmf
zm
df
admire
her
b. I dreamed I was Antony and then I kissed me.
(34b) winadadebis mTqmeli ar ocnebobs sakuTari Tavis kocnaze.

am winadadebaSi me ver Canacvldeba myself-iT. amrigad, vxedavT, rom
arsebobs iseTi situaciebi, sadac TanamimarTeba dasaSvebia, magram ara
iseT winadadebebSi, rogoricaa (29). aseTi tipis winadadebaSi ori SezRudva
moqmedebs; makavSirebeli principi B gamoricxavs Ernie-sa da him-is kavSirs da
481
482
semantika
principi P gamoricxavs TanamimarTebas. rogorc vxedavT, mozardTa sistemaSi,

SeuZlebelia him miemarTebodes Ernie-s.
Tuki davubrundebiT Cvens eqsperimentul Sedegebs, davinaxavT, sxva
SesaZlo axsnas, Tu ratom ukavSireben (29) tipis winadadebebSi bavSvebi
nacvalsaxels adgilobriv winmswrebs. vTqvaT, bavSvebTan moqmedebs
makavSirebeli B principi, magram maT ar ician P principi. am hipoTezas vuwo
doT gviandeli P principis hipoTeza. am hipoTezis mixedviT (29) winadadebaSi
bavSvi nacvalsaxelsa da df Ernie-s Soris TanamimarTebas warmoidgens, Tumca
ufrosebis msgavsad sintaqsurad nacvalsaxelsa da Ernie-s erTmaneTs ar
daukavSirebs.
aq Cndeba kiTxva. rogor davrwmundeT, rom (29)-Si bavSvebi TanamimarTebas
dasaSvebs xdian, xolo sintaqsur kavSirs ara? sabolood Cven ver vipoveT raime
mimaniSnebeli da Sesabamisad verc pirdapir ver vityviT bavSvebi him nacvalsaxels
i indeqss usvamen Tu j-s. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saidan viciT, rom bavSvebs
ufro P principi akliaT, vidre B principi, roca mniSvneloba orive SemTxvevaSi
erTi da igivea. sabednierod, arsebobs gza, riTac SegviZlia damakavSirebeli da
TanamimarTebis interpretaciebi ganvasxvavoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi iyo aRniSnuli,
nacvalsaxelebi SeiZleba mimagrebulni iyvnen kvantifikatorebze, rogorc
(30a) magaliTSi, romelic gulisxmobda, rom TiToeuli princesa sakuTar Tavs
afasebda. Tumca, kvantifikatori (gansxvavebiT sakuTari saxelisagan) ver
iqneba TanamimarTebis kavSirSi, vinaidan kvantifikatori ar aRniSnavs individs.
P principi ar exeba kvantifikatoris SemTxvevebs. maTTan mxolod B principia
kavSirSi. amrigad, swored kvantifikatorebi gvaZleven imis saSualebas rom
makavSirebeli principebis gavlena ganvasxvavoT pragmatuli principisagan.
am cnobis miRebis Semdeg, CavataroT aseTi eqsperimenti. bavSvebs mivceT (35)
winadadeba:
(35) Every princess washes her.
Tuki bavSvebma ar ician B principi, (35) winadadeba maTTvis imas niSnavs,

rom yvela princesa Tavis Tavs bans (nacvalsaxelis bmuli gamoyeneba). meore
mxriv ki isini am mniSvnelobas ver waikiTxaven, Tuki maTTvis B principia
cnobili. SegviZlia SevadaroT bavSvebis mier aRqmuli (35) da (29) winadadebebis
Sinaarsebi. Tuki erTi da igive bavSvi (35) -Si uaryofs kavSirs princess-sa da her
-s Soris, magram (29) -Si Ernie-s aRiqvams, rogorc him-is winmswrebs, es niSnavs,
rom is TanamimarTebas iyenebs (29) -Si, vinaidan gvxvdeba mxolod maSin, roca
bavSvma P principi ar icis.
namdvilad, aseTi eqsperimentebi Catarda da maTi Sedegebi asabuTebs
gviandeli P principis hipoTezas. bavSvebis 50 procenti (29) -is msgavs
winadadebaSi Ernie-s aRiqvams him-is winmswrebad, xolo 84 procenti (35) -is
msgavs winadadebaSi every princess da her-s ver ukavSirebs erTmaneTs. aseTi
Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebis Secdomebi nacvalsaxelTa interpretirebisas
pirdapir kavSirSia maT mier pragmatikis codnasTan, Tu rogor unda gamoiyenon
ena konteqsturad da ara mxolod gramatikis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cans, rom
makavSirebeli principebi, rogorc sintaqsis sxva aspeqtebi, xelmisawvdomia
adreul asakSi, xolo pragmatika mogvianebiT viTardeba bavSvSi. momdevno
qveTavSi Cven ganvixilavT pragmatikis sirTuleebis sxva dasabuTebebs.
10.12 varaudi: saerTo safuZvlis gageba

me-7 Tavidan gaixseneT, rom enaSi calkeuli gamoTqmebi varaudebs atareben.
iseTi zmnebi, rogoricaa regret, know, remember aris faqtobrivi zmnebi; isini
gulisxmoben, rom maTi damateba aRwers faqts, romelic cnobilia, rogorc
mTqmelisTvis, ise msmenelisTvis. isini upirispirdebian arafaqtobriv zmnebs.
es zmnebia think, guess da believe, romlebic aseT varauds ar moicaven. maTi
kontrasti kargad Cans (36) magaliTSi warmodgenili winadadebebis wyvilebiT.
(36a) winadadebas sapirispiro wyvili gauCndeba, Tuki mas but she wasnt frazas
davamatebT, vinaidan zmna know faqtobrivi varaudis momcveli zmnaa, xolo
(36b) ki ara, vinaidan think zmna ar varaudobs, rom Juliet was dead swori
winadadebaa.
(36) a. Romeo knew that Juliet was dead (?? but she wasnt).

b. Romeo thought Juliet was dead (but she wasnt).
varaudis kidev erTi saxe iqmneba gansazRvruli msazRvreliT. es
ukanaskneli miuTiTebs obieqtis arsebobaze, romelic nacnobia rogorc
mosaubrisTvis, ise msmenelisTvis, rac (37) magaliTSia naCvenebi:
(37) The Prince of Denmark is haunted (?? but there is no prince of Denmark).
ganusazRvreli msazRvreli gamoiyeneba, roca Tviseba pirveladaa
moxseniebuli an maSin, roca mosaubres konkretuli maxasiaTeblis dasaxeleba
ar surs, rogorc es (38) -Sia warmodgenili:
(38) A prince entered the palace.
bavSvebi garkveul sirTules awydebian rogorc arsebobis gamomxatvel,
ise faqtobriv varaudebTan. eqsperimentaluri kvlevisas, roca Semowmda
bavSvebis codna a da the artiklebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, aRmoCnda, rom
maTTvis gansazRvruli msazRvrelis gamoyeneba ufro misaRebia iq, sadac
wesiT ganusazRvreli unda idges. magaliTad, erT-erTi eqsperimentisas
(maratsos 1974) bavSvebs uCvenes sami ZaRlis suraTi, TiToeuli manqanaSi ijda
da erT-erT maTgans biWi esaubreboda. am suraTebis naxvis Semdeg, bavSvebs ori
winadadeba uTxres: Then suddenly the dog drove away da Then suddenly a dog drove
away. bavSvebs unda gamoecnoT, romel ZaRlze iyo saubari. roca bavSvebma
ganszRvruli artikli gaigones, TiTqmis swori arCevani gaakeTes; maT SearCies
is ZaRli, romelsac biWi esaubreboda. meore mxriv, roca maT ganusazRvreli
artiklis Semcveli winadadeba moismines, metwilad miuTiTebdnen sxva ZaRlze,
rac swori iyo da iSviaTad miuTiTebdnen im ZaRlze, romelsac biWi esaubreboda.
es Sedegebi da sxva bevric gviCvenebs, rom patarebisTvis garkveul sirTules
warmoadgens msmenelisa da mTqmelis saerTo safuZvlis dadgena.
mentaluri zmnebi kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, Tu rogor uWirT
bavSvebs varaudebis amocnoba. sxvadasxva kvlevam aCvena, rom daaxloebiT 4
wlis asakSi bavSvebi ver ganarCeven faqtobriv da arafaqtobriv zmnebs. roca
sami wlis bavSvs moasmenines Semdegi winadadebebi: I know the candy is in the blue
box da I think the candy is in the red box, bavSvma kanfetis Zebna daiwyo rogorc
lurj yuTSi, ise wiTelSi. es miuTiTebs, rom bavSvebi ver xedaven varaudTa
gansxvavebas, rac know da think zmnebSi devs.
483
484
semantika
10.13 bavSvebis codna Tvladoba/uTvladobis

gansxvavebisa da zmnis aspeqtis Sesaxeb.
rogorc me-9 TavSi iyo ganxiluli, arseboben semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic vrceldebian sxvadasxva gramatikul kategoriebze. amis erTi
magaliTia paraleli arsebiT saxelebSi Tvladoba-uTvladobis gansxvavebasa
da zmnis aspeqtebs Soris. usruli aspeqtis (magaliTad, wander) zmnebs
uTvladi saxelebiviT axasiaTebT gamaerTianebeli Tviseba; Tu aviRebT
xetialis process da davamatebT ufro met xetials, isev xetialis process
miviRebT, iseve rogorc wylisTvis wylis damatebiT isev wyals viRebT. ase ar
aris Tvlad saxelebsa da sruli aspeqtis zmnebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac
Sinagani struqtura gaaCniaT. Tvladi saxelis aRsaniSni daSlilia anu
minimalur erTeulebamdea dayvanili. amis msgavsad, sruli aspeqtis movlenebs
aqvT Sinagani dasasrulis wertili, romelic mas Semofarglavs. vxedavT, rom
pirdapiri obieqtis semantikuri struqtura gavlenas axdens zmnis aspeqtze;
consume ale usruli aspeqtis movlenaa, vinaidan ale miemarTeba gamaerTianeblad,
xolo consume a beer aRwers sruli aspeqtis movlenas, vinaidan aRsaniSni a beer
danawevrebulia. amis magaliTia (39):
(39)

a. John consumed ale for an hour.

b. *John consumed a beer for an hour.
g. John consumed a beer within an hour.
d. *John consumed ale within an hour.
es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom zmnis aspeqti kompoziciuradaa

gansazRvruli, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi lingvistur struqturasa da
gramatikul principebzea damokidebuli. es kros-kategoriuli gavlena
sakmaod SeumCnevelia da Sesabamisad, bavSvebisTvis sakmaod Zneli amosacnobia.
ufro metic, is faqti, rom iaponuri da sxva enebi inglisurs hgavs zmnis
aspeqtisa da Tvladoba-uTvladobis gansxvavebebis paraleliT, migvaniSnebs,
rom es enis struqturis fundamentaluri sakiTxia, anu UG-s maxasiaTebeli.
maSin bavSvebs semantikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tandayolili codna unda hqondeT.
vinaidan jer ar Catarebula didi kvleviTi samuSaoebi adreul enaSi
saxeladi da zmnuri frazebis paralelebis Sesaswavlad, bavSvebSi calke
aspeqtisa da saxelebis Tvladoba-uTvladobis
gamoikvlies zmnebis
gansxvavebis aRqmis unari. kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebma am
semantikuri gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb Zalian adreul asakSive ician. isini
calkeul ganzogadebebs am gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT akeTeben. magaliTad,
ori wlis asakis italieli bavSvebi iyeneben warsulis mimReobas sruli aspeqtis
Semasmenlebis sawarmoeblad, rogoricaa cadere dacema, rompere gatexva, arrivare
Camosvla da a.S. magram ara usruli aspeqtis SemasmenlebisTvis, rogoricaa
volare frena, ballare cekva. zrdasrulTa italiurSi orive sruli da usruli
aspeqtis zmnebi mimReobis konstruqciebSi Tavisuflad gamoiyeneba, rogorc
(40)-Sia warmodgenili:
(40) a. Gianni ha balltao (per un ora).
jonma icekva (erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi).
b. Gianni caduto (*per un ora).

joni daeca (*erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi).
amrigad, italieli bavSvebi zRudaven mimReobis gamoyenebas erTi tipis

zmnebTan. maTTvis konkretuli zmnuri fleqsiebi asocirdeba calkeul
aspeqtTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mkacri SezRudva mozrdilTa enaSi ar
arsebobs. amgvari damokidebuleba SeiZleba efuZnebodes maT Sinagan codnas
sruli/usruli aspeqtis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.
msgavsi Sedegebi miviReT sxva enebis SemTxvevebSic. kvlevam aCvena, rom
inglisurad mosaubre bavSvebi warsuli drois aRmniSvnel ed-is ufro xSirad
sruli aspeqtis movlenebis gamomxatvel zmnebTan iyeneben. xolo inglisurad
mosaubre ufrosebi sapirispiro tendencias avlenen, isini ed-is ufro xSirad
usruli aspeqtis zmnebTan iyeneben. amgvarad, bavSvis warmoTqma ar SeiZleba
CavTvaloT ufrosebisgan mosmenilis Canawerad.
rogor avxsnaT fleqsiisa da aspeqtis aseTi mkacri SeTanxmeba, rasac
bavSvebi ase xSirad iyeneben? erTi versiiT, bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad aanalizeben,
rom ed gamoxatavs moqmedebis sisrules an Sedegs da ara warsul dros. aqedan
momdinareobs sruli aspeqtis zmnebze dawesebuli SezRudva. faqtobrivad, -ed
drosTan erTad aspeqtsac gamoxatavs. winadadebaSi John danced ed miuTiTebs
warsul dros, xolo winadadebaSi John has danced igi miuTiTebs srul aspeqts.
aspeqtis gramatikul droze adre aRqmis hipoTeza varaudobs, rom drois
kavSiri ufro rTulia, vidre aspeqturi da Sesabamisad, aRsaqmeladac ufro
Znelia bavSvisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, bavSvebi ufrosebisagan gansxvavdebian
gramatikuli gamoxatulebiT; adreul gramatikaSi dro ar gamoixateba. es
hipoTeza Zalian Zlieri da myari Cans, magram mainc arsebobs enebi, sadac bavSvebi
adreuli periodidan arCeven drosac da aspeqtsac. magaliTad, iaponurad
metyveli bavSvebi ganarCeven warsulisa da awmyos zmnebs 2 wlamde asakSi.
meore versiiT, bavSvebs aqvT unari gramatikuli dro da aspeqti
ganasxvavon, Tumca fleqsiisa da aspeqtis mWidro dawyvileba swavlis yvelaze
efeqturi strategiaa. am hipoTezis logikuri mxaris gverdiT arsebobs enebi
inglisurisa da italiurisgan gansxvavebuli sadac vlindeba zmnis aspeqtisa
da konkretuli fleqsiuri elementis ganlageba. magaliTad, koreulSi sruli
aspeqtis damxmare zmna gamoiyeneba sruli aspeqtis gardauval zmnebTan.
vinaidan bavSvebma ar ician romel enas warudgenen momavalSi, isini mzad unda
iyvnen UG-dan momdinare yvelanairi saxesxvaobisTvis. yvelaze usafrTxo da
mSvidi gza aris SezRudvis daweseba, am SemTxvevaSi esaa fleqsiisa da zmnis
aspeqtis dawyvileba.
rogorc viciT, bavSvi romelic mkacr dawyvilebas mimarTavs, ufro ukeT
iTvisebs mozrdilTa enas. warmovidginoT meore mxriv, TiTqos bavSvma ivarauda,
rom zmnis erTi forma drosac gamoxatavs da aspeqtsac (rogorc italiursa
da inglisurSi). vTqvaT, es bavSvi SemdegSi ecnoba koreuls. ris safuZvelze
unda iswavlos man, rom koreulSi damxmare zmna gamoxatavs mxolod aspeqts
da ara dros? ar iarsebebs magaliTi, romelic miuTiTebs, rom damxmare zmnas
arasodes SeuZlia drois gamoxatva. es mtkicebuleba Sesworebas an uaryofiT
damamtkicebel sabuTs moiTxovs, anu zust informacias, rom zogi forma an
interpretacia dauSvebelia. rogorc pirvel TavSi ganvixileT, bavSvebs ar aqvT
485
486
semantika
sistematuri Sexeba uaryofiT formebTan. im SemTxvevebSi, roca universaluri

gramatika analizis erTze met variants gvaZlevs, bavSvma swavla unda daiwyos
yvelaze SezRudulidan. am ideas qvejgufis principi hqvia.
10.14 daskvna
Cven vnaxeT, rom imis codna, Tu ra saxis mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs sityva,
ra Tematur rolsa da kavSirs gulisxmobs, aris semantikis aspeqti, romelic
adreuli asakidan viTardeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela bavSvma unda iswavlos
Tavisi enis yvela sityva, lingvisturi semantikis zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba
Seuswavleli darCes da swori kandidatebi SesaZloa adamianis gonebaSi
uswavlelad iyos.
uamravi lingvisturi gamoTqmis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba konteqstiT:
sintaqsuri konteqsti da diskursiuli konteqsti. magaliTad, nacvalsaxeli
SeiZleba iyos bmuli an mimarTebiTi; pirvel SemTxvevaSi nacvalsaxeli
konkretul sintaqsur kavSirSi unda iyos Tavis winmswrebTan, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi mimarTebiTi variantebi pragmatikis wesebiT imarTeba. varaudebi
amowmebs da agebs saerTo safuZvels msmenelsa da mosaubres Soris, rac
damokidebulia diskursiul konteqstze, magram varaudi aseve mWidro kavSirSia
sintaqsur konstruqciaze, rogorc me-7 TavSi iyo naCvenebi. TvladobauTvladobisa da zmnis aspeqtis gansxvavebebic ar arian mudmivi maxasiaTeblebi,
zogjer maTac konteqsti gansazRvravs. wina qveTavebSi mokled ganvixileT,
rogor viTardeba bavSvSi sxvadasxva semantikuri maxasiaTebeli. marTalia, jer
kidev didi samuSaoa Sesasrulebeli am mxriv, magram Cven ZiriTadi modelis
danaxva daviwyeT: mniSvnelobis is aspeqtebi, romlebic pragmatuli wesebiT
imarTeba an mWidro kavSirSia diskursTan, gamowvevaa patara bavSvisTvis.
Bowerman, M. 1991. The origins of childrens spatial semantic categories:
Cognitive vs. linguistic determinants.
In J.J. Gumperz and S.C. Levinson, eds.,
Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fodor, J. 1983. The Modularity of Mind.
Gleitman, L. and B. Landau eds. 1994.
The Acquisition of the Lexicon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hirsh-Pasek, K. and Golinkoff, R. 1996.
The Origins of Grammar: Evidence
from Early Language Comprehension.
Smith, N. and Tsimpli, I.-M. 1995. The

Mind of a Savant: Language Learning
and Modularity. Oxford: Blackwell.
In addition to those cited in the text, the
following references were consulted: Moore et al. 1989; Antinucci and
Miller 1976; Clark 1973; Gleitman and
Landau 1995, and references therein;
Hirsh-Pasek and Golinkoff 1996.
nawili IV
fonetika da
fonologia
11
fonetika:
bgerebi enaSi
Sinaarsis sarCevi
11.0 Sesavali
11.1fonetikuri aRweris saSualebebi

11.1 segmentebi
11.2 suprasegmentalebi
11.2 fonetikuri anbani

11.2. orTografiasTan dakavSire
buli problemebi.
11.2.2 IPA da sxva fonetikur anban
Ta saxeebi
11.2.3 IPA-s ZiriTadi simboloebi
amerikuli inglisurisTvis
11.3 IPA-s cxrili
11.3.1 sawarmoTqmo organoebi
11.3.2 Tanxmovnebi
11.3.3 warmoTqma
11.3.4 sxva Tanxmovnebi
11.3.5 xmovnebi
11.3.6 difTongebi
11.3.7 gansxvavebuli saxiT war
moTqma gulisxmobs sxvadasxva sim
bolos.
11.3.8 IPA-s sxva simboloebi:
xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi
11.4 diakritikuli niSnebi
11.5 daskvna
savarjiSoebi
11.0 Sesavali
lingvisturi
struqtura
metyvelebiTaa
msmenelamde
mitanili
(marTalia lingvisturi struqtura SeiZleba mayureblisTvis niSnebiT an
weris saSualebiT iyos gadmocemuli, magram Cven am TavSi mxolod oralur
komunikacias ganvixilavT). fonetika metyvelebis procesis fizikur aspeqtebs
Seiswavlis, erT-erTi aspeqtia bgerebis warmoTqma (rogor warmoiTqmis esa
Tu is bgera mosaubris mier), bgerebis akustika (haertalRebis Tvisebebi,
romelTac saTqmeli mTqmelidan msmenelamde gadaaqvs) da bgerebis aRqma
(rogor Seicnobs msmeneli maT). fonetika lingvistikis nawilia, magram
imavdroulad is sxva disciplinebis nawilicaa, rogoricaa metyvelebisa da
mosmenis mecniereba, fsiqologia da teqnikuri mecnierebebi. lingvisturi
fonetika aris metyvelebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gamomxatveli termini, romelic
gulisxmobs warmoTqmas, akustikasa da aRqmas, rac lingvistikis nawilebia.
lingvisturi fonetika Seiswavlis sasaubro bgerebs enaTa rigSi, enebs Soris
bgerebis ganzogadebas da aseve fonetikis urTierTobas lingvistikis sxva
dargebTan.
490
fonetika da fonologia
11.1 fonetikuri aRweris saSualebebi

11.1.1 segmentebi
warmoTqma SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc calkeul sametyvelo bgeraTa
mimdevroba. sametyvelo bgerebi, romlebsac segmentebs da fonebs uwodeben,
enaSi gamoyenebuli bgerebia. maT ar ekuTvnis adamianis mier gamocemuli
sxvadasxva xma, vTqvaT, dacemineba, CasunTqva-amosunTava da a.S.
sametyvelo bgerebi or ZiriTad jgufadaa dayofili: Tanxmovnebi
(aRiniSnebaC asoTi) da xmovnebi (aRiniSnebaVasoTi). Tanxmovani aris bge
ra, romlis warmoTqmisas mniSvnelovan dabrkolebas qmnian sawarmoTqmo
organoebi. xmovnebi ki iseTi bgerebia, romlis warmoTqmisas araviTari
dabrkoleba ar arsebobs, haernakadi Tavisuflad gamoedineba da warmoTqmuli
bgera sagrZnoblad xmamaRali da Zlieria.
ganvixiloT sityva Macbeth, romelsac aseTi forma aqvs: CVCCVC. grZnobT
Tu ara oTxive Tanxmovnis warmoTqmisas Seqmnil dabrkolebas? (esenia:
bageebTan, piris Rrus ukana nawilSi, isev bageebTan da kbilebTan). yvela enaSia
xmovani da Tanxmovani bgerebi. damwerlobis uqoneli enebi ar unda avurioT
damwerlobis mqone enebSi; iseT enebSic ki aris xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi,
romlebic anbanur damwerlobas ar iyeneben, Tumca enebi gansxvavdebian imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli xmovnebi da romeli Tanxmovnebi aqvT.
inglisuri sityvebis segmentebis mimdevrobad dayofis idea SeiZleba
sruliad gasagebi iyos ganaTlebuli mosaubrisTvis; xalxis umravlesoba
grZnobs, rom saubari swored am gziT esmiT. isini aseve fiqroben, rom
konkretuli Tanxmovani da xmovani sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi erTnairia
magaliTad, TiToeuli b yvela SemTxvevaSi aris b. magram saubarSi gamoyenebul
bgerebTan mimarTebaSi es ase ar aris. gansxvaveba orgvaria. pirveli is gaxlavT,
rom Tu movismenT swraf saubars, yovelTvis gamokveTili ar aris calkeuli
bgerebis mimdevroba, vinaidan maT Soris sazRvari yovelTvis mkveTri araa.
nax.11.1 gviCvenebs Tell me where is fancy bred winadadebis speqtogramas.
CanarTi
11.1
segmentacia da anbanis kiTxvis swavla

iseTi anbani, rogoric inglisur enaSi gamoiyeneba, efuZneba metyvelebis
calkeul bgerebad segmentacias. Cndeba azri, rom anbaniT wera-kiTxva ufro
iolia im adamianisTvis, visac sityvis segmentebad daSlis warmosaxva SeuZlia.
kiTxvis eqspertebi saubroben fonemur (anu fonologiur) codnaze, rogorc
kiTxvis winapirobaze roca bavSvs SeuZlia yuradReba gaamaxvilos calkeul
bgerebze sityvaSi, igi ukeT aiTvisebs bgerebsa da asoebs Soris kavSirs.
sxvagvarad ki bavSvma unda iswavlos mTliani sityvebi weriTac da zepiradac.
fonologiuri codnis zogierTi magaliTi moicavs imis garCevis unars, ori
sityva eriTmeba Tu ara erTmaneTs, an iwyeba Tu ara erTi da igive bgeriT, an
(ufro rTuli davaleba) imis garCeva, Tu ramdeni bgeraa ama Tu im sityvaSi,
an bgerebis rogori Tanmimdevrobaa sityvaSi. (naxavT, rom es unarebi saWiroa
qvemoT mocemuli savarjiSoebis Sesasruleblad). imavdroulad, is piri, visac
ar SeuZlia sityvis segmentebad warmosaxva, savaraudod, amas SeZlebs kiTxvis
swavlis Semdeg. rogorc vxedavT, fonologiuri codna da kiTxva erTmaneTTan
fonetika: bgerebi enaSi
mWidro kavSirSia. erT-erT maTganSi miRweuli progresi avtomaturad

gulisxmobs winsvlas meoreSic.
speqtograma aris Zlieri komponentebis droSi ganmeorebis sixSire. uxeSi
cvlilebebi am komponentebSi cvlis vizualur da xmovan sazRvrebs sametyvelo
segmentebs Soris. sityva fancy gviCvenebs uxeS sazRvrebs segmentebs Soris,
magram sxva sityvebi yvela SemTxvevaSi ase araa. Tell sityvis bolo da me
sityvis dasasruli Zneli gasarCevia, agreTve wheresityvis bolo da is
sityvis dasawyisi, asevea where sityvis yvela segmenti. saubris intervalTa
umravlesoba or an cota met sametyvelo segmentis informacias moicavs,
vinaidan mezobeli bgerebi nawilobriv faraven erTmaneTs. niSnebis umetesoba
gviCvenebs segmentebs Soris gardamaval cvlilebebs, sadac orive informacia
saxezea. es gansakuTrebiT exeba whereda bredsityvebSi bgeris JReradobas.
aqedan gamomdinareobs Semdegi viTareba: vinaidan bgerebis mimdevrobas,
Cveulebriv, sametyvelo niSnebi warmoadgenen, azri, TiTqos SegveZlos
segmentebis TiToeuli wyvilis gancalkeveba, niSanTa bunebis gaidealebas
utoldeba.
meore gansxvaveba isaa, rom Tuki davakvirdebiT warmoTqmul bgerebs,
vnaxavT, rom simarTles ar Seesabameba, TiTqos yvela b an nebismieri sxva
bgera erTnairi iyos yvela SemTxvevaSi. ena bgerebis mcire ricxvs ki iyenebs
mravaljer, magram es bgerebi TiToeul jerze erTnairi araa. uamravi mcire
gansxvavebaa erTsa da imave bgeris warmoTqmebs Soris ara mxolod sxvadasxva
enebSi, aramed erT enaze ori mosaubris warmoTqmaSi da TviT erTi adamianis
metyvelebaSic ki. 11.1. nax.-ze warmodgenili ori bgera where da bred sityvebSi
da ori xmovani tell da bred sityvebSi sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiTqmis. aseTi saxis
gansxvavebebi sruliad bunebrivia da es yvela enaSi gvxvdeba. magram adamianebs
ar esmiT es mcire gansxvavebebi, an esmiT specialuri wvrTnis Semdeg. amgvarad,
Cveni normaluri aRqma gansxvavdeba imisagan, rac Cven SegviZlia sametyvelo
niSanSi amovikiTxoT.
sixSire hercebSi (hc)
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
dro
/t
''Tell
m
me
w
e
where
i
z
is
fancy
b
r
bread.''
d/
nax. 11.1 farTojgufiani speqtograma, orTografia da farTo transkrif

cia winadadebisa Tell me where is fancy bred (margaret meisCernis xma)
491
492
savarjiSo
11.1.
qvemoT warmodgenil TiToeul sameulSi, romeli sityva iwyeba

gansxvavebuli sametyvelo bgeriT? gaaanalize sityvebis mxolod sawyisi
bgerebi.
magaliTi: scale state shall shall iwyeba gansxvavebuli bgeriT.
(1) countenance king cheer
(2) sister she cease
(3) equal eyes even
(4) again opponent all
(5) throne thy these
(6) character chaste coldly
(7) heart where who
(8) jelly giving gentlemen
(9) admiration against appears
(10) every each else
savarjiSo
11.2.
ramdeni bgerisgan Sedgeba qvemoT CamoTvlili sityvebi. gansazRvre

Tanxmovania Tu xmovani TiToeuli maTgani.
magaliTi: still = 4 bgera, CCVC (gvxvdeba erTi bgera, romelic ori
asoTia warmodgenili)
(1) yet
(2) seems
(3) boot
(4) have
(5) privy
(6) walks
(7) dumb
(8) theme
(9) health
(10) grizzly
11.1.2. suprasegmentalebi
calkeuli Tanxmovnebisa da xmovnebis garda (anu segmentebis garda)
arsebobs warmoTqmis maxasiaTebeli, romelic segmentze moklea da romelsac,
Cveulebriv, suprasegmentals an prosodias uwodeben. suprasegmentali
niSnavs segmentze zemdgoms. es maxasiaTebeli aRniSnavs, ramdenad xmamaRlaa
warmoTqmuli bgera, _ misi xangrZlivobis, bgeris simaRlis, energiis xarisxis
variantebs. yvelaferi es gamoiyeneba zogierTi elementis ukeT warmosaCenad.
xmovnebi Tanxmovnebze ufro TvalsaCinoa. marcvali aris segmentebis
erToblioba, sadac erT-erTi maTgani (ZiriTadad xmovani) ufro SesamCnevia,
vidre danarCenebi. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, TiToeuli xmovani marcvlis ZiriTadi

elementia, xolo mezobeli Tanxmovnebi marcvals xmovanTan erTad qmnian.
magaliTad, sityvas cat aqvs erTi marcvali, adult ori (daiSleba Semdegi saxiT
a.dult.), oasis sami (o.a.sis. Tu ar aris xmovani, maSin Tanxmovani xdeba gamokveTili,
rogorc es moxda am sityvebis SemTxvevaSi: little, children, button da paper.
marcvlebi gansxvavdebian TvalsaCinoobiT. xmis simaRlis, xangrZlivobis
variantebi erToblivad qmnian gansxvavebul maxvilebs, rac imas niSnavs,
rom erTi marcvali ufro Zlieria, vidre amave sityvis sxva marcvlebi. zog
SemTxvevaSi maxvilis adgili ganarCevs erT sityvas meorisagan. magaliTad,
inglisuri arsebiTi saxelia (a)CONvict, sadac maxvili pirvel marcvalzea
da zmnaa (to) conVICT, romelSic maxvili meore marcvals moudis. (maxvilis
gadanacvleba naCvenebia maxviliani marcvlis didi asoebiT daweris gziT).
qvemoT warmodgenilia ramdenime sammarcvliani sityva, romlebsac sxvadasxva
marcvalze moudiT maxvili:
(1)

maxvili pirvel marcvalze

VANquisher
disCREtion
IMpotent
maxvili meore marcvalze
FUneral
adVANtage
reMEMbrance
maxvili mesame marcvalze

incorRECT
overWHELM
enterTAIN
xangrZlivobisa da garkveulwilad xmis simaRlis variantebic qmnian

ritmis gansxvavebas. enebi sxvadasxvagvarad JReren maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gansxvavebuli ritmebis gamoc. inglisuri enis ritmma Seqspirs saSualeba misca
gamoeyenebina iambikuri wyoba: susti-Zlieri-susti-Zlieri-susti-Zlieri da
a.S.
xmis tonis variantebi warmoTqmis sruli melodiurobisTvis safuZvels
qmnian. zog enaSi xmis toni gansazRvrulia TiToeuli sityvis TiToeuli
xmovnisTvis; tonuroba aris tonis swored aseTi specifikacia. tonur enebSi
tonis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa mimdevrobas sxvadasxva
mniSvneloba eqneba. inglisuri tonuri ena ar aris, magram afrikuli da samxreTaRmosavleT aziuri enebis umravlesoba tonuria, asevea amerikis zogierTi
adgilobrivi enac. magaliTad, kanaSi, romelzec nigeriaSi saubroben, sityva be
(sadace warmoiTqmis ay-s msgavsad) xmadabali toniT niSnavs Robes, saSualo
toniT saxls an Sedgenils da maRali toniT Cxubs.
da bolos, yvela enaSi, tonuria Tu ara, xmis toni gamoiyeneba mTliani
gamonaTqvamis azris gadmosacemad da amas intonacia hqvia. inglisurSi
493
494
zogierTi tipis SekiTxva xasiaTdeba boloSi aRmavali melodiurobiT.

magaliTad Is Hamlet upset? da Still here, Laertes? esaa winadadebebi, romlebsac
bolo sityvaSi aRmavali melodia aqvT, xolo winadadebebs What did Polonius
say? da I shall obey you, madam boloSi daRmavali melodiuroba axasiaTebT.
ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, winadadebebSi prosodiis variantTa simravle da
tipi gvawvdis informacias naTqvamisadmi mTqmelis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, fraza: To be, or not to be; that is the question. mas SeiZleba
hqondes mSrali an cocxali intonaciuri JReradoba; zogierTi nawili SeiZleba
gaiwelos an aCqardes warmoTqmisas. zogi segmenti SeiZleba ufro Zlierad
iyos warmoTqmuli. yvela es suprasegmentali gvexmareba am frazis msaxioburi
interpretaciis saxis micemaSi.
savarjiSo
11.3
sityvebis TiToeul sameulSi erT-erT wevrs danarCeni orisgan

gansxvavebul marcvalze aqvs maxvili. gamoyaviT es sityva. Tu zustad ar
iciT sad aris ama Tu im sityvaSi maxvili, moiZieT leqsikonSi.
magaliTi: question scholar tonight aRniSneT tonight.
(1) expressed surprised triumph
(2) luxury malicious ministers
(3) porcupine secrecy illusion
(4) possess answer gracious
(5) extravagant revolution disposition
savarjiSo
11.4
xazi gausviT maxviliani marcvlis xmovans TiToeul sityvaSi (Tu ori

aso qmnis erT xmovans, gaxazeT orive).
magaliTi: foolishly foolishly
(1) extravagant
(2) intermission
(3) encounter
(4) hospitality
(5) unworthy
(6) reputation
(7) unwillingly
(8) childishness
(9) philosophy
(10) messengers
11.2 fonetikuri anbani

am qveTavSi Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor unda warmovadginoT ena
Si arsebuli ZiriTadi bgerebi. am ukanasknelTa ricxvSi vgulisxmobT bgerebis
im minimalur odenobas, rac saWiroa gansxvavebuli sityvebis Sesaqmnelad. es ki
moiTxovs or bgeras Soris im gansxvavebis ugulebelyofas, rac ar ganasxvavebs

sxvadasxva sityvas da rac ucnobia am enaze mosaubreTaTvis. mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac davadgenT am ZiriTadi bgerebis gamoxatvisTvis saWiro simboloebs,
ganvagrZobT detalebis ganxilvas da aseve suprasegmentalebis transkrifciis
saxiT gadmocemas.
11.2.1 orTografiasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

fonetikuri anbani aris simboloTa jgufi, romelic sametyvelo bgerebis
warmosadgenad gamoiyeneba. fonetikur anbanTa umravlesobis fundamenturi
principia, rom TiToeuli simbolo unda Seesabamebodes mxolod erT bgeras
da TiToeuli bgera warmodgenili unda iyos mxolod erTi simboloTi. imis
mixedviT, Tu ras vgulisxmobT erT bgeraSi msoflios enebis standartuli
orTografiebi arRveven am princips erTi an orive mimarTulebiT. inglisuric
aseve arRvevs am princips, vinaidan mas 26 aso aqvs 40 ZiriTadi bgeris
warmosadgenad. zogierT asos ormagi funqcia aqvs, magaliTad -s. erTi bgeris
gamoxatvisTvis zogjer asoTa kombinaciebi gamoiyeneba, aseTia, vTqvaT,
wyvili. erTdroulad ormxrivi darRvevaa thwyvilis SemTxvevaSi, roca ori aso
or gansxvavebul bgeras gamoxatavs, amis nimuSia sityvebi thin da this.
principis darRvevis erTi mizezi isaa, rom warmoTqma icvleba, xolo
orTografia standartirebulia. magaliTad, inglisurSi sakmaod bevria
sityvaTa iseTi jgufebi, sadac sxvadasxvagvarad dawerili sityvebi erTnairad
gamoiTqmis. magaliTad, rite/right/write/wright es sityvebi gansxvavebulad
gamoiTqmoda, magram enis droSi cvlilebasTan erTad maTi gamoTqma erTmaneTs
daemsgavsa da axla bgeraTa erTnairi mimdevrobis Casawerad asoTa oTxi
gansxvavebuli mimdevroba gvaqvs. imisaTvis, rom orTografiaSi SenarCundes
erTi bgerisa da erTi asos Sesatyvisobis wesi, saWiroa, sityvebis werilobiTi
formac droTa ganmavlobaSi ise Seicvalos, rogorc warmoTqma icvleba.
ZiriTadi principis darRvevis meore mizezia is, rom erT enaze sxvadasxva
mosaubres gansxvavebuli gamoTqma aqvs. aranair standartul orTografias
ar SeuZlia daicvas es wesi erT enaze yvela mosaubresaTvis; misi mizania, am
enaze wera-kiTxva yvela mosaubrem SeZlos. magaliTad, inglisurSi sityvebis
uamravi jgufia, romelTac gansxvavebulad warmoTqvamen. rogorc es (2) -Sia
naCvenebi. es sityvebi erTi bgerisa da erTi simbolos princips zogisTvis
arRvevs, zogisTvis ara. waikiTxeT da gadawyviteT, erTgvarad warmoTqvamT
maT Tu ara:
(2) zogi sityva zogjer erTnairad gamoiTqmis:
a. witch
which
g. morning
mourning
b. horse
d. sot
e. bawdy
v. father
z. Mary
T. poor
hoarse
sought
body
farther
merry
pour
marry
pore
495
496
Tu ufro CavuRrmavdebiT, yvela orTografia arRvevs am ZiriTad princips

imdenad, ramdenadac orTografia warmoadgens enis mxolod ZiriTad bgerebs
da ara maT variantebs konkretul kombinaciebsa da sityvaSi gansazRvrul
poziciebSi. Sen ici rogor iwereba sityva, magram es jer kidev ar niSnavs imas,
icode rogor unda waikiTxo is. gWirdeba im adamianis codnis SeZena, visTvisac
es ena mSobliuria. magaliTad, bevri amerikeli t-r (sityvaSi train) tw(twin) da
ty (got you) wyvilebs ise warmoTqvams, rom ismis chr, chw an chbgerebi, rac aris
iseTi saxis warmoTqma, rasac standartuli wakiTxvis wesebiT ver mixvdebi.
(Tumca araformaluri versiebi, rogoricaa gotcha amis maCvenebelia.)
amgvarad, sityvebis orTografiuli transkrifciebi (an werilobiTi
variantebi) calsaxad ar asaxavs warmoTqmis yvela im aspeqts, romelTa
gamoxatvac SeiZleba Cven gvindodes. fonetikuri anbanebi gansxvavdeba sxva
enebSi gamoyenebuli orTografiuli sistemebisgan. saukeTeso SemTxvevebSi,
fonetikur anbanebs SeuZlia warmogvidginos ama Tu im sityvis warmoTqmis
sxvadasxva varianti. fonetikur transkrifcias SeuZlia ise warmoaCinos sityva,
rom enis armcodnem SeZlos am sityvis zusti warmoTqma. rogorc me-2 TavSi iyo
aRniSnuli, fonetikuri simboloebi moqceulia oTxkuTxa frCxilebSi, raTa
ganirCes anbanis orTografiuli simboloebisgan.
CanarTi
11.2
leqsikonebSi warmodgenili warmoTqmis nimuSebi

leqsikonebi TiTqmis yovelTvis iZleva sityvebis warmoTqmis nimuSebs.
bevri Tanamedrove leqsikoni am miznisTvis iyenebs saerTaSoriso fonetikuri
anbanis simboloebs (e.w. IPA). am praqtikis ZiriTadi gamonaklisia amerikuli
inglisuris leqsikonebi, romlebic zemoaRniSnuli simboloebis nacvlad
iyeneben sityvis werilobiT formasTan miaxloebul asoTa kombinaciebs
am sityvis gverdiT. magaliTad, leqsikonSi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos ee
grZelie bgeris aRsaniSnavad, rogorc es seesityvaSia. maSin mkiTxvelebma igive
xmovani unda gamoiyenon seat, receive da a.S. sityvebisTvisac.
aRniSvnebi enis garedanaa SemoRebuli (IPA simboloebi) an mis SigniTaa
Seqmnili (sityvebSi gamoyenebuli simboloebi). leqsikonebSi warmodgenili
warmoTqmis nimuSebi yovelTvis ergeba mkiTxvelis praqtikul codnas. sity
vebis transkrifciebi, Cveulebriv, Semoifargleba enis ZiriTadi bgerebiT.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mocemuli bgera yvela SemTxvevaSi erTnairad
gamoiTqmeba. mkiTxveli, romelic am transkrifciebs gansakuTrebul Ri
rebulebas mianiWebs (magaliTad, enis Semswavleli) isaubrebs metismetad
yuradRebiT, arabunebrivadac ki, vinaidan bgerebis bunebrivi variantebi mis
gabmul metyvelebaSi ar iqneba.
leqsikonma rom gamoTqmis farTo transkrifcia mogvces, unda gadawydes
Tu ramdeni gansxvavebuli varianti iqneba dasaSvebi enaSi. damabneveli da
gamaRizianebeli iqneba, Tu leqsikonSi warmodgenili warmoTqma ar Seesabameba
mkiTxvelisas. romeli gvirCevnia, rom leqsikonSi aRniSnuli iyos iseTi
gansxvavebebi, rasac Tavad arasodes warmovTqvamT (rogorc zemoT (2) da
qvemoT (5) winadadebebSia), Tu leqsikonma gviCvenos rac SeiZleba mcire
sxvaobebi warmoTqmebs Soris (rogorc es 11.7 savarjiSoSia)?
qvemoT warmodgenili TiToeuli inglisuri sityva moicavs s da
c asoebs ori saxiT. s aso warmoiTqmis [s] da [z], xolo c aso ki [s] da [k].
497
savarjiSo
11.5
TiToeul sityvaSi es asoebi erTsa da imave bgeras asaxavs Tu sxvadasxvas?

magaliTi: season ori s aso gamoiTqmis gansxvavebulad, erT
SemTxvevaSi [s] bgeraa, meore SemTxvevaSi ki [z]
(1) Francisco
(2) pastors
(3) resolves
(4) sometimes
(5) surprised
(6) disposition
(7) wisdoms
(8) secrecy
(9) spirits
(10) sensible
qvemoT warmodgenil TiToeul sityvaSi Sedis mdumare aso. Tuki am

asos amoviRebT sityvidan, es sityva mainc gviCvenebs misi wakiTxvis gzas.
warmoTqviT es sityvebi, ipoveT da SemoxazeT is aso, romelic ar gamoiTqmis.
magaliTi: answer: w bgera aris Cumi (am sityvis aseTi saxiT dawerac
iqneboda SesaZlebeli anser)
(1) guard
(2) designed
(3) black
(4) witch
(5) wrung
11.2.2
IPA da sxva fonetikur anbanTa saxeebi
bevri fonetikuri anbani gamogonebulia sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi. yvelaze gavrcelebulia saerTaSoriso fonetikuri asociacia
(an IPA). am anbans saerTaSoriso fonetikuri anbani hqvia (abriviaturaa isev
IPA). sxva fonetikuri anbanebisgan gansxvavebiT IPAcdilobs, yvela bgeras
Sesabamisi simbolo hqondes. meore gansxvaveba IPA-sa da sxva anbanebs Soris isaa,
rom IPACamoyalibda da ganviTarda iseTi organizaciis mier, romlis wevrebi
da xelmZRvanelebi ganixilavdnen da xmis micemis saSualebiT iRebdnen masSi
cvlilebebis Setanis gadawyvetilebebs. 1989 wels kiolnSi (germania) miiRes
saerTaSoriso konvencia IPA-s ganaxlebis Taobaze.
IPA-s upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is farTodaa gavrcelebuli
da am anbanis gamoyenebiT Cawerili transkrifciis wakiTxva bevrs SeuZlia.
amitomac am teqstSic IPA-s gamoviyenebT. TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom Caweris
savarjiSo
11.6
498
sxva sistemebic kargia sxva, ufro SezRuduli miznebisTvis. calkeuli enis

mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves am enebisTvis Taviseburi sistemebi, romlebic SeiZleba
met-naklebad axlos idges IPA-Tan. konkretulad ki, amerikeli lingvistebi
iyeneben ramodenime iseT simbolos inglisuris Casawerad, racIPA-Si araa,
rasac, savaraudod, sxva saxelmZRvaneloebSi naxavT. es Tavi warmogidgenT
IPA-s, magram Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba zog SemTxvevaSi sxva simboloebic
gamoiyenos.
da bolos, mniSvnelovania, rom IPA-s simboloebi ver iZleva fonetikuri
transkrifciis sruli Sesatyvisobis garantias. ori lingvisti SeiZleba ar
daeTanxmos erTmaneTs maT mier ganxiluli bgeris maxasiaTeblebze da orivem
IPA-s sxvadasxva simbolo gamoiyenos am bgeris Casawerad. garda amisa,IPA iZleva
imis saSualebas, rom rTuli simboloebi martiviT Canacvldes cakleul
enasTan mimarTebaSi, Tuki es dabneulobas da arevas ar gamoiwvevs. inglisuri
enis bgerebisTvis simboloebis SerCevisas Cven upiratesobas mivaniWebT am
sistemas.
11.2.3 IPA-s ZiriTadi simboloebi amerikuli inglisurisTvis

(3) magaliTi gvaZlevs minimaluri odenobis simboloebs, romlebic
Seesabameba amerikul enaze umetes mosaubreTa Tanxmovnebsa da xmovnebs.
mkacrad rom ganvixiloT, ##35 [] da ##37 [] ar aris saWiro am miznebisTvis,
magram Cven CavwereT, rom isini aqtiurad gamoyenebulni da mosaxerxebelni
arian, garda amisa, umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom es bgerebi inglisuris Zireul
bgeraTa ricxvs ekuTvnian. agreTve ##31[] ar aris saWiro amerikul inglisurze
mosaubreTa metyvelebis Casawerad, vinaidan es xmovani xSirad ikargeba, mag
ram Cven mainc CavwereT imaT gamo, vinc jer kidev iyenebs am bgeras. erTi
mizezi isicaa, rom es bgera Setanilia yvela saxelmZRvanelosa da miTiTebul
wignebSi (es xmovani gvxvdeba sityvaSi caught). meore mxriv, qvemo CamonaTvalSi
ar Segviyvania inglisuris sxva dialeqtebis xmovnebi, romlebic amerikaSi
ar gamoiyeneba (rogoricaa britanuli [] sityvaSi [pot]) da arc is bgerebi,
romelTac sakmaod cota amerikeli iyenebs (rogoricaa [] sityvaSi which).
ZiriTadi bgerebis gverdiT aris ramdenime iseTi bgera, romelTa gamoxatva
xdeba ori fonetikuri simbolos saSualebiT: ###17, 18, 38, 39, 40. am simboloebiT
Cawerili bgerebi ori gansxvavebuli bgeriTi TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. es bgerebi
qvemoT naCveneb cxrilSicaa Setanili, vinaidan isini enaSi erTi bgeris
funqcias asruleben.
am simboloebis umravlesoba inglisuri orTografiisTvis kargadaa
cnobili, magram maT Soris aris gansxvavebuli simboloebic. gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba mivaqcioT, rom # ##19, 25, 30 da 34 bgerebi ar asaxavs maT saerTo
inglisur Rirebulebebs, TumcaRa isini Seesabameba inglisurSi zogierT
nasesxeb sityvebsa da sakuTar saxelebSi gamoyenebul simboloebs.
(3) inglisuri enis ZiriTadi bgerebi, Sedgenili simboloTa minimaluri
odenobis gamoyenebiT. Tu xazgasmiT araa aRniSnuli, bgera gvxvdeba rogorc
sityvis dasawyisSi, ise boloSi. CamoTvlili yvela sityva Seqspiris piesebSi
gvxvdeba:
fonetikuri simbolo
nimuSi
1 p
pope
2 b
barber
3 m
mum
4 f
fife
5 v
vive
6 t
taunt
7 d
deed
8 n
nun
9 r
rare
10
thousandth
11
this, breathe
12 s
source
13 z
zanies
14
shush
15
measure
16 l
lull
17 t
church
18 d
judge
19 j
yoke
20 k
cook
21 g
gag
22
singing
23 w
we
24 h
he
25 i
easy
26
imitate
27 e
able
28
edge
29
battle, attack
30 a
father
31
fought
32 o
road
33
book, should
34 u
food
35
aroma
36
but
37 ( )
bird
38 a
ride
39 a
house
40 o ()
boy
499
500
am simboloebiT uamravi sityvis zusti warmoTqmis zogierTi forma

SeiZleba gadmoices. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, inglisuri sityvebi
maxviliTac ganirCeva. Sesabamisad, inglisur sityvaTa wyvilebis gasarCevad
da maTTvis erTaderTi transkrifciis Casawerad gvesaWiroeba xmovnebTan da
TanxmovnebTan erTad maxvilis transkrifciac. marTalia, sxvadasxva xarisxis
maxvili arsebobs, magram Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sityvaSi mxolod
yvelaze Zlier maxvilze, rogorc es suprasegmentalebis SemTxvevaSi gavakeTeT
11.1.2. qveTavSi. yvelaze Zlier maxvils mTavari anu pirveladi maxvili hqvia.
IPA-s mixedviT, maxvilis aRsaniSnad vertikalur aRmniSvnel niSans davsvamT
maxviliani marcvlis win (an nebismier Tanxmovanze, romelic mas win uswrebs):
['kanvkt] _ ase Caiwereba arsebiTi saxeli CONvict, magram amerikul inglisurSi
miRebulia maxvilis simbolos dasma maxviliani xmovnis Tavze: [knvkt ] maxvili
naCvenebi iqneba im viTarebaSi, sadac or sityvas ganasxvavebs da ara im sityvebis
transkrifciebSi, romlebic (3) magaliTSia warmodgenili.
mxolod ZiriTad simboloTa jgufis gamoyenebiT Caweril transkrifcias
hqvia farTo transkrifcia an fonemuri transkrifcia (Cveni miznebisTvis
am or termins urTierTCanacvlebiT gamoviyenebT). farTo transkrifcia
ZiriTadad daxril frCxilebSia Casmuli, magaliTad /a/. roca transkrifcia
gamoTqmis detalebs gamoxatavs, maSin mas viwro transkrifcia hqvia. farTo
da viwro transkrifciebs Soris gansxvaveba xarisxSia: rac ufro met detals
moicavs, miT ufro viwroa transkrifcia. Sesabamisad, TiToeuli sityva
SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTze meti variantis saxiT. rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, viwro transkrifciebi oTxkuTxa frCxilebSia moqceuli, magaliTad
[a], Tumca xSirad farTo transkrifciebic iwereba aseTi frCxilebiT imis
aRsaniSnad, rom transkrifcia ar aris farTo an fonemuri. (am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT ixileT Semdegi Tavi). aRsaniSnavia, rom farTo transkrifcia
savaraudod gamoiyeneba metwilad mosaubreTa umravlesobisTvis. farTo
transkrifcia viwrosTan SedarebiT iZleva gacilebiT nakleb informacias
zust warmoTqmasTan dakavSirebiT.
farTo transkrifciaSi simboloTa dasaSvebi jgufi mkacrad SezRudulia,
magaliTad (3) magaliTSi. sityvebi transkrifciiT gadmocemulia mxolod
am simboloebiT. Tumca, zogjer bgeraTa konkretuli kombinacia dasaSveb
simboloTa kombinaciisgan gansxvavebulad JRers, amitomac studentebi
(da profesionali enaTmecnierebi!) ar arian darwmunebulni, romeli
simbolos gamoyenebaa saWiro ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, [r] bgeris win
warmodgenili xmovnebi sakmaod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan Tvisobrivad
da mosaubreebi SeiZleba ver SeTanxmdnen, romeli ZiriTadi simboloTi unda
moxdes maTi gamosaxva. Air sityvaSi gamoyenebuli xmovani able-is xmovanTan
ufro axlos dgas Tu edge-Si warmodgenil xmovanTan? albaT umetesobisTvis
es bgera sadRac am or bgeras Soris dgas. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi ori midgoma
arsebobs. farTo transkrifciaSi zogierTi standartirebuli transkrifciaa
aTvisebuli, romelic SeiZleba saeWvod gamoiyurebodes. amgvarad, am TavSi +
/r/-sa da xmovnebis Semdeg kombinaciebs gamoviyenebT farTo transkrifciaSi: /
ir, er, ar, or, ur, ar, ar/.
simboloebis inventaris minimumidan gavrcobis meore midgoma

mdgomareobs ramdenadme viwro transkrifciis warmodgenaSi. amis gakeTeba
SeiZleba an simboloebis an diakritikuli niSnebis damatebiT. es ukanasknelni
simboloebs maTi Rirebulebis aRsaniSnad ematebian. Cven SemogTavazebT Ziri
Tadi simboloebis garda ramdenime variants, vinaidan aris bgeris zogierTi
maxasiaTebeli, romelic sasurvelia, calke simbolos saSualebiT aRiniSnos.
ase Tvlis im mosaubreTa umravlesoba, visTvisac inglisuri mSobliuri enaa.
1. /t/ da /d/ xSirad erTnairad JRers da sustad da swrafad warmoiTqmis.
isini SeiZleba ase CavweroT []: city ['si], ready ['ri], sanity ['sni].
2. umravlesobas miaCnia, rom /m, n, l/ bgerebis warmoTqma SeiZleba gverdiT
myofi umaxvilo xmovnebis gareSe, rogorc, magaliTad sityvebSi: bottom,
button, bottle. am SemTxvevaSi isini iTvlebian marcvlovan Tanxmovnebad da
transkrifciaSi warmodgenili arian patara vertikaluri xazis TanxlebiT:
[m, n , l]. Cveulebriv, es sami marcvlovani Tanxmovani ar aris Setanili enis
ZiriTad bgerebs Soris. maT nacvlad ki farTod gamoiyeneba [] bgeris damateba
Tanxmovnis win: /m, n, l/. marcvlovani simboloebi [m, n , l] mxolod viwro
transkrifciebSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, bottomsityvas [bam]-is saxiT CavwerT
farTo variantad, xolo ['bam] viwros saxiT.
amis paralelurad, /r/-c SeiZleba CaiTvalos marcvlovan Tanxmovnad iseT
sityvaSi, rogoricaa butter. Tumca, Cven ukve ganvsazRvreT, rom am funqcias ##37
ZiriTadi simbolo // asrulebs. imis mizezi, rom am bgerisTvis calke simbolo
arsebobs, rogorc bird-Si, [m, n , l], bgerebisgan gansxvavebiT, isaa, rom // bgera
gvxvdeba maxvilian da umaxvilo marcvlebSi. Tumca, SesaZlebelia bird da butter
sityvebis [r] simboloTi gamoxatva, rasac Cven Semdeg TavSi gamoviyenebT.
3. Tanxmovnebi /p/, /t/ da /k/ zogjer warmoiTqmis damatebiTi haeris s msgavsi
msubuqi haernakadiT, rasac aspiracias (anu fSvinvierobas) uwodeben. isini
Caiwereba [ph], [th], [kh]. qvemoT aspiracia siRrmiseuladaa ganxiluli.
4. bgeras, romelic xvelebis dawyebisas an uh-oh frazis dasawyisSi an
SuaSi JRers, hqvia glotaluri xSva, romelic transkrifciaSi warmodgenilia
[] simbolos saSualebiT: ['o]. amgvarive bgera gamoiTqmis /p/ /t/ an /k/
TanxmovnebTan. am SemTxvevaSi maT glotalurebs uwodeben da Semdegnairad
weren: [p] [t] [k].
5. Cveulebriv Tanxmovnebi /p t k b d g m n / ise warmoiTqmis, rom
Tanxmovnis bolos piris gaRebisas bgera warmoiqmneba, romelic xSirad ar
ismis da amboben, rom Tanxmovani ar ismis da Caiwereba [p]. Tanxmovnebi [p t k]
SeiZleba warmoiTqvas glotalizebuli damarTviT ([p]) an mis gareSe ([p]) an
erTdroulad iyos damarTva da aspiracia ([p])
6. maxviliani xmovnebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva TvisebaTa Tanmimdevrobad
JRerdes. magaliTad xmovani /e/ SeiZleba viwro transkrifciaSi warmodgenili
iyos, rogorc [e].
7. xmovnebi SeiZleba aRiniSnos aweuli tildiT, roca maTi warmoTqmisas
haernakadi cxviris RruSi gadis (nazalizacia) [m] [n] [] Tanxmovnebis gverdiT.
(4) magaliTSi moyvanili CamonaTvali gviCvenebs (3)-Si warmodgenili
sityvebis farTo da viwro transkrifcias. farTo transkrifciaSi maxvili
501
502
aRniSnulia mxolod maSin, roca sityvebis garCevis funqcia aqvs, xolo

viwro transkrifciaSi maxvilis gamoyofa xdeba yvela or da metmarcvlian
sityvebSi. gardauvalia, mkiTxvelebma aq warmodgenili sityvebi gansxvavebuli
saxiT warmoTqvan. viwro transkrifcia ki TviTneburadaa SerCeuli da
winaswargnzraxuladaa Seqmnili, rom magaliTebis mixedviT gansxvavdebodes
(magaliTisTvis SeadareT gansxvavebuli /k/ daboloeba sityvebSi yoke, cook,
book da talk yvela warmodgenili gamoTqma dasaSvebia am sityvebisTvis).
zogierTi sityvisTvis farTo da viwro transkrifcia erTi da igivea; araa
romelime bgeris iseTi maxasiaTebeli, rac viwro transkrifciaSi unda
gamoikveTos. aq warmodgenili viwro transkrifciebis zogierTi aspeqti
Semdgom iqneba ganxiluli.
warmoTqmulis viwro transkrifciis warmodgena moiTxovs imaze met
codnas, vidre zogadi kursi iZleva. aq naCvenebi detalebi miznad isaxavs,
ganixilos zogierTi SesaZlo varianti sityvis wakiTxvisa. garda amisa, es
detalebi gamoiyeneba inglisurisa da sxva enebis ganxilvisas. magaliTad, zog
amerikul (kanadur) dialeqtebSi /a/ warmoiTqmis, rogorc //, rogorc Semdeg
TavSi ganxilul sityvaSia fife.
(4) inglisuri sityvebis farTo transkrifciebisTvis gamoiyeneba
(3)-Si warmodgenili simboloebi. viwro transkrifciebSi gvxvdeba IPA-s
diakritikuli niSnebi, maT Soris iseTebic, romlebic jer ar gangvixilavs.
pirveli magaliTis Semdeg frCxilebi gamotovebulia.
sityva
(orTografia)
farTo transkrifcia
pope
/pop/
[phop]
barber
barb
'barb
mum
mm
mm
fife
faf
ff
vive
viv
viv
taunt
tant
thant
deed
did
did
nun
nn
nn
rare
rer
rer
thousandth
azn
this
breathe
bri
bri
source
sors
sors
viwro transkrifcia
'aznt
zanies
zeniz
'zeniz
shush
measure
'm
lull
ll
church
tt
tt
judge
dd
dd

yoke
jok
jokh
cook
kk
khk
gag
gg
gg
singing
's
we
wi
wi
he
hi
hi
easy
izi
'izi
imitate
mtet
'mthet
able
ebl
'ebl
edge
attack
tk
'thk
battle
btl
'bl
father
fa
'fa
talk
tak
thak
road
rod
rod
book
bk
bk
should
food
fud
fud
aroma
rom
'rom
but
bt
bt
ride
rad
rad
house
has
has
boy
bo
bo
convict
kanvkt
'khanvkt
air
er
er
or
or
or
city
st
'si
ready
rdi
'ri
sanity
snti
'sni
bird
bd
bd
butter
bt
'b
bottom
batm
'bam
TiToeuli sityvisTvis mocemulia farTo transkrifciis variantebi.

aRniSne, amaTgan romelia SeTavsebadi sityvis warmoTqmasTan da IPA-s
simboloebis farTo transkrifciasTans, rac wina TavSi da (3) magaliTSi iyo
gamoyenebuli.
magaliTi: cat
(a) /cat/
(b) /kat/
(c) /kt/
(1) see
(a) /see/
(b) /si/
(2) Fuji
(a) /fuji/
(b) /fuge/
(c) /fudi/
(3) class
(a) /class/
(b) /klass/
(c) /cls/
(a) /you/
(b) /ju/
(c) /jou/
(4) you
(c) /cee/
(d) /ct/

pasuxia (C)
(d) /sy/
(d) /fude/
(d) /kls/

(d) /yu/
503
savarjiSo
11.7
504
(5) spa
savarjiSo
11.8
(a) /spa/
(b) /sp/
(6) she
(a) /she/
(b) /e/
(c) /spo /
(c) /shi/
(7) sir
(a) /sir/
(b) /s/
(c) /ir/
(d) /pa/
(d) /i/
(d) /ser/
CawereT Cveulebrivi inglisuri orTografiiT Semdegi sityvebi, rom

lebic warmodgenilia farTo transkrifciis saxiT da damatebuli aqvs
ramdenime simbolo. maSinac, roca aq warmodgenili gamoTqmis modeli ar
emTxveva Tqvensas, unda SeZloT misi gamocnoba. Tu gaeWvebT romelime
sityvis sworad Cawera, moZebneT leqsikonSi.
magaliTi: [mt] aris much
(1) [nat]
(2) ['mjuzk]
(3) ['blkni]
(4) [gost]
(5) ['msi]
(6) ['merd]
(7) ['feriz]
(8) ['berli]
(8) ['trdri]
(10) ['kntrimn]
savarjiSo
11.9
warmoadgineT mocemuli sityvebis farTo transkrifcia sakuTari

warmoTqmis mixedviT. an moZebneT es sityvebi leqsikonSi da IPA-is
simboloebis gamoyenebiT CawereT. ar aRniSnoT maxvili, Tu xelmZRvaneli
ar getyviT:
(1) xerox
(2) utopia
(3) direct
(4) photo
(5) triumph
maSinac ki, roca gamoiyeneba farTo transkrifciisaTvis SezRuduli

odenobis simboloebi, sakmaod bevri gansxvaveba SeiniSneba mTqmelebs Soris.
faqtobrivad ki es imis gamo xdeba, rom SezRuduli raodenobis simboloebi
mxolod sityvebs Soris mniSvnelobis Semcvlel gansxvavebebs aRniSnavs da
mosaubreTa Soris arsebuli aseTi gansxvavebebi msmenelTaTvis mza saxiTaa
warmodgenili. ganvixiloT, ra gzebiT gansxvavdeba Tqveni da avtoriseuli
warmoTqma (5)-Si warmodgenili sityvebisa: scadeT sxvadasxva saxis gamoTqmebis
Sedareba xmamaRla warmoTqmis gziT.
505
(5) zogierTi inglisuri sityvis ori saxis farTo transkrifciebi:

sityva
avtoris
farTod gavrcelebuli
gamoTqma
gamoTqma
1. forest
farst
forst
2. poor
por
pur
3. merry
mri
meri
4. marry
mri
meri
cf. Mary
meri
meri
5. parade
pred
ped
6. particular
ptkjl
ptkjl
SeadareT leqskonis da (5) magaliTSi warmodgenili gamoTqmebi.

Tavdapirvelad gadmowereT leqsikonis varianti. Semdeg, Tu saWiroa,
gadaitaneT is IPA-s sistemaSi. SeadareT Tqven mier IPA-s saSualebiT Cawerili
gamoTqma cxrilSi warmodgenilebs imis warmosaCenad, avtoris gamoTqma
gvxvdeba T u ara leqsikonSi.
UCLA-Si Cven viswavleT zogierTi sityvis warmoTqma, roca isini
satelefono saubrebis CanawerebSi gvxvdeba. kiTxvis dros metyveleba
gansxvavdeba spontanuri saubrisgan, roca xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi an Zalian
sustad warmoiTqmis, an zogierTi maTgani saerTod ikargeba.
dReisaTvis, viwro transkrifciebi keTdeba mosmenisa da kiTxvis
kombinaciiT. kompiuteris displei saSualebas gvaZlevs msmenelma gaarCios
sityvaTa garkveuli raodenoba da ganmeorebiT usminos, an Seanelos akustikuri
xati analizisaTvis. fonetikuri transkrifcia Seyvanilia kompiuterSi da
amgvarad, is Tan erTvis warmoTqmuls. nax.11.2 gviCvenebs 11.1speqtogramas
viwro transkrifciis TanxlebiT. /t/ sityvaSi tell aspirirebulia where sityvaSi
xmovani aris //, /z/ sityvaSi is nawilobriv yrua, sityvaSi fancy xmovania nazaluri
[] da /d/ sityvaSi bred ar ismis.
11.3. IPA-s cxrili

enis bgerebis analizisas saWiroa aRiweros is bgerebi, romelTac
transkrificiebi gadmoscemen. bgerebze sasaubrod gvWirdeba specifikuri
leqsikoni. am miznisTvis gamoyenebuli terminebi aRniSnaven sad da
rogoraa bgerebi warmoebuli adamianis piris RruSi. sivrces, sadac bgera
iwarmoeba, artikulaciis adgili hqvia, xolo rogori saxiTac iwarmoeba,
imas artikulaciis ragvaroba. bgeris warmoTqmis sxvadasxva komponenti
gvaZlevs bgerebis aRwerisa da fonetikuri simboloebis ganmartebebs. Cven
mier gamoyenebuli terminebi IPA-s cxrilzea warmodgenili, sadac bgerebi
warmoTqmis mixedviTaa dalagebuli.
savarjiSo
11.10
7000
sixSire hercebSi (hc)
506
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
dro
['th
'w
'f
'b
d]
nax. 11.2. gvTavazobs igive speqtogramas, rac 11.1 nax.-Si iyo warmodgenili
viwro transkrifciiT (margaret meisjernis xma).
nax.11.3 Tanamedrove (1996) IPA-is cxrilis reproduqcias warmoadgens.
igi moicavs TanxmovanTa or cxrils, xmovanTa da sxva simboloTa TiTo-TiTo
cxrils. (3) -Si warmodgenili simboloebi Tavadve gadaanawileT am cxrilSi.
ipoveT Sedgenil simboloTa nawilebi, rogoricaa [t]. rogorc xedavT, Cven
simboloTa SesaZlo raodenobaze gacilebiT naklebs viyenebT. zogierTi sxva
simbolo da [r] da [a] bgerebis gamoyeneba qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli.
aseve naxavT, rom simboloebi aRweriT CarCoebSia moqceuli: calkeul
cxrilSi aris simboloebi da maTi aRweriTi saxelwodeba. magaliTad, simbolo
[b] aris wyvilbagismierTa da xSul-mskdomTa jgufSi, xolo simbolo
[w] daxasiaTebulia Semdegnairad mJReri bagismieri, ukanasasismieri
aproqsimanti. simboloebiT gamoxatuli bgerebi ganisazRvreba maTi
warmoTqmis gziT. zogi saWiroebs informacias damoukidebeli wyaros
simboloTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, xolo artikulaciis gansazRvrebebi swored
aseTi informaciis mowodebas cdilobs.
sawarmoTqmo gansazRvrebebi ar aris erTaderTi tipi. aseve gamoiyeneba
speqtogramidan gamomdinare akustikuri an smeniTi aRqmis gansazRvrebebi.
nax.11.3. saerTaSoriso fonetikuri anbani, 1996-Si koreqtirebuli.
roca saukunis win IPA Seiqmna, sxva arCevani ar iyo, vinaidan saubris
artikulacia ufro ioli aRsaqmeli iyo, vidre saubris akustika anu saubris aRqma.
bgerebis aseTi saxiT aRweras dResac SexvdebiT. magaliTad, xmovnebi xasiaTdeba
maTi audio Tvisebebis mixedviT. tradiciuli fonetikuri termini sisina
(zogjer mkveTri) gulisxmobs konkretul xmamaRal, maRali tonis, xmaurian
bgeras calkeuli napralovnebisa, da ara konkretuli saxis artikulacias.
Tumca, Cvens amJamindel diskusias SemovsazRvravT artikulaciis ganxilviT
cxrilSi warmodgenili IPA-is aRweriTi terminebis gamoyenebiT.
507
Tanxmovnebi (pulmonuri)
wyvilbagis- kbilbagis- kbilis- alveola- postalveomieri
laruli
mieri
mieri
ruli
mskdomi
cxvirismieri
treli
ukanasasismieri
naqismieri
k g
q G
aproqsimanti
glotaluri
gverdiTi
napralovani
xaxismieri
Tepi an flepi
napralovani
retrosasismieri
fleqsuri
gverdiTi
aproqsimanti
simboloebis wyvilSi marjveba warmoadgens mJRer Tanxmovans.

Tanxmovnebi (ara-pulmonuri)
xmovnebi
wina
wkapunebi
mJReri implozivebi
wyvilbagismieri
wyvilbagismieri
kbilismieri
kbilismieri/
p wyvilbagismieri
! (post)alveolaruli
alveolaruli
sasismieri-alveolaruli
sasismieri
gverdiTi alveolaruli
ukanasasismieri
abruptivebi
saSualod
daxuruli
alveolaruli
naqismieri
saSualod Ria
k ukanasasismieri
s alveolaruli
Ria
napralovani
sxva simboloebi
yru bagismier-ukanasasismieri napralovani

W mJRFeri bagismier-ukanasasismeiri aproqsimanti
CurCuliT warmoTqmuli b a
kbilismieri
t d
mJReri
s t
gabzaruli xmiT
apikaluri
t d
laminaluri
t d
b a
warmoTqmuli
enabagismieri
naklebad momrgvalebuli
bagismieri
t d
tw dw
cxvirismieri
sasismieri
t d
ukanasasismieri
t d
win waweuli
centralizebuli
ukanasasismieri an xaxismieri
saSualod
centralizebuli
aweuli
t d
dn
gverdiTi
warmoTqma
Seweuli
xaxismieri
cxvirismieri
warmoTqma
u
uxmo
e (= mJReri alveolaruli napralovani)
marcvlovani
daweuli e (= mJReri wyvilbagismieri aproqsimanti)
ara-marcvlovani
win waweuli enis Ziri
ukan Seweuli enis Ziri
rotireba
mTavari maxvili
maxvili
n d
suprasegmentalebi
yru
t h dh
alveolarul-sasismieri napralovani
alveolaruli gverdiTi flepi
erTdrouli da x
diakritikuli niSnebi
metad momrgvalebuli
ukana
simboloebis wyvilSi marjvena

warmoadgens momrgvalebul xmovans.
mJRFeri bagismier-sasismieri aproqsimanti

H yru xorxsarTvelismieri napralovani
afrikatebi da ormagi Tanxmovnebi
SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos rka
mJReri xorxsarTveliani napralovani
xorxsarTvelis mier mskdomi liT SeerTebuli ori simboloTi.

ts
kp
fSvinvieri
magaliTebi:
t kbilismieri/
centraluri
i y
daxuruli
nax. 11.3 saerTaSoriso fonetikuri anbani, 1996.
fon't n
grZeli
e
naxevrad grZeli
e
e
Zalian mokle
patara jgufi
didi jgufi
marcvlebad daSla i.kt
dakavSireba
toni da aqcenti
e Zalian maRali e an
aweva
e maRali
e
vardna
e saSualo
e
maRali aweva
e dabali
e
dabali aweva
e Zalian dabali e
awev-daweva
daweva
globaluri aweva
aweva
globaluri vardna
508
CanarTi
11.3
fonetikuri simboloebi da kompiuterebi

kompiuteris Word-is programaSi arsebul fontebs Soris farTod
gavrcelda ufaso an dabalfasiani fonetikuri fontebi. zogierT maTganSi
ramdenime fonetikuri simboloa, zogierTi ki kiolnSi? germaniaSi 1989
wels damtkicebul IPA-s yvela simbolos moicavs. (e.w. kiolnisIPA). IPA-s vebgverdis gaxsna fonetikuri fontebis ZiebisTvis kargi dasawyisia. am fontebis
saSualebiT erTi klaviSiT an klaviSTa kombinaciiT yvela simbolos akrefa
SeiZleba. magaliTad, komerciulad xelmisawvdomiIPA-s fontSi [] (anu Ria o)
daibeWdeba Shift+o. Tumca kielis simboloTa nusxa mxolod fontis simboloebs
ar moicavs. masSi aseve Sedis cifruli kodi TiToeuli simbolosTvis, rac
erTi fontidan meoreze gadasvlas martivs da araorazrovans xdis. magaliTad
[] simbolos kodia 306. kielis dadgenil simboloebSi aris sistema TiToeuli
simbolos eqvivalentisTvis, maTi wakiTxva teqnikuri xelsawyoebisTvis iolia
(mxolod ASCII). magaliTad, simbolo [] ASCII-Si aris O. IPA-s aseTi forma
sasargebloa maTTvis, vinc grZeli saubris transkrifciebs kompiuteris
saSualebiT awyobs ARPABETaris ASCII-is gansxvavebuli sistema, romelic
inglisSi ganviTarda da romelsac aqtiurad iyenebs saubris teqnologiebis
Semswavleli amerikuli sazogadoeba.
11.3.1 sawarmoTqmo organoebi

IPA-is warmoTqmis gansazRvrebebi nawilobriv efuZneba Tanxmovnebisa
da xmovnebis calkeul cxrilebSi dalagebas. isini Sinaarsobrivad
samganzomilebiania, magram furcelze mxolod oria gadmotanili. erTi
aris horizontaluri wyoba, meore vertikaluri, mesameSi simboloebi
wyvilebadaa warmodgenili. xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis mTavari cxrilebi sam
ganzomilebiania, Tumca am cxrilebSi sxvadasxva ganzomilebaa gamoyenebuli.
am niSnebis gasagebad Tavdapirvelad unda ganvixiloT sawarmoTqmo meqanizmi.
nax. 11.4a gviCvenebs: margaret meisCernis damarcvliT gakeTebul Canawerze
avtoris saxmo sivrce [s] Tanxmovnis warmoTqmisas Tavis qalis Suaxazzea,
xolo 11.4b imave viTarebas sqematurad warmogvidgens. xmovani sivrce sxeulis
is nawilia, romelic bgeris warmoTqmisas gamoiyeneba: xorxi, xaxa, piris da
cxviris Rru. xaxasa da piris Rrus erTad piris sivrces uwodeben. arsebobs
ramdenime saxmo organo, romelic damoukideblad moqmedebs (warmoTqmis
aqtiuri organo) da ramdenime anatomiuri struqtura, romelTa mimarTac
moqmedeben aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebi (warmoTqmis pasiuri organoebi,
romelTac aseve artikulaciis adgilsac uwodeben). sqemaze aRniSnulia
sxvadasxva organo da struqtura. isini (6) -Sia CamoTvlili, xolo (7) -Si is
struqturebi aRvnusxeT, romelic sqemaSi ar aris naCvenebi.
piris Rru
cxviri
xaxa
bageebi
nikapi
ena
xorxi
traqea (sasunTqi mili)
nax. 11.4a avtoris saxmo sivrce [s] Tanxmovnis warmoTqmisas

rbili sasa
alveola- magari sasa
ruli kide
naji
zeda kbilebi
zeda bage
xorxsarTveli
qveda bage
enis Ziri
enis wveri
enis piri
enis sxeuli
xorxi
nax. 11.4b saxmo sivrce nax. 11.4a-dan.

imisaTvis, rom saubari gasagoni iyos, bgeris energiam unda gaiaros
saxmo sivrce haeris molekulebis saSualebiT. amitomac SegviZlia saubris
uSualo miznad haeris molekulebis amoZraveba miviCnioT. sametyvelo
bgerebi, Cveulebriv, aRiwereba akustikuri energiis wyaroTa pirobebSi
da im filtrebiT, romlebic maT saxes ucvlis. sametyvelo bgerebis
umravlesobisTvis es wyaro aris warmoTqma, anu haernakadi, romelic xorxSi
gadis da arxevs Ria an daxurul saxmo simebs. haeris aseTi nakadi erTi da igivea
yvela mJReri bgerisTvis, magram isini cvlilebas ganicdian xaxaSi, piris
Rrusa an cxviris RruSi gavlisas. TiToeul xmovansa da Tanxmovans aqvs Tavisi
maxasiaTebeli.
509
510
(6) sawarmoTqmo organoebis ganmartebebi:

sawarmoTqmo organo Gganmarteba
piris Rru
zeda bage
saxmo sivrcis Tavze momrgvalebuli horizontaluri sivrce.

rogorc aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo, damoukideblad
moZraobs qveda tuCTan misaaxloeblad; xolo rogorc pasiuri
mis mimarT moZraobs qveda bage (an enis wveri).
qveda bage aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organos saxiT moZraobs damou
kidebladac da aseve amoZravebs qveda ybas zeda tuCTan an zeda
kbilebTan misaaxloveblad. pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organos
saxiT misken moZraobs zeda tuCi.
zeda kbilebi mxolod pasiuria; mas SeiZleba miuaxlovdes rogorc qveda
tuCi, ise enis wveri.
alveolaruli
kide
mxolod pasiuria. misken moZraobs enis wveri. brtyeli
zedapiri zeda kbilebis ukan da cota zemoT. kidis ukana
boloSi ufro mkveTrad adis maRla (kuTxes qmnis). (yvelas
ara aqvs es kide. sqemaze mocemul avtors ar aqvs mkveTrad
gamoxatuli, amitomac is 11.4a da 11.4b-ze ar Cans. Tuki ar gaqvT
alveolaruli kide, maSin zeda kbilebis ukan 0,5sm SeiZleba am
terminiT movixsenioT.
enis wveri
aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo. enis piriT moZraobs da mis
bolos warmoadgens (aseve apeqsi hqvia).
enis piri
aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoa, enis danarCeni nawili amoZ
ravebs an damoukideblad moZraobs. enis pirvel sam santimetrs
moicavs im wertilis ukan, sadac enas SeuZlia moxra. piris
bolo enis wveria.
enis sxeuli enis ZiriTadi nawilia. SeiZleba davyoT wina da ukana nawilebad,
romelTagan orive aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoa.
enis Ziri
aqtiuri; enis Zireuli nawili, romelic xaxis wina kedels qmnis
xorxsarTveli aqtiuri; foTliseburi formis danamati enaze, xaxaSi.
xaxa
saxmo sivrcis ukana vertikaluri sivrce naqsa da xorxs Soris,
Cveulebriv, miCneulia pasiur sawarmoTqmo organod, romlis
mimarTac moqmedebs enis ZiriTadi nawili da Ziri, magram misi
kedlebi aseve aqtiurad funqcionirebs, vinaidan xaxis sivrces
kumSavs.
magari sasa
piris Rrus myari da Zvlovani saxuravis zedapiri.
rbili sasa
rbili, uZvlo nawili piris Rrus zedapirisa, magari sasis
ukan. rogorc aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo, zemoT-qvemoT
moZraobs xaxis Tavze haernakadisTvis cxviris Rrus gaxsnis an
daxurvisTvis, xolo pasiuris saxiT, mis mimarT enis ZiriTadi
nawili moqmedebs.
naqi
rbili sasis Camokidebuli ukana wveri. aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo
organos saxiT, igi vibrirebs zeda xaxaSi. pasiuris saxiT ki mis
511
mimarT enis ZiriTadi nawili moqmedebs.

xaxis Zirze (da traqeas Tavze) xrtilovani yuTi, sadac
moTavsebulia saxmo simebi. am yuTs SeuZlia zemoT-qvemoT
moZraoba.

xorxi
(7) sxeulis sxva nawilebi, romlebic metyvelebis procesSi iReben

monawileobas.
filtvebi
saxmo simebi
yia
enis mxareebi
nervuli
sistema
saubrisTvis haernakadis mowodebis yvelaze aqtiuri wyaro

(traqeas gavliT).
ori wyvili, romelic xorxis SigniT winidan ukanaa gaWimuli.
saxmo simebs Soris sivrce.
11.4a da 11.4b sqemebi enis mxolod centrs gviCvenebs. enis orive
mxares SeuZlia centris damoukideblad daxveva da moZraoba.
akontrolebs yvela moqmedebas.
savarjiSo
11.11
daasaxeleT mocemuli ganmartebis Sesatyvisi termini.
1. enis piris bolo

2. naqsa da xorxs Soris sivrce
3. enis nawilis Ziri, romelic xaxis wina kedels qmnis
4. xaxis Zirze arsebuli xrtilovani yuTi, sadac saxmo simebia
5. sawarmoTqmo organo, romelic aqtiuria an pasiuri da
yba
amoZravebs
11.3.2 Tanxmovnebi
davubrundeT IPA-s cxrils da daviwyoT ZiriTadi Tanxmovnebis cxriliT.
igi moicavs TanxmovanTa qvejgufebs, romlebic filtvebidan momdinare
haernakadiT warmoiTqmis (filtvebidan gamosuli). gaixseneT, rom Tanxmovani
iseTi bgeraa, romlis warmoTqmisas saxmo sivrceSi dabrkoleba xvdeba. es
dabrkoleba niSnavs imas, rom saxmo sivrceSi gamavali haernakadi garkveul
gavlenas ganicdis da an xdeba xmauriani, an naklebi odenobis nakadi gamodis
imasTan SedarebiT, vidre dabrkolebis gareSe iqneboda.
svetebi: warmoTqmis adgili

es svetebi iZleva bgeris warmomTqmeli organoebis aqtivoba-pasivobis
Sesaxeb informacias. zogi sveti ki orives moicavs, aqtiursac da pasiursac:
wyvilbagismiers, kbilbagismiers, glotalurs. svetebis umravlesoba mxolod
pasiur organoebs ganmartavs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom normaluri aqtiuri
sawarmoTqmo organo aris enis is nawili, romelic pasiur adgilTan yvelaze
axlosaa (zogi naqismieri an xaxismieri bgerebisTvis pasiuri sawarmoTqmo
organo SeiZleba aqtiuric iyos).retrofleqsebis sveti Tavdapirvelad
ganmartavs aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organos zeaweuli enis piris moqmedebas,
512
roca is sadRac alveolaris iqeT moZraobs. (svetebSi mocemuli informaciis

saerTo saxeli warmoTqmis adgilia miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, es termini ZiriTadad pasiurebs gulisxmobs). am svetebis saxelebi
(8) -Sia CamoTvlili. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 11.3 nax.-Si mxolod erTi svetia
IPAs cxrilidan, sadac kbilismieri, alveolaruli da postalveolaruli
bgerebic Sedis. am svetis yvela xazze warmodgenili Zireuli simbolo, garda
napralovnebis xazisa, aris alveolaruli. kbilismieri bgerebi SeiZleba
aRiniSnos ZiriTadi simbolos qveS [ ] simbolos dasmiT, xolo warmoTqmis
mixedviT postlaveolarulebi SeiZleba gamovsaxoT [_] dasmiT ZiriTadi
simbolos qveS. arsebobs aseveIPA-s sistemis gareT sxvadasxva specialuri
terminebi mxolod aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebis gamosaxatavad: bagis
mieri niSnavs, rom erTi an orive bagea aqtiuri da Sesabamisad moicavs
wyvilbagismier da kbilbagismier bgerebs.koronaluri niSnavs, rom piri/
wveri aris aqtiuri da Sesabamisad moicavs kbilismierebs, alveolaru
lebs, postalveolarulebs,retrofleqsurebs da zogjer sasismierebs;
zurgismieri niSnavs, rom enis ZiriTadi nawilia aqtiuri da is moicavs
ukanasasismier, naqismierebsa da zogjer sasimierebsac da xaxismierebsac.
Zirismieri niSnavs, rom enis Ziria aqtiuri da igi moicavs xaxismierebsac da
aseve xorxsarTvelismierebsac (romlebic ZiriTadad Tanxmovnebis cxrilSi
aRniSnulni ar arian).
(8) IPA_s TanxmovanTa svetis aRniSvnebi.

wyvilbagismieri
kbilbagismieri
kbilismieri
alveolaruli

postalveo-
laruli
sawarmoTqmo organoebi
ori bage, orive aqtiuricaa da pasiuric.

qveda bagea aqtiuri pasiuri zeda kbilebis mimarT.
aqtiuria enis wveri/piri, pasiuri zeda kbilebis mimarT.
aqtiuria enis wveri/piri, pasiuri alveolaruli kidis wina
mxaris mimarT.
aqtiuria enis piri, pasiuri ukana alveolaris mimarT (roca
pasiuri adgili alveolaruli kidis ukana nawilia an misi
kuTxe, aseT bgerebs sasismier-alveolaruli an alveolar
ul-sasisierihqviaT).
retrofleqsuri aqtiuri enis wveri aweulia an axveulia pasiuri post
alveolaris mimarT (gansxvaveba postalveolarsa da
retrofleqsurs Soris isaa, rom erT SemTxvevaSi enis piri
da meore SemTxvevaSi enis wveri moqmedebs).
sasismieri
enis piri/sxeuli mimarTulia magari sasis mimarT mTeli
alveolaruli kidis ukan.
ukanasasismieri enis aqtiuri ZiriTadi nawili pasiuri rbili sasis mimarT.
naqismieri
enis aqtiuri sxeuli pasiuri an aqtiuri naqis mimarT.
xaxismieri
enis aqtiuri sxeuli/Ziri pasiuri xaxis mimarT.
glotaluri
ori saxmo simi erTmaneTis mimarT, orive aqtiuricaa da
pasiuric.
513
artikulaciis sxva adgilebi cxrilis svetebSi ar aris mocemuli.

amis nacvlad TanxmovanTa simboloebi warmoTqmis adgilis simboloebTan
erTad sxva simboloebis rigSia moqceuli. ori aseTi adgilia bagismierukanasasismieri (zogjer labiovelaruls uwodeben) da bagismiersasismieri, romelic mTavari cxrilis or svets aerTiaenebs, vinaidan ori
sxvadasxva Zireuli warmoTqma aqvs. bagismier-ukanasasismieri moicavs
wyvilbagismier da ukana sasismier warmoTqmas. yru napralovani [] jer kidev
gvxvdeba zog amerikul dialeqtSi iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa whichda what
(magram ara who [hu]). mJReri aproqsimanti [w] miRebulia msoflio enebSi.
bagismier-sasismieri kombinacia ar gamoiyeneba inglisuris arcerTi Zireuli
bgeris warmosaTqmelad. xorxsarTvelismieric aseve araa gamoyenebuli
inglisurSi. igi xaxis qveda nawilSi moTavsebul xorxsarTvels aqtiur
sawarmoTqmo organod warmogvidgens. alveolarul-sasismieria adgili
alveolarulsa da sasismiers Soris; aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoa enis piri.
sayuradReboa, rom es gansxvavdeba sasismier-alveolarulisa an alveolarulsasismierisagan (ix.zemoT).
enis vizualuri codna

sxva saxelmZRvaneloebis msgavsad, am TavSi ganvixilavT adamianis mier
enobrivi signalebis aRqmasa da codnas, TiTqos smena erTaderT relevantur
mgrZnobiare modalurobas warmoadgens. Tumca es ase ar aris. msmenelebs
aseve farTo gamocdileba aqvT naTqvamis danaxvisa. isini am codnas mosmenisas
iyeneben da SeiZleba diskomforti igrZnon, Tuki aiZuleben vizualuri
informaciis gareSe mosmenas. amgvarad, normaluri msmeneli, Cveulebriv,
iyenebs orive tipis informacias, roca es SesaZlebelia. daqveiTebuli smenis
mqoneni ufro metad eyrdnobian vizualur informacias. saubris kiTxva (anu
bageebis wakiTxva) hqvia vizualuri informaciis gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT
smenadaqveiTebulebisTvis. saubris kiTxva SeiZleba detalurad iswavlebodes
da biblioTekebSi am unaris swavlebis masalebi me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan
Cndeba.
am Tavidan sxvadasxva bgeris warmoTqmis Sesaxeb miRebuli informaciis
mixedviT, moifiqreT, warmoTqmis romeli aspeqtebia ioli aRsadgeni
vizualuri signalis saSualebiT. zogierTi Tanxmovnis warmoTqmis pirdapiri
dakvirveba SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, wyvilbagismieri bgerebis [b, p, m]
warmoTqmisas. aseT dros orive tuCi erTad iyris Tavs. Tumca warmoTqmisas enis
moZraobas ver vxedavT. aqedan irkveva, rom normaluri smenis mqone adamiani
mosmenili Tanxmovnis gaazrebisas iTvaliswinebs vizualur miTiTebasac
imaze, rom wyvilbagismieri Tanxmovnebis warmoTqmisas orive bage erTad unda
iyos. movlenas, romlis drosac msmenelebis aRqma ganisazRvreba vizualuri
da audio informaciiT, hqvia makgarkis (McGurk) efeqti. amJamad klasikur
swavlebad qceulma makgarkma da makdonaldsma msmenelebs uCvenes konkretuli
marcvlebis mTqmelTa gamosaxuleba, magram CarTes sxva marcvlebis zustad
sinqronirebuli Canaweri. msmenelebi xSirad iseT marcvlebs asaxelebdnen, rac
CanarTi
11. 4
514
orivesgan gansxvavdeboda. umravlesobas arc ki SeuniSnavs, rom vizualuri da

akustikuri signalebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveoda. roca maT asmeninebdnen [ma]
marcvals, aCvenebdnen [ta] marcvals, isini ambobdnen rom es [na] marcvali iyo;
roca ismoda [ba], xolo Canda [ga], isini aRiqvamdnen, rogorc [da] marcvals.
aqedan Cans, rom msmenelebi iTxoven vizualur damamtkicebels wyvilbagismieri
Tanxmovnis mosmenisas, xolo roca am damadasturebels ver iReben, iSvelieben
miaxloebul artikulacias. sainteresoa, rom mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, rom es
efeqti ufro farToa zogierT enaSi danarCenebTan SedarebiT, risi mizezic
jer ucnobia.
daixsomeT, rom Cveulebrivma msmenelma SeiZleba gaigos saubari, roca
vizualuri informacia xelmisawvdomi araa: radio, telefoni da audio
Canawerebi amis damadasturebelia, magram vizualuri informaciis TanxlebiT
mosmenili ufro naTelia. swored esaa erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom pirispir
dialogi ufro advili gasagebia.
rigebi: warmoTqmis ragvaroba.

es rigebi iZleva informacias imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad uaxlovdeba
aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo pasiurs. SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT warmoTqmis xuTi
aseTi saxe, romlebic (9) -Sia CamoTvlili.
(9) dabrkolebis xarisxi TanxmovnebisTvis

xSva
aqtiuri da pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebi exebian da Cerdebian

(haernakads ar uSveben piridan).
treli
aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo vibrirebs haernakadis gavlisas
Tepi/flepi
aqtiuri da pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebi exebian, magram ar
Cerdebian.
napralovani aqtiuri da pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebi qmnian mcire
dabrkolebas da viwro naprals, sadac xma gamoicema haernakadis
gavlisas.
aproqsimanti aqtiuri da pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebi qmnian dabrkolebas
piris RruSi haernakadis TiTqmis Tavisuflad gavlisTvis.
[*IPA-s cxrilis msgavsad aq ar gavarCevT Tepsa da fleps Soris gansxvavebas,
magram ubralod aRvniSnavT, rom ori termini

enacvleba,flepi ufro miRebuli terminia aSS-Si).
zogjer
erTmaneTs
am terminebis umravlesoba cxrilSi gvxvdeba. termini xSuli iq ar aris,

mis naclvad ki pirvel or rigSi warmodgenilia mskdomebi da nazalurebi. am
orive SemTxvevaSi piris Rrus sruli xSva xdeba. gansxvavebis maCvenebeli isaa,
xSvis Semdeg haernakadi piris Rrudan gamodis Tu cxviris Rrudan. mskdomebi
piris Rrus xSulebia, xolo nazalurebi-cxvirismieri xSulebi. cxrilis
yvela danarCeni rigi oraluria. am ukanasknelTa Soris gansxvaveba isaa,
haernakadi piris Rrus centraluri nawilis (centraluri nakadi; centraluri
araa cxrilSi, vinaidan es tipiuri SemTxvevaa) Tu piris Rrus erT an orive

mxaris gavliT gamodis gareT (gverdiTi nakadi). rigis aRniSvnebi mocemulia
(10) -Si. afrikatebs rigi ar aqvT am cxrilSi. isini aerTianeben im xSulebs da
napralovnebs, romlebsac erTi sawarmoTqmo adgili gaaCniaT.
(10) IPA-is TanxmovanTa rigis niSnebi

mskdomi
filtvebidan momdinare haernakadi; oraluri xSva
cxvirismieri filtvebidan momdinare haernakadi, xSva cxvirismieri nakadiT,
mskdomi araa, vinaidan araa oraluri
napralovani napralovani dabrkolebis xarisxis mqone bgera. gulisxmobs,
rom haernakadi centraluria.
gverdiTi
napralovani, romlis haernakadi gverdiTia.
napralovani
aproqsimanti aproqsimantuli napralovani xarisxis mqone bgera. haernakadi
centraluria
gverdiTi
aproqsimanti, romlis haernakadi gverdTia.
aproqsimanti
svetebis mixedviT dalagebulia sawarmoTqmo adgilebi winidan ukan da
Semdeg zemodan qvemoT moZraobis mixedviT. xolo rigebi piris haernakads
axasiaTeben yvelaze viwro arxidan yvelaze farTomde. ujrebSi warmodgenilia
xelmisawvdomi sivrcis adgilebi. magaliTad, uakanasasismieri bgera gu
lisxmobs mTliani rbili sasisa da garkveulwilad magari sasis ukana nawilis
warmoTqmaSi monawileobas. nebismieri erTi ukanasasismieri Tanxmovnis war
moTqmisas am sawarmoTqmo adgilTagan mxolod ramdenimea pasiuri. zustad
romeli nawili varirebs warmoebisas es Zalze mniSvnelovania. am mxriv, bevri
mcirediT gansxvavebuli bgera iTvleba ukanasasismierad.
artikulaciis ragvarobis mixedviT kidev erTi saxis klasifikacia
arsebobs, romlis Tanaxmadac mskdomebs da ori saxis napralovnebs hqviaT
obstruentebi, xolo cxvirismierebs, trelebs, Tepebs/flepebs da kidev ori
saxisaproqsimantebs hqviaT sonorebi. obstruentebi iseTi bgerebia, romelTa
warmoTqmisas haernakadi xmauriania (haeri dabrkolebas awydeba), xolo
sonorebi iseTi bgerebia, romelTa warmoTqmisas haernakadi Seuferxeblad
Tavisufldeba. oraluri sonorebi xSirad iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: Sualeduri
bgerebi (naxevarxmovnebi, an xmovnis msgavsi centraluri aproqsimantebi) da
narnara bgerebi (r da l bgerebi).
sayuradReboa, rom amerikul-inglisur r-bgeras [r] simboloTi vwerT.
es simbolo cxrilSi gamoyenebulia alveolaruli trelis aRsaniSnad,
magram amerikuli inglisuri bgera postalveolarulia an retrofleqsuri
aproqsimanti. IPA-s sistema martivi simboloebis Senacvlebis saSualebas
iZleva calkeul enisaTvis uCveulo bgeris gamosaxatad. [r]-is SemTxvevaSi es
ukve gavakeTeT. aman dabneuloba ar unda gamoiwvios. amerikuli [r] am martivi
transkrifciiT iqneba warmodgenili Semdeg TavSic.
515
516
11.3.3 warmoTqma
cxrilis uamrav ujraSi gvxvdeba Tanxmovnebi, romlebsac rigisa da svetis
mixedviT erTnairi ganmartebebi aqvT. es wyvilebi gansxvavdeba warmoTqmis
mixedviT, rac dakavSirebulia saxmo simebTan. zogadad, Tu saxmo simebi irxeva
bgeris warmoTqmisas yvela nawilSi, aseTi bgera mJReria da wyvilis marjvena
mxares zis. Tu saxmo simebi ar irxeva, maSin aseT bgeras yru hqvia da wyvilis
marcxena mxaresaa. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom uwyvilo bgerebi (cxvirismierebi,
trelebi Tepebi/flepebi da aproqsimantebi) ujris marjvena mxares arian
moTavsebulni maTi mJRerobis aRsaniSnad.
11.3.4 sxva Tanxmovnebi

inglisuris ZiriTadi Tanxmovnebi, romlebic am cxrilSi ar arian
warmodgenilni gaxlavT afrikatebi da aproqsimanti [w].[w] araa cxrilSi,
vinaidan is warmoTqmis ori saxis kombinaciaa wyvilbagismieri da
ukanasasismieri. zogjer am Tanxmovans wyvilbagismierTa svetSi ixilavT,
zogjer ukanasasismierebis svetSi, zogjer oriveSi, zogjer ki calke
gamoyofil specialur svetSi, romelic bagismier ukanasasismieriTAAaa
aRniSnuli. IPAamis nacvlad gamoyofs iseT simboloebs, romlebic ZiriTad
TanxmovanTa cxrilSi calke rigs an svets moiTxoven. cxrilSi aseve ar aris
warmodgenili afrikatebi [] da [], vinaidan aq ori bgeris kobinaciaa. afrikati
aris xSva, romelsac mosdevs napralovani. isini erTsa da imave an msgavs
adgilebSi warmoiTqmis. es ori afrikati inglisurSi postalveolarulia,
[] yrua, xolo [] mJReri. (imis gamo, rom afrikatebSi ori bgera erwymis
erTmaneTs erTi funqciis Sesasruleblad, aSS-Si miRebulia maTTvis erTi
simbolos gamoyeneba: [c] [t ]-s nacvlad da [] []-s nacvlad).
IPA-s sawarmoTqmo ganmartebis Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
TiToeuli bgera aRwerilia ZiriTadad misi oraluri warmoTqmis terminebiT:
Tu romeli aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo midis pasiurTan axlos da ramdenad
uaxlovdebian isini erTmaneTs. magaliTad: [p, b, m]-s SemTxvevaSi ori tuCi
moqmedebs aqtiuri da pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebis saxiT da isini exebian
erTmaneTs da Cerdebian. amitomac es bgerebi wyvilbagismier xSulebad iwodeba.
garda amisa, amavdroulad sxva warmoTqmebic fiqsirdeba. saxmo simebi an irxeva
([b, m]) an ara ([p]); rbili sasa an aweulia ([p b]), ra SemTxvevaSic xSva piris RruSia,
an daweulia ([m]), roca xSva cxviris RruSia. roca xSva oraluria, rogorc es
[p b]-s SemTxvevaSia, maSin saqme gvaqvs mskdomTan. TiToeuli simbolo aris am
maxasiaTebelTa kombinaciebis abreviatura. Tanxmovnis aRsawerad saWiroa
yvela aseTi maxasiaTeblis Camowera Semdegi rigiT: mJReri/yru, warmoTqmis
adgili da ragvaroba. amgvarad [b] aris mJReri wyvilbagismieri mskdomi; [p]
aris yru wyvilbagismieri cxvirismieri; [m] aris mJReri wyvilbagismieri
cxvirismieri. mskdomebi da nazalurebi orive xSulebia, magram radganac
xSva, Cveulebriv pulmonuri da oraluria, sityva xSva xSirad gamoiyeneba
mskdomis nacvlad; vinaidan nazalurebi, Cveulebriv, xSulebi da mJRerebia,
sityva nazaluri xSirad gamoiyeneba cxvirismieri xSvis gamosaxatavad.
vinaidan gverdiTi bgerebi, Cveulebriv, aproqsimantebia, sityva gverdiTi/
517
laterali xSirad gamoiyeneba gverdiTi aproqsimantis aRsaniSnad. magaliTad,

[m] SeiZleba ufro metad daxasiaTdes, rogorc wyvilbagismieri nazaluri
vidre mJReri wyvilbagismieri nazaluri, da [l] ufro rogorc alveolaruli
gverdiTi, vidre mJReri alveolaruli gverdiTi aproqsimanti, Tumca ar aris
Secdoma am sami an oTxi terminis gamoyeneba, rac ar unda uxerxulad JRerdes
es terminebi.
bgerebi SeiZleba dajgufdes saerTo Tvisebis mixedviT.
qvemoT moyvanili ganmartebis mixedviT daasaxeleT termini.

magaliTi: orive tuCi = wyvilbagismieri
(1) enis piri zeda kbilebis Tavze TaRis mimarT
(2) enis ZiriTadi nawili rbili sasis mimarT
(3) napralSi xmauris warmoeba
(4) mskdomebisa da napralovnebis jgufi
(5) saxmo simebis vibracia
qvemoT moyvanil ganmartebebs miuwereT Sesabamisi IPA-s simbolo.

gamoyenebulia mxolod IPA-s terminebi.
magaliTi: mJReri alveolaruli mskdomi = [d]

(1) yru alveolaruli mskdomi

(2) wyvilbagismieri nazaluri

(3) mJReri bagis-kbilismieri napralovani

(4) alveolaruli gverdiTi aproqsimanti

(5) glotaluri mskdomi

(6) alveolaruli Tepi an flepi

(7) mJReri postalveolaruli napralovani

(8) ukanasasismieri nazaluri

(9) yru glotaluri napralovani

(10) mJReri kbilismieri napralovani
11.3.5 xmovnebi
xmovnebis cxrili
ganvixiloT 11.5 nax.Si warmodgenili cxrili, romelic sam ganzomilebas
moicavs, magram xmovnis ganzomilebebi gansxvavdeba Tanxmovnebisagan.
xmovnebis upirvelesi aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoa enis romelime nawili
(TiTqmis yovelTvis enis ZiriTadi nawili). pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organoa
saxmo traqtis zedapiris zogi nawili, magram aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo
arasodes midis pasiurTan Zalian axlos. xmovanTa cxrili warmogvidgens saxmo
traqtis erTgvar struqturas, sadac cxrilis wveri aris piri, xolo marcxena
mxare aris piris Rrus wina nawili. es naCvenebia nax.-ze 11.5. ena am sivrceSi
moZraobs sxvadasxva xmovani bgeris warmosaTqmelad da IPA-s ganmartebebic
savarjiSo
11.12
savarjiSo
11.13
518
amas aRwers. cxrilis ori ganzomileba aris enis simaRle da agreTve is, Tu enis
nawilebis mixedviT ramdenad ukan warmoiTqmis es bgera. orive, Cveulebriv,
enis zedapiris umaRles wertils miemarTeba. marTalia, enis gverdebi exeba
sasis nawilebs ramdenime xmovnis warmoTqmisas, magram aRweriloba efuZneba
enis Suaxazs, vinaidan swored am adgilas gadis haernakadi.
xmovanTa cxrili araa ise naTlad dayofili svetebad da rigebad, rogorc
es TanxmovanTa SemTxvevaSi iyo. simaRlis oTxi kategoria arsebobs: daxuruli,
saSualod daxuruli, saSualod Ria da Ria. maT aseve uwodeben: maRali,
saSualoze maRali, saSualoze dabali da dabali. kidev sami rigi arsebobs
sxva rigebs Soris, magram aq ar aris maTi aRniSvna mocemuli. daxurulsa da
saSualod daxurulis rigebs Soris aris rigi, romelsac maRalze odnav dabali
hqvia. rigs saSualod daxurulsa da saSualod Rias Soris ubralod saSualo
hqvia. rigs saSualod Riasa da Rias Soris zogjer dabalze odnav maRals
uwodeben.
nax. 11.5. xmovnebis cxrili saxmo traqtis sqemazea warmodgenili (11.4b

nax.-is mixedviT); [a] aRniSnavs yvelaze dabal ukana bgeras.
mesame ganzomileba cxrilSi aris tuCebis pozicia. momrgvalebuli
xmovnebis warmoTqmisas bageebi erTadaa Tavmoyrili da winaa wamoweuli ise,
rom winidan Sexedvisas qmnis wres, xolo gverdiTi xediT wamoSverilia. am
xmovnebis warmoTqma bagismieria. moumrgvalebel xmovnebs es maxasiaTebeli
ar aqvT. tuCebi an neitralur poziciaSia an erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia.
gansakuTrebiT maRali xmovnebis SemTxvevaSi bageTa pozicias SeuZlia enis
konkretuli mdgomareobiT warmoTqmuli bgera Secvalos. inglisurSi
moumrgvalebelia wina da centraluri xmovnebi. ukana xmovnis momrgvaleba
inglisuri dialeqtebis mixedviT cvalebadia. miuxedavad amisa, Cven farTo
transkrifciaSi viyenebT ukana xmovnebis momrgvalebis simbolos. (11)-Si
CamoTvlilia xmovnebis cxrilis aRweriTi terminebi.
(11). IPA-s xmovanTa rigebisa da svetebis aRniSvnebi.

daxuruli
sxva xmovnebTan SedarebiT enis simaRle yvelaze metia, ena

sasasTan yvelaze axlosaa (aseT xmovnebs aseve hqviaT maRali)
Ria
sxva xmovnebTan SedarebiT enis simaRle yvelaze naklebia: piri

Riaa (agreTve dabali)
saSualod Ria, Sualeduri poziciebi (agreTve saSualo/zeda saSualo/qveda
saSualod
saSualo)
daxuruli
wina
sxva xmovnebTan SedarebiT ena winaa
centraluri Sualeduri pozicia
ukana
sxva xmovnebTan SedarebiT ena ukanaa (xaxasTan axlos)
morgvale-
bageebi erTadaa Tavmoyrili da winaa wamoweuli.
buli
moZebneT xmovanTa simboloebi IPA-s xmovnebis cxrilSi, romlebic
inglisurisaTvis gamoviyeneT. aRsaniSnavia, rom inglisurSi [a] dabali ukana
xmovani xSirad aRniSnulia [a] simboloTi. (faqtiurad, amerikuli metyveleba
imdenad cvalebadia, rom ar viciT romeli simbolo ufro zustia, Tanac IPA
ar gvaZlevs dabali xmovnebis aRsaniSnad raime simbolos). dainaxavT, rom
inglisur xmovanTa umravlesoba moumrgvalebelia. mxolod /u o/ xmovnebia
momrgvalebuli. aseve, garda centraluri //-sa da Ria /a / bgerebisa, yvela
inglisuri xmovani wina-ukana wyvils qmnis. (Tumca bevrisTvis Cven mier
warmodgenili [] bgera centraluria anu IPA-is mixedviT []-Ti Caiwereba).
xmovani bgeris aRsaniSnad saWiroa am terminebis mocemuli wyobiT Cawera: rigi,
sveti, momrgvaleba mag [i] aris maRali wina moumrgvalebeli xmovani.
xmovanTa cxrili SeiZleba aseve warmovadginoT striqonebis da
svetebis cxrilis saxiT, magram es xdeba saxmo traqtis ori ganzomilebis
uwyveti warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc 11.5 nax.-Sia. roca aseTi saxiTaa
warmodgenili, xmovnis simboloebi cxrilSi ganlagebulia sxvadasxva adgilas,
rac aseve miuTiTebs enis poziciaze (an Sesabamis smeniT STabeWdilebaze,
rasac es xmovani axdens). simbolos gverdiT dasmuli wertili IPA-s cxrilSi
gamoiyeneba xmovnis Tvisebebis aRmniSvnelad. amgvarad, inglisurSi [i] xmovani
SeiZleba sadme calke daisvas, cxrilze warmodgenili [i]-sgan moSorebiT,
imis saCveneblad, rom es inglisuri xmovani araa iseTi ukiduresi, rogoric
aRniSnuli xmovani. roca cxrili aseTi gziT gamoiyeneba, momrgvalebuloba ar
moqmedebs simboloebis ganlagebaze.
11.3.6 difTongebi
zogi xmovani warmodgenilia xmovnis simboloTa mimdevrobiT, vinaidan
maTi warmoTqmisas ena an/ bageebi erTi poziciidan meore poziciaSi gadadis.
aseT xmovnebs difTongebi hqviaT. gamoyofen did difTongebs, romlebic
xmovnis sivrcis did nawils kveTs da patara difTongur moZraobebs, romlebic
mxolod cxrilSi mosazRvre areals moicaven. am TavSi warmodgenili
inglisuri xmovnebis transkrifciebi mxolod did moZraobebs gamoxataven: [a
, a , o ]. sxva wignebSi mocemulia patara difTongebi /e/ da /o/-sTvis da zogjer
/i/ da /u/-sTvis. didi difTongebi inglisurad mopalarakeTa umravlesobisTvis
difTongebia, xolo mcire difTongebs mxolod molaparakeTa umciresoba
519
520
aRiarebs, maT Soris kalifornielebi. xmovnebis Cveneuli transkrifcia,

rogorc Cven mier warmodgenili yvela farTo transkrifcia, aris kompromisi
inglisuri xmovnis difTongebad an monofTongebad (erTxmovniani bgerebi)
warmoTqmebs Soris.
savarjiSo
11.14
savarjiSo 11.14
qvemoT warmodgenil ganmartebebs miuwereT Sesabamisi terminebi.
magaliTi: enis win wamoweviT gamoiTqmis = wina xmovani
(1) gamoiTqmis erTad Tavmoyrili da win wamoweuli bageebiT
(2) ori bgeris mimdevrobiT Seqmnili xmovani
(3) dabla daweuli eniT warmoTqmuli
(4) maRla aweuli eniT warmoTqmuli
(5) Sualedur mdomareobaSi myofi eniT warmoTqmuli
savarjiSo
11.15
mocemul ganmartebebs miuwereT IPA-s simboloebi

magaliTi: saSualo centraluri moumrgvalebeli xmovani = []
(1) maRali (=daxuruli) wina moumrgvalebeli xmovani
(2) maRalze odnav dabali wina moumrgvalebeli xmovani
(3) saSualoze maRali (=saSualod daxuruli) ukana momrgvalebuli
xmovani
(4) dabali (=Ria) ukana moumrgvalebeli xmovani
(5) maRali ukana momrgvalebuli xmovani
(6) dabalze odnav maRali wina moumrgvalebeli xmovani
(7) maRali wina moumrgvalebeli xmovani
(8) saSualoze dabali wina moumrgvalebeli xmovani
(9) maRali centraluri momrgvalebuli xmovani
(10) maRalze odnav dabali ukana momrgvaelbuli xmovani
11.3.7 gansxvavebuli saxiT warmoTqma

gulisxmobs sxvadasxva simbolos
IPA-s cxrilSi xmovnebsa da Tanxmovnebs Soris didi gansxvavebaa. maT
cal-calke cxrili da gansxvavebuli aRweriTi terminebi aqvT. es Sualedur
bgeras ucnaur mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, vinaidan is Tanxmovnebsac hgavs da
xmovnebsac. mas xSirad naxevar-xmovansac uwodeben, vinaidan xmovnis msgavsia.
misi TanxmovanTa cxrilSi centralur aproqsimantebis poziciaSi yofna ki
bundovans xdis mis msgavsebas xmovnebTan. [] Sualeduri bgera ufro daxurulia,
vidre msgavsi [] xmovani. Zneli saTqmelia esa Tu is Sualeduri bgera ufro metad
xmovans hgavs, Tu Tanxmovans. amis msgavsad, rotirebuli Tanxmovnis simbolo
aRwers im bgeras, romelic IPA-Si aseve gadmocemulia Tanxmovnis simboloTi
([]), magram zogadad simboloebis ganmartebebi fiqsirebulia cxrilis
mixedviT da Tu darwmunebuli xar ra bgeraa warmoTqmuli, maSin zustad ici,
ra simbolo unda gamoiyeno misi viwro transkrifciis Casawerad. uzustoba
521
an SeuTanxmebloba ZiriTadad xdeba bgerebis TvisebebTan dakavSirebiT. TuU

warmoTqvam erT bgeras da wer meore simbolos, maSin araswor Canawers akeTeb.
magaliTad, Tu warmoTqvam [s] bgeras ufro rogorc kbilismier napralovans,
vidre alveolaruls, maSin Segawuxebs is faqti, rom es bgera alveolarulTa
svetSi zis da ver xvdebi, rogor unda Caiweros kbilismieri (pasuxia [s]). amis
msgavsad []-s warmoTqvam ufro retrofleqsad, vidre postalveolarul
APaproqsimantad. magram SegviZlia SevTanxmdeT farTo transkrifciis Casawerad
gamoyenebul simboloebze, vinaidan viciT, romIPA damatebiT simboloebs
iZleva viwro transkrifciisaTvis.
sawarmoTqmo informacia fonetikis laboratoriidan
saidan unda vicodeT, rom warmoTqmis amgvari ganmartebebi zustia
Tundac ramdenime mosaubrisaTvis? marTalia, warmoTqmis Sesaxeb metad
sasargeblo cnobebia miRebuli TviTdakvirvebis Sedegad, magram mainc
arsebobs laboratoriuli monacemebis miRebis tradicia me-19 saukunidan
yvelaze Tanamedrove teqnologiebamde. warmoTqmis adgilis dadgena SeiZleba
ultrabgeris daxmarebiT, magnitur-rezonansuli tomografiis (MRI-isa) da
rentgenis sxivebis, palatografiis, an magnetometriis meSveobiT. dinamiur
eleqtropalatografiaSi kontaqturi eleqtrodebis jgufi magar sasaze iwers
enis Sexebis wertilebs. magnetometriaSi eleqtromagnituri veli iqmneba
mosaubris Tavis garSemo da erTi an meti receptori dakvirvebis obieqti
xdeba. warmoTqmis ragvarobis Sesaxeb informacia SeiZleba miviRoT ara
mxolod am teqnikis gamoyenebiT, aramed haernakadisa da haeris wnevis CaniSvnis
gziT. JReradobis Sesaxeb cnobis miReba ki SegviZlia eletroglotografiis
saSualebiT, romelic saxmo simebs Soris kontaqts iwers.
11.3.8 IPA-s sxva simboloebi: Tanxmovnebi da xmovnebi
IPA gacilebiT met simbolos moicavs, vidre Cven aqamde gamoviyeneT. amis
mizezi erTi mxriv isaa, rom sxva enebi iseT bgerebs iyeneben, rac inglisurSi ar
aris. IPAgvaZlevs yvela enaSi yvela ZiriTadi bgeris Sesatyvis simbolos. IPA-s
simboloTa sruli warmodgena da ganxilva Sesavlis kursSi ar Sedis, magram Tu
gaazrebuli gaqvs abstraqtuli CarCo, SegiZlia gaumklavde maT umravlesobas,
roca Segxvdeba. TanxmovanTa cxrilSi aris iseTi Tanxmovnebi, romelic
inglisurSi araa, magram iseT fonetikur Tvisebebs moicavs, rasac inglisuric
iyenebs. magaliTad, inglisurs aqvs wyvilbagismieri xSulebi (oraluri [p,b] da
nazaluri [m]) da kbilbagismieri napralovnebi (f, v), magram ara Sebrunebuli
kombinacia wyvilbagismieri napralovnebi ([, ]) da kbilmagismieri xSulebi
(nazaluri []) Tumca Tqven mainc unda mixvdeT, ra bgerebia maTi ganmartebebis
mixedviT. amis msgavsad, Tuki iciT, rogor warmoiTqmis wina moumrgvalebeli
xmovani, rogoricaa [i], SegiZliaT gamoTqvaT wina momrgvalebuli xmovani [y].
Tu iciT, rogor warmoiTqmis ukana momrgvalebuli xmovani [u], mixvdebiT ukana
moumrgvalebeli xmovnis []-s warmoTqmas. sxva bgerebi ufro rTulia, vinaidan
isini inglisuris ZiriTadi bgerebisgan gansxvavdeba, magram eqsperimentma
SeiZleba axali fonetikuri unar-Cveva SegZinoT. magaliTad, vinaidan SegiZliaT
CanarTi
11.5
522
warmoTqvaT sasismieri aproqsimanti bgera [j], rogorc sityvaSi SegiZliaT

scadoT enis centris aweva, sanam ar warmoTqvamT sasismier napralovans [j] da
Semdeg ganagrZoT enis aweva, vidre srul xSvas ar miiRebT mJReri sasismieri
xSuli bgeris []-is warmosaTqmelad. Tu am bgeris nazalizacias moaxden, miiReb
[] espanur bgeras (romelic Ti iwereba), frangulis bgeras (romelic gnTi
Caiwereba) da sxva enebSi arsebul aseTsave bgeras.
meore mxriv, cxrilSi warmodgenilia zogi ganzomileba, romelic
inglisuris ZiriTad bgerebSi ar gamoiyeneba. inglisuris yvela Tanxmovani da
cxrilSi warmodgenili bgerebis umravlesoba filtvebidan gamosulia, rac
imas niSnavs, rom haeri filtvebidan modis. calke cxrili gvaqvs ara-pulmonuri
TanxmovnebisTvis: tkacuna bgerebi, mJReri mskdomebi da yru abruptivebi.
yvela es iseTi bgerebia, romelTa warmoTqmisas haeri sxva gziT gamoedineba.
magaliTad, mskdomebSi xdeba xorxSi moZraoba qvemoT, xSvis dros. es moZraoba
iZleva xSvisas JReradobas da amavdroulad zrdis haeris sivrcis zomas saxmo
traqtSi. roca xSva piris RruSi Tavisufldeba, haeri gamodis saxmo traqtSi
da ara gareT, rac am gaTavisuflebas ufro Zliers xdis.
11.4 diakritikuli niSnebi

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom cxrilis grafebi gadmoscems artikulaciis mTel
rigs. diakritikuli niSnebi ki cdilobs daaviwrovos maTi rigi. am ukanasknelTa
gamoyenebiT Caweril transkrifcias xSirad uwodeben viwros. rogorc zemoT
vTqviT, viwro transkrifcia afiqsirebs mosaubreTa gamoTqmas an enebs Soris
mcire gansxvavebas. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi, diakritikuli niSnebi saWiroa enis
ZiriTadi bgerebisTvisac. magaliTad, roca enas aqvs nazaluri da oraluri
xmovnebi, maSin aucileblad gamoiyeneba nazalizaciis niSani. IPA-s cxrilis
qveda marjvena nawili moicavs diakritikuli niSnebis cxrils, romelTagan
Cven mxolod ramdenime warmovadgineT. (12)-Si CamoTvlilia ramdenime aseTi
niSani, romlebic inglisurSic gvxvdeba.
(12) IPA-s zogi diakritikuli niSani

fSvinvieri
marcvlovani
rotireba
kbilismieri
nazalizebuli
uxmo
yru
yiasTan warmoqmnili xma, gansakuTrebiT Tanxmovnis

warmoTqmis bolos ([ph])

uxmovno Tanxmovani ([r ])

r-is Seferiloba ([])

zeda kbilebi pasiuri sawarmoTqmo organoa
(alveolaruli svetis simboloTa cvlilebisas
gamoiyeneba) ([d ])

haeri cxvirisa da piris Rruebidan erTdroulad
gamodis ([a])

Tanxmovani piris gaRebisas ar ismis ([d ])
saxmo simebis nawilobrivi an sruli uZraoba iseTi
velarizebuli
523
bgeris warmoTqmisas, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi

mJReria ([l])
enis daWera sxva pirveladi artikulaciisas ([])
da bolos, cxrilSi diakritikuli niSnebis gverdiT warmodgenilia

damatebiTi niSnebi, romlebic specialurad suprasegmentalebisTvisaa
gankuTvnili. pirveli maTgani ZiriTadi an pirveladi maxvilis aRmniSvnelia
da am TavSi ukve gamoviyeneT. meore aris meoradi an susti maxvilisTvis, ris
ganxilvasac Cven ar vapirebT. momdevno sami gadmoscems xmovnis an Tanxmovnis
bunebrivi xangrZlivobis gagrZelebas an Semoklebas. magaliTad, me-12
TavSi ganxiluli iyo inglisuri xmovnebis yru Tanxmovnebis win Semoklebis
SemTxvevebi, rac transkrifciaSi garkveuli niSniT gamoisaxeba. meore mxriv,
zog enaSi SesaZlebelia Tanxmovnebis an xmovnebis xangrZlivoba gaormagdes,
rac [] simboloTi aRiniSneba. momdevno oTxi diakritikuli niSani gamoxatavs
segmentebis dakavSireba-gaTiSvas. marcvlebis dayofis aRmniSvneli niSani
ukve gamoviyeneT da kidev Segvxvdeba Semdeg TavebSi.
Semdeg or svetSi Sedis tonebis aRniSvnis alternatiuli gzebi. mag: kanaSi
farikaobis aRmniSvneli sityva dabali toniT Caiwereba [b] an [be]; saxlis an
sirTulis aRmniSvneli sityva neitraluri toniT [b] an [be], xolo Cxubi
maRali toniT [b] an [be]. Cven ar ganvixilavT tonis movlenas, rac sxva
tonuri diakritikuli niSnebiTaa gadmocemuli.
xmis tonis intonaciuri awev-daweva aRiniSneba aweuli () da daweuli ()
isrebiT. magaliTad winadadebaSi Is Hamlet upset? intonacia ecema sityvaze
Humlet, maRla adis upset sityvaze, rogorc (13)-Sia warmodgenili. xolo
winadadebaSi What did Polonius say?' intonaciis awevas moyveba misi saboloo
vardna, rogorc es (14) -Sia mocemuli:
13. Is Hamlet upset?

14. What did Polonius say?
momdevno TavebSi am cxrilidan sxvadasxva simbolo da diakritikuli

niSani iqneba gamoyenebuli. SegiZliaT, daubrundeT cxrils, rom gaixsenoT ra
saxis bgeras gamoxatavs esa Tu is simbolo.
mocemuli aRweris mixedviT CawereT simbolo diakritikul niSanTan

erTad.
magaliTi: fSvinvieri yru wyvilbagismieri xSuli pat sityvis
dasawyisSi = [ph]
1. marcvlovani alveolaruli cxvirismieri sweeten sityvis
bolos
2. mJReri kbilismieri xSuli sityvaSi breadth
savarjiSo
11.16
524
1. nazalizebuli maRali wina moumrgvalebeli xmovani sityvaSi

lean
2. uxmo mJReri ukanasasismieri xSuli sityvaSi hag

3. nawilobriv yru alveolaruli napralovani sityvaSi buzz
savarjiSo
11.17
winadadebebs daamateT isrebi aRmavali da daRmavali intonaciis

aRsaniSnad.
magaliTi: Virtue? A fig! pirvel sityvaze intonacia maRla adis xolo
boloze ecema.
Virtue? A fig!
1. It cannot be. intonaciis vardna be sityvaze.

2. Put money in thy purse. vardna aris purse sityvaze.
3. Thou art sure of me. intonaciis awevac da vardnac sityvaze sure.
4. Do you hear, Roderigo? intonaciis aweva hear da Roderigo sityvebze.
5. How, is this true? intonaciis vardna how sityvaze, xolo aweva - true
ze.
CanarTi
11.6
bgerebis analogiebi enebs Soris

roca adamianebi axali enis bgeriTi sistemis winaSe dgebian, isini
mSobliuri enis bgerebis misadagebas iwyeben. ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, isini
aTanabreben axal bgerebs nacnob bgerebTan. warmovidginoT, rom mSobliuri
enaa inglisuri, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi bgeraa [], xolo axal enas
aqvs retrofleqsuri [] an alveolarul-sasismieri [], romelTagan erTerTi []-s msgavsia, magram ara identuri. inglisurad mosaubreni am bgeras
CaTvlian, rogorc am enaSi arsebul sasacilo []-s. magram mogvianebiT, axali
bgeris nacnob bgerasTan gaigivebis Semdeg, ingliselebi im enaze saubrisas
gamoiyeneben inglisur []-s, rac maT metyvelebas inglisur aqcents SesZens.
uares SemTxvevaSi, axal enas ori msgavsi bgera ori gansxvavebuli []
SeiZleba hqondes da inglisurad metyvelni mis nacvladac inglisur []-s
gamoiyeneben. meore mxriv, axali enis bgera SeiZleba imdenad gansxvavebuli
iyos, rom araviTari msgavseba ar hqondes inglisurTan. warmovidginoT, rom
ingliseli waawyda tkacuna bgerebs. msgavsis povnas rom ver SeZlebs, mosaub
re iZulebuli iqneba isini iswavlos, magram SeiZleba sworad ver warmoTqvas da
misi aqcenti arabunebrivad gaiJRerebs.
11.5 daskvna
fonetika exeba enis fizikur maxasiaTeblebs. metyveleba ganixileba,
rogorc segmentebis mimdevroba, rasac emateba suprasegmentalebic. fone
tikuri transkrifcia warmoadgens segmentebisTvis fonetikur simboloTa
jaWvs, xolo suprasegmentalebisTvis maT emateba diakritikuli niSnebi.
525
enebis orTografia yovelTvis ver uTanxmebs bgerasa da asos erTmaneTs.

fonetikuri anbanis mizania, erTma simbolom erTi bgera gamosaxos da erTi bge
ra erTi simboloTi iyos warmodgenili. IPA aris saerTaSoriso standartuli
anbani, romlis mizania msoflio enebis bgerebisTvis simboloTa SemoReba.
Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis simboloebi ganisazRvreba artikulaciis sxvadasxva
terminiT: Tanxmovnebi xasiaTdeba mJRerobiT, warmoTqmis adgiliT da
warmoTqmis ragvarobiT, xmovnebi ki enis poziciiT da bgeraTa momrgvalebiT.
es aRweriTi ganzomilebebi simboloebs fonetikur cxrilebSi alagebs.
fonetikuri transkrifcia SeiZleba farTo iyos an viwro. am TavSi
warmodgenili iyo 40 simbolo amerikuli inglisuris ZiriTadi bgerebis far
To transkrifciisTvis. viwro transkrifcia iyenebs damatebiT fonetikur
simboloebsa da diakritikul niSnebs. es ukanasknelni ufro specifikurs
xdis simboloebs. es damatebiTi simboloebi da niSnebi gamoiyeneba sxva enebis
ZiriTadi bgerebisTvis.
mSobliur enaze molaparakeebs, aqvT rogorc lingvisturi struqturis
sxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb codna, aseve _ fonetikuri codna maT ician TavianTi
enis bgerebi da zustad ician sxvadasxva kombinaciebSi rogor gamoTqvan isini.
aranair transkrifcias ar SeuZlia gamoTqmis yvela detalis gadmocema.
Adams, Marilyn J. 1990. Beginning to Read:
Thinking and Learning about Print.
Catford, John C. 1988. A Practical
Introduction to Phonetics. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Dodd. B. and R. Campbell. eds. 1987.
Hearing by Eye: The Psychology of
Lip Reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Assoc.
Gough, Ehri, and Treiman. eds. 1992.
Reading Acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
Ladefoged, Peter. 1993. A Course in
Phonetics, 3dr edn. Fort Worth: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
_____ and Ian Maddieson. 1996. Sounds
of the World's Languages. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Laver, John. 1994. Principles of
Pho
netics. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni

versity Press.
Pullum, Geoffrey K. and W. A. Ladusaw.
1986.
Phonetic Symbol Guide. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Rogers, Henry. 1991. Theoretical and
Practical Phonetics. Toronto: Copp
Clark Pittman Ltd.
Smalley, William A. 1989. Manual of
Articulatory Phonetics, rev. edn.
Lanham, MD: University Press of
America. First edition 1961.
qvemoT mocemuli sityvebis farTo transkrifcia Cveulebrivi inglisuri

orTografiiT CawereT. aseTi gamoTqma SeiZleba Tqvensas ar hgavdes, magram
miuxedavad amisa, sityvebis amocnoba SesaZlebeli unda iyos.
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 11.18
526
1. bk
2. onli
3. pep
4. at
5. rimand (or rmand)
6. stap
7. hd
8. k
savarjiSo 11.19
warmoadgineT farTo transkrifcia am inglisuri sityvebis wyvilebisa.

yuradReba gaamaxvileT, Tu ra ganasxvavebs wyvilebSi mocemul or sityvas. Tu
survili geqnebaT, gamoiyeneT leqsikoni, magram aucileblad CawereT IPA-s
simboloebiT. (vinaidan TiToeulma studentma SeiZleba Caweros sakuTari
gamoTqma, erTi swori pasuxi SeiZleba ver miviRoT).
1. spot Scot
2. weary worry
3. cue few
4. lose loose
5. man men
6. woman women
7. attend Athens
8. size seize
9. show shoe
10. put putt
savarjiSo 11.20
CawereT Cveulebrivi inglisuri orTografiiT sityvebi, romelTa viwro

transkrifciaa mocemuli. kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, rom es gamoTqma SesaZloa
Tqvensas ar hgavdes.
1. [p nti]
2. [bk ]
3. [trk ]
4. [mor]
5. [snts]
h
savarjiSo 11.21
qvemoT mocemulia sityvaTa viwro transkrifcia. CawereT maTi farTo

transkrifcia.
1. [w ndfl ]
2. [pl ]
3. [p t]
4. [me]
5. [wat ]
h
SeadareT mocemuli bgerebi erTamaneTs. TiToeul jgufSi erTis garda

yvela bgera IPA-s cxrilis erTsa da imave rigsa an svetSia. daasaxeleT es rigi
an sveti da SemoxazeT is bgera, romelic mas ar miekuTvneba.
527
savarjiSo 11.22
1. m n r
2. p t k v d g
3. p t s l n
4. f v s z h k
5. i e u
11.22-is msgavsi savarjiSoa, magram aq erTi bgera TiToeul jgufSi ekuTvnis
bgeraTa im klass, romelic an cdeba cxrilis erT rigs an svets iseTi klasebi,
rogoricaa: bagismieri, koronaluri, obstruenti, sonori, aproqsimanti,
xSuli, napralovani, mJReri, yru, momrgvalebuli, moumrgvalebeli an
mocemul rigsa an svetSi Sedis, rogoricaa mJReri xSulebi, bagismieri xSulebi.
daasaxeleT bgeraTa klasi da SemoxazeT bgera, romelic am klass ar ekuTvnis.
savarjiSo 11.23
(1) v z h
(2) i e u
(3) m l r j w
(4) m n k l r j
(5) f s z
qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi avstraliuri enis, bureras bgerebi. SeadareT

es jgufi inglisuris ZiriTad bgerebs da upasuxeT Semdeg SekiTxvebs.
/p t c k m n l r (rogoric inglisurSia) j w i a u/
a. bureras romeli bgerebi ar aris ZiriTadi inglisurisTvis? araa saWiro

maTi gansazRvra, ubralod daasaxeleT isini.
b. inglisuris romeli bagismieri bgerebi araa bureraSi?
g. inglisuris romeli koronaluri bgerebi araa bureraSi?
d. inglisuris romeli zurgismieri bgerebi araa bureraSi?
e. inglisuris romeli glotaluri bgerebi araa bureraSi?
savarjiSo 11.24
12
fonologia I :
ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi
Sinaarsis sarCevi
12.0 Sesavali
12.1 ra aris fonologia?
12.2 bgerebi metyvelebaSi:
gamorCeuloba da Sepirispireba
12.3 fonemuri pirobiTi niSnebi da
fonemizacia
12.3.1 fonemizaciis terminologia
12.3.2 formalizacia
12.3.3 fonemuri analizi da Caweris
forma
12.3.4 sxva enebis fonemebi
12.4 fonemuri analizi
12.4.1 minimaluri wyvilebi
12.4.2 damatebiTi distribucia
12.4.3 minimalurTan miaxloebuli
wyvilebi.
12.4.4 damatebiTi distribuciis
dadgena monacemTa mixedviT
12.5 bunebrivi klasebi
12.6 fonemis fsiqologiuri
realoba
12.6.1 zusti gansxvavebebis smenadoba
12.6.2 igive bgeris cneba
12.6.3 ucxouri aqcentebi

12.7 fonetikuri msgavsebis
kriteriumebi
12.8 konteqstiT SezRuduli
kontrasti
12.9 saxesxvaoba
12.10 fonologia da misi kavSiri
morfologiasTan
12.10.1 /t/ bgeriT daboloebuli
fuZeebis alternacia inglisurSi
12.10.2 ritmuli gaxangrZliveba
CoqtauSi
12.11 neitralizacia
12.11.1 xSulebis nazalizacia
koreulSi
12.11.2 postnazaluri /t/ bgeris
amovardna inglisurSi
12.12 fonemuri garemo da wesTa
wyoba
12.13 daskvna
savarjiSoebi
12.0 Sesavali
am wignSi Cven davuSviT, rom lingvisturi codna sxvadasxva SedarebiT
damoukidebeli komponentebis erTobliobas warmoadgens (sintaqsi, semantika,
fonetika da a.S.). enis fonologiuri komponenti aris wesebis, gamoxatulebebisa da principebis sistema. enis fonologia bgeris gramatikaa imave enisaTvis.
fonologia I : ZiriTadi principebi da meTodebi
niSnebis fonologia
wignis ZiriTadi nawili yuradRebas amaxvilebs sametyvelo enis fonologiaze, Tumca, rogorc wina Tavebidan vnaxeT, msoflio enebs Soris uamravi
niSanTa enaa. isini gulisxmoben xelebis, moZraobebis da mimikis gamoyenebas
saTqmelis gadmosacemad. 1960-ian wlebSi dawyebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom niSnebis enebsac aqvT fonologia. kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani iyo maTi fonologiis
ZiriTadi principebis aRmoCena da Sedareba sametyvelo enaTa principebTan.
amgvarad, fonologia exeba enaSi arsebul wesebs, romlebic saWiroa komunikaciis fizikuri procesisTvis.
12.1 ra aris fonologia?

fonologia enaTmecnierebis sxva dargebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom erTi
SexedviT SeumCnevelia misi arsebobis mizezi. viciT, rom enaSi aris sityvebi da
es sityvebi bgerebisgan Sedgeba ratom ar SegviZlia yvela sityvis Semadgeneli bgerebis mwkrivi warmovadginoT da amiT movamTavroT saqme? irkveva, rom
fonologiuri sistemis samyaro ufro rTulia. 1. bgerebi icvleba konteqstis
mixedviT ZiriTadi fonetikuri mizezebiT. 2. bgeraTa distribucia TviTneburi araa da eqvemdebareba rTul wesebs. 3. fonologia SemosazRvrulia gramatikis iseTi sxva komponentebiT, rogoricaa morfologia da sintaqsi; dabolos, arsebobs sxvadasxva gza, riTac bgerebi asaxaven komponentebs.
garda amisa, enis fonologiuri wesebis sistemebs axasiaTebT swrafva srulyofisaken. zogi enis fonologiuri struqtura sakmaod rTulia, rac enaTmecnierebisTvis Zneli amosaxsnelia. zogjer wlebi mimdinareobs enis bgeriTi
sistemis Seswavla, arada amave enis bgerebs intuiciurad aRiqvamen isini, visTvisac es ena bavSvobidanve nacnobia. am dargis yvelaze damaintrigebeli aspeqtia formis bunebrivi siuxve.
am TavSi warmodgenilia fonologiis da fonologiuri analizis safuZvlebi. yuradReba gansakuTrebulad gamaxvilebulia bgerebze metyvelebis procesSi: rogor ganasxvaveben isini sityvebs da rogor arCevs enaTmecnieri axali
enis bgeraTa sistemas.
12.2 bgerebi metyvelebaSi: gamorCeuloba da Sepirispireba

fonologiuri formis yvelaze gasaocari aspeqti (12.2. danarTSi warmodgenili gamonaklisebis garda) isaa, rom igi arsebiTad uazroa. magaliTad, inglisur /t/ bgeras ar aqvs lingvisturi interpretacia. misi erTaderTi funqciaa sityvis agebaSi monawileoba. radganac inglisurs aqvs /t/ bgera, savaraudod, inglisurSi unda arsebobdes sityva tie /tai/, romelic gansxvavdeba die /
dai/ sityvisagan. zogadad, sametyvelo bgeris erTaderTi movaleobaa, enis sxva
bgerebisgan gansxvavebulad JRerdes.
enis fonologiis gagebisTvis Tavdapirvelad valagebT enis ZiriTad
bgerebs, romlebic sityvaTganmasxvaveblad gamoiyeneba. am ZiriTad bgerebs
fonemebi hqviaT.
529
CanarTi
12.1
530
1. fonema = enis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sasaubro bgera

magaliTad, inglisuris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli dialeqtis
fonemebi qvemoT fonetikuradaa dalagebuli. fonetikurad dalageba niSnavs
rigebsa da svetebSi danawilebas, rogorc IPA-s cxrilSi iyo mocemuli, Tumca
araa aucilebeli misi mimdevrobis gameoreba. bgeraTa simboloebi daxrili xazebis frCxilebSia moqceuli (/ /) imis saCveneblad, rom isini fonemebia:
2. Tanxmovnebi
wyvilba- kbilba- kbilis- alvoe- sasismier-
sasis- ukana-
glota-
gismieri gismieri mieri laruli alveolaruli mieri sasismieri luri

xSulebi
napralovnebi
yru
/p/
/t/
/t /
/k/
mJReri
/b/
/d/
/d/
/g/
yru
mJReri
/f/
//
/s/
//
/v/
//
/z/
//
/m/
cxvirismierebi
aproqsimantebi
/h/
/n/
gverdiTi
//
/l/
centraluri
/r/
/w/
/j/
3. xmovnebi da difTongebi
Fwina
moumrgvalebeli
zeda maRali
Lqveda maRali
//
/e/
Lqveda saSualo
CanarTi
12.2
ukana
dipTongebi
moumrgvalebeli
moumrgvalebeli
/a/, /a/,
momrgvalebuli
/o/
/i/
Uzeda saSualo
Lqveda
centraluri
/u/
//
//
//
//
/o/
marcvlovani
Tanxmovani
//
/a/
//
bgeris simbolizmi
mTlianobaSi sametyvelo bgerebs ar aqvT TavianTi mniSvneloba, magram
enaTa umravlesobas bgeraTa sistemaSi aqvs mcire kuTxeebi, sadac bgerebi mniSvnelobis mqoneebad Canan. magaliTad, iTvleba, rom maRal wina xmovans /i/ aqvs
simciris an siaxlovis mniSvneloba, gansxvavebiT /a/ xmovnisagan, romelic sididesa da siSores aRniSnavs. amgvarad, inglisurSi teeny /'tini/ miuTiTebs ufro
mcire zomaze, vidre tiny /'tani/: aseve eensie - weensie /'insi'winsi/ (oboba). am daskvnis safuZveli SesaZloa /i/-s akustika iyos.
sakmao raodenobis enas aqvs maRali wina xmovani this sityvisTvis da dabali xmovani that sityvisTvis:
ena
inglisuri
sparsuli
franguli
this
that
/is/
/t/
/i:n/
/:n/
/ssi/
/sla/
tai
/ni:/
/nn/
kidev erTi SemTxveva iyo aRniSnuli me-2 TavSi: inglisurSi vizualur

aspeqtTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis umravlesoba iwyeba /gl/ TanxmovnebiT:
gleam, glow an glossy. Tumca bgerebis mniSvneloba ar unda gadavaWarboT. Cveulebriv, enis leqsikonis mxolod mcire qvejgufi moicavs mniSvnelobis mqone
bgerebs. ufro metic, bgerebis mniSvneloba TviTneburia TiToeul enaSi: koreuli, magaliTad, ZiriTadad dabal da saSualo bgerebs iyenebs simciris gamosaxatad.
sxva dialeqtebi gansxvavdeba. maT damatebiTi fonemebi aqvT //, //, da a.S.
qvemoT ganvixilavT meTodebs enis an dialeqtis fonemuri inventaris
dadgenisTvis. axla ki SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Tu nebismieri ori sityva gansxvavebulad warmoiTqmis, isini minimum erTi fonemiT mainc gansxvavdebian.
fonemuri inventari ar Seicavs uazro, zedmet wevrebs; TiToeul maTgans aqvs
sityvaTganmasxvavebeli funqcia.
enebi gansxvavdebian fonemaTa raodenobiT. rekordulad mcire odenobis fonemebi gvxvdeba rotokasSi (am enaze wynari okeanis samxreTSi arsebul
kunZulebze metyveleben), sadac 11 fonemaa, xolo rekordulad didi odenobis
fonemebia !XooSi 160 fonema. inglisurs aqvs 37-41 fonema, zusti raodenoba
analizsa da dialeqtzea damokidebuli. saSualod enaSi 30 fonemaa.
yvelaferi es Zalian pirdapiri da martivia, magram rTuldeba (4)-Si warmodgenili principebis damatebis Semdeg:
(4) fonemuri saxesxvaoba
a. fonemebi icvleba konteqstis mixedviT.
b. cvlilebebi wesebs emorCileba.
ganvixiloT xmovanTa sigrZesTan dakavSirebuli martivi magaliTi. Tu
mousmenT, rogor warmoTqvams sityvaTa Semdeg wyvilebs mSobliur inglisur enaze mosaubreebs, dainaxavT, rom xmovani /e/ wyvilebis meore wevrebSi
sagrZnoblad moklea. transkrifciaSi IPA-s simboloTa meSveobiT gamovxateT
maTi simokle:
(5) save
[sev]
Abe
maze [mez]
[eb]
made [med]
age
Haig
[ed]
[heg]
safe
[sf]
mate
[mt]
ape
mace
H
ache
[p]
[ms]
[t]
[k]
yvela am sityvaSi xmovani iseTia, rogoric mosaubres surs iyos da intuiciuradac misaRebia, rogorc igive xmovani (miuxedavad gansxvavebuli
werilobiTi Oformisa). magram fonetikurad is erTi da igive xmovani ar aris. aq
mocemulia bgeris ori varianti [e] da [], romlebsac Cven aRviqvamT, rogorc
lingvisturad erTnairs.
Tuki maT ufro axlodan davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, ratomaa [e] da []
bgerebi inglisurSi winaswar amocnobadi variantebi. [e] varianti gvxvdeba,
roca sityvaSi momdevno bgera mJReria, xolo [] _ roca momdevno bgera yrua.
531
532
amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom inglisurs aqvs erTi ZiriTadi bgera ori fonetikuri variantiT.
[e] da [] bgerebis winaswar gamocnobis faqti Zalian mniSvnelovania. es
niSnavs, rom am or bgeras Soris gansxvaveba ver gamoiyeneba sityvebis erTmaneTisagan garCevisTvis. [e] da [] bgerebs Soris gansxvaveba araa iseTi, rogoric,
magaliTad, [e] da [] bgerebs Soris, vinaidan am ukanasknelTa Soris sxvaoba sityvebis ganmasxvavebelia made [med] da mad [md].
bgeraTa nebismieri wyvilis fonologiuri analizisas aucilebelia maTi
fonologiuri statusis dadgena: isini an calke fonemebia, an variantebi,
romelTa distribucia konteqstzea damokidebuli.
ratom unda moawesrigos inglisurma [e] da []-s Soris gansxvaveba? gansxvaveba am or bgeras Soris exmareba msmenels momdevno bgeris warmoTqmis
gansazRvraSi: [p]-Si mokle [] gamoiyeneba, raTa msmenelma daafiqsiros, rom
mosmenili sityva aris ape da ara Abe. es mniSvnelovania, vinaidan /p/-s da /b/-s
garCeva sityvis bolos sakmaod rTulia.
faqtobrivad yvela inglisuri fonema sxvadasxva konteqstSi avlens fonetikur variants. magaliTad, yvela xmovani mokldeba yru Tanxmovnis win. aseve,
yvela xmovani ganicdis nazalizacias cxvirismieri Tanxmovnis win: ten [tn] da
Ted [td]. Tuki inglisuris yvela aseT fonetikur detals gaviTvaliswinebT,
gamodis, rom inglisurSi 39-is nacvlad aTasobiT bgeraa.
SegviZlia, warmovidginoT, rogoraa fonologiuri sistema mowyobili.
TiToeul enaSi warmoTqmul bgeraTa ricxvi Zalian didia. magram fonologiuri sistema am bgerebs konkretuli gziT alagebs ise, rom fonetikuri gansxvavebebis mxolod mcire jgufi asrulebs sityvaTa ganmasxvavebel rols.
darCenili fonetikuri gansxvavebebi ki wesebiT regulirdeba magaliTad,
wesis Tanaxmad inglisuri xmovani yru Tanxmovnis win unda damokldes. es gansxvavebebi, marTalia, sityvebs ar ganarCevs, magram mainc mniSvnelovania, raTa
msmeneli sworad mixvdes saTqmels.
amgvarad, es gadamwyveti debuleba fonologiaSi: bgerebs Soris calkeuli gansxvavebebi ganarCevs sityvebs erTmaneTisagan. terminologiis meSveobiT
es movlena ase gadmoicema:
(6) or bgeras Soris fonetikuri sxvaoba ganmasxvavebelia, Tu mas SeuZlia
Seasrulos sityvaTa garCevisTvis saWiro safuZvlis funqcia.
[p] da [b] bgerebs Soris gansxvaveba inglisurSi ganmasxvavebelia, radgan
mxolod is ansxvavebs pill [pl] da bill [bl] sityvebs erTmaneTisgan. [e] da [] bgerebi araganmasxvavebelia, vinaidan maTi gamoyeneba avtomaturad ganisazRvreba
momdevno Tanxmovnis warmoTqmis mixedviT.
ganvixiloT kidev erTi araganmasxvavebeli wyvili inglisurSi: alveolaruli da kbilismieri [n ]. qvemoT mocemulia zogi sityva, sadac es bgerebi
gvxvdeba:
sityvebi [n]]-iT
(7)
sityvebi [n]-iT
know ['no]
tenth ['tn ]

annoy
['no]
month ['mn ]
nun
['nn]
chrysanthemum [kr'sn mm]
onion
['njn]
panther ['pn r ]
Zneli SesamCnevi araa, rom kbilismieri [n ] specifikur konteqstSi gamoiyeneba: [] bgeris win, alveolaruli [n] ki _ TiTqmis yvela sxva adgilas. am or
bgeras Soris gansxvaveba ganmasxvavebeli ar aris inglisurSi.
kidev erTxel Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ratomaa bgerebi ase mowyobili? am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso pasuxi gulisxmobs warmoTqmis simartives. Tu [n ] zustad
[]-is win dgas, enis pirs ar mouwevs alveolarul kideze swrafad gasrialeba,
rac [n]-is SemTxvevaSi mouxdeboda.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ena iyenebs bgeraTa gansxvavebebis
sagrZnoblad mcire ricxvs ganmasxvavebeli funqciiT.
12.3 fonemuri pirobiTi niSnebi da fonemizacia

enis Seswavlisas SeuZlebelia Tavidanve mixvde, romeli gansxvavebaa ganmasxvavebeli da romeli ara. enaTmecnierebma SeimuSaves fonemizaciis teqnika enis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli bgerebis (fonemebis). maT aseve SeimuSaves
maregulirebeli wesebi da SezRudvebi araganmasxvavebeli gansxvavebebis
gansasazRvrad.
xSirad gamoiyeneba Semdegi terminologia:
(8) fonemis fonetikuri varianti aris fonemis alofoni.
magaliTad: [e] da [] erTi fonemis alofonebia (fonetikuri variantebia),
asevea [n] da [n ].
Cveulebriv, enaTmecnierebi fonetikur frCxilebs ([ ]) iyeneben alofonebisTvis, xolo daxril frCxilebs (/ /) _ fonemebisTvis. Sesabamisad, Cven
mier ganxiluli grZeli [e] da mokle [] arian /e/ fonemis alofonebi, xolo [n]
da [n ] _ /n/ fonemisa.
enis fonemuri analizi or sakiTxs moicavs:
(9) a. fonemebi enis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli bgerebis inventari.

b. fonologiuri wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven enaSi araganmasxvavebel gansxvavebebs TiToeuli alofonis distribuciis SeswavliT.
(10)-Si warmodgenilia /l/ fonemis alofonebi inglisuris sxvadasxva dialeqtSi. simboloebi: [] aris ukanasasismieri l, enis ZiriTadi nawilis maRali
ukana poziciiT. [] aris [ ] alveolarulis nacvlad kbilismieri gamoTqmiT. [ll]
aris l, romelic yrud iwyeba da mJRerad sruldeba.
(10)
[ll]]
[]]
[]
[l]
file
[fa]
slight
[sllat]
wealth [w]
listen [lsn]
fool
[fu]
flight
[f llat]
health [h]
lose
[luz]
all
[a]
plow
[p lla]
filthy
[fi]
allow
[la]
ball
[ba]
cling
[k ll]
tilth
[t]
aglow [glo]
fell
['f]
discipline [dsplln]
feel
stealth [st]
blend [blnd]
[f]
Tuki yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT svetebs, vnaxavT, rom /l/ fonemis
533
534
TiToeul variants aqvs sakuTari specifikuri garemo, rac (11)-Sia naCvenebi.

(11) [] gvxvdeba sityvis bolos;

[ll] gvxvdeba yru Tanxmovnis Semdeg.

[] gvxvdeba, roca momdevno bgera aris []
[l] gvxvdeba, roca sxva bgerebisTvis arc erTi piroba ar sruldeba
es aRwera mTel enaze vrceldeba da ara mxolod mocemul magaliTze.

vinaidan /l/ bgeris TiToeuli tipi Semoifargleba konkretuli garemoTi,
SeuZlebelia /l/-s variantebs Soris gansxvaveba sityvaTganmasxvavebeli iyos.
amgvarad, isini erTi fonemis alofonebia.
/l/-s zogierTi alofoni funqciuria. nawilobriv yru [ll] alofoni exmareba msmenels naTlad aRiqvas, rom wina Tanxmovani yrua, vinaidan mxolod aseT
SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba [ll]. []-s kbilismieri warmoTqma gamowveulia [l]-sa da []-s
Soris warmoTqmis gadasvlis gamartivebiT. misi gamoyeneba TanxmovanTa win da
sityvis bolos ufro damabnevelia. CvenTvis nacnobia [n ]-is msgavsi gamoyeneba
sxva enebSi (mag, laTinuri, katalanuri, holandiuri), amitomac, savaraudod,
amas fonetikuri safuZveli unda hqondes. am kiTxvas fonetikuri kvleva upasuxebs.
zogjer enaTmecnieri sityvas fonemaTa mimdevrobis mixedviT iwers,
amas fonemuri transkrifcia hqvia. igi unda ganvasxvavoT fonetikuri transkrifciisagan, romelic ufro met detals moicavs.
(12) es aris orTografiuli transkrifcia.

/ s z fonimk trnskrpn/
(This is a phonemic (fonemuri)

transcription.)
[d s z fn k hnsk p n ]
(This is a phonetic (fonetikuri)

transcription.)
12.3.1 fonemizaciis terminologia

fonologiaSi kontrastebze saubris araerTi gza arsebobs. Tu enaSi ori
bgera ganmasxvavebelia (anu maT Soris gansxvaveba sityvis garCevis saSualebas
iZleva), maSin:
(13) isini miekuTvnebian sxvadasxva fonemebs.
isini dapirispirebuli arian (aseve: kontrasts qmnian).
Tu ori bgera araganmasxvavebelia (fonetikuri variantebi)
(14) isini erTi fonemis alofonebia.
isini ar upirispirdeba erTmaneTs.
12.3.2 formalizacia
roca calkeuli alofonis garemo sakmaod martivia, analizis Cawerac
ufro iolia. magram xSirad vawydebiT sakmaod rTul garemos. aseT SemTxvevaSi
Cven pirobiTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT ufro detalur analizs vakeTebT. fonologiaSi, ZiriTadad, Semdegi niSnebia gamoyenebuli: daxrili xazi / niSnavs
garemoSi; grZeli qveda xazi gamoxatavs alofoni segmentis, romelic mis

mezobels ukavSirdeba. amgvarad:
(15) /_____
ikiTxeba
(16) garemoSi []-s win
an ufro mokled, ubralod []-s win. Tu gvaqvs /_____ es waikiTxeba, rogorc []-s Semdeg.
xSirad alofonis garemos gamosaxatad, unda aRiniSnos bgeraTa mTeli
klasi. magaliTad, [ll]-s garemos aRsawerad unda aRiniSnos yru Tanxmovnebis
mTeli klasi. amisaTvis Cven oTxkuTxa frCxilebSi vsvamT fonetikur maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic gansazRvravs bgeraTa Sesabamis klass. amgvarad, Semdegi
magaliTi unda wavikiTxoT, rogorc nebismieri yru Tanxmovnis Semdeg:
(17) /consonant
_________

voiceless
Semdgomi formalizaciisTvis viyenebT + (plusi) da - (minusi) niSnebs

imis aRsaniSnad, segments aqvs Tu ara esa Tu is fonetikuri Tviseba. amgvarad,
garemos ufro standartuli formulireba ase gamoiyureba:
(18) / +consonant __________

- voice
sadac gvinda, mivuTiToT dawyeba an damTavreba gramatikuli wevrebisa,

rogoricaa sityvebi, viyenebT frCxilebs, rogorc amas sintaqsisa da morfologiis Seswavlisas vakeTebdiT. amgvarad, magaliTad, qvemoT mocemuli
aRniSvna ikiTxeba, rogorc sityvis bolos:
(19) /________] word
aRniSvna sityvis dasawyisSi ki ase Caiwereba: /[word ____.
bolos ki, aq warmodgenili Teoriis mixedviT, fonemis sxvagan gamoyenebuli alofoni SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc sawyisi wertili, Zireuli
forma an ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba, romlisganac danarCeni alofonebi momdinareobs.
dasaxelebuli wesebis gamoyenebiT SegviZlia aRvweroT /l/-s alofonebis
garemo, romelic (20)-Sia warmodgenili:
(20)
ZiriTadi forma: /l/

fonologiuri wesebi:
/l/ yrud qceva

/l/ [ll] / +consonant _________

- voice

/l/ kbilismierad qceva

/l/ [] /_________
/l/ ukanasasismierad qceva

/l/ [ ] /_________ ]word
amgvari midgomiT ar gvWirdeba dakonkreteba, rom sxvagan gamoyenebuli
alofonia [l]; martivad rom vTqvaT, esaa Zireuli forma, romelzec arc erTi
fonologiuri wesi ar moqmedebs.
am sistemis mTlianobaSi danaxva SesaZlebelia, Tu ZiriTadi gamoxatulebidan fonetikuri formebis (alofonebis) warmoebis wesebs Semdegnairad Cavw-
535
536
erT. (21)-Si _____ aRniSnavs, rom wesi ar moqmedebs.

slight wealth listen
(21) file

/fal/
/slat/ /wl / /lsn/
ZiriTadi formebi

wesis moqmedeba:
__
__
__
/l/ yrud qceva
sllat

__
__
w
/l/ dentalizacia
__
__
__
__

/l/ velarizacia
fa
[lsn]
zedapiruli forma
[fa] [sllat] [w]
CanarTi
12.3
fonologia da damwerloba
weriTi sistemis Seswavla damoukidebeli sferoa, Tumca mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli fonologiasTan. yoveli weriTi sistema met-naklebad fonologiuria. Cinuri, Zveli egvipturi da maias tomebis damwerlobaSic ki, romlebsac
Cven ideografiuls vuwodebT (erTi simbolo erT sityvas an morfemas Seesabameba), TiToeuli simbolo gaarkveul informacias iZleva sityvis bgeriT
Sedgenilobaze.
weriT sistemebs Soris mTavari gansxvavebaa, ramdenad did fonologiur
erTeuls gamoxatavs erTi simbolo. Cinuri figurebi erTi marcvlis zomis
erTeulebs warmogvidgens, srulyofil anbanSi ki TiToeuli simbolo erT
fonemas Seesatyviseba, Tumca aqac aris rTuli SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa x (erTi
simbolo ori fonemisTvis) da th (ori simbolo erTi fonemisTvis). garda amisa,
arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli weriTi sistemebi, sadac TiToeuli simbolo
bgeraTa mokle mimdevrobas gadmoscems (xSirad Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis jgufs),
romelic fonemaze grZeli, magram marcvalze moklea. amis magaliTia, iaponuri
kana da mecxramete saukuneSi sekvoias mier CirokisTvis gamogonili sistema.
rac ufro mcirea weris sistemaSi gamoyenebuli fonologiuri erTeuli, miT
ufro naklebi raodenobis erTeulia saWiro. ideografiuli sistema, rogoricaa Cinuri, iyenebs 50 000 figuraze mets.
istoriulad, wera daiwyo msxvili erTeulebis (marcvlebi) gamomxatveli
weriTi sistemebiT, Semdeg nel-nela gadavidnen fonemaze dafuZnebul sistemebze, rac pirvelad saberZneTSi gamoigones. Tumca ar unda miviCnioT, rom aseTi
tipis damwerloba upiratesia, vinaidan sxva saxis weriTi sistemebi saukuneebis
manZilze SeinarCunes da Cvenamde moitanes.
msoflio enebis umravlesoba damwerlobis armqone enebia. axali weriTi
sistemebi Semodis iseTi enebisTvis, romlebsac aqamde damwerloba ar hqondaT.
xSirad amas enaTmecnierebi akeTeben. aseTi sistemebi ufro gonivruladaa agebuli, vidre inglisuris msgavsi damwerlobebi, vinaidan maTSi TiTo simbolo
TiTo fonemas Seesatyviseba.
12.3.3 fonemuri analizi da Caweris forma

fonemizaciis sakiTxi sakmaod daSorebulia weris sakiTxisagan. asoebsa
da bgerebs Soris kavSiri aucilebeli ar aris. Cven vnaxeT, magaliTad, inglisuri fonema /e/ SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad Caiweros: say /se/, Abe /eb/, main /
men/ beige /be/ reggae /rge/ H /et/. arsebobs enebi (mag. Cinuri), romlebSic sim-
boloebi ar Seesabameba fonemebs.

naTelia, anbanur asoebsa da fonemebs Soris kavSiri mainc aris: anbanis
Semqmnelebi cdiloben weriTi simboloebi enis fonemebs Seusabamon, ufro
metic, mosaubris intuicia bgerebTan dakavSirebiT weris codnis gavlenas
ganicdis bolos da bolos, ganaTlebuli mosaubreebi aqtiur wvrTnas gadian
bavSvobaSi sityvebis sworad Caweraze, magram ara fonologiaze.
enaTmecnierebis Semswavlelebma unda gadalaxon cru warmodgenaTa
barieri, rasac Cveni kultura weris Sesaxeb gvinergavs: wera prestiJulia da
Cveni metyveleba zogjer miiCneva dawerilis arasrulyofil realizebad. amis
sapirispirod, enaTmecnierTa umravlesoba sasaubro enas miiCnevs sawyisad,
upirvelesad; Tvlis, rom werilobiTi ena warmoqmnilia sasaubro enisagan. am
Sexedulebis dasasabuTeblad ramdenime faqti arsebobs: sasaubro ena gaci
lebiT ufro Zvelia, vidre werilobiTi; bavSvi pirvelad zepir metyvelebas
iTvisebs da sakmaod ioladac; da igi sayovelTaod gamoyenebulia ara mxolod
sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli fenis mier. mecnieruli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, es
sakmaod kargi mizezebia, rom sasaubro ena sawyisad miviCnioT.
12.3.4 sxva enebis fonemebi

fonemebis arsis gagebis problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom enis kargma
mcodnem ufro meti icis fonemebis Sesaxeb, vidre alofonebze da amitom fonemizacia intuiciurad naTeli iqneba. ucnobi enis SemTxvevaSi fonemizacia gacilebiT sainteresoa. amis mizezia, rom erTi enis alofoni, meore enaSi SeiZleba
fonema iyos. msoflio enebi fonetikur sivrces erTnairad ar yofen.
ganvixiloT espanuris fonemuri sistema. espanurs inglisuris msgavsi
mravali bgera aqvs (aq inglisuris mxolod Crdiloamerikul dialeqtebs ganvixilavT). inglisurSi aris [t] da flepi []. espanuri [d] ufro kbilismieria,
vidre alveolaruli. arsebobs sxva mcire gansxvavebebi, magram am SemTxvevaSi
maTi ignorireba SegviZlia.
Crdiloamerikul inglisurSi [] aris /t/ fonemis alofoni. []-sTvis
saWiro garemo aseTia: or marcvlovan bgeras Soris (xmovnebi, an macvlovani
Tanxmovnebi), romelTagan meore umaxviloa. am garemos Sesabamisi da Tan /t/-s
Semcveli sityvebi qvemoT pirvel svetSia mocemuli:
(22)
fonemuri
data
/det/
latter
/ltr/
eating
/it/
Ottoman /atmn/
rhetoric
/rtrk/
automatic /atmtk/
fonetikuri
[de]
[lr ]
[i]
[amn]
[rrk]
[amk]
fonemuri
fonetikuri
tan
/tn/
[tn]
attend
/tnd/
[tnd]
guilty
/glti/
[glti]
pat
/pt/
[pt]
active
/ktv/
[ktv]
Atkins
/tknz/
[tknz]
meore sveti detaluri aRweris gareSe /t/ fonemis sxva alofonebs aer-
537
538
Tianebs. am svetSi vxedavT, ra SemTxvevaSi ar realizdeba /t/ [] alofonis saxiT:

an momdevno an wina bgera marcvlovani ar aris, an momdevno marcvlovani bgera
maxviliania. magram Tu yvela es piroba erTdroulad sruldeba, maSin viRebT
flep []-s.
rogorc xedavT, [t] da []-s Soris gansxvaveba inglisurSi ganmasxvavebeli
araa. flepi /t/ fonemis variantia, romlis gamoyeneba konkretuli saxis garemozea damokidebuli. am ori bgeris aRsaniSnad erTi t asos gamoyeneba gonivrulia da Seesabameba princips, rom erTi aso erT fonemas unda Seesatyvisebodes.
flepingis wesi ase Caiwereba:
(23) flepingi
[ [
/t/ [] / [+vowel] ____ + vowel

- stress
igi gviCvenebs, rom /t/ fonema realizdeba [] alofonis saxiT, roca mis win
xmovani an marcvlovani Tanxmovani dgas da mas mosdevs umaxvilo xmovani.
espanurSi /t/ da [] calke fonemebia: mTeli rigi sityvaTa wyvilebi arsebobs, romlebic mxolod am bgerebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba.
(24) [pita] saukunis mcenare
[pia] samgloviaro koconi

vinaidan saukunis mcenare da samgloviaro koconi gansxvavebuli
sityvebia, espanurSi [t] da [] bgerebs Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelobis cvlas
iwvevs. Sesabamisad, [t] da [] erTmaneTs upirispirdeba da damoukidebeli fonemebia. espanuris weriTi sistema am faqts iTvaliswinebs da [t] bgeras t asoTi
wers, xolo [] bgeras r asoTi. zogadad, espanuris weriTi sistema Zalian axlosaa erTi fonema erTi simbolos principTan.
inglisurisa da espanuris Sedarebisas, vxedavT, rom [t] da [] bgerebs Soris gansxvaveba alofonuria inglisurisTvis, magram fonemuri espanurisTvis.
amgvarad, es ori ena fonetikurad msgavsia, magram fonologiurad gansxvavebuli.
kidev erTi aseTi SemTxveva. orive enas aqvs [d] da [] bgerebi. inglisurSi,
viciT, rom es ori gansxvavebuli fonemaa, vinaidan enaSi Semdeg kontrastul
wyvilebs vpoulobT:
[da]
vs.
thy
[a]
(25) die

bayed
den
[bed]
[dn]
vs.
vs.
bathe
then
[be]
[n]
magram espanurSi aseTi wyvilebi ar arsebobs. ufro metic, Tu espanuris

gamoTqmas davakvirdebiT, naTlad davinaxavT, rom [d] da [] fonetikuri variantebia:
micemuli
(26) [dao]
[deo]
TiTi

Tqven

[uste]
[donde]
sad

[de onde]
saidan

magaliTidan Cans, rom [] mxolod xmovnis win dgas, yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi ki [d] gamoiyeneba. amgvarad, espanurSi [] da [d] erTi fonemis alofonebia.
ganxiluli bgerebTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia Semdegnairi analizi warmovadginoT:

(27) fonemebi: /t/, /d/, //
fonologiuri wesi: /d/ spirantad qceva

/d/ [] / [+vowel] _______
igi gviCvenebs: /d/ fonema realizdeba [] saxiT, roca is xmovnis Semdeg
dgas. spirantad qceva niSnavs xSulebis napralovnebad qcevas. es cnobili fonologiuri procesia.
aqamde ganxiluli espanuri sityvebisa da frazebis transkrifcia aseTi
iqneba: /pita/, /pia/, /dado/, /dedo/, /usted/, /donde/, /de donde/. espanuris weriTi
sistema [d] da [] bgerebisTvis mxolod d asos iyenebs.
inglisurisa da espanuris fonologiur organizebaSi asaxulia fonetikuri sivrcis sxvadasxvagvari dayofa. warmovidginoT, rom fonetikuri sivrce
mravalricxovani ganzomilebisgan Sedgeba. [d] CavsvaT am sivrcis centrSi da
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT dalagdeba misgan gansxvavebuli [], [] da [t] bgerebi,
romelTagan pirveli napralovnebiT gansxvavdeba, meore mokle, susti daboloebiT, xolo [t] minimalurad gansxvavdeba warmoTqmiT:
(28) [t]
[d]
[]
[]
fonetikur sivrceSi fonebi fonemebad sxvadasxvagvarad jgufdeba espanursa da inglisurSi, rogorc es qvemoTaa mocemuli:
inglisuri
(29) espanuri
[t]
[t]
[d]
[]
[]
[d]
[]
[]
mkrTali wreebiT Semofarglulia bgeraTa jgufi, romlebic ver upirispirdeba erTmaneTs da qmnis erT fonemas. inglisurSi /d/, // da /t/ fonemebia. am
ukanasknels aqvs ori alofoni [t] da [], xolo espanurs aqvs /t/, // da /d/ fonemebi da am ukanasknels ori alofoni _ [d] da []. cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba enaTa bgeriTi sistemebi fonologiuri wyobis mixedviT. SegviZlia
warmovidginoT ori ena erTnairi bgerebiT, magram radikalurad gansxvavebuli fonologiuri sistemiT. es moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca ori enisTvis
sxvadasxva maxasiaTebelia ganmasxvavebeli da araganmasxvavebeli. fonemuri
meTodis gamoyenebiT SegviZlia gavaanalizoT ori iseTi ena, romelsac erTnairi bgerebi ori sxvadasxva gziT aqvs dajgufebuli.
539
540
12.4 fonemuri analizi

enaTmecnierebma SeimuSaves uamravi procedura fonemuri analizisaTvis.
marTalia, arc erTi maTgani ar aris unaklo, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi did daxmarebas gviwevs.
12.4.1 minimaluri wyvilebi

fonemuri analizis erT-erTi proceduraa minimaluri wyvilebis Zieba.
esenia ori sityvis wyvilebi, romlebic mxolod erTi bgeriT gansxvavdeba.
magaliTad, sip [sp] da zip [zp] inglisurSi qmnian minimalur wyvils /s/ da /z/
fonemebisTvis. Sill [sl] da zeal [zil] ar aris minimaluri wyvili, vinaidan maTSi
xmovnebic gansxvavebulia. Seal [sil] da eels [ilz] ar aris minimaluri wyvili, vinaidan /s/ da /z/ bgerebs am or sityvaSi sxvadasxva pozicia aqvT.
minimalur wyvilSi gamovlenili ori bgera TiTqmis yovelTvis gansxvave
buli fonemebia. inglisuris dasaxelebul magaliTSi [z] ver iqneba [s]-is alofoni (an piriqiT), vinaidan maTi Canacvleba sxvadasxva sityvas gvaZlevs.
minimaluri wyvilis povna miniaturul samecniero eqsperiments hgavs. samecniero eqsperimentaciis cnobili meTodia mxolod erTi niSniT gansxvavebuli pirobebis or jgufad dalageba. Tu Sedegad viRebT, rom es ori piroba
gamudmebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, SegviZlia dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom
igia cvlilebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori. amgvarad, Tu [pita] da [pia] espanurSi gansxvavdeba, darwmunebulni unda viyoT, rom [t] da [] bgerebi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba.
savarjiSo
12. 1
ipoveT minimaluri wyvilebi Semdegi bgerebisTvis: [i] vs. [e]; [b] vs [p];
[] vs [], [v] vs [u].
minimaluri wyvilis ararseboba bevrs arafers amtkicebs. enaSi SeiZleba

ar iyos minimaluri wyvili iSviaTi fonemebisTvis. (amis Semowmeba iolia, Tuki
SeecdebiT moZebnoT minimaluri wyvili // vs. // bgerebisTvis inglisurSi;
orive sakmaod iSviaTia).
minimaluri wyvili SeiZleba iqces minimalur sameulad, oTxeulad da a.S.
xSirad swori CarCos an fonologiuri konteqstis SerCeva enis fonemuri inventaris Sefasebas SesaZlebels xdis.
yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli aRniSvna am CarCoebisTvis aris garemomcveli bgerebis Cawera qveda xazis orive bolos, romelic gansaxilvel wyvils,
oTxeuls da a.S. gamoxatavs. amgvarad, amerikuli inglisuris xmovnebidan /e/ da
/oi/-s garda yvela ergeba /h ____ d/ CarCos:
(30)
heed
[hid]
whod
[hud]
hid
[hd]
hood
[hd]
hoed
[hod]
head

[hd]
HUD
[hd]
had
[hd]
hod
[had]
hide
[had]
howd
[had]

heard
[hr d]
dakarguli /e/ da /oi/ xmovnebis SemTxvevaSi hade da hoyd advili warmosadgeni sityvebia. inglisuris leqsikonSi maTi ararseboba SemTxveviTobaa.
12.4.2 damatebiTi distribucia

minimaluri wyvilebi asabuTeben, rom enaSi bgerebi fonologiurad gansxvavebulia. axla ki ganvixiloT, rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom bgerebi ar aris
gansxvavebuli. amisaTvis sakmaod sando meTodi arsebobs imis saCveneblad, rom
bgeraTa distribucia erTmaneTs ar kveTs. es imas niSnavs, rom roca erTi bgera
erT garemoSi gamoiyeneba, xolo meore meoreSi, SeuZlebelia maTi SedarebaSepirispireba. aseT SemTxvevaSi garemo yovelTvis gansxvavebulia:
(31) X da Y bgerebi damatebiT distribuciaSia, Tu Y arasodes gvxvdeba iseT
fonetikur garemoSi, sadac X gamoiyeneba.
am ganmartebis Tanaxmad, damatebiT distribuciaSi myofi bgerebi erTi
fonemis alofonebia.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT: alveolaruli [l] da ukanasasismieri/kbilismieri [] inglisurSi damatebiT distribuciaSia: [] gvxvdeba []-s win, xolo yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi ki gvxvdeba alveolaruli [l]. amitom, garemos mixedviT SegviZlia winaswar ganvsazRvroT /l/-is romeli varianti gvWirdeba da
davaskvnaT, rom [l] da [] erTi fonemis alofonebia.
minimaluri wyvilebisa da damatebiTi distribuciis gansazRvra ori
yvelaze pirdapiri proceduraa fonemuri analizisas. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini
sapirispiro mimarTulebiTac moqmedeben: minimaluri wyvili gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, rom ori bgera sxvadasxva fonemas qmnis, xolo damatebiTi distribucia ki gviCvenebs, rom ori bgera erTi fonemis alofonia.
12.4.3 minimalurTan miaxloebuli wyvilebi

aris SemTxvevebi, roca SeuZlebelia fonemisTvis minimaluri wyvilis
povna. xSirad aseTi ram xdeba iseT enebSi, sadac grZeli sityvebia da didi
fonemuri inventaria. Tumca inglisurSic ki, zog dialeqtSi, aris SemTxvevebi
roca minimalur wyvils ver vpoulobT.
vecadeT kompiuterul leqsikonSi mogveZebna inglisuri // da // bgerebisTvis minimaluri wyvilebi da vipoveT mxolod sami kandidati:
(32)
bathe
[be]
vs.
beige
leather
[lr ]
vs.
leisure [lr ]
[be]
seether
[si]
vs.
siege
[si]
samive [] bgeriani sityvis gamoTqma daleqtebis mixedviT icvleba: uamravi

mosaubrisTvis beige gamoiTqmis, rogorc [bed], leisure [lir ] an [lr] da seige
[sid]. dialeqtebSi, romlebic am sityvebis aseT warmoTqmas gulisxmobs, ar
arsebobs minimaluri wyvili [] da [] bgerebisTvis.
[] da [] bgerebi araviTar SemTxvvaSi ar iqneba alofonebi arc erT dialeqtSi. isini rom erTi fonemis variantebi iyos, maSin gveqneboda wesi, riTac
maT distribucias ganvsazRvravdiT.
541
542
aseTi wesebi ver gveqneba minimalurTan miaxloebuli wyvilebis arsebobis

gamo. esenia wyvilebi, romlebic Zalian umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. qvemoT mocemulia minimalurTan miaxloebuli wyvilebi // da // bgerebisTvis:
(33) tether
[tr ]
vs.
pleasure
[plr ]

an
measure
[mr ]

neither
[nir ]
vs.
seizure [sir ]
lather
[lr ]
vs.
azure [r ]
heathen
[hin]
vs.
adhesion
[dhin]
smoothen
[smun] vs.
illusion
[lun]
intrusion
[ntrun]
an
an
fusion [fjun]
es sia gviCvenebs, rom fonetikuri garemo araviTar kavSirSi ar aris imasTan [] iqneba gamoyenebuli Tu [] ar arsebobs SemadgenelTa garemo, romelic
winaswar gansazRvravda, romeli fonia saWiro. am bgerebis distribuciasTan
dakavSirebuli wesebi Tu ar arsebobs, maSin [] da [] bgerebis alofonobis
damtkiceba SeuZlebelia.
ioli misaxvedria, rom Tu inglisurSi iseTi axali sityva Semova, romelic
srulyofil minimalur wyvils Seqmnis, ena Zalian male SeiTvisebs mas. logikuria, Tu vityviT, rom // da // damoukidebeli fonemebia, romelTaTvisac
(zog dialeqtSi) sruli minimaluri wyvili ar arsebobs da amitom analizisaTvis minimalurTan miaxloebuli wyvili gamoiyeneba.
12.4.4 damatebiTi distribuciis dadgena monacemTa mixedviT

warmovidginoT, rom mocemuli gvaqvs erTi enis fonetikuri masala, romlisganac fonemebisa da maTi alofonebis sistema unda SevqmnaT. realurad,
es Zalian didi da mZime samuSaoa, magram pedagogikuri miznebisTvis axla fonologiis mxolod mcire nawils ganvixilavT.
gansaxilveli enaa masai (niloturi ena, romelic keniasa da tanzaniaSi
gamoiyeneba) da Cven yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT bgeraTa Semdeg jgufze [p,
t, k, b, d, g, , , ]. amaTgan bolo sami mJReri napralovania: [] wyvilbagismieri,
[] kbilismieri da [] ukanasasismieri. qvemoT mocemulia am bgerebis Semcveli
63 sityva:
(34)
1. [ailap]
2. [aret]
3. [arup]
4. [asip]
5. [arioi]
6. [aa]
7. [alut]
8. [iai]
9. [orop]
10. [emiir]
siZulvili
daxmareba
mogroveba
xmamaRla azris gamoTqma
mowiTalo yavisferi
saxifaTo
celqi
sxvagan
mokle, dabali
meWeWiani Rori

11. [emaaa]
12. [embian]
13. [emburuo]
14. [enaraa]
15. [enuai]
16. [eirut]
17. [eo]
18. [enaioa]
19. [endaraa]
20. [endorop]
21. [endulelei]
22. [endueiai]
23. [egamanii]
24. [egila]
25. [egiruoo]
26. [ego]
27. [eoi]
28. [ilarak]
29. [ilkek]
30. [ilpait]
31. [iltoi]
32. [imok]
33. [imbala]
34. [imbaiak]
35. [imbok]
36. [indai]
37. [ijok]
38. [kae]
39. [keianje]
40. [keer]
41. [kiiroo]
42. [koo]
43. [oliret]
44. [olua]
45. [olilaa]
46. [oliet]
47. [olkila]
48. [olkiuei]
49. [olporor]
50. [olpul]
51. [olpura]
52. [olpurkel]
53. [olta]
54. [oltulet]
meomrebis sofeli
simamace
boli
mexi
sizali
Cumi-mdedrobiTi
patara skivri
tba naivaSaA
erTmaneTTan Cxubi
moisyide is
sodomis vaSli
taveteli qali
asakobrivi jgufis saxeli
tansacmeli-kninobiTi
SiSi
urCie mas
codva
mkvlelebi
xeebi
Tmebi
kasri
daakave
furclebi
mousvenari xar
ceremoniulad gaasufTave
Tqven
Cven
magram
marcxena mxare
zeca
zrdaSeCerebuli
bebia
satvirTo unagiri
maRazia
oTaxi
sari
tansacmeli
ekali
asakobrivi jgufi
daxocvis adgili
qonSi Senaxuli xorci
mSrali stepebi
lampa
ayiro mis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi
543
544

55. [oltuli]
57. [poira]
56. [paan]
58. [pus]
59. [sarkin]
tabu

60. [taruini]
62. [tisila]
61. [tasat]
63. [tiila]
dunduli
daxelovnebuli srolaSi
yvela
Ria feris
sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlis qorwinebis
binokli
Sromis unars moklebuli
gaceri
yuradRebiT Seiswavle
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom xSulebis

damatebiTi jgufi arsebobs: / /. esenia mJReri implosivebi, romelTa warmoTqmisas haeris gamoSvebamde piris RruSi mcire vakuumi iqmneba. es fonemaTa
calke mwkrivia masaiSi, rac naTlad Cans minimaluri da minimalurTan miaxloebuli wyvilebidan:
(35) 35.
[imbok]
ceremoniulad gaasufTave
daakave
vs. 32. [imok]
7.
[alut]
celqi
Sromis unars moklebuli
26.
[ego]
vs. 17. [eno]
urCie mas
patara skivri
41.
vs. 40. [keer]
vs. 61. [tasat]
[kiiro]
zrdaSeCerebuli
zeca
amis dadgenis Semdeg analizSi am implosivebs ugulebelvyofT.

axla ki warmogidgenT Sesaswavli bgerebis masalis Semowmebis proceduras. TiToeuli bgerisTvis vadgenT yvela konteqsts, sadac es bgera gvxvdeba.
vinaidan alofonebis ganmapirobebeli garemo, Cveulebriv (magram ara yovelTvis), mocemulia wina da momdevno segmentebSi, isini cxrilSia warmodgenili.
gTAavazobT erT-erT sityvas im saxiT, ra saxiTac is Setenilia cxrilSi:
##5, [arioi] mowiTalo yavisferi, romelic Seicavs samizno [] bgeras. mis
win dgas [i] da mas mosdevs [o] xmovani. gaixseneT, rom konkretul CarCosa Tu
konteqstis Cawerisas Sesaswavli bgeris adgils qveda xazi ikavebs. Sesabamisad,
cxrils erT erTeuls kidev vumatebT:

(36) []

/ i ______ o (5)
igi SegviZlia ase wavikiTxoT: [] gvxvdeba, roca mis win [u] dgas, xolo [o]
bgera mosdevs mas, rogorc es (5) magaliTSia.
zogjer gansaxilveli bgera sityvis sawyis an finalur poziciaSia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi cxrilSi ]word frCxili unda iyos gamoyenebuli garemos gamosaxatad.

(37) [k]
/ o _____ ]word (37)
es ase waikiTxeba: [k] gvxvdeba, roca sityvis bolosaa da mis win [o:] dgas.
aseTi Cawera vrceldeba mTel masalaze. TUu ase CavwerT mxolod ukanasasmier bgerebs, aseT Sedegs miviRebT:
(38) [k]

/ a _____ e (38)
/ [word _____ i (41)
/ _____ o (26)
/ i _____ a (8)
/ _____ i (24,25)
/ [word _____ o (42)
/ l _____ e
/ l _____ i
(29)
(47)
/ l _____ i
(48)
/ r _____ i
(59)
/ r _____ e (52)
/ a _____ ]world (28)
/ e _____ ]world (29)
/ a _____ ]world (34)
/ o _____ ]world (32)
/ o _____ ]world (37)
[]
/ _____ a (23)
/ [word _____ e (39,40)
[g]
/ [word _____ a (38)
/ a _____ i (34)
/ i _____ i
(23)
/ i _____ o (5)
/ i _____ u (48)
/ o _____ i (27, 57)
/ o _____ i (57)
/ o _____ o (42)
/ u _____ a (44)
/ o _____ ]world (35)
am mxriv mowmdeba mTeli masala zogadi modelis dadgenis imediT. am monacemebis mixedviT, sayuradReboa, rom [g] mxolod []-is Semdeg gvxvdeba. xolo
[k] da [] bgerebis win ki [] arasodes ar gamoiyeneba. Cans, rom [g] fonemis mxolod erTi alofonia, vinaidan mas mkacrad gansazRvruli distribucia aqvs.
win mdgomi [], savsebiT SesaZloa, aris konteqsti, romelic moiTxovs am alofons.
mesame svetis Semowmebisas vamCnevT kidev erT faqts: [] yvela SemTxvevaSi xmovnebs Soris dgas. rogorc adre, saqme ar exeba sxva kandidat fonebs. es
gviCvenebs, rom [] kidev erTi alofonia [g]-is Semcveli fonemisa. amitom zustad viciT, rom [g] da [] damatebiT distribuciaSia.
[k] bgeris svetis Semowmeba ar gviCvenebs raime gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas:
[k] gvxvdeba sawyis poziciaSic, [r] an [l] bgerebis Semdegac da sityvis boloSic.
erTaderTi mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom es gansxvavebuli garemoebi ar moicavs
[] an [g] bgeris garemoebs.
davadgineT, rom [k], [] da [g] damatebiT distribuciaSia: arc erTi ar gvxvdeba erTsa da imave garemoSi. maTi garemoebi warmodgenilia (39)-Si:
(39) [g]: / _____
[]: / V_____ V sadac V aRniSnavs nebismier xmovans
[k]:
/ danarCen SemTxvevaSi
gonivrulia, Tu vivaraudebT, rom vinaidan [k] konteqstebis umravlesobaSi gvxvdeba, igi mTavari wevria im fonemisa, romelic Cven ZiriTad gamoxatulebaSi warmogvidgeba. fonebi [g] da [] konkretul garemoSi moqmedi fonologiuri wesebis Sedegad miRebuli alofonebia.
amgvarad, SegviZlia am bgerebis fonologiuri analizi ase CamovayaliboT:
545
546
(40) /k/ aris fonema masaiSi:
/k/ spirantad qceva: k /[+vowel] _____ [+vowel]

anu: /k/ realizdeba []- saxiT, roca xmovnebs Soris dgas.
postnazaluri warmoTqma: k g / _____
anu: /k/ realizdeba [g]-s saxiT [] bgeris Semdeg.
Cven axlaxan warmogidgineT fonemuri analizis zusti forma: garemoTa

erTad Tavmoyra, romlebic mocemuli bgera gvxvdeba, damatebiTi distribuciis dadgena, sxvadasxva alofonebis garemos dadgena da fonologiuri wesebis
warmodgena, romlebic konkretuli alofonis konkretul garemoSi gamoyenebas ganapirobebs. uamrav SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia zogi nabijis gamotoveba. sainteresoa, rom fonemizaciis sakiTxze momuSave enaTmecnieri Sexvedria zustad
igive an msgavs wesebs sxva enebSi. yvela enaSi bgerebi gulisxmobs warmoTqmis simartivesa da gansxvavebul aRqmas. amgvarad, fonologiebi xSirad viTardeba paralelurad. enebi, sadac /k/ xmovnebs Soris []-Ti realizdeba, aris
taivanuri, eve (gana) da tumpisa SoSoni (sikvdilis veli, kalifornia). enebi,
romlebSic [k] realizdeba [g]-Ti cxvirismieri bgeris Semdeg, moicavs Tanamedrove berZnulsa da vaoranis (amazonis auzi, peru).
12.5 bunebrivi klasebi

analizisTvis aRebuli masais 9 bgeridan 6 ar gangvixilavs, kerZod, [p,b,]
da [t,,d]. dasawyisisTvis saWiroa, es bgerebi Sesabamis fonetikur cxrilSi
movaTavsoT. wesiT, amas masais yvela bgerisTvis unda vakeTebdeT, magram magaliTisTvis (41) nimuSic sakmarisia:
(41)
wyvilbagismieri
yru xSulebi
martivi mJReri xSulebi
mJReri implosivi xSulebi
mJReri napralovnebi
mJReri cxvirismierebi
kbilismieri
ukanasasismieri
Tu am bgerebs ise davalagebT, rogorc wina qveTavSi, miviRebT Semdegs:

(42) [p]

/ [word _____ a (56)
/ m _____ a (33,34)
/ [word _____ u (58)
/ m _____ o (35)
/ [word _____ o (57)
/ l _____ a
[b]
/ l _____ o
/ l _____ u
(30)
/ m _____ i (12)
/ m _____ u (13)
(49)
(50, 51, 52)
/ a _____ ]word (1)
/ o _____ ]world (9,20)
/ i _____ ]word (4)
/ u _____ ]world (3)
[]
/ a _____ i (30)
/ e _____ e (40)
/ i _____ a (34)
/ i _____ e (46)
/ i _____ o (18)
/ u _____ a (15)
/ u _____ e (22)

[t]
/ [word _____ i (62, 63)
/ a _____ a (6, 11, 14,
/ l _____ a
/ n _____ u (21, 22)
/ i _____ a (22)
(53)
/ l _____ o
/ i _____ u
(31)
/ i _____ ]word (30)
/ u _____ ]world (16)
/ n _____ o (20)
(54, 55)
/ a _____ ]
[]
/ n _____ a (19, 36)
[d]
/ [word _____ a (60, 61)
(61)
world
/ e _____ ]word (2, 43, 46, 54)
/ i _____ i
19, 45)
(10)
/ o _____ o (25, 41)

/ u _____ o (25)
/ u _____ ]world (7, 16)

/ u _____ ]world (16)
Tu ganixilavT rogorc fonetikur cxrils, ise garemoTa CamonaTvals,

naxavT, rom wyvilbagismieri da kbilismieri bgerebis distribucia ukanasasismierebis paraleluria: mJReri xSulebi cxvirismieri Tanxmovnebis Semdeg
gvxvdeba, mJReri napralovnebi _ xmovnebs Soris, yru xSulebi _ yvela danarCen
SemTxvevaSi.
amgvarad, vinaidan saqme gvaqvs sam fonemasa da 9 alofonTan, ar gvWirdeba
didi odenobis wesebi maTTan gasamklaveblad. SegviZlia gamoviyenoT fonetikuri maxasiaTeblebi zogadi wesebis Casawerad, romlebic am samive fonemas
Seexeba. analizi aseT saxes miiRebs:
(43) fonemebi: /p/ /t/ /k/
fonologiuri wesebi:
spirantad qceva:
+stop
+voice
[ [
- voice

[ [
/ [+vowel] _____ [+vowel]
-stop
+fricative
anu: yru xSuli realizdeba Sesabamisi mJReri napralovnis saxiT xmovnebis

garemocvaSi.
postnazaluri warmoTqma:
[+stop] [+voice] / [+nasal] _____
anu: yru xSuli realizdeba Sesabamisi mJReri xSulis saxiT, roca cxvirismier Tanxmovans mosdevs.
zustad aRvweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba wesebSi maxasiaTeblebi: Tu Tviseba
isris marjvena mxares dgas, wesis moqmedebisas igi icvleba. magram yvela danarCeni maxasiaTebeli ucvleli rCeba. Sesabamisad, Tu ganvixilavT /mp/ wyvils
postnazaluri warmoTqmiT, /p/-s [-voice] icvleba [+voice]-iT da /p/ gardaiqmneba
[b]-d. magram [+bilabial] da [+stop] maxasiaTeblebi ucvleli rCeba. analogiuria
/nt/ wyvilis qceva [nd] mimdevrobad. /t/-s warmoTqmis minuss plusi enacvleba,
magram [+alveolar] da [+stop] rCeba ucvleli da Sedegad viRebT [d] bgeras. am gziT
SegviZlia CavweroT yvela is wesi, romelic segmentTa klasebis cvlilebas
iwvevs. Tvisebebi ufro martivi da zogadi analizis warmodgenis saSualebas
gvaZlevs, vidre es SesaZlebeli iqneboda, TiToeuli alofoni cal-calke rom
yofiliyo warmodgenili.
547
548
analizis sailustraciod masais sityvebi SegviZlia (nawilobriv) daviyvanoT fonemur gamoxatulebamde da vawarmooT amJamindeli fonetikuri formebi fonologiuri wesebis gamoyenebiT. magaliTad, 34-is [imbaiak] mousvenari
xar, misi fonemuri forma fonologiuri warmoeba mocemulia (44)-Si:
(44) /impakipak/
imbakipak
imbaiak
[imbaiak]
fonemuri forma
postnazaluri warmoTqma
spirantad qceva
fonetikuri forma
SemTxveviTi araa, rom masais xSuli fonemebi paraleluri wesiT moqmedeben. igive movlena vlindeba uamrav enaSi. qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime magaliTi, rogor moqmedebs esa Tu is wesi bgeraTa klasebze:
(45) bgeraTa damokleba inglisurSi: /e/ bgeris [] saxiT damokleba yru Tanxmovnis win inglisurSi ar exeba mxolod /e/-s: faqtobrivad, inglisuris
yvela xmovani mokldeba amgvar garemoSi. magaliTad: coat [kt] vs. code [kod],
lap [lp] vs. lab [lb] da a.S.

nazalizacia inglisurSi: inglisurSi yvela xmovani nazalizdeba cxvirismieri Tanxmovnebis win. magaliTad: bin [bn] vs. bid [bd], cam [km] vs. cab
[kb].
spirantad qceva espanurSi: espanurSi /d/-s msgavsad /b/ da /g/ bgerebsac

aqvT alofonebi, romlebic xmovnebis Semdeg gamoiyeneba ([], [] da [] Sesabamisad). magaliTebi: /'lobo/ ['loo] mgeli, /'lago/ ['lao] tba.
zogadi cnoba, rasac am magaliTebidan viRebT mdgomareobs SemdegSi: fonologiuri wesebi fonetikur maxasiaTeblebs efuZneba. am zogad principi sam
SemTxvevas moicavs.
bgeraTa jgufi, romelsac konkretuli wesi exeba, TiTqmis yovelTvis
romelime fonetikur maxasiaTebels iziarebs. magaliTad, spirantad qcevis
wesi espanurSi exeba yvela mJRer xSuls, romlebsac aqvT [+stop, +voice] Tvisebebi.
wesebi, Cveulebriv, bgeris erT an or Tvisebas cvlis. magaliTad, masaisTvis Cven mier Cawerili wesebi cvlis warmoTqmas da xSuloba/ napralovnebis
Tvisebebs.
wesis garemoSi gamovlenili bgerebi TiTqmis yovelTvis iseTi bgerebia,
romlebic konkretul fonetikur Tvisebas an Tvisebebs iziareben. magaliTad,
inglisuris wesi xmovanTa damoklebis Sesaxeb exeba yvela yru Tanxmovans, romelic am xmovnis Semdeg dgas, anu romelic xasiaTdeba [-voice] TvisebiT.
bgeraTa bunebrivi klasi aris bgeraTa sruli jgufi, romelic mocemul
enaSi erTsa da imave Tvisebebs iziarebs. magaliTad, /m, n, / masaisa da inglisurSi bunebriv klass qmnis, vinaidan maT saerTo Tviseba [nasal] aqvT. aseve /p, t,
k/ bunebrivi klasia masaisa da inglisurSi, vinaidan mas saerTo maxasiaTeblebi
[+stop, -voiced] aqvs. Tumca /m/ da /n/ araa bunebrivi klasi arc masaiSi da arc inglisurSi, vinaidan orive enaSi aris misi msgavsi mesame // bgera. am enebSi [nasal]
bunebrivi klasis formirebisTvis samive cxvirismieri Tanxmovnis dajgufebaa
saWiro.
bunebrivi klasis cnebasTan erTad fonologiur wesebTan dakavSirebiT
SegviZlia ufro specifikuri gancxadeba gavakeToT. imis Tqmis nacvlad, rom
fonologiuri wesebi fonologiur maxasiaTeblebs efuZneba, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom fonologiuri wesebi emyareba bunebriv klasebs. es imas niSnavs, rom segmentebi, romlebic wess emorCileba mocemul enaSi bunebriv klass
qmnian.
12.6 fonemis fsiqologiuri realoba

zemoT warmodgenili masala moicavda enaSi fonemis analizis wminda meqanikur proceduras. Tumca am wignSi Cveni mizani sulac ar aris enis masalis
dalagebisTvis saWiro procedurebis mxolod warmodgena. gvsurs davaxasiaToT mosaubreTa mier aTvisebuli enis codna. ismis kiTxva: marTebulia Tu
ara imis mtkiceba, rom mosaubreebi warmoTqvamen da aRiqvamen enas (qvecnobier
doneze) fonemebad? am sakiTxze uamravi eqsperimenti Catarda da enaTmecnierTa praqtikuli gamocdilebac amas adasturebs.
amave problemas sam nawilad ganvixilavT. gavixsenoT, rom yvelaze Zireuli movlena exeba fonetikur gansxvavebebs, romlebic an ganmasxvavebelia an
araganmasxvavebeli. garda amisa, enaTmecnierebi cdiloben, rom daalagon
da daSifron enis kontrastuli modelebi fonemaTa erT sistemaSi. dabolos,
arsebobs fonologiuri wesebis sistema, romelic marTavs araganmasxvavebel
fonetikur maxasiaTeblebs.
12.6.1 zusti gansxvavebebis smenadoba

eWvgareSea, rom sityvaTganmasxvaveblobis funqcia asrulebs mTavar
rols enis aRqmaSi. smenis aparati momarTulia, rom aRiqvas zustad is fonetikuri gansxvavebebi, rac fonemuria mis enaSi.
enaTmecnierTa gamocdilebam es daadastura. vTqvaT, saqme gvaqvs or
fonetikurad Zalze axlos mdgom bgerasTan da vTqvaT, rom es ori bgera orma
gansxvavebulma msmenelma moismina. A msmenelisTvis es ori bgera ganmasxvavebelia da, Sesabamisad, maT sityvaTganmasxvavebeli funqcia aqvT mis enaSi. igive
bgerebi B msmenelis enaSicaa, magram isini alofonebia. ra xdeba aseT SemTxvevaSi: A-s SeuZlia am or bgeras Soris gansxvaveba Zalian martivad aRiqvas,
xolo B-sTvis am gansxvavebis aRqma Zalian rTulia.
am wignis erT-erT Tanaavtors araerTxel Cautarebia aseTi eqsperimenti.
igi xan A-s rols asrulebda, xan B-s rols. qvemoT ramdenime magaliTia moyvanili.
erTxel, roca is B msmeneli iyo, A bengalis erT-erT dialeqtze metyvelebda, sadac kbilismieri xSulebi upirispirdeba alveolarul xSulebs,
rogorc am minimalur da minimalurTan miaxloebul wyvilebSia:
(46) [tan]
'(vocal) tune'
[tan] 'pull!'
[sat]
'seven'
[sat] 'sixty'
[d an] 'donation'
[dan] 'right (hand)'
549
550

[din] 'day'
[dim] 'egg'
B-m aRmoaCina, rom xangrZlivi praqtikis miuxedavad, ver ganarCevda bengaliSi kbilismierisa da alveolarulis gansxvavebas. es arTobda A-s, visTvisac es
ena mSobliuri iyo da am gansxvavebas Zalian naTlad aRiqvamda.
mniSvnelovani faqtia am SemTxvevasTan dakavsirebuli, rom B-sTvis mSobliuri ena amerikuli inglisuri iyo, sadac kbilismieri Tanxmovnebicaa da
alveolarulic. kbilismierebi alveolarulebis alofonebia sakmaod xSir
SemTxvevaSi, risTvisac garkveuli wesia SemuSAavebuli. es ukanaskneli alveolarulebs kbilismierebiT anacvlebs kbilismieri napralovnebis win (ganzogadebuli wesi /n/ da /l/ Tanxmovnebis dentalizaciis Sesaxeb; ix. (7) da (20)):
(47) eight
would think
tenth
[et]
at the. . .
[et ]
[tn]
in the. . .
[n ]
[wd k]
said this
[sd s]
mTavaria, rom B-s mier kbilismieri/alveolarulis garCevis problemebi

ar ukavSirdeba mis gamocdilebas kbilismierebTan mimarTebaSi, ubralod B-s
mSobliuri ena fonemurad ar ganasxvavebs alveolarulebsa da kbilismierebs.
imave avtorma A-s rolic Seasrula. misi mSobliuri enaa inglisuris dialeqti, sadac /a/ upirispirdeba saSualoze dabal ukana momrgvalebul xmovans //.
am dialeqtis minimaluri wyvilebi (48)-Sia mocemuli:
(48) caught
[kt]
cot
[kat]
[p]
Pa
[pa]
Kaun
Auto
paw
[kn]
[o]
con
Otto
[kan]
[ao]
am dialeqtze amerikis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti saubrobs da igi Tanaarsebobs istoriulad ganaxlebul dialeqtTan, romelSic // bgeras yvelgan /a/ Caanacvlebs. Aamgvarad, axal dialeqtSi zemoaRniSnuli sityvebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
(49) caught
[kat]
cot
[kat]
[pa]
Pa
[pa]
Kaun
auto
paw
[kan]
[ao]
con
Otto
[kan]
[ao]
am axal dialeqtze metyvelni xSirad irwmunebian, rom maTTvis Zalian Znelia am gansxvavebebis aRqma. amis sapirispirod ki, Zvel dialeqtze mosaubreni
gansxvavebas kargad SeigrZnoben da Tvlian, rom sakmaod ucnauri movlenaa,
Tuki vinmes es ar esmis.
aseTi uamravi faqti arsebobs. naTelia, rom mosaubreebs Zalian uWirT
aRqma an saerTod ver aRiqvamen im gansxvavebebs or bgeras Soris, romelic TavianT enaSi erTmaneTs ar upirispirdeba.
12.6.2 ìgive bgeris~ cneba

enaTmecnierebma daadgines, rom mosaubreebis azriT, alofonebi fonetikuri gansxvavebebis miuxedavad erTi da igive bgeraa. qvemoT aseTi ramdenime
magaliTia moyvanili.

Ten da Ted sityvebs fonetikurad gansxvavebuli xmovnebi aqvT. Ten sityvaSi fonema // cxvirismieri bgeris win dgas da Sesabamisad ganicdis Semdegi
fonetikuri wesis gavlenas:
(50) xmovanTa nazalizacia

[+vowel] [+nasal] / _______ +consonant

+nasal
anu: xmovani cxvirismieri Tanxmovnis win yofnisas nazalizacias ganicdis. (51)-Si am wesis Sedegia warmodgenili:
(51) ten: /tn/
Ted:

[tn]
/td/ fonemuri formebi

____
[td]
xmovnis nazalizacia
fonetikuri formebi
inglisurad mosaubreni ki mainc amtkiceben, rom ten da Ted sityvebs erTi

da igive xmovani aqvT. marTlac, am or bgeras Soris gansxvaveba Zalian bundovania da mxolod yuradRebiT Seswavlis Semdeg Cans.
am fonetikur gansxvavebasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa (magaliTad)
frangulad mosaubreTa qceva. frangulSi arsebul minimalur wyvilebSi cxvirismieri xmovnebi fonemurad gansxvavdeba danarCeni xmovnebisagan:
(52) [m] magram

[t] Zalian
[m] xeli
[t] matarebeli
frangi mosaubreebisTvis aSkaraa, rom [] da [] gansxvavebuli bgerebia.

mTavari gansxvaveba ingliselsa da frangs Soris, am mxriv, aris am ori enis
fonemur struqturebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba: franguli enis fonemuri
struqturis mixedviT nazaluri da oraluri xmovnebi gansxvavebuli bgerebia, radgan isini cal-calke fonemebia; xolo inglisurSi isini erTi da igive
bgerebia, vinaidan aq isini erTi fonemis alofonebia.
SegviZlia aseTi daskvna gavakeToT: Tu ori foni erTi fonemis alofonia,
am enaze mosaubrisTvis is erTi da igive bgeraa.
magram am daskvnas SegviZlia davumatoT garkveuli TavSekaveba bgerebis
zogadi codnis Sesaxeb. ise Cans, TiTqos adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa
ver aRiqvamdes, rom enas aqvs aseTi bgerebi. anu, adamianis gonebaSi fonemebis
sistema sruliad gaucnobierebel donezea. mosaubres fonemebze codnas uRrmavebs anbanurad wera-kiTxvis swavla, vinaidan am dros Semswavlelis yuradReba mobilizebulia bgerebisa da asoebis Sesatyvisobaze.
xSirad SevxvedrivaT students, romelmac Zalian kargad icis ena, magram
mwiri warmodgena aqvs fonemebze: aseTi SeiZleba iyos studenti, romelic
saxlSi erT enaze saubrobs da skolaSi _ meoreze, an iseTi studenti, romelic
araanbanur Cinur enaze saubrobs. aseTi studentebisTvis lingvistikis Seswavla erTaderTi gzaa fonemebisa da enis struqturis Sesaxeb codnis misaRebad.
kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, Cven vamtkicebT, rom mas Semdeg, rac mosaubre
sametyvelo bgerebis Sesaxeb cnobas iRebs, igi erTi fonemis alofonebs erTsa
da imave bgerad aRiqvams.
551
552
12.6.3 ucxouri aqcentebi

damadasturebeli sabuTis kidev erTi wyaroa fsiqologiuri realoba
ara fonemisa, aramed im fonologiuri wesebis sistemisa, romelsac fonemebi
eqvemdebareba. es vlindeba mosaubris mier ucxo enaze metyvelebis mcdelobisas. Cveulebriv, am mcdelobis Sedegad viRebT meore enis metad sust imitacias. Zlieri ucxouri aqcenti SeiZleba xangrZlivi praqtikis miuxedavadac
darCes.
Tu ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT ucxour aqcents, aRmovaCenT, rom is
sakmaod sistemuria: igi garkveul bgerebze moqmedi didi raodenobis specifikuri damaxinjebebis Sedegia. Cveulebriv, bgeraTa damaxinjeba gamowveulia
meore enis mSobliuri enis fonologiis gamoyenebiT gamoTqmis mcdelobiT.
SegviZlia fonologia miviCnioT sistemad, romelic gansazRvravs konkretul enaSi warmosaTqmel bgerebs. am bgerebSi erTiandeba konteqstis mixedviT
Sesabamisi alofoniT realizebuli fonemebi. am (Zalian did) jgufs gareT
yvelaferi aucileblad moicavs samidan erT maxasiaTebels:
mimdevroba miuRebelia, Tu masSi ararsebuli fonemaa gamoyenebuli.
magaliTad, nebismieri sityva, romelSic gamoyenebulia mJReri naqismieri
napralovani [], mJReri gafSvinvierebuli xSuli an wina momrgvalebuli
xmovani, umarTebuloa inglisurSi, vinaidan aseTi bgerebi am enaSi ar gvxvdeba.
mimdevroba SeiZleba fonetikurad miuRebeli iyos, fonemaTa araswori ganlagebisas. amgvarad, [bnk] sityva oTxi inglisuri fonemisgan Sedgeba,
romelTa ganlageba dauSvebelia inglisur fonologiaSi.
dabolos, mimdevroba fonologiurad miuRebelia, roca masSi alofonTa
dauSvebeli distribuciaa. magaliTad, Tu sityvaSi [fil] [l] ar aris ukanasasismieri, maSin es sityva miuRebelia inglisurisTvis, vinaidan inglisurs alofonuri wesi aqvs, romlis Tanaxmadac, sityvis bolos [] unda iyos, rogorc es [fi]
feel sityvis swor gamoTqmaSia.
Tu ucxo enis sityva fonologiurad am samidan nebismieri mizeziT inglisurisTvis Seusabamoa, mas, Cveulebriv, arasworad warmoTqvamen.
aq warmodgenilia ramdenime magaliTi. germanuli sakuTari saxeli Gdel
fonetikurad aris [gdl], sadac saSualoze maRali wina momrgvalebuli
xmovani gamoiyeneba. inglisurs // fonema ar aqvs, amitom inglisurad mosaubreni iyeneben akustikurad msgavs /r / bgeras da Gdel-s gamoTqvamen, rogorc
girdle-s. franguli th Cai fonetikurad aris [te]. inglisuris uamrav dialeqtSi araa monofTongi [e], ris nacvladac difTongi [e] gamoiyeneba. am dialeqtebze mosaubreni frangul [e] bgeras [ei]-Ti Caanacvleben.
es aris ucxouri aqcentis SemTxvevebi, roca mSobliuri enis fonemebi
gamoiyeneba ucxo enis fonetikurad msgavsi bgerebis nacvlad. aseve gvaqvs
SemTxvevebi, roca mSobliuri enis alofonebi enacvleba fonetikurad msgavs
ucxo bgerebs. es qmnis mSobliuri enisTvis swor fonologiur gamoTqmas. magaliTad, inglisurad metyvelni, Cveulebriv, frangul th-s warmoTqvamen [the]
fSvinvieri [th] bgeriT, vinaidan es /t/ fonemis is alofonia, romelic inglisurSi sityvis sawyis poziciaSi gvxvdeba. amis msgavsad, Gdel-s ingliselebi war-
moTqvamen ukanasasismieri []-Ti, romelic /l/-s alofonia.

franguli huitre [it] xamanwka Sedgeba sami iseTi bgerisgan, romelic inglisurSi araa: maRali wina momrgvalebuli [], yru kbilismieri [t] da mJReri
naqismieri napralovani []. es sityva albaT Semdeg cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs: inglisuri /w/ Caenacvleba frangul //-s; ukana momrgvalebuli Sualeduri bgera
gamoiyeneba franguli wina momrgvalebuli Sualeduri bgeris nacvlad. inglisuri alveolaruli /t/ fonemurad yvelaze axlos dgas frangul kbilismier
//-sTan; da inglisuri alveolaruli /r/ Caenacvleba frangul naqismier //-s.
miuxedavad am cvlilebebisa, bgeraTa mimdevroba /witr/ inglisurSic miuRebelia, vinaidan ar SeiZleba /tr/ wyviliT damTavrdes sityva. amitomac emateba
umaxvilo Sva da viRebT [witr]-s.
amgvarad, ucxo enis Semswavlelebi arian met-naklebad mSobliuri enis
tyveebi. cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom isini mSobliuri enis fonologiurad swor mimdevrobas aniWeben upiratesobas. mSobliuri fonologiis SezRudvaTa fsiqologiuri realoba aSkara xdeba, roca vakvirdebiT ucxo
enis gamoTqmis Sedegebs.
ra Tqma unda, calkeuli individebi gansxvavdebian am problemis gadalaxvis TvalsazrisiT; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini fonologiis asimilaciis
TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdebian. swori aqcentis asaTviseblad saWiroa rogorc
mSobliuri, ise Sesaswavli enis fonologiis codna.
12.7 fonetikuri msgavsebis kriteriumebi

fonologiur analizSi fonologiuri realobis kriteriumis SemotaniT
gairkva, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba fonemizaciis meqanikuri gamoyeneba, rogorc es masais magaliTebSi gavakeTeT. aq ganvixilavT SemTxvevebs,
roca sakmarisi ar aris iseTi fonetikuri segmentebis Segroveba da dalageba,
romlebic erTmaneTs ar upirispirdebian.
martivi magaliTia inglisurSi [h] da [] bgerebi. [h] gamoiyeneba sityvis
dasawyisSi da maxviliani marcvlovani bgerebis win, rogorc qvemoT magaliTSi
Cans:
(53) hill
[hl]
ahead
[hd]

high
[ha]
prohibit
[prohbt]
how
[ha]
behold
[bihold]
Horatio
[hreio]
rehearse
[rihr s]
[] bgera gvxvdeba sityvis bolos, Tanxmovnebis win da or marcvlovan bgeras

Soris, romelTagan meore umaxviloa:
(54) sing
[s]
sink
[sk]
singer
[sr ]
pang
[p]
anger
[gr ]
Singapore [spor]
running [rn]
hangs
[hz]
dinghy
Langley
[di]
[lli]
ar arsebobs SemTxveva, roca [h] gamoyenebulia sityvis bolos, an Tanxmovnebis win, an ormarcvlovan bgeras Soris, romelTagan meore umaxviloa.
553
554
aseve, [] ar gvxvdeba iq, sadac wesiT [h] unda iyos. Sesabamisad, [h] da [] erTmaneTs ar upirispirdeba. SeuZlebelia, maT sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa cvla gamoiwvion, vinaidan sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi gamoiyenebian. radgan
isini kontrasts ver qmnian, xom ar unda CavTvaloT isini erTi fonemis alofonebad?
enaTmecnierTa tradiciuli pasuxia ara. amis mizezia, roca ori bgera
erTi da imave fonemis alofonia, maT, mosaubre, romlisTvisac mocemuli ena
mSobliuria, aRiqvams, rogorc erTsa da imave bgeras. es ki ar xdeba [] da [h]
bgerebis SemTxvevaSi. marTebuli iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom /h/ da // calke fonemebia inglisurSi da faqti, rom maT ar SeuZliaT dapirispireba, ubralo SemTxveviTobaa. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cven uarvyofT azrs, rom fonemebis
gamoyofa mxolod maTi distribuciis mixedviT unda moxdes. Tu vambobT, rom
ori bgera erTi fonemis alofonia, isini erTmaneTs fonetikurad unda ukavSirdebodes.
msgavsi magaliTi imave azrs amtkicebs. Tu masais bgerebis distribucias SevamowmebT [p, b, t, d, k, g], maSin aseT daskvnas gamoitanT:
[p] da [d] damatebiT distribuciaSia.
[t] da [g] damatebiT distribuciaSia.
[k] da [b] damatebiT distribuciaSia.
yovelive es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom mJReri xSulebi masaiSi yovelTvis

cxvirismierebis Semdeg dganan, xolo yruebi _ arasodes. Sedegad, masais fonemuri analizisas martivad dajgufdeba [p] da [d], [t] da [g], [k] da [b]. aseTi analizi mxolod distribucias efuZneba da ar eTanxmeba mSobliur enaze mosaubris
intuicias, romelic fonetikurad msgavs [t] da [d]-s erT bgerad aRiqvams, aseve
[p] da [b]-s, [k] da [g]-s.
12.8 konteqstiT SezRuduli kontrasti

aqamde Cven fonologiis Zalian martivi koncefcia vixileT: enaSi aris
fonemaTa da wesebis jgufebi, romlebic gansazRvraven TiToeuli fonemis
alofons calkeul konteqstSi. ganmasxvavebeli informacia fonemur gamoxatulebaSi gvaqvs, xolo araganmasxvavebeli informacia wesebis sferos ekuTvnis.
amis gaazrebis Semdeg SegviZlia sakiTxi ufro gavarTuloT. davuSvaT, wesebi ar aris SezRuduli araganmasxvavebel informaciasTan moqmedebiT da igi
aseve marTavs ganmasxvavebel masalasac. Tu es asea, maSin, ra saxis fonologia
gveqneba? amis gasarkvevad Cven inglisuri enis erT magaliTs ganvixilavT.
inglisur enaSi, sxva enebisgan gansxvavebiT, sityvebis ori xSuliT damTavreba dasaSvebia, rogorc Semdegi magaliTebidan Cans:
(55) concept
[kanspt]
contact
[kntkt]

jumped
[dmpt]
milked
rubbed
[rbd]
bagged
[mlkt]
magram aseTi wyvilebi mkacradaa SezRuduli: meore xSuli yovelTvis

alveolaruli unda iyos. amitomac ar arsebobs inglisurSi iseTi sityvebi,
rogoricaa *[kanstp], *[kanttk], *[mlkp], *[bdg], *[rdb]. inglisurad mo-
saubreni maSinve xvdebian, rom aseTi formebi arasworia da xSirad maT Znelad
warmosaTqmel mimdevrobadac miiCneven.
SegviZlia am faqtisTvis zogadi fonologiuri principi ase CamovayaliboT:
(56) alveolarulis adgilze gavlena

[+stop] [+alveolar] / [+stop] ______ ]word
rac niSnavs, rom sityvis bolos mdgari xSuli yovelTvis alveolaruli
unda iyos.
es wesi axalia im niSniT, rom igi konkretulad arafers ar miemarTeba, yvela inglisuri sityva am wess emorCileba. es wesi ubralod inglisuri enis wesia
da hipoTezuri gamonaklisebis mofiqreba verafers SegvZens. amgvarad, es wesi
inglisurad mosaubris codnis nawilia.
alveolarulis adgilze gavlenis wesis mniSvnelovani Sedegia, rom inglisur xSulebSi adgilis kontrasti SezRudulia Sesabamisi garemoTi. amitom
inglisurs sakmaod bevri aseTi minimaluri sameuli aqvs, rogorc es (57) -Sia
warmodgenili:
(57)
pin [pn]
vs.
tin
[tn]
vs.
kin
[kn]
sap [sp]
vs.
sat
[st]
vs.
sack
[sk]
bill [bl]
vs.
dill
[dl]
vs.
gill
[gl]
bib [bb]
vs.
bid
[bd]
vs.
big
[bg]
ar arsebobs (58)-Si mocemulis msgavsi minimaluri sameulebi:

(58) *[kp]
vs.
[kt]
vs.
*[kk]

*[dbb]
vs.
[dbd]
vs
*[dbg]
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, inglisuri ena xSulebs Soris adgilis kontrasts

sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis gansxvavebisTvis iyenebs, magram igi amas yvela konteqstSi ar akeTebs. swored es igulisxmeba konteqstiT SezRudul kontrastSi.
SezRuduli Sepirispireba, albaT, fonologiis wesia da ara gamonaklisi,
inglisurSi kontrastis mravali saxea konteqstiT SezRuduli. qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime magaliTi.
cxvirismierebi
inglisuri upirispirebs cxvirismierebis gamoyenebis sam SemTxvevas: /m/
vs /n/ vs //. SegviZlia minimalur sameulad miviCnioT Semdegi sityvebi: hum
[hm] vs Hun [hn] vs. hung [h]. sityvis dasawyisSi mxolod /m/ da /n/ SeiZleba
iyos: inglisuri (da sxva mravali enis) fonologiuri wesi krZalavs sityvis dasawyisSi // bgeris gamoyenebas.
obstruentebis warmoTqma
gavixsenoT, rom obstruentebi Semdegi komponentebisgan Sedgeba: xSulebi + afrikatebi + napralovnebi. inglisurSi obstruentebi warmoTqmis mixedviT upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, rogorc am minimalur wyvilebSi Cans:
(59) pin
/pn/
vs.
bin
/bin/
/pt/
vs.
pad
/pd/
pat
555
556

chill
/tl/
vs.
Jill
/dl/
bicher
/bkr /
vs.
bigger
/bgr /
mace
/mes/
vs.
maze
/mez/
ganvixiloT ori obstruentiT daboloebuli sityvebi. aseT SemTxvevebSi inglisuris fonologiuri wesis Tanaxmad, meore obstruenti aucileblad
unda Seewyos pirvels warmoTqmis mixedviT:
(60) swori

act
[kt]
'acd'
*[kd]
'clasb'
*[klsb]
clasp
[klsp]
araswori
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, warmoTqmis kontrasti ar arsebobs am konkretul garemoSi sityvis bolos, obstruentis Semdeg. aseT garemoSi obstruentis warmoTqma mTlianad damokidebulia marcxena mezobelze da amitom dapirispireba SeuZlebelia.
SezRuduli kontrastis TvalsazrisiT, SegviZlia ganvixiloT damokidebuleba wesebsa da fonemur formebs Soris. aqamde Cven vmsjelobdiT iseT
mimarTebaze, roca wesebi damxmare saSualeba iyo: isini ubralod gvaZlevdnen
fonemebis variantebs, romlebic wesebisgan damoukideblad idga. aseTi SemTxvevebi ki sakmaod gansxvavebul viTarebas gvisaxavs; wesebi gansazRvravs, risi
warmoTqmaa mizanSewonili enaSi. amitom fonemuri formebi unda ewyobodes wesebs.
es zogadi sqema ori gansxvavebuli saxiT vlindeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
wesebi gansazRvraven araganmasxvavebeli informaciis distribucias, fonemis fonetikur realizacias, rasac Cven alofonebs vuwodebT. meore SemTxvevaSi ki, wesebi gansazRvraven ganmasxvavebeli informaciis distribucias da
fonemaTa distribucia SezRudulia: g isini mxolod iq gvxvdeba, sadac wesebi
aZlevs maT amis saSualebas. amitom viRebT konteqstiT SezRudul kontrasts.
am sqemis mesame Sedegs qvemoT vnaxavT.
12.9 saxesxvaoba
fonologiis ufro zusti suraTi iqmneba, roca vxedavT, rom mosaubris
mier warmoTqmuli fonetikuri formebi mravalnairad icvleba, rac niSnavs,
rom erTi fonemuri gamoxatuleba mcirediT gansxvavebul fonetikur formebs
gvaZlevs.
aseTi variaciis aRweris erTi saSualebaa im fonologiuri wesebis ganxilva, romlebic arCeviTad moqmedebs. SerCeviTi fonologiuri wesi, rogorc
erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi varianti saubrisTvis, SeiZleba SeumCneveli iyos.
amis damadasturebelia inglisurSi flepingis wesi, romelic []-s warmogvidgens /t/ bgeris alofonad iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa outer [ar ] attic [k]
catapult [kplt], romlebic warmoiTqmis, rogorc /atr/, /tk/ da / ktplt/
imis mixedviT, mimarTavs Tu ara mosaubre flepingis wess.
aq warmodgenilia kidev erTi arCeviTi wesis magaliTi, romelic CrdiloeT amerikis qalaqebis, detroitisa da bufalos, inglisuris zogierT dialeqtSi gvxvdeba. am dialeqtSi xmovan fonemas // aqvs difTonguri alofoni,
romelic ase Caiwereba _ []. am wyvilis gamoyenebis ramdenime magaliTi qvemoTaa mocemuli:
(61) []

lap /lp/
[lp]
pal
/pl/
lab
/lb/
pack /pk/
[pl]
[pk]
[lb]
[]
man
Spanish
dance
/mn/
/spn/
/dns/
[mn]
[spn]
[dns]
rogorc vxedavT, difTongi alofoni /n/ bgeris win dgas, xolo ufro dabali monofTonguri alofoni sxvagan. bunebrivia, rom difTongi alofoni
cxvirismieria; es xmovnis nazalizaciis wesis Sedegia, romelic (50)-Si iyo warmodgenili.
amrigad, SegviZlia // miviCnioT fonemis ZiriTad formad. misi difTonguri varianti momdinareobs Semdegi wesidan:
(62) // difTongad qceva
/ _____ n
anu: fonema [] realizdeba []-s saxiT, roca /n/-is win dgas.
alofonis cxvirismieroba gamowveulia xmovnis nazalizaciis wesidan,
rogorc es (63)-Sia warmodgenili:
(63) ban:

/bn/
bn
bn
[bn]
fonemuri forma
// bgeris diftongad qceva (62)
xmovnis nazalizacia (50)
fonetikuri forma
Man, Spanish da dance sityvebis zemoT mocemuli warmoTqmis forma

erTaderTi variantia, Tumca Sesabamis dialeqtSi es sityvebi asec warmoiTqmis - [mn], [spn], [dns]. amrigad, [] bgeris difTongad qcevis Sesaxeb wesi
SerCeviTia. roca ar gamoiyeneben, // vlindeba []-s saxiT. fonologiuri derivacia (64)-Sia warmodgenili:
(64) ban:

/bn/
ar moqmedebs
bn
[bn]
fonemuri forma
// bgeris difTongad qceva
xmovnis nazalizacia
fonetikuri forma
yvela fonologiuri wesi araa arCeviTi. wesi, romelic alveolarul /n/-s

aqcevs kbilismier [n ] bgerad //-s win, savaldebuloa. magaliTad, tenth [tn]
sityvis warmoTqma alveolaruli [n] bgeriT sakmaod rTulia da xelovnurad
JRers. xmovnis nazalizaciac aseve savaldebuloa: [bn] da [bn] orive ban-is
variantia, *[bn] da *[bn] formebi ki miuRebelia. inglisurad zogierTi mosaubrisTvis SeiZleba flepingis da []-s difTongad qcevis wesebic savaldebuloa maTi metyvelebisTvis.
arCeviTi wesebi da saubris stili

rodesac enas arCeviTi wesi aqvs, xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTi wesis gamoyeneba
saubris stilzea damokidebuli. mSvid da yuradRebian saubarSi misi gamoy-
557
558
eneba SeumCnevelia, xolo swraf metyvelebaSi ki es wesebi xSirad gamoiyeneba.

amis danaxva martivad SeiZleba Tu aviRebT sityvaTa iseT mimdevrobas, romelic erTze meti arCeviTi wesis gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad,
fraza tan attic fonemurad ase gamoiyureba /tn tk/. masze SeiZleba imoqmedos flepingisa da [] xmovnis difTongad qcevis wesebma (garda xmovnis nazalizaciis aucilebeli wesisa), raTa miiRos [tn k] forma yoveldRiuri
metyvelebisas. aseve SesaZlebelia es wesebi ar gamoviyenoT da maSin miviRebT
[tn tk] formas mSvid da yuradRebian saubarSi. SeiZleba Sualeduri variantic miviRoT, Tuki am ori SerCeviTi wesidan erT-erTi iqneba gamoyenebuli.
zogadad, mosaubreebi metyvelebis stilis uamrav variants avlenen. es
variacia SeiZleba ganvixiloT fonologiuri analizisas: Cveulebriv, arsebobs calkeuli SerCeviTi wesebi, romlebic ufro didi sixSiriTD gamoiyeneba.
mosaubreni TavianTi metyvelebis tons gaucnobiereblad cvlian sxvadasxva
tipis adamianebTan saubrisas. Tumca yoveldRiuri metyveleba sulac araa
dabinZurebuli an araswori, is xSirad situaciis mixedviTaa agebuli.
araswori stilis SerCevam SeiZleba enobrivi usufTaobis an pretenziulobis
STabeWdileba Seqmnas.
CanarTi
12.4
fonologiuri monacemebis Segroveba

fonologiuri monacemebi grovdeba araformaluri gzebiTa da saSualebebiT: kalmiTa da furcliT SeiaraRebuli enaTmecnieri sTxovs mosaubres,
visTvisac esa Tu is ena mSobliuria, warmoTqvas sityvebi da mosmenilis fonetikur an fonemur transkrifcias iniSnavs. es meTodi naklebad sasargebloa
SerCeviTi fonologiuri wesebis SeswavlisTvis. problema isaa, rom mecnieris
TxovniT sityvis warmoTqmas mainc formaluri saxe eZleva da mosaubre mainc
cdilobs sityvis gamoTqmis saukeTeso forma moasmeninos mkvlevars. ubralod
Cveulebrivi metyvelebis mosmenac usargebloa, vinaidan mosaubreebi iSviaTad Tu akontroleben TavianTi saubris stils.
am problemis mosagvareblad mniSvnelovani midgoma SeimuSava sociolingvistikam, romelic swavlobs fonologiur da gramatikul movlenebs
metyvelebis socialur konteqstSi. magaliTad, sociolingvistma SeiZleba
ori axlo megobari mozardis sruliad ubralo, yoveldRiuri dialogis audio
Canaweri gaakeTos. am dialogis fonetikuri transkrifciis Caweris Semdeg, SeiZleba amave mozardebis metyvelebis ufro formaluri stili Semowmdes da maT
saTiTaod sTxovon calkeuli Canawerebis an minimaluri wyvilebis warmoTqma.
bunebriv saubrebze dakvirvebis didi upiratesobaa, rom moxsnilia socialuri konteqsti, rac sxvadasxva sasaubro stilis gamovlenis saSualebas
iZleva.
12.10 fonologia da misi kavSiri morfologiasTan

fonologia da morfologia urTierTqmedebs sakmaod CaxlarTuli gzebiT. am qveTavSi nagulisxmebia, rom Tqven ukve SeiswavleT me-2 Tavi da, Sesabamisad, TqvenTvis nacnobia morfemis cneba da morfologiuri wesebi.
pirvel rigSi unda ganimartos alternacia (monacvleoba):

(65) morfema monacvleobs, roca sxvadasxva konteqstSi gansxvavebuli
formiT vlindeba.
alternacia ZiriTadad Sedegia fonologiuri da morfologiuri wesebis urTierTqmedebisa. vidre alternaciis gamomwvev mizezebze visaubrebT,
saWiroa warmovidginoT Zireuli masala amerikuli inglisuris fonologiisa
da morfologiis Sesaxeb.
12.10.1 /t/ bgeriT daboloebuli fuZeebis alternacia inglisurSi
qvemoT warmodgenilia inglisuris zogierTi fonologiuri wesi,
romelTagan ramdenime wina qveTavebSi iyo mocemuli. preglotalizaciis wesi
exeba preglotalizebul /p, t, k/ bgerebis alofonebs (transkrifcia [p, t, k]),
roca isini sityvis bolo poziciaSi gvxvdeba:
(66) preglotalizacia

+stop [+preglottalized] /____]word

-voice
anu: yru xSuli realizdeba preglotalizebulad, roca finalur poziciaSia.

magaliTebi:
cap
/kp/
[kp]
hat
/ht/
[ht]
hack
/hk/
[hk]
flepingis wesis mixedviT /t/ fonema realizdeba [] flepiT, roca or marcvlovan bgeras Soris dgas, romelTagan meore umaxviloa. qvemoT es wesi xelaxlaa warmodgenili:
(67)
flepingi
/t/ [] / [+vowel] _____
+vowel
-stress
/t/ fonema fSvinvieri xdeba uamrav konteqstSi. uxeSad rom iTqvas, aspira-
cias adgili aqvs, roca yru xSuli maxviliani marcvlovani bgeris win dgas da
roca mis win /s/ ar dgas.
(68)

aspiracia
t [+aspirated] / X _____ +vowel
aucilebeli piroba: X /s/
+stressed
magaliTebi:
Tom
/tam/
[tham]
tell
/tl/
[thl]
vs.
obtain
Atlas
/tls/ [tls]
get
/gt/
/bten/ [bthen]
actor
/ktr / [ktr ]
attest
/tst/
[thst]
terrific /trfk/ [trfk]
retain
/riten/
[rit en]
stun
/stn/
[gt]
[stn]
marcxena svetSi warmodgenili magaliTebi gviCvenebs, maxviliani xmovnis

win mdgari /t/-s, romelic fSvinvieri xdeba. aspiracia ar xdeba sityvebSi: Atlas,
559
560
get, actor da terrific, vinaidan /t/ maxvilis win ar dgas. sityva stun gviCvenebs /s/
bgeris sust gavlenas aspiraciaze. imisaTvis, rom aspiraciis wesi Seexos samive
yru xSul Tanxmovans, saWiroa misi ufro zogadi saxiT Camoyalibeba, magram am
SemTxvevaSi mxolod /t/ bgeris magaliTi ganvixileT.
axla ki ganvixiloT morfologiisa da fonologiis urTierTqmedebis SemTxveva, roca morfologia fonemebis fonologiur garemos cvlis. es niSnavs,
rom prefiqsebisa da sufiqsebis segmentebi TavisTavad aris fonologiuri
procesis garemos nawili. gavaanalizoT (69)-Si warmodgenili magaliTebi:
(69) note
notable
notation
/not/
/notbl/
/noten/
[not]
[nobl]
[nothen]
quote
quotable
quotation
/kwot/
/kwotbl/
/kwoten/
[kwot]
[kwobl]
[kwothen]
davakvirdeT /t/ fonemis calkeul alofonebs, romlebic am formebSi iCens

Tavs. sityvebSi note da quote /t/ fonema sityvis bolosaa. igi (66) preglotalizaciis wess eqvemdebareba da vlindeba [t] formiT. sityvebSi notable da quotable /-bl/ sufiqsma umaxvilo marcvali daamata, rac arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa
(67) flepingis wesis moqmedebisTvis. Sedegad /t/ vlindeba [] saxiT. dabolos,
notation da quotation sityvebSi damatebuli sufiqsi maxviliani marcvliT iwyeba,
amitom /t/ fonemas maxvilis wina pozicia aqvs, ris gamoc moqmedebas iwyebs aspiraciis wesi da viRebT [th] alofons.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mas Semdeg rac morfologia gansazRvravs
saWiro sufiqsebs, sityvebis fonologiuri forma ergeba axal garemos. fuZeebisTvis /not/ da /kwot/ ar aris sabolood damkvidrebuli /t/-s romelime alofoni. misi arCeva damokidebulia garemoze, romelSic fuZis bolo /t/ gvxvdeba.
alternaciis cnebis warmosaCenad aviRoT ukve mocemuli formebi da CavweroT uafiqso formebi:
(70)
note:
[not]
[no]
[noth]

quote: [kwot]
[kwo]
[kwoth]
Tuki mivubrundebiT alternaciis zemoTmocemul ganmartebas da davakvirdebiT note da quote morfemebs, vnaxavT, rom es morfemebi icvleba: morfologiis mier miniWebuli konteqstis mixedviT isini gansxvavebul formebs
iRebs.
roca morfema saxesxvaobas ganicdis, mis gansxvavebul formebs alomorfebi hqvia. amgvarad [not], [no] da [noth] /not/ morfemis alomorfebia.
rac Cven axla vnaxeT, saerToa yvela enisTvis. alternacias maSin viRebT,
roca fonologiuri wesebi gavlenas axdenen saboloo formis fonologiur
saxeze. isini morfologiurad Seqmnili konteqstisTvis swori alofonis SerCevas moiTxovs.
faqtobrivad normaa, rom morfemas mudmivi gamoTqma ar aqvs. enis mor-
fologia xSirad ayenebs morfemebs gansxvavebul fonologiur konteqstSi da

amitom gamoTqmac gansxvavebulia. zogjer es gansxvaveba sakmaod bundovani da
SeumCnevelia.
enis fonologiaze momuSave enaTmecnierebisTvis alternacia metad sasargebloa, vinaidan igi masalis kontrolis saSualebas iZleva. Tuki enaTmecnieri dasvams aseT kiTxvas: ra mosdis /p/-s, roca is umaxvilo xmovnis win dgas?
pasuxi Zalian male xelT eqneba, vinaidan uamravi sityvis fuZe bolovdeba /p/
bgeriT da uamravi afiqsi iwyeba umaxvilo xmovniT. zogadad morfologia sakmaod zrdis im mimdevrobaTa ricxvs, risi Semowmebac enaTmecniers surs.
12.10.2 ritmuli gaxangrZliveba CoktauSi

zemoaRniSnul magaliTSi alternaciis tipebi sakmaod bundovania, magram
es yovelTvis ase ar aris. axla ki ganvixilavT ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis movlenas CoktauSi, romelic aris muskogenuri ena, am enaze saubroben misisipsa
da oklahomaSi.
danaxva zmnis fuZe CoktauSi aris /pisa/ da damoukideblad igi amgvaradve
gamoiTqmis. Tumca Tu erTi xmovnis Semcveli sufiqsi daemateba, fuZe gaxangrZlivebuli xmovniT gamoiTqmis:
(71) [pisa: + li]

[pisa: + ti]
see-I.subject.
see-causative
me vxedav
danaxeba, Cveneba
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pisa-s aqvs sul cota ori alomorfi [pisa] da
[pisa:].
Cawerisas Cven + niSani davumateT, raTa ufro ioli aRsaqmeli yofiliyo
morfemebs Soris gayofa; es simbolo araviTar gavlenas ar axdens warmoTqmaze.
ufro kargad gasaanalizeblad warmovadgineT rogorc cal-calke morfemis,
ise mTliani sityvis Targmani.
axla ki SegviZlia mcire hipoTeza SevimuSavoT momxdarTan dakavSirebiT:
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom CoktauSi yvela xmovnis gagrZeleba xdeba sufiqsis win, an igi axangrZlivebs bolodan meore xmovans yvela sityvaSi, Tuki igi
pirveli xmovani araa. SegiZliaT ufro meti varaudic gamoTqvaT.
imisaTvis, rom analizi ganvagrZoT, meti magaliTi gvWirdeba. axla vnaxoT, ra xdeba, roca prefiqsi emateba sityva pisa-s:
(72) [ti + pisa]
you.object-see
(he) sees you.
es magaliTi gvafiqrebinebs, rom arsebobs zogadi fonologiuri principi: roca sityva ormarcvliania, orive moklea, xolo roca sami marcvalia, maSin Sua marcvlis xmovani xangrZlivdeba. aseT dros ar aqvs mniSvneloba rogor
iSleba sityva prefiqs-sufiqsebis mixedviT.
es ufro naTeli xdeba, Tuki SevxedavT pisa-s 4-5 marcvlian formebs:
(73) [ti + pi:sa + li]
you.obj-see-I.subj
= I see you
see-causative-I.subj
= I cause (him) to see
[ti + pi:sa + t i]
[ti + pi:sa + ti: + li] you.obj-see-causative-I.subj = I cause you to see
[pisa: + ti + li]
you.obj-see-causative
= (he) causes you to see
principis moqmedebas naTlad davinaxavT Tu yvela formas davalagebT

Semdegnairad:
561
562
(74)

[p
[t i
[p
[t i
[p
[t i
[p
[t i
p
s
a]
i]
i]
a]
a
i]
i]
i]
l i]
kerZod: xmovani grZeli unda iyos Tu igi marcxnidan gadaTvliT luw marcvalSia da imavdroulad es marcvali araa sityvis bolo marcvali. Coktaus
aqvs cvalebadi xangrZlivobis ritmi da amitomac Coktaus mkvlevrebi am movlenas ritmul xangrZlivobas uwodeben.
modiT, SevamowmoT ritmuli gaxangrZliveba meore fuZis SemTxvevaSi, romelic niSnavs saCuqrad miRebas. ZiriTadi magaliTebi pisa-s paraleluradaa
mocemuli (75)-Si:
(75) [habi:na]
receive as.a present
[habi:na + li] receive.as.a.present-I.subj

= I receive as a present
[habi:na + ti] receive.as.a.present-causative
=cause to receive as a present.
=(he) causes you as a present
[ti + ha:bina] you.obj-receive.as.a.present-I.subj

[ti + ha:bina: + li]
you.obj-receive.as.a.present-I.subj
=I receive you as a present
[ti + ha:bina: + ti] you.obj-receive.as.a.present-causative

=(he) causes you to receive as a present
[habi:na + ti: + li]
receive.as.a.present-causative-I.subj
= I cause to receive as a present
[ti + ha:bina: + ti + li] you.obj-receive.as.a.present-causative-I.subj

= I cause you to receive as a present.
TiToeuli formis Semowmebis Sedegad naxavT ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis

cvalebad models, romelic moqmedebs yvela araukanasknel luwi marcvlis
xmovnebze.
ufro naTeli analizis warmosadgenad, ganvixiloT fonemuri formebi
fuZeebisa danaxva da saCuqrad miReba anu /pisa/ da /habina/ sityvebi. Coktaus morfologiuri wesebi fuZeebs amagreben prefiqsebsa da sufiqsebs. aqedan miRebuli formebi eqvemdebareba ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis wess, romelsac
Cven ase CamovayalibebT:
(76) ritmuli gaxangrZliveba:

xmovnebis gaxangrZliveba gulisxmobs xmovnis gagrZelebas im marcvlebSi, romlebic ar aris sityvis boloSi da sityvis dasawyisidan luw
marcvlebSia.
amgvarad [tipi:sati:li] formis fonologiuri warmoeba Semdegnairia:
(77) /pisa/

/ti+pisa+ti+li/

[tipi:sati:li]
danaxva zmnis Zireuli forma

morfologia: prefiqsebisa da sufiqsebis damateba
fonologia: ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis moqmedeba.
/pisa/-s fonemur saxes ar aqvs grZeli xmovnebi: roca fuZe grZeli xmovniT
warmoiTqmis, es imas niSnavs, rom ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis wesi moqmedebs
masze.
fuZe habina (Cuqeba) am mxriv ufro bundovania. roca igi damoukideblad
warmoiTqmis, masSi grZeli xmovania. magram gvaqvs im fiqris safuZveli, rom es
araa fonemuri grZeli xmovani, vinaidan igi vlindeba mxolod ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis wesis /i/ bgeraze moqmedebisas. roca igi am gavlenas ar ganicdis, maSin mokle xmovania da mis nacvlad is xmovnebi xdeba grZeli, romelic am wesis
pirobebs akmayofilebs, rogorc magaliTad [ti+ha:bina].
yvelaferi es ufro naTlad gamoCndeba, Tu ufro detalurad giCvenebT,
rogor agebs gramatika am or formas:
(78) /habina/

_______ /ti+habina/
meore sveetSi)

[habi:na] [tiha:bina]
fonemuri forma zmnisa saCuqrad miReba

morfologia: prefiqsis damateba (mxolod
fonologia: ritmuli gaxangrZliveba
aseTi warmoeba moicavs rogorc morfologiis, ise fonologiis wesebs.

Cven mokle komentars davumatebT derivaciis am formas: derivaciis swori
CawerisTvis saWiroa zustad aRiweros is procesi, romelsac sityvis ama Tu
im formiT warmoTqmamde mivyavarT. derivaciaSi gadamwyvetia wreebis logikurad dalageba. kerZod, ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis principi mTlian sityvebs
exeba, vinaidan isini morfologiuradaa agebuli. derivaciaSi wesebis dalageba
gamoiyeneba gramatikis logikuri kavSirebis detaluri aRwerisTvis.
12.11 neitralizacia
Cven mier ganxilul masalaSi neitralizaciis magaliTebi vnaxeT alofonebTan: calkeuli morfema icvleba, vinaidan misi fonemebi sxvadasxva alofoniT vlindeba sxvadasxva morfologiur konteqstSi. Tumca aris magaliTebi,
romlebic alofonias scdeba.
12.11.1 koreulSi xSulebis nazalizacia

morfemis finalur poziciaSi koreuli erTmaneTs upirispirebs yru xSulebs /p, t, k/ Sesabamis cxvirismierebs /m, n, /. es naTlad Cans Semdeg minimalur
wyvilebSi:
(79)
[otitt]
squid pickle

[otitn]
squid pancake
[nunpap]
scorched rice
[nunpam]
scorched chesnut
563
564

[taknpak]
small gourd
[taknpa]
small room
es kontrasti yovelTvis naTeli araa. amis mizezi is aris, rom koreulSi

aris fonologiuri wesi, romelic krZalavs yru xSulebs cxvirismierebis Semdeg da moiTxovs mis nacvlad cxvirismieris gamoyenebas:
(80) koreulSi xSulis nazalizacia

[+stop] +nasal / _____ [+nasal]

+voiced
rac niSnavs, is rom xSuli, romlis win cxvirismier bgera zis, unda Canacvldes Sesabamisi nazaluri bgeriT.
es wesi xSulebis mTel klass exeba, romelSic Sedis /p/, /t/ da /k/. vinaidan
wesi cvlis mxolod warmoTqmas da nazalurobas, igi ucvlels tovebs warmoTqmis adgils. Sesabamisad, /p/-s cvlis [m] bgera, /t/-s - [n] da /k/-s - [].
xSulebis nazalizacia zustad rom davinaxoT, amisaTvis aviRoT zemoT
moyvanili wyvilebi da SevadginoT iseTi winadadeba an fraza, sadac momdevno
sityva iwyeba cxvirismieri bgeriT. aseT viTarebaSi sityvaTa wyvilebi identurad warmoiTqmis:
(81) [otitt]
[otitn nmska]
'squid pickle + smell'
'squid pickle'
= 'the smell of the

squid pickle'
[otitn]
[otitn nmska]
'squid
'squid pancake + smell'
pancake'
[nunpap]
[n nurnpam mkpwanni]
'scorched
'you + scorched rice +
= 'Have you tried
rice'
tried-question'
scorched rice?'
[nunpam]
[n nunpam mkpwanni]
'scorvhed
'you + scorched chestnut
= 'Have you tried
chestnut'
+ tried-question'
scorched chestnut?'
[taknpak]
[taknpa nmska]
'small gourd'
'small gourd + smell'
= 'the smell of the

squid pancake'
= 'the smell of a
small gourd'
[taknpa]
[taknpa nmska]
'small room'
'small room + smell'
= 'the smell of a
small room'
es gamomdinareobs mtkicebidan obstruentebis Sesaxeb. qvemoT mocemulia fonemuri formebi da fonologiuri warmoeba magaliTebis meore wyvilebisTvis:
(82) 'you + scorched rice +
'you + scorched chestnuts

tried-Q'
+ tried-Q

/n nunpap mkpwanni/ /n nunpam mkpwanni/ phonemic forms

_____
Obstruent
Nasalization (80)
[n nunpam mkpwanni] [n nunpam mkpwanni] phonetic forms
aq aris praqtikuli nimuSi xSulis nazalizaciisa: roca koreulis mcodnes

esmis [n nunpam mkpwanni], mxolod fonemuri saxis mosmeniT Tavdapirvelad ver mixvdeba brinjzea saubari Tu Txilze, an gamoTqmis konteqsti unda
gamoiyenos an axsna iTxovos naTqvamis sworad gasagebad.
koreulis magaliTi neitralizaciis ilustraciaa. fonemuri gansxvaveba
/ptk/ da /mn/ jgufebs Soris neitralizebulia momdevno cxvirismieri bgeris
konteqstSi. es imas niSnavs, rom gansxvaveba adgilzea, magram fonologiuri
wesebis gavleniT gamoTqmaSi ar aisaxeba. neitralizaciis zusti ganmarteba
Semdegnairia:
(83) neitralizacia: gansxvavebuli fonemuri formebis identuri fonetikuri realizacia.
zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi neitralizacias vxedavT, roca gansxvavebuli
fonemuri formebi /nunpap/ moxaluli brinji da /nunpam/ moxaluli Txili identuri fonetikuri formiT vlindeba _ [nunpam]. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
vsaubrobT ori fonemuri formis srul neitralizaciaze. aseve SegviZlia, visaubroT ori fonemis neitralizaciaze: /p/ da /m/ neitralizdeba [m]-is saxiT.
neitralizacia saerToa yvela enisTvis. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT aseT
SemTxvevebs inglisuris zog dialeqtSi.
12.11.2 inglisurSi postnazaluri /t/-s amovardna
inglisurSi arsebobs amogdebis wesi, romelic Slis /t/ bgeras /n/-is Semdeg. ganvixiloT minimaluri wyvilebi, sadac vnaxavT, rom /t/ inglisurSi upirispirdeba nuls: es niSnavs, rom arsebobs sruliad identuri sityvebi, romlebic mxolod /t/-s yofna-aryofnis mixedviT gansxvavdeba:
(84)
plant [plnt]
vs.
plan
[pln]
stunt [stnt]
vs.
stun
[stn]
bent
vs.
Ben
[bn]
[bnt]
sityvis finaluri poziciis garda SegviZlia movZebnoT minimalurTan miaxloebuli wyvilebi:

(85)
Bentley ['bntli]
vs.
Henley
['hnli]
anneal
vs.
until
[n'tl]
['nil]
vinaidan yvela am magaliTSi /t/-s win /n/ dgas, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom /nt/
upirispirdeba /n/-s.
axla ganvixiloT sityvaTa mTeli jgufebi, romlebic erTsa da imave morfologiur fuZes iziareben. gamoTqmis mocemuli formebi inglisuris yvela
dialeqtisTvis saerTo ar aris, magram sakmaod gavrcelebulia CrdiloeT
amerikaSi:
565
566
(86)
plant
[plnt]
planter
[plnr ]
plan
[pln]
planner
[plnr ]
stunt
[stnt]
stunting
[stn]
stun
['stn]
stunning
[stn]
punt
[pnt]
punting
[pn]
pun
[pn]
punning
[pn]
Cven vamtkicebT, rom zogi adamianis mier planter gamoiTqmis, rogorc planner, asevea danarCeni wyvilebis SemTxvevaSic.
Cans, rom koreulis msgavsad, aqac fonemuri kontrasti ignorirdeba fonologiuri wesis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. Sesabamisi wesi krZalavs
/t/-s gamovlenas /n/-is Semdeg.
viciT, rom /t/ SenarCundeba, roca igi sityvis ukanaskneli Tanxmovania.
garda amisa, sakmaod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, roca /nt/-s mosdevs Tanxmovani, /t/
rCeba. qvemoT mocemuli damatebiTi monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom garkveul
rols maxvilic asrulebs:
(87)
plant
[plnt]
planting
[pln]
mental
[mn]
mentality
[mntli]
scientist [sanst] scientific
[santfk]
plantation [plnten]
naTelia, rom /t/ maSinac qreba, roca mas umaxvilo xmovani mosdevs. SegviZlia wess aseTi saxe mivceT:
(88) postnazaluri /t/-s amovardna

t / n ____
+vowel
- stress
rac niSnavs, rom /t/ qreba, roca /n/-sa da umaxvilo xmovans Soris dgas.
davuSvaT, rom fonemurad plant aris /plnt/ da plan aris /pln/. Cveulebriv,
morfologiur wesebs morfemebis dalagebis saSualebas vaZlevT da Semdeg ise
vcvliT miRebul formas, rom fonologiis wesebs SevusabamoT:
(89) morfologia: -ing, -ation afiqsebis damateba

plan
/pln/ /pln+/
planning
plant
planting
plantation
/plnt/
/plnt+/
/plnt+en/
unda davimaxsovroT, rom ation maxviliani sufiqsia inglisurSi. wesebi,

romelTac axla aq ar ganvixilavT, sufiqsis maxvils fuZis maxvilis gadaWarbebis saSualebas aZlevs.
postnazaluri /t/-s gaqroba Cvengan moiTxovs /t/-s waSlas, roca mis win
/n/ dgas da mis Semdeg umaxvilo xmovania. aseTi pirobebi erTad mxolod sityva
planting-Si gvaqvs:
(90) fonologia: postnazaluri /t/ qreba (88)-is mixedviT
______
______
______
/pln+/ ______
amis Sedegad aseT formebs viRebT:

(91) fonetikuri formebi:

[pln]
[pln]
[plnt]
[pln]
[plntan]
koreuli magaliTis msgavsad, fonemurad gansxvavebuli

neitralizdeba TavianT fonetikur fomraSi. amrigad:
formebi
(92) sityva

planning
mosalodneli forma
neitralizebuli forma
[pln]
[pln]
[plnt]
[pln]
planting
567
zogi gamoTqma orazrovania fonologiuri gagebiT, magaliTad: They are

planning/planting a garden.
fonemuri formis amocnoba neitralizaciis SemTxvevaSi

neitralizaciis SemTxvevaSi enis SemswavlelisTvis sakmaod rTulia swori fonemuri gamoxatulebis amocnoba. dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom swored aseTi
viTareba gvaqvs postnazaluri /t/-s gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi.
xuTi wlis bavSvma daasaxela uamravi sityva, romelTac unda hqondeT mxolod /n/ nacvlad /nt/-sa: Panasonic [pntsank], monoclonius (dinozavris saxeoba) [mantklonis]. mas arasodes mousmenia aseTi gamoTqma sxvisgan da Cndeba
kiTxva, saidan miiRo man aseTi forma. vvaraudobT, rom (a) man an ar icis postnazaluri /t/-s waSlis wesi, an es mxolod SerCeviTi wesia, romelsac is swrafi
metyvelebisas iyenebs; (b) man bundovnad icis, rom [n] Sesabamis garemoSi SeiZleba gulisxmobdes an ubralo fonemur /n/-s an fonemur /nt/-s. es konkretuli
sityvebi man arasworad gamoicno. am sityvebis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebis swavla
sakmaod rTulia, vinaidan ar gvaqvs alternatiuli forma (rogoricaa [pn] an
[man]-is SemTxvevaSi), romelic naTlad gvaCvenebda ZiriTad gamoxatulebaSi
/n/-s da ara /nt/-s.
miaxloebiTi neitralizacia
lingvistikis Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebSi vxvdebiT iseT SemTxvevebs, roca
erTi SexedviT aSkara neitralizaciaa, magram detaluri Seswavlis Sedegad ki
aRmoCndeba, rom es ase ar aris. es aris SemTxvevebi, roca fonologiuri wesebi
avlenen TiTqmis identur fonetikur formebs ori gansxvavebuli fonologiuri formisTvis. yuradRebiT Seswavlis Sedegad ki vnaxavT, rom isini ar aris
identuri.
magaliTad iTvleboda, rom inglisurs hqonda /s/ da // bgerebis gansxvavebaTa neitralizaciis wesi, roca maT Semdeg // dgas.
/s/-is asimilacia
s / _____ (arCeviTi)
amis sanaxavad, warmovidginoT adamiani saxelad Russ Schaefer, romelic
moxseniebulia Semdeg or winadadebaSi:
Lets help Russ Schaefer to the head of the line.
Lets help rush Schaefer to the head of the line.
inglisurad mosaubreTa umravlesobisTvis es ori winadadeba swrafad
CanarTi
12.5
CanarTi
12.6
568
warmoTqmisas identuria. es imis gamo xdeba, rom Schaefer-Si momdevno //-is gavleniT Russ /rs/ sityvaSi /s/ uaxlovdeba []-s warmoTqmis mixedviT. Sedegad viRebT Semdegi saxis derivacias:
Russ Schaefer
rush Schaefer
/rs efr /
/r efr /
r efr
_____
[r efr ]
[r efr ]
fonemuri formebi
/s/-is asimilacia
saboloo forma
fonetikuri saSualebebi ufro Zneli mosatyuebelia, vidre yuri. Tu

gamoviyenebT bgeriT speqtografs da axlodan davakvirdebiT Russ Schaeferis warmoTqmis versiebs, vnaxavT, rom fonemuri /s/ Russ-Si ar realizdeba []-is
saxiT, aramed Tavs iCens iseTi bgeriT, romelic [s]-iT iwyeba da []-is msgavsi
bgeriT sruldeba: [s ]. /s/-is asimilacia ufro zustad SegviZlia ara-neitralizaciis wesiT CamovayaliboT:
/s/-is asimilacia
s s / ____
(arCeviTi)
es araa neitralizebis wesi, magram Zalian axlos dgas masTan.
enaTmecnierebis mier ufro metad kompiuterebiT mopovebuli ufro zusti monacemebis gamoyeneba da mxolod maT yurebze dayrdnobis praqtikis nelnela mitoveba gamoiwvevs ufro did progress fonologiaSi.
12.12 fonemuri garemo da wesTa wyoba

fonologiuri sistemis saintereso aspeqti isaa, rom zogi wesi fonemurad gansazRvrul garemos ufro Seexeba, vidre fonetikurad gansazRvrul
garemos. Tuki mxolod fonemuri monacemebis Semowmebaa saWiro, maSin es wesi
gamousadegaria.
am movlenis Cveneuli analizi efuZneba Crdiloamerikuli inglisuris
or fonologiur wess. erT-erTi maTgani uamrav dialeqtSi gamoiyeneba, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Statebis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi da kanadis teritoriaze.
(93) /a/ aweva
a / ____
+consonant
- voice
es niSnavs, rom /a/ realizdeba []-is saxiT, roca yru Tanxmovnis win dgas.
am wesis Sedegad distribuciis Semdeg saxes viRebT:
(94) tripe
/trap/ [trp]
tribe
/trab/ [trab]
right
/rat/
ride
/rad/
hiker
/hakr / [hkr ]
tiger
/tagr / [tagr ]
life
/laf/
live
/lav/
rifle
/rafl/ [rfl]
rival
/ravl/ [ravl]
rice
/ras/
[rt]
[lf]
[rs]
[rad]
[lav]
rise
/raz/
[raz]
rye
/ra/
[ra]
ion
/aan/
[aan]
meore wesi ki aris flepingis wesi, romelic (67)-Si iyo Camoyalibebuli.

maSin Cven es wesi mxolod /t/-sTan mimarTebaSi ganvixileT. flepingi ki aseTive
gavlenas axdens /d/-ze da mas flepad aqcevs. (95)-Si warmodgenili sityvebi amis
naTeli magaliTia. marcxena sveti gviCvenebs fonemuri /d/-s gamoyenebis iseT
SemTxvevebs, romlebic flepingisTvis Sesafer garemos qmnian, kerZod, /d/ mosdevs xmovans da umaxvilo xmovnis win dgas. marjvena svetSi ki naCvenebia fonemuri /d/ sxva SemTxvevebSi:
(95)

fonemuri
fonetikuri
fonemuri fonetikuri
Ada
/ed/
[e]
Dan
/dn/
[dn]
ladder
/ldr /
[lr ]
adept
/dpt/
[dpt]
reading
/rid/
[ri]
Camden
/kmdn/
[kmdn]
edify
/dfa/
[fa]
Hilda
/hld/
[hld]
sediment
/sdmnt/
[smnt]
pad
/pd/
[pd]
adolescent
/dlsnt/
[lsnt]
Ogden
/gdn/
[gdn]
Edgar
/dgr /
[dgr ]
es igive nimuSia, rac Cven /t/-s SemTxvevaSi vnaxeT (22) magaliTSi. flepingis ganzogadebuli versia ase Caiwereba:
(96)

flepingi (ganaxlebuli)
+alveolar [] / [+vowel] _____ +vowel
+stop
- stress
es imas niSnavs, rom nebismieri alveolaruli xSuli realizdeba []-iT,

roca mis win xmovani an marcvlovani Tanxmovani dgas, xolo mis Semdeg ki umaxvilo xmovani.
vinaidan flepingis wesi /t/ da /d/ bgerebs orives [] bgerad aqcevs, es
neitralizebis wesia. amas naTlad vnaxavT iseT wyvilze, rogoricaa heating da
heeding. Zireuli formebi momdinareobs heat da heed fuZeebisgan. magram, roca
maT ing sufiqsi emateba, moqmedebas iwyebs flepingis wesi da /t/ da /d/-s [] saxiT neitralizebas axdens:
(97)

heat
heed
/hit/
/hid/
hit+
hid+
hi
hi
[hi]
[hi]
fonemuri formebi
morfologia: -ing/i/ sufiqsis damateba
fonologia: flepingi
fonetikuri forma
CrdiloeT amerikuli inglisuriT mosaubreTa swraf metyvelebaSi heating da heeding erTnairad warmoiTqmis. msgavsi magaliTebi qvemoTaa mocemuli:
betting
bed
bedding
(98) bet
/bt/
/bt+/
/bd/
/bd+/
[bt]
[b]
[bd]
[b]
569
570

wet
wetting
wed
wedding
/wet/
/wt+/
/wd/
/wd+/
[wt]
[w]
[wd]
[w]
butt
butted
bud
budded
/bt/
/bt+d/
/bd/
/bd+d/
[bt]
[bd]
[bt]
[bd]
axla ki SegviZlia vnaxoT, rogor urTierTqmedebs es ori wesi. sakvanZo sityvebi, romlebic am sakiTxis ganxilvaSi dagvexmareba, qvemoTaa CamoTvlili.
isini am momentisTvis mxolod fonemuradaa Cawerili:
(99)
write
writing
ride
riding
/rat/
/rat+/
/rad/
/rad/
cite
cited
side
sided
/sat/
/sat+d/
/sad/
/sad+d/
white
whiter
wide
wider
[wat]
[wat+r ]
[wad] [wad+r ]
mTavari sakiTxi aq aris is, rom /a/-s aweva ((99)) damokidebulia mis Semdeg
mdgomi Tanxmovnis warmoTqmaze. xolo flepingi ((96)) cvlis /t/-s warmoTqmas.
Cndeba kiTxva, rom /a/-s alofoni damokidebulia momdevno Tanxmovnis fonemur Tu fonetikur formaze. Tu /a/-s aweva damokidebulia fonemur garemoze,
maSin miviRebT []-s, roca mis Semdeg /t/ dgas, maSinac ki, roca es Tanxmovani []
saxiT gamoiTqmis. meore mxriv, Tu /a/-s aweva damokidebulia momdevno Tanxmovnis fonetikur formaze, es wesi masze ar gavrceldeba (vinaidan flepebi
mJRerebia da ar emorCileba wess) da amitom miviRebT isev [a]-s.
kargi iqneba Tu CamovayalibebT fonologiis zogad princips, romelic
warmoTqmis swor Sedegs uzrunvelyofs. magram, Cans, rom es SeuZlebelia,
vinaidan gamoTqmis ori forma inglisuris sxvadasxva dialeqtSi aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba.
aSS-is CrdiloeT nawilisa da kanadis macxovrebelTa Soris milionobiTaa
iseTi mosaubre, romlis metyvelebaSi /a/-s aweva damokidebulia momdevno
Tanxmovnis fonemur warmoTqmaze. amis gamo ZiriTadi wyvilebi gansxvavebulia.
am wyvilebSi, [] gamoiyeneba, roca momdevno bgera fonemurad /t/ bgeraa:
(100) write
writing
ride
riding
/rat/
/rat+/
/rad/
/rad/
[rt]
[r+]
[rad]
[ra]
cite
cited
side
sided
/'sait/
/'sat+d /
/'sad/
/'sad+d/
[st]
[s+d]
[sad]
[sa+d]
white
whiter
wide
wider
/wat/
/wat+r /
/wad/ /wad+r /

[wt]
[w+r ]
[wad] [wa+r ]
aseve milionobiT adamiania CrdiloeT amerikaSi, romlisTvisac flepingi

damokidebulia momdevno Tanxmovnis fonetikur warmoTqmaze. vinaidan flepi
mJReria, es niSnavs, rom roca flepingi moqmedebs, sityvebSi aris [a]:
(101) write
writing
ride
riding

/rat/
/rat+/
/rad/
/rad/
[rt]
[ra+ ]
[rad]
[ra]
cite
cited
side
sided
/'sait/
/'sat+d /
/'sad/
/'sad+d/
[st]
[sa+d]
[sad]
[sa+d]
white
whiter
wide
wider
/wat/
/wat+r /
/wad/ /wad+r /
[wt]
[wa+r ]
[wad] [wa+r ]
inglisuris dialeqtebis umravlesobaSi ar aris an /a/-s aweva an flepingis wesebi, an arc erTia da arc meore.
aseTi magaliTebis analizis farTod gavrcelebuli saxea fonologiuri
wesebis garkveul rigze dalageba. SegviZlia fonologia warmovidginoT rogorc `saamwyobo konveieri~, romelSic fonemuri formebi, fonologiuri wesebi da saboloo fonetikuri formebi erTiandeba. am Teoriis mixedviT, or
dialeqts Soris gansxvavebas ganapirobebs wesebis dalageba. kerZod ki, dialeqti, romelSic writing da riding gansxvavebulad warmoiTqmis, /a/-s awevis
wess flepingis win ayenebs, xolo dialeqti, sadac writing da riding erTnairad
warmoiTqmis, flepings ayenebs /a/-s awevis win.
qvemoT mocemulia wesebis orive saxis dalagebis magaliTebi:
(102) A. /a/-s aweva uswrebs flepings

writing riding
rt
______

ra+
/a/-s aweva (93) (gamoyenebadi mxolod

writing-Tan)
flepingi (96)
fonetikuri formebi
[r] [ra]
B. flepingi uswrebs /a/-s awevas
writing riding
/rat+/ /'rad+/
'ra
'ra+
______
______
[ra] [ra]
fonetikuri formebi
flepingi (96)
/a/-s aweva (93) (gamouyenebadi)
fonetikuri formebi
xSirad sakmaod iolia ori wesis mimdevrobis gansazRvra. ubralod orive

SesaZlo varianti ganixileT da naxeT, romeli fonetikuri variantia misaRebi.
mTavaria, wesebis mimdevroba meqanikurad davalagoT winaswari gansazRvris
571
572
gareSe da vnaxoT, romel SemTxvevaSi viRebT swor formas. Tu wesebis meqanikuri gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, maSin isini arc ise naTladaa Camoyalibebuli.
sainteresoa, ratom gansxvavdeba dialeqtebi wesebis dalagebis mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi (da sxva msgavs SemTxvevebSi) warmogidgenT ZiriTad princips. igi AA
A dialeqtSi moqmedebs da fonemuri formebis gansxvavebis maqsimumamde ayvanas axdens. kerZod, A
A dialeqtSi ar aris writing da riding sityvebs
Soris orazrovneba. kontrasti gadaadgilebulia: Zireul formaSi /t/ da /d/
Tanxmovnebis warmoTqmis gansxvaveba zedapirul fonetikur formaSi vlindeba
maTi difTongis pirveli elementis aweviT. iqmneba iseTi SemTxveva, roca minimaluri wyvili ar eTanxmeba fonemur gansxvavebas.
es ar niSnavs imas, rom minimaluri wyvilebis Ziebis meTodi usargebloa.
roca minimalur wyvils vpoulobT, Semdeg iwyeba im kontrastis gansazRvra,
romelsac es wyvili gamoxatavs. mxolod amis Semdeg xdeba arasworad ganlagebuli kontrastis alternatiuli analizis gamoyeneba.
aseve unda ganvixiloT B dialeqtis zogadi principebi, romelTa mixedviTac writing da riding erTnairad JRers. am SemTxvevaSi fonologia fonetikuri
principebiT moqmedebs.
12.13 daskvna
es Tavi Seexo fonologiisa da fonologiuri analizis ZiriTad cnebebs.
mokled rom CamovayaliboT, fonologia Cven warmogvidgeba, rogorc kont
rastuli segmenturi erTeulebis jfufi, anu fonemebis jgufi, romlebic
vlindeba fonologiuri wesebis mixedviT. fonologiuri wesebi sxvadasxva
models gvTavazobs. roca es wesebi araganmasxvavebel Tvisebebs aregulirebs, Sedegad viRebT fonemebis realizebas alofonuri variaciiT. roca wesebi ganmasxvavebel Tvisebebs awesrigebs, viRebT fonologiur gansxvavebebs
SezRuduli distribuciiT.
xSirad morfologiuri da fonologiuri wesebi mniSvnelovnad urTierTqmedebs da iwvevs morfemaTa alternacias, rac niSnavs, rom morfema
alomorfis saxiT vlindeba. alternacia zogjer martivad asaxavs enaSi alofonebis distribucias da aseve xSirad mimarTavs ZiriTadi gansxvavebebis
neitralizacias.
Cveni azriT, swori fonologiuri analizi unda axasiaTebdes mosaubris
Sinagan codnas da ara ubralod aRwerdes enis masalas. analizma unda gansazRvros (a) fonetikur gansxvavebaTagan romelia mosaubrisaTvis aRqmadi. (b)
bgerebs Soris fonetikur gansxvavebaTagan, romeli SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc erTi da igive bgera da (g) ra saxis Secdomebs uSvebs mosaubre ucxo
enaze saubris mcdelobisas.
analitikuri TvalsazrisiT, Cven ganvixileT enis fonologiis Seswavlis
2 meTodi: minimaluri wyvilebis moZebna - roca grovdeba damatebiT distribuciaSi myofi fonetikurad msgavsi bgerebi da xdeba enaSi fonetikur bgeraTa uzarmazari raodenobis kontrastul fonemebamde dayvana da maTi alo-
573
fonebis distribuciis wesebis Seqmna. alomorfebisa da morfemebis Semowmebac

sasargeblo strategiaa, vinaidan morfemebis alternacia xSirad naTels hfens
am alternaciis gamomwvev fonologiur wesebs.
marTalia orive meTodi, Cveulebriv, gamosadegia, arc erTi ar SEeiZleba
miviCnioT mtkice an utyuar wesad. Tumca, fonologiuri modelirebis Sesaxeb
nebismieri saxis sando dakvirveba an saRi daskvna ufro migvaaxlovebs bgeraTa
sistemis adekvatur gagebasTan.
Guessenhoven, Carlos and Haike Jacobs.
1998. Understanding Phonology. London:
Arnold.
Kager, Ren. 1999. Optimality Theory: A
Textbook. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Kenyon, John S. and Thomas A. Knott. 1953.
A Pronouncing Dictionary of American
English. Springfield, MA: Merriam.
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic

Patterns. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of
Sounds.
Cambridge:
Cambridge
University Press.
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English
(in 3 volumes). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
inglisuri alofonebi
inglisurSi [k] da [k ] (ubralo ukanasasismieri da wina ukanasasismieri
xSulebi) erTi da imave fonemis alofonebia. ganixileT Semdegi magaliTebi:
kitten
['ktn]
cop
[kap]
crack
[krk]
keen
['kin]
cool
[kul]
clock
[klak]
cake
['kek]
cope
[kop]
quick
[kwk]
cat
['kt]
cook
[kvk]
extract [k'strkt]
lucky
['lki]
cup
[kp]
Exxon
['ksan]
a. ra garemoSi gvxvdeba [k]? Tu erTi SexedviT pasuxs ver ipoviT, miyeviT im

proceduras, romelic zemoT iyo mocemuli, sadac SevagroveT da CavwereT [k]-sa da [k]-s yvela garemo. SesaZloa xmovanTa (3) cxrilis Semowmebac
gamogadgeT.
b. ra saxis garemoSi gvxvdeba [k]?
g. Tqvens pasuxze dayrdnobiT ipoveT fonemis Zireuli forma. CawereT fonologiuri wesi, romelic konteqstur alofons gansazRvravs.
d. gadaxedeT qvemoT mocemul magaliTebs da CawereT Tqveni wesis gaumjobesebuli versia. [g] aris win wamoweuli mJReri ukanasasismieri xSuli. SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT [+fronted] aRniSvna, raTa [k, g] ganasxvavoT [k, g]-sgan:
gill
geese
game
[gl]
[gis]
[gem]
got
[gat]
grog
[grag]
goose [gus]
glimmer
['glmr]
go
Gwendolyn
['gwndln]
[go]
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 12.2
574
gag
soggy
[gg]
['sagi]
good
[gvd]
eggs
[gz]
Gus
[gs]
Muggsy
['mgzi]
e. warmoadgineT Zireuli formebi da fonologiuri warmoeba sityvebisTvis:

keen, clock, soggy da eggs.
lango
savarjiSo 12.3
lango aris niloturi ena, romelzec ugandaSi saubroben. qvemoT mocemulia is fonemuri aRniSvnebi, rac ucxoa inglisurisTvis:
[]
maRAali toni (xmovan [a]-ze)

dabali toni
[]
damcemi toni
[]
mzardi toni
[t, d] yru da mJReri sasismieri afrikatebi (SeniSvna: saubaria erTeul
bgerebze, da ara bgerebis mimdevrobaze)
[]
yru alveolaruli flepi
[]
yru wyvilbagismieri napralovani
[]
yru sasismieri napralovani
[x]
yru ukanasasismieri napralovani
[]
sasismieri nazaluri
[]
ormagi formiT Cawerili Tanxmovnebi, ubralod, ufro xangrZlivad

gamoiTqmis; isini xelaxla ar warmoiTqmeba. aseTi Tanxmovani erT grZel
Tanxmovnad miiCneva. [tt] da [dd] aris grZeli afrikatebi.
(1) [p]
(2) [kt]
(3) [t ]
(4) [butt]
(5) [t ]
(6) [ t]
(7) [d tt ]
(8) [ppp]
(9) [pj]
(10) [ljt]
(11) [bkk]
(12) [juttu]
(13) []
(14) [kk ]
(15) [de]
(16) [dk]
(17) [tu]
amis gamo
SimSili
Subi
uyviro vinmes
kacebi
saxli
wova
mamebi
gaxseneba
cxeli
gawiTleba
gadagdeba
lomi
mTlianad
Segroveba
moSuSva
boTli

(18) [gwk]
(19) [kkk]
(20) []
(21) [t]
(22) [b]
(23) [dppo]
(24) [dwe]
(25) [koddo]
(26) [tn]
(27) [g e]
(28) [lo]
(29) [kw]
(30) [kal]
(31) [m]
(32) [bl]
(33) [dx]
(34) [tut]
(35) [tj]
(36) [wkk]
(37) [d x ]
(38) [mxt]
(39) [p]
(40) [kpp ]
(41) [ptto]
(42) [pm]
(43) [mx]
(44) [b p]
(45) [lwtt]
gazeli
tirili
sizamace
Tevzi
Cemken, Cem mimarT
damsxvreva
Tveebi
daberva
nawlavebi
namdvilad
kaci
leopardebi
fetvi
cecxlebi
eqvsi
qali
kupriviT Savi
cvari
ramdenime wuTis win
sveli
makrateli
Tovli, setyva
finjani
gaTla
bamba
manqana
CafuSva
miparva
zarmaci
(47) [bwtt] SEeuracxmyoflad Sepasuxeba
(48) [ttt]
daWedva
(49) [tm]
Wama
(50) [tp]
gafuWeba, ganebivreba
(51) [tk]
axlos
(52) [p]
mama
(53) [wtt] gaqceva vinmesgan
(54) [bt]
-ken, -mde, -s
(55) [dpp] Segroveba
(56) [gt]
mTa
(57) [jt]
muceli
(58) [btt]
naWuWis gacla
(59) [dk]
ukan dabruneba
(46) [p]
575
576
(60) [kop]
(61) [tn]
(62) [kt]
(63) [kk]
(64) [tk]
(65) [dk]
sakiTxi, arsi
dRes
keTili
ganzrax
rZe
warmarTi RmerTi
(a) SeavseT es fonetikuri cxrili TanxmovnebiT. SegiZliaT [w] miiCnioT,

rogorc bagismieri da [j], rogorc sasismieri. cxrilSi yvela ujra ar ivseba.
bagismieri
xSvebi da
afrikatebi
yru
alveolaruli
sasismieri
ukanasasismieri
mokle
grZeli
mJReri
(yvela mokle)
napralovnebi
(yvela yru)
nazalurebi
(yvela mJReri) (yvela
(yvela
mokle)
mokle)
narnara
gverdiTebi (mJReri)
flepebi
yru
mJReri
Sualeduri
(yvela mJReri) (yvela
mokle)
(b) es problema ZiriTadad exeba bgerebs, rogorebicaa [p, pp, , t, tt, (ara
), t, tt, , k, kk, x]. mxolod am bgerebisTvis miyeviT me-12 TavSi warmodgenil
proceduras: SeagroveT da aRnusxeT TiToeuli garemo, romelSic es bgerebi

gvxvdeba.
(g) aRwereT sityvebSi is garemo, romelSic [p, pp, , t, tt, , t, tt, , k, kk, x]
bgerebi gvxvdeba. Tu SesaZlebelia, Tqveni daskvnebi CawereT zogadi saxiT da
ara TiToeul bgerasTan mimarTebaSi.
(d) [pp, tt, tt, kk] bgerebi [p, t, t, k] bgerebTan damatebiT distribuciaSia?
[, , , x ] bgerebi [p, t, t, k] bgerebTan damatebiT distribuciaSia? ra problemas qmnis es? fonetikuri msgavsebis gamoyeneba gexmarebaT Tu ara?
(e) qvemoT mocemulia damatebiTi masala, rac problemis gadaWraSi dagexmarebaT. aq gvxvdeba alternaciac; erTi da igive fuZe sufiqsiT da sufiqsis
gareSe gvxvdeba. (ar scadoT tonur alternaciasTan gamklaveba?, mxolod ganixileT fuZis bolo Tanxmovnebi).
(i) [dp] Segroveba-brZanebiTi [d] Seagrove
[mt] daleva-brZanebiTi
[m] dalie
[dt] dagdeba-brZanebiTi
[d] daagde
gaCereba-brZanebiTi
[gx]
gaCerdi
(lxvi)
[gk]
[jt]
[j]
misi yuri
kbili
[lk]
(lxvii)
[p]
yuri
[lx]
577
misi kbili
[] sizarmace
zarmaci
langos fonemizaciaze ra miniSnebas akeTebs alternacia?

(v) CamoayalibeT wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Sesabamisi alofonis
gamoyenebas.
(z) CawereT fonemuri formebi sityvebisTvis: [p pp] mamebi, [dp] Segroveba-brZanebiTi, [d] Seagrove da [l ] kaci.
wesebis rigi vankuverSi

inglisuris erT-erT farTod gavrcelebul dialeqtSi //fonema difTongad iqceva // fonemis win. xSirad igi gamoiTqmis, rogorc [i] difTongi.
difTongad qcevis wesis Sedegi qvemoT mocemul wyvilebSi Cans:
pan
/pn /
[pn]
pang
/p/
[pi]
fan
/fn /
[fn]
fang
/f /
[fi]
gander
/'gndr / ['gndr ]
anger
/'fgr / ['igr ]
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi [] da [i] nazalizebulia, vinaidan maTze xmovnis nazalizaciis wesi moqmedebs. nazalurobis gamom
xatveli niSani am SemTxvevaSi gamotovebulia.
//-s specialuri alofoni // bgeris win SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes aseTi
wesisgan:
//-s win mdgomis difTongad qceva:
// [i] / _____
inglisurad mosaubreTa umravlesobas aseve aqvs /n/-is asimilaciis SerCeviTi wesi, romelic iwvevs /n/-is sawarmoTqmo adgilis Secvlas momdevno
Tanxmovnis mixedviT:
/n/-is asimilacia: /n/ _> [igive adgili] _____ C (yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi).
am wesis ramdenime magaliTi:
input
['npt] or ['mpt]
unprepared
[npr'perd] or [mpr'perd]
unbelievable
[nb'livbl] or [mb'livbl]
I live in Minnesota
[a 'lv n mn'so] or [a 'lv m mn'so]
phone call
['fonkl] or ['fokl]
concourse
['kankors] or ['kakors]
con game
['kangem] or ['kagem]
in college
[n 'kald] or ['kald]
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva cvlilebebTan erTad, es wesi /n/-s aqcevs []-ad,

roca momdevno Tanxmovani ukanasasismieria.
savarjiSo 12.4
578
gansazRvreT, ras gveubneba es magaliTebi //-is win difTongad qcevisa

da /n/-is asimilaciis wesebis mimarTebiT dalagebasTan dakavSirebiT. imisaTvis, rom sworad daalagoT, orive saxis mimdevrobisTvis CawereT sruli derivaciebi da aRniSneT, romeli Sedegi Seesabameba aRmoCenil faqtebs. im SemTxvevebSi, roca wesi SerCeviTia, derivaciaSi orive SesaZlo varianti CawereT.
sityva
fonemuri forma
pancake
/'pnkek/
gamoTqma
['pnkek] (frTxili metyvele-
ba) an

['pkek]
(yoveldRiuri me-
tyveleba) magram ara

*['pikek]
Vancouver
[vn'kuvr ] (frTxili metyvele-
/vn'kuvr/
ba) an

[vn'kuvr ]
(yoveldRiuri me-
*[vi'kuvr]
Dan Gurney
['dn'grni] (frTxili metyvele-
/'dn'grni/
ba) an

['d'grni]
(yoveldRiuri me-

['di'grni]
sank
/'sk/
['sik] mxolod
anchor
/'kr/
['ikr ] mxolod
Rangoon
/r'gun/
[ri'gun] mxolod
/'pkek/
['pikek] mxolod
pang cake 'cake eaten to

assuage pangs of hunger'
damatebiTi cnobebi Coktauze

savarjiSo 12.5
12.10.2 qveTavSi warmodgenili diskusia mxolod zedapiruli ganxilva iyo

Coktaus fonologiisa. axla Cven cota ufro Rrmad CavixedavT. amisaTvis
saWiroa ufro yuradRebiT gadavikiTxoT is qveTavi.
Coktau fonologiurad uCveuloa, vinaidan aqvs xmovnis sigrZis sami aRqmadi xarisxi. Cven SegviZlia mxolod grZeli da mokle xmovnebis magaliTi warmovadginoT. magram aseve arsebobs gadaWarbebiT grZeli xmovnebic. isini gvevlineba, rogorc gansakuTrebuli fonemebi. am SemTxvevaSi Cven mokle, grZel da
gadaWarbebiT grZel xmovnebs aseTi saxiT CavwerT: [a] [a:] da [a::].
gadaWarbebiT grZel xmovnebs aqvT Zlieri gavlena ritmul gaxangrZlivebaze. gaixseneT, rom im sityvebSi, romlebSic mokle xmovnebia, luw arafinalur
marcvlebSi xdeba cvlileba da zedapirul formaSi grZeli xmovnis saxiT gvevlineba.
axla ki ganixileT fuZeTa fleqsiuri paradigmebi, romlebSic gadaWarbebiT
grZeli xmovnebi gvxvdeba:

[hoponi]
'cook'
[hoponi + li]
'cook-I.subj' = 'I cook'
[ti + hoponi]
'you.obj-cook' = '(he) cooks you'
[ti + hoponi+ li]
'you.obj-cook-I.subj' = 'I cook you'
[hoponi + ti]
'cook-causative' = '(he) makes (him) cook'
[ti + hoponi + ti]
'you.obj-cook-causative' = '(he) makes you cook'
[hoponi + ti + li]
'cook-causative-I.subj' = 'I make (him) cook'
[ti + hoponi + ti + li]
'you.obj-cook-causative-I.subj' = 'I make you cook'
[talowa]
'sing'
[talowa + li]
'sing-l.subj' = 'I sing'
[talowa + ti]
'sing-causative' = '(he) makes (him) sing'
[ti + talowa + ti]
'you.obj-sing-causative' = '(he) makes you sing'
[talowa + ti + li]
'sing-causative-I.subj' = 'I make (him) sing'
[oli]
'hug'
[oli + li]
'hug-l.subj' = 'I hug'
[ti + oli]
'you.obj-hug' = '(he) hugs you'
[ti + oli + li]
'you.obj-hug-l.subj' = 'I hug you'
[tani]
'get out of bed'
[tani + li]
'get.out.of.bed-l.subj' = 'I get out of bed'
[tani + ti]
'get.out.of.bed-causative' = '(he)
makes (him) get of bed'
[ti + tani + ti]
'you.obj-get.out.of.bed-causative' =
'(he) makes you get out of bed'
[tani + ti + li]
'get.out.of.bed-causative-l.subj' =
'I make (him) get out of bed'
[ti + tani + ti + li]
'you.obj-get.out.of.bed-causative-I.subj' =
'I make you get out of bed'
[fapati]
'push in a swing'
[fapati + li]
' push.in.a.swing-l.subj' = 'I push (him) in a swing'
[ti + fapati]
'you.obj-push.in.a.swing' = '(he) pushes you
in a swing'
[ti + fapati + li]
' you.obj-push.in.a.swing-l.subj' = 'I push you in as
wing'
SeniSnavdiT, rom gansakuTrebiT grZeli xmovnebis Semcveli sityvebi ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis gansxvavebul formas avlenen. ufro naTeli rom gaxdes,
yuradRebiT SevxedoT Semdeg wyvilebs:
gadaWarbebulad grZeli xmovnebiT
xmovnebis gareSe
gadaWarbebulad
[ti + hopoi + ti + li]
[ti + habina + ti + li]
'you.obj-cook-causative-l.subj'
'you.obj-receive.as.a.
grZeli
579
580

= 'I make you cook'
present-causative-l.subj' = 'I
cause you to receve as a present'
[tani + ti + li]
[pisa + ti + li]
'get.out.of.bed-causative-l.subj'
'see-causative-l.subj'
= 'I make (him) get out of bed'
= 'I make (him) see'
[fapati + li]
[habina + li]
'push.in.a.swing-l.subj'
[receive.as.a.present-l.subj'
= 'I push (him) in a swing'
= 'I receive as a present'
[oli + li]
[pisa + li]
'hug-l.subj'
'see-I.subj'
= 'I hug (him)'
= 'I see'
a.
sworia Tu mcdari: `ritmuli gaxangrZliveba ar exeba sityvebs, romlebSic gadaWarbebiT grZeli xmovania~. daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.
b.
CamoayalibeT ritmuli gaxangrZlivebis wesi ise, rom yvela sityvas
exebodes.
g.
CawereT Zireuli forma da fonologiuri derivacia [hoponi + ti + li]
cook-causative-I.subj = me vaiZuleb (mas) moamzados sadili.
d. sworia Tu ara: [a] da [a] bgerebs Soris kontrasti distribuciurad
SezRudulia, vinaidan is arasodes gvxvdeba marcvlis dasawyisSi. axseniT
Tqveni pasuxi.
e.
rogor vityviT Coktaus enaze me gaiZuleb imRero, anu you.obj-singcausative-I.subj? gaamyareT Tqveni pasuxi srulyofili morfologiuri da fonologiuri derivaciiT.
13
fonologia II :
fonologiuri gamoxatulebebi
Sinaarsis sarCevi
13.0 Sesavali
13.1 madiferencirebeli niSnebi
13.1.1 segmentebis Semadgeneli
maxasiaTeblebi
13.1.2 madiferencirebeli
niSnebi da maTi mniSvneloba
13.1.3 argumentebi
madiferencirebeli
niSnebisTvis
13.2 TvisebaTa Soris kavSiri:
Semadgenloba da prominentuloba
13.2.1 marcvlebi
13.2.2 marcvlis Sida
struqtura
13.2.3 marcvalTa Seswavla

danarTTan erTad fonotaq
tikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb
13.2.4 marcvalTa Semadgen
lobis Sedegebis Seswavla:
espanuri r
13.3 prominentulobis kavSiri
13.4 leqsikuri gamoxatulebebi
fonologiaSi
13.5 daskvna
dakavSirebiT
savarjiSoebi
13.0 Sesavali
es Tavi gamoavlens im elementebs, romlebic Seadgenen fonologiur
gamoxatulebebs, gonebriv suraTebs, romlis mixedviTac unda warmoCndes
bgeriTi sistema. Cven ganvasxvavebT maxasiaTeblebs, segmentebs, marcvlebsa da
metrul badeebs, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba maxvilis gamoxatva.
13.1 madiferencirebeli niSnebi

me-12 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom fonologiuri wesebi zemoqmedeben fonetikur maxasiaTeblebze. es ki imas niSnavs, rom wesebis umravlesoba cvlis ufro
calkeuli madiferencirebeli niSnis Rirebulebas, vidre mTlian segmentebs.
es aseve niSnavs imasac, rom konkretuli wesis gavleniT segmentTa jgufebi
iziareben konkretul maxasiaTebels an maxasiaTebelTa jgufs. me-12 TavSi
warmodgenil bunebriv klasTa cneba aris aseTi segmentebis erTi magaliTi. es
jgufi adasturebs, rom fonologiuri procesebi moqmedebs mxolod am klasis
582
yvela wevris saerTo Tvisebaze. gavixsenoT bgeraTa jgufi /m/, /n/, // masais
enaSi. isini qmnian bunebriv klass, vinaidan maTSi Sedis postnazaluri warmoTqma: amis mizezi isaa, rom [+nasal] maxasiaTebeli, rac saerToa am bgerebisTvis, ganapirobebs postnazalur JReradobas. gavixsenoT masais postnazalur
JReradobaze gamoTqmuli azri, rasac gamartivebuli saxiT gavimeorebT:
(1) yru bgera realizdeba mJRerad, roca mas cxvirismieri bgera mosdevs.
wesi, romelic gamoxatavs im azrs, rom fonologiuri wesebi fonetikur
maxasiaTeblebze moqmedeben, ase gamoiyureba:
(2) Tviseba [-voice] Canacvldeba [+voice]-iT, roca mas mosdevs Tviseba
[+nasal].
anu:
[-nasal] [+voice]/[+nasal] _____
(1)-sa da (2)-s Soris gansxvaveba maT mier warmodgenil fonologiur

gamoxatulebaSia. (2), (1)-isgan gansxvavebiT, gamoxatavs imas, rom segmentebi
iSleba madiferencirebel niSnebad. calkeuli wesebi ganixilaven am Tvisebebs
da segmentebs mxolod imdenad cvlian, ramdenadac isini TavianT komponenteb
ze axdenen gavlenas. momavalSi gamovyofT ras warmoadgenen ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da Cvens maxasiaTeblebis koncefcias warmovaCenT fonologiuri
gamoxatulebis saSen masalad.
13.1.1 segmentebis Semadgeneli maxasiaTeblebi

segmenti aris ufro metad TvisebaTa kombinacia, vidre atomuri erTeuli.
nebismieri segmentis daSla SeiZleba sawarmoTqmo maxasiaTeblebisa da akustikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT. es ukanaskneli bgeris is Tvisebebia, romelsac
sawarmoTqmo moqmedebebi warmoSobs. amgvarad, fonetikuri gamoxatuleba sityvisa Tom anu [tha m] SeiZleba iyos erTianoba Semdegi maxasiaTeblebisa: aragangrZobiTi, koronaluri, yru, fSvinvieri, aseve dabali, cxvirismieri,
bagismieri, mJReri. am terminebze ufro farTod gamoyenebuli ekvivalentebia: [-continuant], [+coronal], [-voice], [+spread glottis], [+syllabic, -consonantal],
[+nasal], [+labial], [+voice].
13.1.2 madiferencirebeli niSnebi da maTi mniSvneloba

Cven mier ganxiluli zogierTi Tviseba bunebriv wyvils qmnis: [+nasal] upirispirdeba [-nasal]-s, [+continuant] ki _ [-constituant]-s. unda ganvasxvavoT maxasiaTeblebi maTi mniSvnelobisgan: [+nasal] da [-nasal] erTi Tvisebis urTierTsapirispiro mniSvnelobebia, Tavad es Tviseba ki aRiniSneba rogorc [nasal] an
[nasal]. Sesabamisad segmenti unda iyos an [+nasal] an [-nasal], magram ara orive erTad. magram [nasal] da [continuent] gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebia da segmenti
SeiZleba flobdes am ori Tvisebis nebismier kombinacias.
fonologiuri maxasiaTebeli aris fizikuri ganzomileba, rac gulisxmobs sametyvelo organoebis poziciebs an moZraobebs an sametyvelo bgerebis
akustikur xarisxs. [nasal] Tvisebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi fizikuri ganzo-
fonologia II : fonologiuri gamoxatulebebi
mileba miuTiTebs rbili sasis pozicias: roca dablaa daweuli, rbili sasa
haers cxviris RruSi atarebs, xolo zemoT awevis SemTxvevaSi _ aferxebs
haeris gadasvlas cxviris RruSi. am Tvisebis mniSvneloba miuTiTebs Sesabamis
ganzomilebaze: [-nasal] aRwers [nasal] ganzomilebis erT-erT bolos, kerZod,
rbili sasa dablaa daweuli. gansxvaveba Tvisebasa da mis mniSvnelobas Soris
naCvenebia qvemoT.
(3) maxasiaTebeli [nasal] warmodgenilia saartikulacio ganzomilebiT
da ori mniSvnelobiT.
srulad aweuli rbili sasa

aq warmoTqmuli [-nasal] bgerebi: [p]; [a]
sal] bgerebi: [m] [].
srulad daweuli rbili sasa

aq warmoTqmuli [+na-
diagrama nazalurobis Sesaxeb or gansxvavebul faqts gvaZlevs: pirveli

isaa, rom es aris mudmivi ganzomileba da, Sesabamiad, SeiZleba hqondes orze
meti mniSvneloba. SegviZlia martivad warmovidginoT bgerebi, romelTac warmoTqmisas rbil sasas or ukiduresobas Soris Sualeduri pozicia aqvs. meore
faqti isaa, rom ramdeni Sualeduri poziciac ar unda gamovyoT nazalurobis
mTlianobaSi aucileblad aris ori ukiduresoba: bolomde aweuli da bolomde
daweuli pozicia. am TvalsazrisiT, Tvisebebi binarulia.
zog SemTxvevaSi erTze meti termini gamoiyeneba mocemuli ganzomilebis
aRsawerad. ganvixiloT sawarmoTqmo sivrce, romelic Seesabameba enis ZiriTadi nawilis aweulobis xarisxs. ukiduresi wertilebi am sivrceze aRniSnulia
[+low] da [+high], romlebic Seesabameba dabali da maRali xmovnebis damaxasiaTebel TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebs. [high] da [low]-is gamoyenebiT SegviZlia,
ganvsazRvroT imave ganzomilebaSi Sualeduri wertili da aRvniSnoT, rogorc
[-high, -low], rac Seesatyviseba Sua xmovnebs /e, o, , , /.
(4) ganzomileba [height] da misi sami mniSvneloba:
enis ZiriTadi nawili aweulia
[+high]
maRali xmovnebi: [i] [u]
enis ZiriTadi nawili daweulia

[-high, -low]
Sua xmovnebi [e] [o]
[+low]
dabali xmovnebi [a] []
rogorc vxedavT, saartikulacio sivrceSi saSualo wertili, romelic

piris Rrus haernakadisa da piris Rrus struqturis ganfenilobas warmogvidgens, SegviZlia davaxasiaToT am ganzomilebis qveregionis aRmniSvneli terminebiT [continuant] da [consonantal]. erTiani fizikuri ganzomilebis xazgasasmelad maT SegviZlia davarqvaT [oral stricture].
583
584
(5) [oral stricture]-is gaznomileba da misi sami mniSvneloba:

piris Rrus
daxSuli haernakadi
[-continuant,
mniSvnelovani,
magram arasruli
dabrkoleba [+continuant,
+consonantal]
+consonantal]
haernakadis
Tavisufali
gadaadgileba piris
RruSi [+continuant,
xSulebi, afrikatebi,
cxvirismierebi
napralovnebi, trelebi,
flepebi, gverdiTebi
Sualeduri bgera,
xmovnebi
[t, d, t, h]
f, r, , l]
[w, j, u, i, a]
-consonantal]
akustikaze dafuZnebuli maxasiaTeblebis magaliTebia [sonorant] da

[strident]. Tviseba [sonorant] upirispirebs da gviCvenebs gansxvavebas im
bgerebs Soris, romelTac aqvT an ara aqvT energiis udidesi nawili dabal formantSi. amgvarad, xmovnebi, aproqsimantebi, narnara bgerebi da nazalurebi aris
[+sonorant], rac niSnavs, rom maTi akustikuri energia ZiriTadad moTavsebulia
dabal formantSi. amis sapirispirod, xSulebi da napralovnebi iseTi bgerebia,
romlebsac an saerTod ar aqvT akustikuri energia maTi xangrZlivobis umetes
regionebSi (xSulebi) an akustikuri energia mxolod maRali formantis SemTxvevaSi aqvT (napralovnebi). [strident] Tviseba ganasxvavebs xmaurian bgerebs
(rogorebicaa [s], []) SedarebiT mSvidi bgerebisgan (rogorebicaa [], [x], [h]).
Cveni winandeli diskusiebi imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda gaukeTos enam organizeba fonetikas sxvadasxva gziT, gansxvavebul bgeraTa inventaris Sesaqmnelad, SeiZleba warmovadginoT garkveuli Tvisebebis aRmniSvneli terminebiT.
fizikuri ganzomilebebic SegviZlia davyoT ise, rom SevqmnaT konkretuli
enis specifikuri funqciis mqone TvisebaTa jgufebi. uamravi ena, magaliTad
eskimosTa enebis umravlesoba, simaRlis ganzomilebaSi ganasxvavebs mxolod
or ukiduresobas da Sesabamisad dabal xmovan /a/-s upirispirebs erT an met
maRal xmovans (/i/, /u/, //). aseT enebSi erTmaneTs ar upirispirdeba maRali da
saSualo an saSualo da dabali xmovnebi, Tumca maT SeiZleba hqondeT mocemuli morfemebis Sualeduri fonemebi. (4)-Si warmodgenili sxva enebis magaliTi
Seesabameba sxvadasxva fonemebs (/a/, /e/, /i/). sabolood, inglisurisa da nzebis
msgavsi enebi simaRlis ufro met wertilebs ganarCeven, iseTebs rogoricaa
maRali daWimuli, maRali moSvebuli, saSualo daWimuli, saSualo moSvebuli
da dabali xmovnebi (/i/, /[]/, /e/, /[]/, /a/).F
rogorc vnaxeT, konkretuli sametyvelo bgera SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
Tvisebebis aRmniSvneli terminebiT maTi warmoTqmis zusti adgilis dasaxelebiT. magaliTad, /m/ da /a/ bgerebi nazalurobis, oraluri striqturis, enis awevis mixedviT SegviZlia Semdegnairad davaxasiaToT:
(6) ori bgeris Tvisobrivi analizi
Tviseba
Tvisebis mniSvneloba /m/
bgerisTvis
Tvisebis mniSvneloba
/a/ bgerisTvis
[nasal]
[+nasal]
[-nasal]
[oral stricture]
[-continuant]
[+continuant]
[+consonantal]
[-consonantal]
585
[+low]
[height]
calkeuli Tvisebebi, Cveulebriv, damoukidebeli da calke mdgomia, da

ara uwyveti ganzomilebebi. magaliTad, /p/, /t/, /k/ Tanxmovnebs Soris erT-erT
gansxvavebas warmoadgens maT warmosaTqmelad aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebis monawileoba: esenia: bageebi /p/-s SemTxvevaSi, enis piri /t/-sTvis da enis
sxeuli /k/-sTvis. konkretuli aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organos saSualebiT gamoTqmis Tviseba calke mdgomi maxasiaTebelia. ar arsebobs cneba met-naklebad
bagismieri: segmenti an bagismieria an ara.
(7) Tanxmovnebis maxasiaTeblebi aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebis mixedviT:
bgerebi
aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo
organo
Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblis
dasaxeleba
p, b, m, f
bageebi
enis piri da wveri
enis sxeuli
[labial]
t, s, t, , , l, n, ,
k, g, q, G,
[coronal]
[dorsal]
/m/ bgeris Tvisobriv analizs SegviZlia davumatoT aRniSvna [+labial].

amgvarad, am bgeris TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebia [+nasal, -continuant, +consonantal,
+labial]. es mniSvnelobebi am inglisuri bgeris araorazrovan identifikacias
axdens, vinaidan arc erT sxva bgeras am TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebis aseTi kombinacia ar axasiaTebs.
damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebis dasaxeleba saWiroa im bgerebis gasarCevad,
romlebsac erTi da igive aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo aqvs: magaliTd, gansxaveba am or bgeras Soris /n/ da // - romlebic iseT enebSia, rogoricaa espanuri
da italiuri iTxovs piris RruSi im konkretuli wertilis dasaxelebas,
romelsac exeba aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organo. /n/-is SemTxvevaSi es ufro wina
wertilia piris Rrus wina nawilTan axlos, xolo //-s warmoTqmisas ki ukana
adgili, anu piris Rrus ukana nawilTan axlos myofi. amis gamosaxatavad gvaqvs
Sesabamisi Tvisebac [anterior]. [n], /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/ bgerebia [+anterior], xolo //, /
t/, //, /d/ [-anterior]. am damatebiTi Tvisebis miniWebiT [n] bgeras ase davaxasiaTebT: [+nasal, +coronal, +anterior, +consonantal, -continuant].
dawereT Semdegi bgerebis maxasiaTeblebi: /e/, , s, , , w, y/ wina qveTavSi

ganxiluli magaliTis mixedviT.
13.1.3 argumentebi madiferencirebeli niSnebisTvis

axla unda davasabuToT, rom sametyvelo bgerebi aseTi saxiT gaanalizebulia im mosaubreebis mier, visTvisac es ena mSobliuria.
ori hipoTezis Sedareba SeiZleba: pirveli, rom segmentebi maxasiaTebel-
savarjiSo
13.1
586
Ta jgufebia da meore, rom fonologiur gamoxatulebebSi segmentebi ganuyofeli elementebia. SevecdebiT, davamtkicoT, rom meore hipoTeza SeuZlebels xdis gaviazroT Tvisobrivi analizis ganmartebaSi arsebuli ramdenime
aRiarebuli movlena.
pirveli SemTxveva me-12 TavSi naxsenebi bunebrivi klasebia. alternaciis
tipebis an alofonuri distribuciis aRwerisas vxedavT, rom wesebi exeba segmentTa iseT jgufebs, romlebic iziareben zog Tvisebas an Tvisebis mniSvnelobas. iTvleba, rom segmentTa es jgufebi bunebriv klasebs qmnian. figurul frCxilebSi Casmuli bgerebi, {}, bunebriv klasebs warmoadgenen.
tipuri magaliTia alternacia {b, d, d, g, z, } bgerebsa da {p, t, t, k, s}
bgerebs Soris. pirveli jgufi xasiaTdeba [+voice, -sonorant] TvisebiT, xolo
meore [-voice, -sonorant]-iT iseT enebSi, rogoricaa litvuri, kolami, katalani,
ungruli da polonuri, [+voice, -sonorant] bgerebis jgufi gvxvdeba sxva [-voice]
bgerebis win: mocemuli ungruli alternaciebi gviCvenebs am SezRudvis Sedegebs (vago, 1980):
(8) a.

b.

g.

d.

e.

v.
meleg
ka:d
vi:z
vra:
n
rb
Tbili
abazana
wyali
magia
didi
patimari
melekt:l
ka:tto:l
vi:st:l
vra:fto:l
nc klp
rp solg
Tbilidan
abazanidan
wylidan
magiidan
didi qudi
mona
(8)-Si warmodgenilisTvis alternaciebis Seqmnis Sedegad wesi Semdegnairad formulirdeba, rac efuZneba Semadgeneli segmentebis Tvisobriv analizs:
(9) [-sonorant] [-voice]/ _____ [-voice]
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom (9)-Si warmodgenili azri aseve gulisxmobs, rom
Tu sxva segmentebi mJReri obstruentebia, rogoricaa [dz, d, v], msgavs viTarebaSi aseve yru gaxdeba. igive azri miuTiTebs, rom yru bgerebsac aqvT unari
mJReri bgera aqcion yrud.
davuSvaT, (9)-Si warmodgenili analizi baTildeba, Tu segmentebs ganvixilavT, rogorc atomur, dauSlel erTeulebs. maSin ungruli alternaciebi
unda ganvixiloT bgeraTa specialuri rigiT, romelTa qceva ase Caiwereba:
(10) {b, d, , g, z, } {p, t, c, k, s, } Sesabamisad / _____ {t, k, s}.
vTvliT, rom es wesi arasworia. misi sawinaaRmdego argumentis mixedviT,
es wesi ar gamoyofs im maxasiaTebels, romelic bgeraTa mocemul jgufs bunebriv klasad aqcevs. nemismieri segmenti SeiZleba nebismieri jgufis wevri gaxdes [l , b, h, , , y, } iseTive kargi jgufia, rogorc {b, d, , g, z, } magram bgeraTa
mxolod konkretuli jgufi SeiZleba TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebis kombinaciad
ganvixiloT. (9)-s mixedviT, ungrulis mcodneebs SeuZliaT ganazogadon da
gascdnen (10)-Si warmodgenil nusxas da ganixilon ama Tu im jgufis wevrobis
ganmsazRvreli Tvisebebi. es ganmsazRvreli Tvisebebi ki swored fonologiuri maxasiaTeblebia.
am azris damtkiceba sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba. pirveli farTodaa
587
gavrcelebuli da gulisxmobs mJRerisa da yrus (8) magaliTiviT dawyvilebas.

aseTi wyvilebis arseboba damokidebulia enis fonemuri anbanis Semadgenlobaze. qvemoT moyvanili mJReri fonemebis Sedareba ungruls, litvursa da kolamis Soris, amisi naTeli magaliTia:
(11) mJReri obstruentebis sami SemTxveva:
litvuri mJReri obstruentebi
kolamis mJReri obstruentebi
ungruli mJReri obstruentebi
dz
g
d
z
v
(11)-Si warmodgenil samive enis magaliTi paraleluria (8)-si: Tvisebebis

gauTvaliswineblad me-(10) magaliTiviT dalagebuli bgerebis analizisas
mogviwevs sam gansxvavebul rigSi moqmedeba. litvuris SemTxvevaSi unda iTqvas, rom {b, d, d, g, v, z, } eqvemdebareba wess, xolo kolamis SemTxvevaSi unda
gamovyoT gansxvavebuli jgufi {b, d, , g, z}. es bundovans xdis Zireul faqts,
rom am sam enaSi erTsa da imave movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. amis sapirispirod,
Tvisebebze dafuZnebuli analizi marTebulia (9)-Si mocemuli yvela enis warmoTqmis alternaciisTvis, vinaidan igi cdeba fonemebSi SemTxveviTi gansxvavebebis ideas.
(9)-Si warmodgenili Tvisebebis analizi kidev erTi argumentia, rom mas
SeuZlia mosaubreebis SesaZleblobaTa miRma moqmedeba. ungrulis mcodnes,
vinc ar akvirdeba /v/ da /f/ bgerebis alternacias, mainc mixvdeba, rom /hi:v/ da
/-t/ morfemebis kombinaciaSi warmoiTqmis ufro [hi:ft], vidre [hi:vt] (/hi:v/ niSnavs darekvas, xolo /-t/ mesame piris mxolobiTi ricxvis gamomxatveli sufiqsia. mTavari azri aq isaa, rom segmentebis Tvisebebze dafuZnebuli analizi
xels uwyobs enis kargad aRqmis process: igi mswavlels enis segmentTa mimdevrobis ganzogadebis saSualebas aZlevs.
bolo argumenti Tvisobrivi analizis sasargeblod metyvelebs da
aCvenebs imas, rom segmentTa jgufebis umravlesoba, romlebic monawileobas
iReben (8)-s msgavs mawarmoebel alternaciebSi, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebis im kombinaciebiT, romlebic maT unikalurad warmoaCens.
swored amis gamo arian isini bunebrivi klasebi. {l , b, h, , , y, } msgavsi absurduli jgufebi produqtiuli bgerebis aRwerisas mxedvelobaSi arasodes
ungruli warmoTqmis monacvleoba moicavs ara mxolod mJReri bgerebis
{b, d, g...} {p, t, k...} bgerebad qcevas, aramed yru {p, t, k...} bgerebis qcevas mJRer
{b, d, g...} bgerebad. ganixileT Semdegi magaliTebi da CamoayalibeT Tvisobrivi analizi (9)-s gavrcobis meSveobiT ise, rom igi axasiaTebdes enis yvela warmoTqmis monacvleobas, rogorc me-(8) magaliTSi warmodgenilebs, ise qvemoT
mocemulebsac:
ljuk
xvreli
ljugbn
xvrelSi
np
mze
nbbn
mzeSi
srte:
Rori
srte:bn
RorSi
golf
golfi
golv bojnoka:g golfis Cempionati
savarjiSo
13.2
588
axla ki gaaanalizeT qvemoT moyvanili damatebiTi magaliTebi:

list
brtsk
tkst
fqvili
gargari
teqsti
lizdbn
brdzgbn
tgzdbn
fqvilSi
gargarSi
teqstSi
gadaamowmeT da darwmundiT, rom Tqveni mtkiceba Seesabameba alternaciis yvela saxes. magaliTebi SezRudulia da Sesabamisad, SezRudulia interpretaciisa da analizis ricxvic: SearCieT yvelaze zogadi im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tu Tqveni analizi iZleva mixvedris iseT variants, romlis gansazRvrasac im
momentisTvis Tqven ver axerxebT (ar ganixiloT bn/bn alternaciebi, vinaidan
isini daukavSirebel movlenas asaxavs).
savarjiSo
13.3
Tvisebebze dafuZnebuli analizi saSualebas iZleva lingvisturi codnis calkeuli aspeqtebis modelirebisa, romelic cdeba ama Tu im mSobliuri
enis bgerebis ganxilvas. amis mixedviT Cven vTxoveT Cvens ungrel kolegas da am
wignis Tanaavtors, warmoeTqva ungrulad fraza in (the city of ) Bath. ban [bn]
sufiqsi ungrulSi adgils miuTiTebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom inglisurad saxeli
Bath [b] Seicavs yru interdentalur napralovan [] bgeras, rac ar aris ungrulSi. Cvens kolegas arasodes gamouyenebia da arc aravisgan gaugia bath-ban
BgamoTqma. man [ba] warmoTqva calke Bath-is saTqmelad, xolo [bbn] _ Bathban-isTvis, Tan gamoiyena [], []-is mJReri mewyvile. axseniT am faqtis mniSvneloba Tvisebebze dafuZnebuli warmoTqmis asimilaciis analizis saSualebiT.
13.2 savarjiSoze gacemuli pasuxis mixedviT, romelia swori forma: [bbn] Tu
Cveni kolegis mier uaryofili [bbn]?
miiReba, vinaidan isini ar Seesabameba TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebis arc erT damajerebel kombinacias. amgvari dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom: monacvleoba gulisxmobs bunebriv klasebs, vinaidan es ukanasknelni moicaven konkretul
Tvisebebs da ara segmentTa nusxas.
13.2 kavSiri Tvisebebs Soris: Semadgenloba da

prominentuloba
am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom fonologiuri gamoxatulebebi Sedgeba Tvisebebisa da maTi uTierTkavSirisagan. amJamad warmovadgenT or maTgans:
Semadgenlobasa da prominentulobas.
termini Semadgenloba nacnobia me-2 da me-4 Tavebidan. fonologiaSi igi
gamoxatavs im faqts, rom gabmul metyvelebaSi bgerebi calkeuli jgufi an
Tvisebebis jgufi SeiZleba amovicnoT. segmenti maxasiaTebelTa jgufia, marcvali segmentebis jgufi. maxvilis jgufi aris marcvalTa jgufi. sintaqsis
SemadgenelTa struqturis msgavsad, fonologiuri Semadgenlobac ierarqiulia: mcire jgufi didi jgufis Semadgenelia. es qveTavi ganixilavs erT-erTi
Semadgenlis, marcvlis struqturis warmmarTvel principebs.
13.2.1 marcvlebi
marcvali aris erTeuli, romelic Sedgeba xmovnis an xmovnis msgavsi
bgeris garSemo myofi bgerebisgan. amgvarad, sityvaSi segment [sgmnt] aris
ori marcvali, romelic or xmovans [] da []-s Seesatyviseba: [sg] da [mnt].
simbolos viyenebT marcvlis im erTeulis aRsaniSnad, romelic Semadgenel
segmentebs Soris dominanturia.
(12)
n t
simboloTa jaWvi [sgmnt] (12)-Si Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT amoklebs

gamoxatulebis srul versias. Semadgenlobis martivad grafikulad warmodgena SeiZleba or marcvals Soris ubralo pauzis CasmiT: [sg.mnt]. (13) -Si warmodgenili Canaweri sasargebloa im SemTxvevaSi, roca gvWirdeba zustad aRniSvna imisa, rom segmenti ekuTvnis erTze met marcvals, rogorcaa sityvaSi happy
[hpi], sadac Sualedur [p]-s zogi miiCnevs saziaro bgerad pirvelsa da meore
marcvals Soris.
(13)
marcvlis SemadgenlobaSi poziciam SeiZleba gansazRvros bgeris realizacia. magaliTad, inglisurSi nazaluri bgera, romelsac arakoronaluri xSuli mohyveba, sxvadasxvagvaradaa realizebuli imis mixedviT, es Tanxmovnebi erT marcvalSia Tu ara. nazaluri aucileblad imave saartikulacio
organoTi warmoiTqmis, riTac xSuli, rodesac isini erT marcvalSia: Sesabamisad, sityvebSi ink da thank aucileblad aris [k] bgerebi da ara [nk]. roca es
Tanxmovnebi cal-calke marcvlebSia, /nk/-Si warmodgenili nazaluri realizebulia, rogorc alveolaruli bgera; magaliTad, congressional [kngrnl].
amave wesis morigi Sedegi isaa, rom [mk] SesaZlo wyvilia inglisuris zogierT
dialeqtSi, aseTia: pumpkin [pmkin], Fromkin [frmkn]. magram is ar gvxvdeba
marcvlis SigniT: limk-is msgavsi marcvlebi inglisuris nebismier variantSi
warmoudgenelia. amgvarad, roca nazaluri da xSuli bgerebi aseTive TanmimdevrobiT erTi marcvlis wevrebia, xdeba sawarmoTqmo adgilis asimilacia.
paralelurad, SegviZlia, davakvirdeT xSulebisa da napralovnebis distribucias inglisurSi. roca aseTi bgerebi erT marcvalSia (mag, cubs [kbz] da cups
[kps]) mTlian jgufs unda hqondes igive warmoTqmis mniSvneloba: [kpz] an [kbs]
formebi miuRebelia. roca xSuli da napralovani sxvadasxva marcvalSia, rogorc sityvebSi absurd [b.sd], Hudson [hd.sn], anecdote [.nk.dot], warmoTqmis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia.
damarcvlis Sedegi vrceldeba TanxmovanTa gansxvavebaze nazalurobis
mixedviT marcvlis sawyis da bolo poziciaSi. magaliTad, inglisuri yru xSuli SeiZleba glotaluri gaxdes, magram ara fSvinvieri, roca is marcvlis bo-
589
590
los gvxvdeba; xolo roca marcvlis sawyisi bgera xSulia, SeiZleba fSvinvieri
gaxdes, rac damokidebulia maxvilis poziciasa da sityvis dasawyisze, magram is
verasodes iqneba glotaluri. amgvarad /t/ bgera sityvebSi tap [thp] da between
[b.thwin] fSvinvieradaa qceuli, xolo pat [pht] da atlas [t.ls] SeiZleba iyos
glotalizebuli, rac transkrifciaSic Cans. bevr enaSi TanxmovanTa tipebi
marcvlis sawyis da bolo poziciaSi gansxvavebulia. TanxmovanTa umravlesoba
gvxvdeba marcvlis dasawyisSi. amgvarad, tai ganarCevs marcvlis sawyis mJRer,
yru arafSvinvier an yru fSvinvier xSulebs, magram misi bolo poziciis xSulebi yovelTvis realizebulia yru arafSvinvieri da glotalizebuli bgerebiT.
garda amisa, marcvlis sawyis poziciaSi tai aseve iyenebs afrikatebs, ts, t, tsh, th
xSulebis t-sa da th-s sapirispirod. marcvlis bolo poziciaSi mxolod xSulebi
gamoiyeneba.
13.2.2 marcvlis Sida struqtura

marcvlebi SeiZleba daiyos uSualo Semadgenlebad. birTvi aris xmovani
an xmovnis msgavsi elementi, rac yvela marcvalSia. sawyisi aris TanxmovanTa
jgufi, rac birTvis win dgas. koda aris birTvis Semdeg mdgomi Tanxmovnebi.
birTvi da koda erTad qmnian Sualedur Semadgenels rasac riTma hqvia. birTvi
marcvlis aucilebeli nawilia: sityvaSi mxolod imdeni marcvalia, ramdeni
birTvicaa. sawyisi xSir SemTxvevaSi marcvlis iSviaTi, magram sasurveli wevrebia. kodebi araa aucilebeli: yvela enaSia kodas armqone marcvlebi (anu Ria
marcvlebi) da kodas mqone marcvlebi (anu daxuruli marcvlebi). Imprint
[mprnt] sityvis diagramiT gaCvenebT am sakiTxs. marcvlis aucilebeli wevrebi
gamuqebuli asoebiTaa warmodgenili.
(14)

abreviaturebi:

O = onset (sawyisi); N = nucleus (riTma)

C = coda (koda), R = rime (birTvi)

R
R
O
N
N C
n t
birTvSi warmodgenili segmentebi marcvlovania anu [+syllabic]. amgvarad,

[m] prizm [przm]-is msgavs sityvaSi marcvlovania: es sityva ori marcvlisagan
Sedgeba da [m] meore marcvlis birTvia. igive segmenti aramarcvlovanadac

gvevlineba sityvaSi prismatic [prz.m.tk], (sadac /m/ aris sawyisi) an broom (sadac /m/ aris koda).
13.2.3 marcvalTa Seswavla danarTTan erTad

fonotaqtikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb
marcvlebis dayofis Cveneulma transkrifciam (magaliTad, wertilis
gamoyeneba [sg.mnt]-Si) SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos da gvafiqrebinos, rom
gabmul metyvelebaSic arsebobs marcvlis damyofi araorazrovani signali da

rom molaparakis mier damarcvlis codna miRebulia am signalebis mosmenis
gziT. realurad sakiTxi ufro rTuli da sainteresoa. pirvel rigSi unda iTqvas, rom roca vsaubrobT marcvlebis dayofaze, vgulisxmobT ara naTqvamis
fonetikur maxasiaTeblebs, aramed mTqmelis intuicias, Tu sad unda daiyos
grZeli gamonaTqvami erTxmovnian nawilebad. inglisuris nebismier mcodnes
or nawilad rom davaSlevinoT sityva segment, umravlesoba daSlis rogorc
[sg]+[mnt] da ara rogorc [sgm]+[nt] an [s]+[gmnt]. marcvlis Cven mier warmodgenili sazRvrebi aseT daskvnas efuZneba.
amitomac mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, Tu rogor swavloben lingvistikis
armcodne mosaubreebi damarcvlas Tavis mSobliur enaSi. es garkveulwilad
jer kidev saidumloa. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom zrdasrul mosaubreTa Soris
arsebobs SeTanxmeba marcvalTa gamyofis adgilTan dakavSirebiT (Selkirk 1982;
Derwing 1992). Sesabamisad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maT ician rogor damarcvlon sityva, isini am daskvnamde fonologiuri sistemis im aspeqtidan unda
misuliyvnen, romelic mza formiT xelmisawvdomia da romlis swavlac SesaZlebelia. ras efuZneba mosaubreTa aseTi daskvnebi?
zog SemTxvevaSi naTelia, rom damarcvlis maTi varianti asaxavs mosaubris dakvirvebas missave enaSi arsebul SesaZlo sityvebze: magaliTad [sgm]
da [gmnt] araa dasaSvebi sityvebi inglisurSi, vinaidan [gm] ar gvxvdeba arc sityvis dasawyisSi, arc boloSi. SesaZloa, amis gamoa marcvlebad dayofis [sgm.
nt] an [s.gmnt] variantebi uaryofili.
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT amis mizezebi. vvaraudobT, rom mosaubreebs ganzogadebuli codna aqvT SesaZlo an dauSvebel sawyis an bolo marcvlebTan dakavSirebiT da es ganzogadeba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs maT mier marcvlis struqturis Sesaxeb gakeTebul daskvnebSi. am daskvnebs ori forma aqvs.
pirvelis Tanaxmad, mosaubrem SeiZleba daiwyos mtkiceba, rom marcvali mokle
sityvas hgavs, erTxmovniani sityvaa, romlis bolo identuria zogadad sityvis daboloebaTa struqturisa. es imas niSnavs, rom [sgmnt] marcvlebad ase
daiyofoda [sg.mnt], vinaidan /gm/ arc erTi inglisuri sityvis arc marjvena
boloa da arc marcxena. meore formis mixedviT, mosaubrem SeiZleba daiwyos
dasabuTeba, rom sityva marcvlebis jaWvia, sadac TiToeuli segmenti aucileblad unda iyos romelime marcvlis wevri. am mtkicebis mixedviT, Tu mosaubre
daakvirdeba, rom Tavisi enis sityvebi ar SeiZleba daiwyos segmentTa romelime
mimdevrobiT magaliTad, inglisuri sityvebi ar iwyeba /gm/ wyviliT maT
SeiZleba daaskvnan, rom am enis marcvalic ver daiwyeba amgvari mimdevrobiT.
orive argumentidan Cans, rom marcvlis struqturas enis struqturaze dakvirvebiT vigebT. damarcvlis intuicia asaxavs amgvarad gaazrebul kanonebs.
danarTi fonotaqtikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb

mas Semdeg rac segmentTa SesaZlo mimdevrobis (an fonotaqtikis) ganzogadebis sakiTxi davsviT, unda vTqvaT, rom mosaubreebi daskvnebs mxolod
mosmenilis Sedegad ki ar akeTeben, aramed imis mixedviTac, rac ar mousmeniaT.
isini amCneven mniSvnelovan xarvezebs gasaanalizebel monacemebSi da daskvnebi aseTi xarvezebidan gamoaqvT. /gm/ mimdevrobis SemTxvevaSi inglisuris
591
592
mcodneni amCneven zogad kanons, romelic aerTianebs ZiriTad dakvirvebebs:

inglisuri sityva ar SeiZleba Tanxmovnisa da nazaluris mimdevrobiT daiwyos,
gamonalkisia /sm/ da /sn/. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom /gm/-is garda sxva iseTi
wyvilic ar SeiZleba inglisuri sityvis dasawyisSi dajdes, rogoricaa /pn/,
/bn/, /pm/, /bm/, /fn/, /vn/, /fm/, /vm/, /tn/, /dn/, /tm/, /dm/ da a.S. savaraudod, esaa
nimuSis ganzogadeba, rac mosaubres amcnobs, rom /gm/ xarvezi ar aris SemTxveviTi. ganzogadebis TvalsazrisiT, vxedavT, rom inglisurSi sxva enebis msgavsad dauSvebelia sonorisa da obstruentis mimdevroba sityvis dasawyisSi:
/lp/ /rk/ /rp/ /ms/ /nf/ ar aris miRebuli sityvis dasawyisSi. Cans, rom mosaubreebi
ara mxolod xvdebian am xarvezs enaSi, aramed askvnian, rom amgvari mimdevrobis
aryofna SemTxveviTi araa: rodesac UCLA-s fonologiis Sesavlis kursis studentTa ramdenime Taoba gamohkiTxes, absoluturma umravlesobam miuReblad
CaTvala /lp/, /rk/, /rp/, /ms/, /nf/ wyvilebiT dawyebuli sityvebi. amis sapirispirod, mimdevrobam, rogoricaa /vl/, /vr/, romelic iSviaTadaa gamoyenebuli inglisurSi, sruliad gansxvavebuli Sefaseba gamoiwvia: amis savaraudo mizezia
fonologiurad paraleluri /fl/ da /fr/ mimdevrobis arseboba. amgvarad, /vr/, /
vl/ xarvezi ufro metad miCneulia SemTxveviTad, vinaidan miuRebeli mimdevrobebi struqturulad izolirebulia.
davubrundeT marcvlebad dayofis sakiTxs. sonorisa da obstruentis
wyvilis sityvis dasawyisSi ararsebobis faqtis msgavsad, aRmovaCineT, rom mimdevroba xmovani-Tanxmovani-Tanxmovani-xmovani (VCCV) yovelTvis iyofa Tanxmovnebs Soris, rogorc VC.CV, roca es mimdevroba sonorsa da obstruents ar
moicavs. amgvarad, alpine da harpoon Semdegnairad daiyofa: [l.pan] [.lpan] da
[har.pun] da ara [ha.rpun]. amis sapirispirod, roca TanxmovanTa mimdevroba warmodgenili sk an pl wyviliT, VCCV mimdevroba SeiZleba daiyos rogorc V.CCV,
ise VC.CV saxiT: basket [bs.kt], poplar [pp.lr], aseve askew [.skju], reply [ri.pla].
farTod gavrcelebulia azri, rom sityvebi vapid, leper, suburb iyofa
[vp.d], [lp.], [sb.b] an Sua Tanxmovani orive marcvals ekuTvnis, savaraudod efuZneba faqts, rom mokle moSvebuli xmovnebi, rogoricaa [], [], [] inglisurSi sityvis finalur poziciaSi ar gvxvdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvebi,
rogoricaa vapor, viper, sober iyofa, rogorc [ve.p] [va.p] [sob] da swored
amis gamoa, rom grZeli xmovnebi da difTongebi sityvis dasasrulSi gvxvdeba.
amgvarad, Cndeba kiTxva _ yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mosaubreebis intuiciidan
momdinareobs marcvlebis Sesaxeb codna, Tu im daskvnidan, rom marcvlebi patara sityvebs unda hgavdnen?
Tumca, roca yuradRebiT vakvirdebiT magaliTebs, naTeli xdeba, rom
msgavseba SesaZlo sityvebsa da marcvlebs Soris ar aris erTaderTi mniSvnelovani faqtori am SefasebebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom uamravi sityvis dayofis
erTze meti varianti arsebobs, romelic gadis: iseTi sityva, rogoricaa Plato
[plei.to] SeiZleba daiyos an [pleit.o] an [plei.to]. TiToeuli saxis dayofis Sedegad
miRebuli sityvebi Seesatyviseba savaraudo sityvebs inglisurSi. magram, faqtiurad, aSkarad amjobineben am sityvis [plei.to] saxiT dayofas, sadac xmovnebs
Soris moqceuli Tanxmovani sawyis poziciaSia. upiratesobis miniWeba ar
efuZneba mxolod SesaZlo sityvebze dakvirvebas. meore mniSvnelovani faqti
isaa, rom polonuris msgavs enebSi, sadac sityvebi iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakmaod uCveulo (inglisur standartTan SedarebiT) mimdevrobebiT, marcvlebad
593
dayofisas romelime formisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba ar hgavs inglisur

variants. amgvarad, sityvebi rogoricaa filtr filtri, metr metri, wiatr
qari erTmarcvliania polonurSi: es gviCvenebs, rom polonurSi sityvebi
SeiZleba dasruldes obstruents+aramarcvlovani sonorantiT, magram roca
wyvili moqceulia xmovnebs Soris (rogorc sityvebSi wiadro kasri, wiatru
qari, igrat TamaSi) wiadr.o, wiatr-u, igr.at calsaxad miuRebelia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT< roca Tanxmovnebis ama Tu im marcvalze mimagrebis arCevanis saSualeba arsebobs, inglisuri da polonuri erTsa da imaves arCevs. es ar
efuZneba sityvis struqturaze dakvirvebebs, vinaidan wiatr miRebuli sityvaa,
xolo wiatr.u _ damarcvlis miuRebeli saxe. vfiqrobT, rom im SemTxvevebSi,
roca enis leqsikoni ar wyvets am orazrovnebis problemas, damarcvla unda
efuZnebodes sayovelTaod miniWebul upiratesobas marcvalTa calkeuli tipebis sasargeblod.
VCV jaWvis dayofa V.CV formiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli enebSi. imaves
Tqma SeiZleba VCCV-is VCC.V formiT daSlaze. yovelive amis Semdeg, SegviZlia
(15) -Si Semdegi zogadi daskvnebi CamovayaliboT:
(15) ori universaluri wesi damarcvlis Sesaxeb:

Tanabar pirobebSi damarcvlis Sedegad unda miviRoT

Ria marcvlebi
ukuRma laparaki da damarcvlis sxva testebi

sawyisiani marcvlebi
ukuRma laparaki enis gasavarjiSebeli TamaSia, normaluri saTqmelis
SeniRbvis varianti, enis ZiriTadi sityvebis sistematuri cvlilebis gziT.
ukuRma laparaki erT-erTi sasargeblo teqnikaa imis gasarkvevad, ramdenad
emTxveva enaTmecnierebis mier warmodgenili dayofa mSobliur enaze mosaubreTa mier SeTvisebul variants. ukuRma laparakis erT-erTi cnobili formaa mTliani marcvlebis gadaadgileba: cat.nip gaxdeba nit.cap, seg.ment ment.
seg da a.S. aseTi saxis TamaSi xSiria frangulad mosaubreebs Soris, romlebic
niRbaven metyvelebas Sebrunebuli marcvlebiT, am movlenas verlani hqvia, is
momdinareobs franguli sityvidan l'envers, rac Sebrunebas niSnavs. es marcvalTa Sebruneba periodulad inglisurSic gamoiyeneba. ukuRma metyvelebis
dakvirvebis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rogoraa segmentTa mimdevroba
dayofili marcvlebad mSobliur enaze arcTu srulyofilad mosaubre adamianebis mier. amgvarad, xmovani-Tanxmovani-xmovani (VCV) mimdevroba frangulSi yovelTvis iyofa V.CV saxiT: chaton [at] knuti, romelic [a.t]-d daimarcvleba da verlanis mixedviT [t.a] gaxdeba. V-C-C-V mimdevroba gansxvavebulad
daiyofa imis mixedviT, es ori Tanxmovani obstruenti da narnara bgeraa Tu
raime sxva. amgvarad, franguli secret [ske] xdeba [kes] da ara [esk]. sxva
bgerebis SemTxvevaSi ukuRma warmoTqmis Sedegi gansxvavebulia: franguli
balcon [bal.k] xdeba [k.bal], inglisuri cultures [kl.tz] xdeba [tz.kl] (aRsaniSnavia, rom /t/ iTvleba erT bgerad da ara t + bgerebis mimdevrobad).
ukuRma kiTxviT damarcvla uaxlovdeba frangul fonologiaSi warmodgenil damarcvlas. magaliTad, Sua xmovani /e/ sxvadasxvagvarad realizdeba imis
mixedviT, mas imave marcvalSi mosdevs Tu ara Tanxmovani: daxurul marcvalSi
vxvdebiT [] bgeras, rogorc sityvaSi Eskimo [s:ki.mo], sadac sawyis e-s mohyveba
s
CanarTi
13.1
594
imave marcvalSi da, Sesabamisad, moSvebulia. amis sapirispirod, sityvaSi decret [de.k e] ori /e/ aris marcvlis finalur poziciaSi da realizdeba grZeli
/e/ bgeriT. decret-is SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ori damoukidebeli mizezi imis, rom
[de.k e] damarcvla [dek. e]-s davupirispiroT: pirveli mizezia verlanis efeqti,
sadac vxvdebiT [k e.de] da ara [ e.dek]-s. meore mizezi ki pirvel marcvalSi moSvebis aryofnaa: [de.k e] da ara [dek. e].
amgvarad, VCV mimdevrobis V.CV saxiT dayofa VC.V-is nacvlad efuZneba
im faqts, rom V.CV forma qmnis Ria marcvals (V), romelsac mosdevs sawyisiani
marcvali. uaryofili forma VC.V qmnis daxurul marcvals (VC) romelsac
mosdevs usaw yiso (V). Semdegi klasis magaliTSi, VCCV dayofilia V.CCV saxiT
Tu Sesabamisi rTuli sawyisi dasaSvebia (rogorc de.cree-s SemTxvevaSi). VCCV
dayofili iqneba VC.CV formiT Tu igi ar Seesabameba dasaSveb rTul sawyiss
(rogorc in.tend-is SemTxvevaSi). da bolos, VCCV SeuZlebelia daiyos VCC.V
formiT, vinaidan am saxis dayofas ormagi nakli aqvs: marcvali rTuli kodaTi
da sawyisis armqone marcvlebi.
savarjiSo
13.4
gaaanalizeT xmovnis sigrZis alternaciebi iokutsis qvemoT warmodgenil sityvebSi. (iokutsi aris kaliforniis indielTa ena. magaliTebi aRebulia niumenisgan 1944). CamoayalibeT nagulisxmevi gamoxatuleba Zirebisa
da sufiqsebisTvis. gamoTqviT varaudi iokutsis SesaZlo marcvlebis Sesaxeb
da gamoiyeneT isini mokle da grZeli xmovnebis distribuciis asaxsnelad.
dagWirdebaT [+syllabic] [ long] formebi marcvlis struqturis terminebiT
aRsawerad. yuradRebas nu gaamaxvilebT i-sa da nulovani alomorfis alternaciebze. defisi (-) aRniSnavs morfemaTa sazRvrebs, rac ar aris aucilebeli,
daemTxves marcvlis sazRvrebs:
aramomavali brZanebiTi varaudi
momavali
Targmani
sap-hin
sap-ka
sa:pal
sa:p-en
lan-hin
lan-ka
la:nal
la:n-en
a:mil-hin
a:mil-ka
aml-al
aml-en
xat-hin
xat-ka
xat-al
xat-en
pait-hin
pait-ka
pat-al
paten
wva
mosmena
daxmareba
Wama
Cxubi
aramomavali vnebiTi
Targmani
pana:-hin
pana-t
hoyo:-hin
hoyo-t
Camosvla
saxeli
13.2.4 marcvalTa Semadgenlobis Sedegebis Seswvla: espanuri r

ganvixiloT, rogor moqmedebs marcvlis struqtura segmentTa realizaciaze. magaliTi aRebulia espanuridan da ganxiluli harisis mier (1983).
Cven mier gasaanalizebeli bgerebia treli [r] da flepi [], romlebic espanurSi
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba xmovnebs Soris poziciaSi: perro [pero] ZaRli da

pero [peo] magram. espanuri orTografia zustad asaxavs am or bgeras Soris
xangrZlivobis gansxvavebas. treli sagrZnoblad grZelia. yvela sxva danarCen

poziciaSi sityvis dasawyisSi, boloSi, Tanxmovnis win an Semdeg treli da
Tepi damatebiT distribuciaSia. Semdegi nimuSi amis magaliTia:
(16) xSulis an f Tanxmovnis Semdeg mxolod [] gxvdeba.
bravo
drama
otro
hombre
Afrika
[bao]
[dama]
[oto]
[ombe]
[afika]
mamaci
drama
sxva
kaci
(17) sxva Tanxmovnebis Semdeg mxolod [r] gvxvdeba.

Israel
honra
alrededor
[izrael]
[onra]
[alreeor]
israeli pativi
garSemo
(18) Tanxmovnis win Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi [] gamoiyeneba, emfatur metyvelebaSi ki [r]

martes
arbol
Carlos
[martes]~[mates]
[arol]~[aol]
[karlos]~[kalos]
samSabaTi
xe
(19) sityvis dasawyisSi mxolod [r] gvxvdeba.

rpido
raro
[rapio]
[rao]
rubor
[ruor]
swrafi iSviaTi
gawiTleba
(20) sityvis boloSi [] Cveulebriv metyvelebaSia, xolo [r] emfaturSi.

mar
amor
[mar]~[ma]
zRva
[amor]~[amo]
sur
[sur]~[su]
siyvaruli
samxreTi
(18) da (20) gviCvenebs r-is msgavs bgerebs marcvlis kodas poziciaSi. es

naTlad Cans sityvaSi mar. sityvebSi martes da Carlos amas emateba espanurad mosaubreTa mier am sityvebis intuiciuri dayofa mar.tes da Car.los-is saxiT. aseve
mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom rt, rl sityvis sawyis poziciaSi dauSvebelia. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi SegviZlia gavaerTianoT (21)-Si:
(21) a. marcvlis bolos espanuri r-bgerebi, Cveulebriv, realizdeba []
bgeriT.

b. emfaturi metyvelebis wesi: marcvlis bolo r-bgera realizdeba
[r]-is saxiT.
darCenili magaliTebic SegviZlia ganvixiloT r-bgeris marcvlis sazRvrebTan siaxlovis pirobebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom (16)-Si warmodgenili forma
xSuli an f bgera r-is win SegviZlia sawyisad miviCnioT: A.fri.ca, o.tro, hom.
bre. (17)-is sityvebSi ki marcvlis sazRvrebi dacilebulia: Is.ra.el, hon.ra, al.re.
de.dor. Cven es viciT, erTi mxriv, espanurad mosaubreTa damarcvlis intuiciiT, meore mxriv ki: /fr/, /pr/,/ kr/, /dr/, /br/, /tr/, /dl/, /fl/, /pl/, /bl/, /kl/, /gl/, /sw/, /kw/
595
596
- TanxmovanTa wyvilebiT, riTac SeiZleba daiwyos espanuri sityvebi. /rl/, /sp/, /

nt/, /lk/ da a.S. tipis wyvilebi mxolod xmovnis Semdeg gvxvdeba. vinaidan sityvis
dasawyisi imavdroulad pirveli marcvlis dasawyisia, iseTi wyvilebi, romlebic sityvis dasawyisSi ar gamoiyeneba, saerTod dauSvebelia marcvlis dasawyisSic. am mizezebs meore ganzogadebul mtkicebasTan mivyavarT:
(22) Tu r-bgera ar aris marcvlis sawyis poziciaSi, maSin is []-iT realizdeba.
axla ki unda CamovayaliboT mtkiceba, sadac ganzogadebuli iqneba faqti,
rom marcvlis sawyis poziciaSi r-bgera aucileblad treli [r] bgeraa, roca is
sityvis dasawyisSi an Tanxmovnis Semdeg dgas ((17) da (19) SemTxvevebSi), magram
[r] da [] erTmaneTs xmovnis Semdgom poziciaSi upirispirdeba.
(23) marcvlis sawyis poziciaSi r-bgera realizdeba rogorc treli, Tu
mas win xmovani ar miuZRvis.
sayuradReboa, rom (23) araviTar cnobas ar iZleva im SemTxvevaze, roca
r-bgera erTdroulad marcvlis sawyisicaa da xmovnis momdevnoc. Tumca is sworad aRniSnavs, rom rotireba realizdeba treliT marcvlis sawyis yvela danarCen poziciaSi ((17) da (19) SemTxveva).
miuxedavad imisa, rom (21), (22) da (23) gasaanalizebeli masalis CaxlarTul
wyobas sagrZnoblad amartivebs, Cven vTvliT, rom ufro metad gamartivebac
SesaZlebelia, vinaidan (22) moicavs (21a)-s. analizis saboloo saxe aseTi iqneba:
(24) a. marcvlis sawyis poziciaSi rotireba realizebulia treliT, Tu
mis win xmovani ar dgas.

b. rotireba, romelic marcvlis sawyis poziciaSi ar aris, realizebulia flepiT.

g. emfatur metyvelebaSi marcvlis boloSi mdgari rotireba warmodgenilia treliT.
morigi simboloebi sasargebloa (24)-Si mocemuli wesis warmosadgenad:
marcvlis sawyisi da bolo pozicia aRniSnulia marcxena da marjvena frCxilebiT.
(25) marcvlis dasawyisSi= [ ______
marcvlis dasasruls= ______ ]
rotirebis klasis dasaxasiaTeblad SeiZleba TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebis
jgufis gamoyeneba [+sonorant, +consonantal +continuant lateral]. trelebis Tepebisgan mTavari ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebaa [long]: treli ufro grZeli bgeraa.
amgvarad, (24a)-s abriviaturebiT gamosaxuli forma aseTi iqneba:
(26)
+sonorant
+consonantal
+continuant
-lateral
[+long]/[______
daxrili xazis win dawerili aRniSvna gviCvenebs, rom rotireba xdeba grZeli. esaa weris struqturuli cvlileba. xolo daxrili xazis Semdeg dawerili
ki miuTiTebs, rom es cvlileba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca segmenti
marcvlis sawyis poziciaSi dgas. defisi aRniSnavs CvenTvis mniSvnelovani segmentis mimarTebas marcvlis sazRvarTan. es meore nawili am wesis konteqsti
anu garemoa. wesis mier warmodgenili jaWvis aRweras ki wesis struqturuli
aRwera hqvia. aqve unda aRvniSnoT wesisTvis uaryofiTi piroba, anu is SemTxveva, roca es wesi wyvets moqmedebas. es xdeba, roca rotireba xmovnis Semdeg
dgas. am azris gadmocema calke mtkicebiT SeiZleba:
(27)
+sonorant
+consonantal
+continuant
[+long]/[______
-lateral
wesi ar moqmedebs [+syllabic] konteqstSi

(24b)-Si warmodgenili mtkiceba exeba rotirebul bgeras, romelic marcvlis sawyis pozicias ar ikavebs. igi moicavs marcvlis boloSi mdgar r-s, sityvaSi mar.tes da marcvlis SuaSi myof r-s, sityvaSi o.tro. rotirebis klasis pozicia
SeiZleba aRvweroT aseTive saxiT imave marcvalSi sxva segmentebis meSveobiT.
R-s wyvili mar.tes-sa da o.tro-Si gamosadegia aRwerisaTvis. Sesabamisi wesi qvemoTaa warmodgenili:
(28)
+sonorant
+consonantal
+continuant
-lateral
[+long]/
[+segment] ____
rogorc vxedavT, es wesi iZleva minimalur informacias sityvaSi bgeraTa

mimdevrobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, (28)-Si konteqstis aRwera ar gviCvenebs mosdevs Tu ara raime bgera gansaxilvel rotirebul marcvalSi. aseve ar viciT
rotirebis win mdgari bgera marcvlis sawyis poziciaSia Tu ara, radganac
es faqtori nakleb mniSvnelovania am wesis gamoyenebisTvis. aucilebelia,
gvaxsovdes, rom Tu wesi calsaxad ar gamoricxavs konteqstis romelime klass,
maSin igi am klaszec vrceldeba. (28) isea agebuli, rom igi ar gamoricxavs
mimarTebas imdagvar mimdevrobebTan, romlebic gansxvavebulia mocemulisgan,
sadac r marcvlis sawyis poziciaSia.
13.3 prominentulobis kavSiri

uamrav enaSi, maT Soris inglisurSi, gansxvavebulia prominentuloba anu
maxvili sityvis marcvlebs Soris. yvelaze gamokveTil marcvals sityvaSi aqvs
mTavari, anu pirveladi maxvili. zogjer ramdenime marcvalia gamoyofili sxva
marcvlebTan SedarebiT: aseT SemTxvevebSi ganvasxvavebT sityvis ZiriTad da
damxmare maxvilebs. magaliTad, sityvaSi assmiltion [smlen ] mTavari max-
597
598
vili [le] marcvalzea da aRniSnulia [] simboloTi, xolo meoradi maxvili [sm]

marcvalzea da aRniSnulia [] simboloTi. sxva marcvlebi ki sruliad umaxviloa.
rogor unda ganvsazRvroT maxvilis xarisxi? sxva maxasiaTeblebisgan
gansxvavebiT, maxvils ver gavaigivebT romelime akustikur an sawarmoTqmo
TvisebasTan: igi gamoxatulia sxvadasxvagvarad enebis mixedviT, an maxviliani
marcvlis xangrZlivobiT an kidev xmamaRali warmoTqmiT. inglisurSi maxviliani marcvlebi mTavari maxvilia es Tu meoradi ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba
xmovnis gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT: xmovnebi [], [], [], [], [], an [u], [i] an []
dasaSvebia mxolod maxviliT. mTavari maxvilis adgili inglisurSi SemowmebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia nawilobriv dakvirvebis gziT. dakvirvebam gvaCvena, rom
mTavar maxvilian marcvlebs birTvis tonebi aqvT: gansakuTrebuli tonuri
Rirebuleba qmnis intonaciaSi centralur erTeuls. magaliTad, inglisur enaSi kiTxvis dasmis intonacia dabali toniT xasiaTdeba, romelic gamowveulia
mTavari maxvilis mqone marcvliT. naxavT, rom yvelaze dabali toni TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi ukavSirdeba gamuqebuli asoebiT daweril marcvlebs: esaa mTavarmaxviliani marcvlebi. (29 g-d)-Si sxva saxis maxvilis mqone marcvlebicaa
(iqidan damomdinare, rom [] da [] xmovnebi mxolod maxvilian marcvlebSi
gamoiyeneba).
(29) a. nuclear [nkli]?
b. arboreal [boril]?
g. aboriginal [brdnl]?
d. nuclear plant location [nkli plnt loken]?
maxvilis aRniSvnis am mravalferovani gzis garda, mosaubreebs SeuZliaT aRiqvan erTiani Sedegi: swored amitomac vsaubrobT maxvilze da ara xangrZlivobaze an tonze, rogorc marcvlis gamokveTil maxasiaTebelze.
prominentulobis kavSiris gamoxatva uamravi gziT SeiZleba. amaTgan
erT-erTi efuZneba dakvirvebas, rom enaSi warmodgenil maxvilTa gansxvavebebis ricxvi gansazRvruli araa. amgvarad, sityvaSi assmiltion sami saxis gansxvavebaa pirvel, mesame da mexuTe umaxvilo, meoradi maxvilis mqone meore
marcvalsa da mTavarmaxvilian bolos wina marcvals Soris. TuU Cven am sityvas
ufro grZel frazaSi gamoviyenebT, prominentulobis gansxvavebaTa ricxvi
gaizrdeba: frazaSi assimilation between vowels mTavari maxvili ecema vowels sityvis pirvel marcvalze, xolo sityvaSi [sm'lein ] maxvili [lei] marcvalze
meoradia, [sm] marcvalze ki maxvili ufro sustia anu mesameuli. sintaqsuri
gamagreba ufro mravalricxovans gaxdis maxvilis xarisxebs Soris gansxvavebas. yvela saxis gansxvaveba iolad SesamCnevi ar aris.
imis saCveneblad, rom gamoTqmis marcvlebs aqvT maxvilis ganusazRvruli
raodenobis xarisxebi, viyenebT badis struqturas.
badis struqtura maxvilTa doneebs ganarCevs: umaxvilos (nulovani maxvili), ZiriTad maxvilsa da am or ukiduresobas Soris maxvilis nebismier xarisxs.
maxvilis xarisxebi grafikulad warmodgenilia horizontalurad dalagebuli
fenebiT, sadac zeda fena warmoadgens maxvilis umaRles xarisxs mocemul gamoTqmaSi. TiToeuli marcvali Seesabameba badis pozicias da TiToeuli badis
pozicia moicavs marcvlis maxvilis xarisxis aRmniSvneli niSnebis svets. badis

svetebis simaRle ganisazRvreba Semdegi wesebis mixedviT:
(30) badis wesebi:
a. Tu marcvlebi 1 da 2 gansxvavdeba imiT, rom 1 ufro gamokveTilia
2-Tan SedarebiT, 1 marcvlis Sesabamisi badis niSnebis sveti ufro maRali
iqneba, vidre 2 marcvlisa.
b. mxolod aucilebeli badis niSnebi gamoiyeneba maxvilebis gasarCevad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es wesi ar miuTiTebs, romeli marcvali ra xarisxis
marcvals atarebs: esaa wesebi, romlebic exeba im SemTxvevebs, roca cnobilia
marcvlis maxvilis xarisxi. amgvarad, Tu Cven viciT, rom assmiltion sityvaSi
ZiriTadi maxvili bolos wina marcvalze modis, xolo meoradi meore marcvalze, SegviZlia misi badis struqtura avagoT (30)-is mixedviT. pirvel rigSi,
TiToeuli marcvali badis niSans miiRebs badis yvelaze dabal Sreze imis aRsaniSnad, rom TiToeuli marcvali potenciurad maxvilis mimRebia:
(31)
layer 0
sm
lei
Semdeg ki TiToeul maxvilian marcvals damatebiTi badis niSani eniWeba:

es gviCvenebs, rom, magaliTad, marcvlebi [sm] da [lei] ufro TvalsaCinoa, vidre
marcvlebi [], [] da [n ]. Sesabamisad, (30a)-s mixedviT, [sm] da [lei] marcvlebis
badis sveti ufro maRali iqneba:
(32)
layer 1
layer 0
sm
lei
amis Semdeg unda ganvasxvavoT [sm] da [lei]: meoreze ufro Zlieri maxvilia,
vidre pirvelze da, Sesabamisad, meores ufro maRali badis sveti unda hqondes:
(33) layer 2
layer 1
layer 0
sm
lei
amis Semdeg ki ufro meti prominentuloba aRar Cans, rac niSnavs, rom
(33) aris am gamoTqmis maxvilisTvis badis saboloo saxe. vinaidan marcvlis
maxvili ganisazRvreba imave sityvis marcvlebTan SedarebiT, badis svetis simaRle calkeuli marcvlisTvis icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu ra marcvlebTanaa is
Sedarebuli, maSinac ki, roca marcvlis maxvilis done mudmivi Cans. amgvarad,
[lei]-s aqvs 3x-iani badis sveti (33)-Si, magram mas 4x-iani sveti eqneba frazaSi
mintin assmiltion, rogorc es qvemoTaa naCvenebi. es imis gamoa, rom gamoTqmis
599
600
maxviliani sityvaa assimilation da am sityvis ZiriTadi maxvilis mqone marcvali

[lei] ufro gamokveTili unda iyos, vidre maintain sityvis maxviliani marcvali:
(34)
layer 3
layer 2
layer 1
layer 0
men ten
sim
lei
maxvilTan dakavSirebiT ori tipis wesebi moqmedebs: erTni adgenen pirveli xazis niSnebs (anu [+stressed] statuss) calkeuli marcvlebisTvis. meore tipis wesebi ki aniWeben maxvilis ufro did xarisxs zogierT maxvilian marcvals.
magaliTad, (35) jamebs malaialamis maxvilis wesebs (draviduli ena keralaSi,
indoeTi):
(35) a. TiToeuli marcvali, romelSic grZeli xmovania, aRiniSneba pirveli xazis niSnebiT (anu maxviliania).

b. Tu meore marcvali umaxviloa, maSin pirveli marcvalia maxviliani.

g. ZiriTadi maxvili modis sityvebis pirvel maxvilian marcvalze.
(36)-Si naCvenebi iqneba, am wesebis mixedviT rogor igeba badis struqtura malaialamis ori sityvisTvis: 'marjaam da an'ga:rjasa:tmi:karjaam. SeniSnavdiT, rom (35a) wesi Seesabameba an'ga:rjasa:tmi:karjaam sityvas, vinaidan
masSi grZeli xmovnebia.
(36) TiToeul marcvals, romelSic grZeli xmovania, eniWeba pirveli xazis badis niSani.
layer 1
layer 0
an
ga:r
ja
sa:t
mi: kar
ja
am.
(35b) exeba 'marjaam sityvas, da ara meores, vinaidan am ukanasknelSi meore

marcvals ukve aqvs maxvili.
(37) Tu meore marcvalze ar aris maxvili, maSin pirveli marcvalia maxviliani.
layer 1
layer 0
nar
ja
am
dasasruls, (35g) exeba an'ga :rjasa:tmi:karjaam-s, rom gaaZlieros maxvili

yvelaze marcxena maxvilian marcvalze. (35g)-s moTxovna dakmayofilebulia
'marjaam sityvaSi, vinaidan am formas aqvs sxvebTan SedarebiT gamokveTili
marcvali.
601
(38) ZiriTadi maxvili ecema sityvaSi pirvel maxvilian marcvalze.

layer 2
layer 1
layer 0
an
ga:r
ja
sa:t
mi: kar
ja
am.
rogorc vxedavT, Cvens STabeWdilebas marcvlebis SedarebiTi prominentulobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba mieces zusti gamoxatuleba badis struqturis
saxiT. badeebi maxvilian marcvlebs nulovani Sris zemoT sul cota erTi niSniT mainc gamoyofs. morigi gansxvavebebi maxvilebs Soris gamoxatulia badis
svetebis mzardi simaRliT, romelic Seesabameba ufro TvalsaCino marcvlebs.
ZiriTadi maxvili nebismier fonologiur erTeulSi (winadadeba, fraza, gamoTqma) ganmartebulia, rogorc am erTeulis farglebSi umaRlesi badis svetis mqone marcvali.
waikiTxeT Semdegi winadadebebi xmamaRla da yuradReba miaqcieT muqad
dabeWdil saxelad frazebs:
(a) He is the editor of a book.
(b) He is the books editor.
(g) He is the book editor.
savarjiSo
13.5
aRniSneT ZiriTadi da damatebiTi maxvilebi. samive saxeladi frazisTvis

warmoadgineT badis struqtura.
daakvirdiT (a) da (b) winadadebebSi maxvilis adgilebs da aseve 13.5 sa

varjiSoSi (g) winadadebaSi. gansazRvreT saxeladi frazebis zogadi klasi,
romlebic daxasiaTebulia (g) maxvilis modeliT, rogorc (a-b)-sgan gansxvavebuli.
13.4 leqsikuri gamoxatulebebi fonologiaSi

mkiTxveli dainteresdeba, rogor gamoiyureba leqsikuri erTeuli mis
gonebriv leqikonSi. aq Cven SevexebiT am erTeulis fonologiur mxares. garda
amisa, kiTxviTi formiT Camoyalibebuli iqneba sintaqsuri, morfologiuri da
semantikuri informacia.
minimalur doneze, leqsikuri erTeuli moicavs informacias, romelic
sakmarisia, rom ganirCes misi zedapiruli realizacia sxva nebismieri formisagan. es formebi mosaubris SefasebiT, gansxvavebulad realizdeba erTsa da
imave viTarebaSi. amgvarad, fonologiuri erTeulebi write da rite identuri
savarjiSo
13.6
602
iqneba imdenad, ramdenadac es formebi yovelTvis identurad realizdeba [rait]is saxiT erTnair garemoSi (erTnairi garemo gulisxmobs metyvelebis temps
swrafad an nela da metyvelebis stils zusti, sasaubro an mouwesrigebeli
metyveleba). erTeulebi write da ride gansxvavebuli unda iyos, vinaidan isini
metwilad realizdeba [rait] da [raid] formebiT. Sesabamisad, write-sa da ride-is
finalur xSulebSi warmoTqmis Rirebuleba unda iyos leqsikuri erTeulis
nawili, vinaidan igi aanalizebinebs mosaubres am or formas Soris gansxvavebas.
qvemoT mocemulia modeli ride-isTvis: maxasiaTebelTa TiToeuli sveti
Seesatyviseba calkeul segments. svetebi isea dalagebuli, rom iolia Sesabamis segmentTan maTi identifikacia. marcxnidan marjvniv TvisebaTa dalageba
gviCvenebs, rom erTi segmenti am erTeulSi meores mosdevs.
(39) [-syllabic]
[+sonorant]
[+syllabic]
[+syllabic]
[-syllabic]
[+sonorant]
[+sonorant]
[-sonorant]
[+consonantal] [-consonantal] [-consonantal] [+consonantal]

[-lateral]
[-front]
[+front]
[-continuant]
[-nasal]
[+low]
[+high]
[-nasal]
[+voice]
[+voice]
[+voice]
[+voice]
(r)
(a)
()
(d)
mas Semdeg, rac Cven visaubreT ZiriTad sakiTxebze fonologiuri

leqsikonis Sesaxeb, aRvniSnavT, rom uamravi msgavsi sakiTxi Cndeba. unda Seicavdes Tu ara leqsikuri erTeuli informacias damarcvlis Sesaxeb? aucilebelia Tu ara maxvilis Sesaxeb informacia maSinac ki, roca maxvilis adgilis
winaswar gamocnobaa SesaZlebeli? unda Sediodes Tu ara konteqstSi winaswar sacnobi Tvisebebi leqsikonSi an wesis mixedviT unda iwarmoebodes isini
Tu ara? es SekiTxvebi erTiandeba: iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa winaswar
gamocnoba SeiZleba, Sedis Tu ara mosaubris leqsikur erTeulebSi? vinaidan
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT enaTmecnierTa Soris SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs, ganvixilavT kvlevis erT-erT strategias, romelic SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos am
sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.
ganvixiloT ena, sadac nazalizebuli xmovnebi (mag. []) or SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba: zogi [] iseT konteqstSi gamoiyeneba, sadac upirispirdeba oralur [a]-s,
rogorc [pak] da [pk] sityvebSi. zogi ki iq gvxvdeba, sadac momdevno segmenti
cxvirismieri Tanxmovania:[pn]. meore konteqstSi araa Sepirispireba, vinaidan
oraluri [a] ar gvxvdeba cxvirismier TanxmovanTan, Sesabamisad *[pan] forma
dauSvebelia. am dakvirvebis aRsawerad saWiroa fonologiuri wesi:
(40) nazalizacia

[+syllabic] [+nasal] / _____ [+nasal}
Cven mier ganxiluli ena dasaSvebad miiCnevs (40) wess, oraluri [a]-sa da
nazalizebuli mewyvilis alternaciis gamo SemuSavebuls.
axla ganvixiloT amave enis leqsikuri gamoxatulebebi. naTelia, rom [pk]is msgavsi morfema leqsikurad warmodgenili unda iyos /pk/-is saxiT, Zireuli
/pk/ bgeriT, vinaidan []-s nazaluroba ver iqneba winaswar cnobili morfemis
sxva Tvisebebis mixedviT. magram ra viTarebaa iseT morfemebTan dakavSirebiT,
rogoricaa [pn]? marTalia, es [] calsaxad nazalizebulia, (40) wesma SeiZleba

es /a/ bgeridan awarmoos. Tu asea, leqsikuri erTeuli unda iyos /pan/. ufro
saintereso hipoTeza isaa, rom enaSi (40) wesis arseboba saSualebas aZlevs mosaubreebs, rom aagon leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelTa xmovnebic nazalurobis
mxriv gaurkvevelia: maT ubralod ar aqvT [+nasal] an [-nasal] maxasiaTebeli. maT
es ar aqvT, vinaidan (40) wesi iZleva gadaWarbebul informacias. imisaTvis, rom
gavarCioT nazalurobis mxriv gaurkveveli xmovani oraluri xmovnisagan, mas
vwerT asomTavruli A-Ti: mag, /pAn/. alternatiuli hipoTeza Semdegia: marTalia, xmovnis nazaluroba [pn]-is msgavs morfemebSi wesis mixedviT winaswar
Secnobadia (40), magram [] aseTi morfemebi leqsikur erTeulSi mainc gvxvdeba.
SesaZlebelia gonebrivi leqsikonis Sesaxeb arsebuli hipoTezebis gansxvavebaTa Semowmeba. viciT, rom mosaubreni mosmenilisa da leqsikuri erTeulis SeTanxmebis process sityvis pirvelive bgeris gagebisas iwyeben. rac ufro
met bgeras ismens, miT ufro aviwroebs im sityvebis klass, romlebic SeiZleba mosmenils daemTxves. bolos da bolos, Sesabamisi informaciiT, araorazrovani pasuxi miiReba. roca mosaubre cdilobs mosmenili sityvis amocnobas,
is adarebs dagrovil leqsikur gamoxatulebebs. am hipoTezis mixedviT, mosalodnelia, rom mosaubre, romelmac sityvis arasruli fragmenti moismina, iseTi rogoricaa [p. . . ], am fragments daukavSirebs an /pk/ an /pk/-s. amis mizezi
isaa, rom mosaubre flobs leqsikons, sadac erTeulebis erT-erTi klasi iwyeba
/pA. . . /-Ti, sadac araviTari is miTiTeba ar aris, romelic ganacalkevebs nazalur []-s oraluri [a]-sgan SeTanxmebis dros. amis msgavsad, [pa. . . ] aRqmuli
unda iyos, am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, an leqsikur /pA/-d an leqsikur /pa. . . /-d.
13.1-ze yvelaferi es sqematurad aris warmodgenili.
/pAn/
Incoming
[pa. . .]
/pak/
/pk/
/pAnaka/
/pakata/
/pkata/
/pAnAma/
nax.13.1 miRebuli informaciis Sewyoba abstraqtuli leqsikonis miTiTebul an nawilobriv miTiTebul erTeulebTan.
alternatiuli hipoTeza, romelic exeba konkretul leqsikur erTeulebs, varaudobs, rom audio signals, rogoricaa [pa. . . ], mosaubreebi Seuwyoben mxolod oralur xmovans, iseTs, rogoricaa sityvaSi [pak]: amis mizezi is
aris, rom leqsikuri erTeuli [pn], romelic SeTavsebadia meore TeoriasTan,
moicavs xmovnis nazalurobis Sesaxeb cnobas, rac am konteqstSi zedmetia.
abstraqtuli leqsikuri erTeulebis sasargeblod upirvelesi dasa
buTeba amgvaria: eqsperimentTa erT jgufSi (lahiri da marslen-uilsoni 1992.)
bengalize molaparakeebma mosmenil [p . . .] da [pa . . ]-ze iseTi reaqcia gamoamJRavnes, TiTqos maT hqondaT Sereuli tipis leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelTaTvisac xmovanTa nazalurobis Sesaxeb informacia ar iyo mniSvnelovani. Tum-
603
604
ca, aseTi interpretaciisas naTelia, rom mosaubreTa leqsikonebis Sesaxeb

hipoTezebi iTxovs empiriul dasabuTebas.
13.5 daskvna
am TavSi warmodgenili iyo fonologiuri gamoxatulebebis ZiriTadi elementebi. maTi Semadgeneli nawilebia Tvisobrivi mniSvnelobebi. maxasiaTeblebi
jgufdeba segmentis doneze dayvanil Semadgenlebad. segmentebi, Tavis mxriv,
jgufdeba xmovnisa da xmovnis msgavsi bgerebis garSemo marcvlis Sesadgenad.
marcvlebi erTmaneTs miemarTebian prominentulobis kavSiris terminebiT.
Cven mier warmodgenili erTeulebi da maTi kavSirebi sasargebloa zusti
gramatikuli aRwerisTvis. magram samecniero kvlevebSi yvelaze saintereso da
aqtualuria Cven mier 13.2.3 qveTavSi dayenebuli marcvlebTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxi: rogor xvdebian mosaubreni mSobliur enaSi ama Tu im sityvis damarcvlis wess? am kiTxvis dasma SeiZleba Cven mier ganxilul yvela fonologiur
gamoxatulebaTa aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi. saidan ician mosaubreebma, rom aspiraciis maxasiaTebeli iseT sityvaSi, rogoricaa Tom [th m] ekuTvnis /t/ segments? esaa sakiTxi im daskvnaTa Sesaxeb, romelic segmentaciaze konkretuli
Sexedulebidan gamomdinareobs. saidan icis mosaubrem, rom meore da meoTxe
marcvlebis damaxasiaTebeli aweuli toni da xangrZlivoba sityvaSi assmiltion
miuTiTebs prominentulobis abstraqtul maxasiaTebelze? vivaraudeT, rom
aseTi CaxlarTuli codna fonologiuri gamoxatulebebisa efuZneba nawilobriv Sesaswavl enaSi SesaZlo sityvebis Sesaxeb daskvnebs, romlebic arsebul
da ararsebul formebze dakvirvebiT miiReba, nawilobriv ki konkretuli universaluri struqturebisTvis upiratesobis miniWebas.
Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle. 1968
(1991). Sound Pattern of English, part iv,
chs 7 and 9. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hayes, Bruce. 1994. Metrical Stress Theory:
Principles and Case Studies. Chicago:
Kahn,
Daniel.
1976.
Syllable-based
Generalizations in English Phonology.
MIT Ph.D. dissertation. Garland Press,
1980.
Liberman, Mark and Alan Prince. 1977.

On Stress and Linguistic Rhythm.
Linguistic Inquiry, 8: 249-336.
Selkirk, E. 1982. The Syllable. In Harry
van der Hulst and Norval Smith,
eds., The Structure of Phonological
Representations, Part 1.Dordrecht:
Foris.

dakavSirebiT.
Cuna
Sherzer, Joel. 1970. Talking Backwards in

Cuna. Southwest Journal of Anthropology,
26: 343-53.
English
Cowan, Nelson and Lewis Leavitt. 1990.

Speakers'
Access
to
Phonological
Structure of the Syllable in Word Games.
In Proceedings of CLS 26 Parasession on

the Syllable, pp. 45-59.
Derwing, Bruce. 1992. The pause-break
task in syllable division. Language and
Speech, 35: 219-35.
French
Lefkowitz, N. 1991. Talking Backwards,

Looking Forwards: The French Language
Game Verlan. Tbinger: Narr.
Mehler, J., Dommergues, J.Y., Frauenfelder,
U., and Sgui, J. 1981. The Syllable's
role in speech segmentation. Journal of
Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20:
298-305.
Polish
Bethin, Christina. 1992. Polish Syllables:

The Role of Prosody in Phonology and
Morphology. Columbus, OH: Slavica
Publishers.
Yokuts
Newman, Stanley. 1944. Yokuts Language

of California. New York: Viking Fund
Publications in Anthropology 2.
Hungarian
Ndasdy, A. 1985. Segmental Phonology

and Morphology. In Istvan Kenesei, ed.,
Approaches to Hungarian, pp. 225-46,
Szeged: JATE.
Vago, Robert. 1980. The Sound Pattern
of Hungarian. Georgetown University
Press.
gansazRvruli artikli /l/ marokoul arabulSi realizebulia oTxi gansxvavebuli variantiT, romelTa gamoyeneba damokidebulia arsebiT saxelze,
romelzecaa mimagrebuli: [l], [l] da alomorfi, romelsac Cven C-s vuwodebT
da romelic warmodgenilia arsebiTi saxelis fuZis pirveli Tanxmovnis gameorebiT. maxasiaTebelTa pirobebiT gansazRvreT (a) arsebiT saxelTa klasi, romelic C alomorfs moiTxovs da (b) arsebiT saxelTa klasi, romelic [l] alomorfs iTxovs. calke mdgomi arsebiTi saxelis forma identuria, rac morfemaTa sazRvris Semdeg modis:
l alomorfi
l alomorfi
l-uqid asanTebi
lktab wigni
t-tuma niori
l-kamyu satvirTo
lbra werili
z-zbl nagavi
l-biru ofisi
lqfl saketi
-m mze
l-firan Tagvebi
lfk boloki
-rad kalia

lks ida SemTxveva

605
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 13.7
C alomorfi
d-dfal nerwyvi
s-sma ca
qvemoT warmogidgenT faqtebis or gansxvavebul jgufs sanskritidan da

Zveli berZnulidan. Tqveni davalebaa, gansazRvroT Tvisobrivi analizis daxmarebiT is saerTo principi, rac safuZvlad udevs am jgufebs.
sanskritSi segmentebi {ph, th, h, kh, th, bh, dh, gh, dh} ar gvxvdeba sityvis
dasasruls da obstruentebis win. sanskritis Tanxmovani fonemebia: {p, t, , t, k,
b, d, , d, g, ph, th, h, th, kh, bh, dh, gh, dh, s, , , m, n, , l}.
berZnulSi segmentebi {ph, th, kh} ar gvxvdeba sityvis bolos da obstruentebis win. berZnuli Tanxmovani fonemebia: {p, t, k, b, d, dz, g, ph, th, kh, s, m, n, r, l}.
am problemis pasuxis saxiT warmodgenili unda iyos mtkiceba aspiririrebul an araaspirirebul segmentTa distribuciis Sesaxeb. gamoiyeneT [aspirat-
savarjiSo 13.8
606
ed] maxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad segmentur inventars Soris didi gansxvavebisa,
am or enas Soris aseTi zogadi mtkicebis Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia.

savarjiSo 13.9
kunaze mosaubreni (esaa panamas sanapiroze gamoyenebuli induri ena) sakuTar naTqvams niRbaven ukuRma saubriT, rasac Tavad Sorsik Sunmakke-s uwodeben, anu es fraza iTargmneba rogorc ukuRma laparaki. ganixileT magaliTebi da zusti wesi an wesebi CamoayalibeT, ris mixedviTac kunas Cveulebrivi
sityvebi Seicvleba Sorsik Sunmakke-d. zustad unda axsnaT, rogor Slian sityvebs marcvlebad am enaze mosaubreni.
kuna
sorsik sunmakke
Targmani
dage
saban
geda

bansa
goe
inna

nai
ego

nain
mosvla
muceli
xeli
wamali
remi
CiCa (cxoveli an mcenare)
argan

ina
savarjiSo 13.10
savarjiSo 13.11
ganar
qvemoT mocemuli da me-12 TavSi warmodgenili wesi CawereT frCxilebis an

uSualo SemadgenelTa struqturuli xis an ## sazRvrebis daxmarebiT. daaxasiaTeT qvemoT warmodgenili segmentTa klasebi TvisebaTa mniSvnelobebis kombinaciebis im minimaluri odenobiT, rac sakmarisia maTi gamoyofisTvis im segmentebisgan, romlebsac es wesi ar exeba.
(a) yvela cxvirismieri Tanxmovani ukanasasismieri xdeba, roca mas ukanasasismieri Tanxmovani mosdevs imave marcvalSi. amgvarad, nk k, Tu isini sxvadasxva marcvals ar miekuTvnebian.
(b) sityvis bolos nawilobriv momrgvalebuli xmovnebi xdeba [+tense].
(g)marcvlis sawyisi xSuli fSvinvieria.
gaaanalizeT Semdegi Sedgenili arsebiTi saxelebi:
(a) lw degre
(b) lw schol
lnguage requrements
(g) lnguage requrements chnges (niSnavs enis moTxovnebSi Setanil cvlilebebs)

ppe rgan lsson
lw schol chm (niSnavs megobars iuridiuli skolidan)
(d) lw degre lnguage requrements
lbor nion fnance cmmittee
fl-rd trut fishing
xelaxla gadaikiTxeT me-2 Tavis 2.7 qveTavi da warmoadgineT yvela maTganis SemadgenelTa struqturebi maTsave mniSvnelobaze dayrdnobiT. axla ki
CamoayalibeT wesi mTavari maxvilis ganawilebis Sesaxeb SemadgenelTa struqturis mixedviT
14
fonologia III: ganmartebebi da
SezRudvebi fonologiaSi
Sinaarsis sarCevi
14.0 Sesavali
14.1 konkurentuli analizebis Sefaseba
14.2 wesebisa da principebis kavSiri
14.3 damatebiTi SekiTxvebi
14.4 ramdenad zogadia?
14.5 SezRudvebis kros-lingvisturi sizuste
14.6 SesaZlo wesebi da analogiis
principebi
14.7 SezRudvaTa konfliqti
14.8 tipologia, markireba da klasifikaciis variantebi
14.9 SezRudvaTa
klasifikaciis
gavlena sityvaTwarmoebaze
14.10 daskvna
savarjiSoebi
14.0 Sesavali
enaTmecnieris karieris dasawyisSi aRmoaCenT, rom erTi da igive magaliTi
Seesatyviseba gansxvavebuli tipis analizs. rogor unda gadavwyvitoT, amaTgan analizis romeli saxe warmoadgens saukeTesod mSobliur enaze mosaubreTa
codnas? es Tavi am kiTxvas eZRvneba. Cveni mizania, gavacnoT mkiTxvels rogor
amtkiceben enaTmecnierebi, rom uamravi variantidan erTi garkveuli tipis analizi gvaZlevs mosaubreTa fonologiuri codnis aRweris saukeTeso models.
14.1 konkurentuli analizebis Sefaseba

faqti, rom uamravi gansxvavebuli analizi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT erTi da
imave magaliTisTvis, naTlad Cans inglisuris Semdegi alternaciidan: warsulisa da warsulis mimReobis sufiqsebi enacvlebian t, d da [d] alomorfebis
saxiT.
(1) warsuli droisa da warsulis mimReobis morfemebis alomorfebi inglisurSi.
608
[t]
licked
squished
kept
laughed
alomorfi
[lkt]
[skwt]
[kpt]
[lft]
[d]
bugged
leaned
buzzed
played
alomorfi
[bgd]
[lind]
[bzd]
[pled]
[d]
mended
parted
feasted
batted
alomorfi
[mndd]
[prtd]
[fistd]
[btd]
morfemebs, romlebic enacvlebian t/d/ [d]-s saxiT, vuwodebT T-sufiqsebs.

(1)-Si warmodgenili magaliTebi ori sakiTxis ilustraciaa:
(2) a. T-sufiqsSi mJReri bgeris Semdeg xSuli mJReri [d] bgeraa (mag. [g], [z], [n]),
xolo yru bgeris Semdeg yru [t] bgeraa (masg. [p], [k], []).
b. Sva [] T-sufiqsSi gvxvdeba identur Tanxmovnebs Soris (rogorc sityvaSi
mended [mndd]) an mxolod warmoTqmiT gansxvavebul Tanxmovnebs Soris (ro-
gorc sityvaSi feasted [fistd]).
aseTi saxis ganzogadebebi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT analizis sxvadasxva

saxeobaSi. ganvixiloT sami tipis analizi, TiToeuli erTi SexedviT Tanabrad
imedis momcemia. maTi Sedareba or wertilSi xdeba, esenia: saukeTeso warmoTqmis wesebi da Sva/nulovani alternaciebis aRwera.
warmoTqmiTi alternaciebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca
ZiriTadi /d/ calkeul konteqstSi xdeba [t], an piriqiT. Sva/nulovani alternaciebi SeiZleba gaanalizdes, erTi mxriv, roca Sva araa warmodgenili iq, sadac
unda iyos, meore mxriv, roca igi gvxvdeba iq, sadac wesiT misi adgili ar aris.
analizisas SevniSnavT, rom ra saxis varaudic ar unda gamoiTqvas, Sesaferisi
wesi SeiZleba daiweros am SemTxvevis aRsawerad. magram zogi aseTi wesi sxvebze
ukeTesia. Cveni upirvelesi mizania im principebis ganxilva, ris mixedviTac maT
Soris arCevani keTdeba. pirveli SesaZlo variantia analizi 1, romelic amtkicebs, rom T-sufiqsis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa mJReri d. am SemTxvevaSi (1)-Si
warmodgenili formebis pirveli rigis ZiriTadi da zedapiruli gamoxatulebebi ase gamoiyureba:
(3) analizi 1: Tu ZiriTadia /d/
ZiriTadi zedapiruli ZiriTadi zedapiruli ZiriTadi zedapiruli
/lk-d/
[lkt]
(licked)
/bg-d/
(bugged)
[bgd]

/mnd-d/
(mended)
[mndd]
imisaTvis, rom ZiriTadi /mnd-d/ vaqcioT zedapirul [mndd] formad,

saWiroa wesi, romelic Casvams [] bgeras identur (d-d) an msgavs Tanxmovnebs
(t-d)-s Soris. (termins msgavsi viyenebT TanxmovanTa iseTi wyvilebis aRsaniSnad, rogoricaa t-d, romlebic gansxvavdebian mxolod warmoTqmis mixedviT).
imisaTvis, rom ZiriTadi /lk-d/ iqces zedapirul [lkt] formad, saWiroa im wesis
formulireba, romlis Tanaxmadac yru segmentis mere mdgomi sityvis bolo
poziciaSi /d/ aseve unda gaxdes yru. qvemoT warmodgenilia ori aseTi wesi:
(4) analizi 1-is wesebi:
a. Sva: [] /C1 C2 Tu C1 da C2 msgavsi Tanxmovnebia (msgavsi Tanxmovnebi
= mxolod warmoTqmiT gansxvavebulebi)
fonologia III: ganmartebebi da SezRudvebi fonologiaSi
_###
b. yrud qceva: [+voice] obstruenti [-voice] obstruenti/ [-voice] bgera
(5) warmogidgenT, (1)-Si moyvanili magaliTebi rogor gamomdinareobs Svisa da yrud qcevis wesebidan. aRniSvna n/a miuTiTebs, rom wesi Seusabamoa mocemuli formisaTvis. defisebi morfemebs erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs: vinaidan es
arafonologiuri informaciaa, Cven mas nawarmoeb formebSi gamovtovebT.
(5) analiz 1-ze dafuZnebuli derivaciebi.
ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba
Sva
yrud qceva
zedapiruli gamoxatuleba
/bg-d/
/lk-d/
/mnd-d/
n/a
lkt
n/a
n/a
bgd
n/a
lkt
mndd
mndd
(1)-Si warmodgenili magaliTebi Seesabameba meore analizsac, sadac T-sufiqsis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa /t/.
(6) analizi 2: Tu ZiriTadia /t/
ZiriTadi zedapiruli ZiriTadi zedapiruli ZiriTadi zedapiruli
/lk-t/
[lkt]
/bg-t/
[bgd]
/mnd-t/
[mndd]
analizis am axali formiT icvleba im wesis buneba, romelic cvlis sufiqsTa warmoTqmas. Tu Cven ZiriTad formad /bg-t/ formas miviCnevT, maSin saWiro
gaxdeba misi Secvla [bgd] formiT da aseve /lin-t/ Seicvleba [lind]-iT, /mnd t/-s
Caenacvleba [mndd]: amas gaakeTebs warmoTqmis wesi, romelic mJReris Semdeg
mdgar sufiqsur /t/ bgeras [d] bgerad aqcevs. Svis wesi ki igive rCeba.
(7) 2 analizis wesebi:
a. Sva: [] / C1 _____ C2 Tu C1 da C2 msgavsi Tanxmovnebia.
b. warmoTqma _ [-voice] obstruenti [+voice] obstruenti/ [+voice]
bgera ___
2 analizis derivaciebi iseTive martivia, rogorc 1 analizisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sva mJReri bgeraa da Sesabamisad, mas ar exeba warmoTqmis wesi.
(8) 2 analizze dafuZnebuli derivaciebi
xSva
warmoTqma
/bg-t/
/lk/t
/mnd-t/
bgd
n/a
mndd
n/a
bgd
n/a
lkt
mndt
mndd
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa 1 da 2 analizs Soris da es gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba im wesebis ganzogadebas, rasac es analizi iyenebs. inglisurSi yru
xSulisa + d bgeris iSviaTi mimdevrobac gvaqvs (rogorc sityvaSi anecdote [n
kdot]) magram aseTi mimdevroba ar gvxvdeba sityvis bolos. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa [lpd] [mkd] da a.S. ar arsebobs inglisur
enaSi. amiT ufro masStaburi gancxadebis gakeTeba SeiZleba:
609
610
(9) warmoTqmis SeTanxmebis principi:

obstruenti bgerebi SeiZleba ar gansxvavdebodnen [voice] Tvisebis
mixedviT inglisuri sityvis bolos.
(9)-Si gadmocemulia faqti, rom [kasb], [mifz] sityvebi [-voice]-[+voice] obstruentebis mimdevrobiT dauSvebelia inglisurSi; aseve (9) gamoricxavs
[bgs], [mbt], [kzp] sityvebs, sadac [+voice] [-voice] wyvilia warmoCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom araswor formirebaze msjeloba wydeba maSin, roca warmoTqmis
SeuTavsebloba swordeba: [kasp], [mifs], [bgz] daudasturebeli sityvebia, magram ara miuRebeli.
(9)-s mniSvneloba 1 analizisTvis isaa, rom igi safuZvels qmnis wesisTvis,
romelic aucilebelia zedapiruli formebis sawarmoeblad. magaliTad, axla
ukve viciT, ZiriTadi /lkd/ ratom icvleba [lkt] formiT. Tu ase ar moxdeboda,
maSin warmoTqmis SeTanxmebis principi dairRveoda. Sesabamisad es principi inglisuri enis Sesaxeb ubralod faqtis konstatacias ar warmoadgens: is aseve
daxmarebas gviwevs, rom avxsnaT zog SemTxvevaSi ratom gansxvavdeba ZiriTadi
da zedapiruli formebi. 1 analizis mniSvnelovani nawilia, rom igi [t] da [d]
bgerebs Soris warmoTqmis alternacias ganixilavs, rogorc inglisur bgeraTa struqturis zogadi principis aucilebel Sedegs. yru bgerad qceva xdeba
imis gamo, rom inglisuri ena swori formirebis garkveul standartebs awesebs
zedapirul formebze. (9) principic erT-erTi aseTi standartia.
SegviZlia Tu ara 2 analizis warmoTqmis wesic analogiurad ganvixiloT?
gavixsenoT, rom (7b) wesis mixedviT, ZiriTadi /bg-t/ unda Seicvalos [bgd]
formiT, /lin-t/ [lind] da /mnd-t/ [mndd]. warmoTqmis Sewyobis principi
iwvevs cvlilebas /bg-t/ formidan [bgd] formis miRebisas, magram danarCen
SemTxvevaSi es principi ar monawileobs: igi ar gamoricxavs mJReri sonorisa
da yru obstruentis mimdevrobas. marTlac, es mimdevrobebi brwyinvaledaa
formirebuli: secret [sikrt] mint [mnt] moicavs [t] da [nt] wyvilebs. aseTi mimdevrobis sxva magaliTebia: fault, kelp, purse, ark. am mizeziT ver CamovayalibebT
(10)-is msgavs zogad azrs.
(10) [+voice] [-voice] segmentTa mimdevroba arc erTi inglisuri sityvis
daboloebaSi ar gvxvdeba.
vinaidan (10) inglisur enaSi arasworia, 2 analizis warmoTqmis wesi araa
motivirebuli zogadi principiT. es asaxulia (7b)-Si warmoTqmis Cveneul
formulirebaSi: unda iTqvas, rom mxolod T-sufiqsebi eqvemdebareba am wess.
amgvari SezRudva rom ar gavakeToT, maSin warmoTqma arasworad mogvcemda /
mnt/-idan *[mnd] formas. warmoTqmis wesis aseTi saxiT warmodgenis mTavari
mizezia, 2 analizi /t/-s warmoadgens T-sufiqsis ZiriTad gamoxatulebad: warmoTqmis inglisuris wesad miCnevis sxva mizezi ar arsebobs. rogorc vnaxeT, analizi 1 ganmartavs enaSi [t]/[d] alternaciebis arsebobis mizezs, xolo analizi
2 amas ar akeTebs. amitomac arCevans pirvelze vakeTebT. Cveni arCevanis zogadi
safuZvelia, rom gvWirdeba iseTi analizis forma, romelSic movlena vlindeba
zogadi principebis Sedegebis saxiT. es Tviseba 1 analizs aqvs.
axla ki Semdegi varianti iCens Tavs: T-sufiqsebisTvis SegveZlo gamogve
yenebina an ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba, sadac [d] bgera araa, an Svis? Casma. esaa ana-
lizis mesame saxe (analizi 3).

(11) analizi sami: Tu ZiriTadia /d/

ZiriTadi
zedapiruli
/lk-d/
[mndd]
zedapiruli ZiriTadi
zedapiruli
[lkt]
[bgd]
/bg-d/
ZiriTadi
/mnd-d/
Tu T-sufiqsebi Seicaven ZiriTad Svas, maSin Sva gauqmebuli unda iyos /

lkd/, /bgd/-dan da zogadad, yvelgan, garda im SemTxvevebisa, sadac is msgavs
Tanxmovnebs yofs, rogorc /dd/ an /td/ sityvebSi. (12a)-Si warmogidgenT Svis
waSlis wess, romelic bgeris yrud qcevis wess uswrebs win:
(12) 3 analizis wesebi:
a. Svis waSla: [] / C1-------- C2 Tu C1 da C2 araa msgavsi Tanxmovnebi.
b. yrud qceva: [+voice] obstruenti [-voice] obstruenti / [-voice] bgera #
derivaciebi warmodgenilia (13)-Si:

(13) 3 analizis mixedviT warmoqmnili derivaciebi:

Svis waSla
yrud qceva
/bg-d/
/lk-d/ /mnd-d/
n/a
lkt
bgd
bgd
lkd
n/a
lkt
mndd
n/a
kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom 1 da 3 analizis tipebs Soris arCevanis

gakeTeba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad zogadia maTi principebi. warmovidginoT, rom Cven varCevT 1 analizs. inglisur bgeraTa struqturis zogadi
principis moTxovnis mixedviT SegviZlia Tu ara (4a) Svis wesi gavamarTloT:
diax. Svis mier gancalkevebul bgeraTa wyvilebi ZiriTadad dauSvebelia erTad (td, dd), ufro metic, yvela msgavsi obstruentebis mimdevroba miuRebelia:
kk, kg, gk, gg da a.S. modiT, ganvixiloT Cveni dakvirveba yvelaze zogadi formiT, rogorc es (14)-Sia warmodgenili:
(14) principi arc-zedmetad-msgavsi
msgavsi obstruentebis mimdevroba anu mxolod warmoTqmis mixedviT
gansxvavebuli obstruentebi dauSvebelia inglisur sityvebSi.
Svas Casma iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa feasted (14)-Si warmodgenili principis bunebrivi Sedegia: esaa saSualeba, riTic inglisuri fonologia (14)-Si
aerTianebs ara mxolod gamoxatulebebis zogierT tips, aramed zedapirul
formebsac.
axla ki davuSvaT, rom avirCieT 3 analizi. SeiZleba Tu ara rom (12a) wesSi nagulisxmevi xSvis amoReba gavamarTloT zogierT faqtTan mimarTebiT?
yovelTvis iSleba Tu ara Sva inglisurSi, garda msgavsi Tanxmovnebis SemTxvevebisa? ara. arsebobs uamravi sityva: Pamela [pml], barrack [brk], skeleton
[skltn], romlebSic gansxvavebul Tanxmovnebs Soris Sua bgeraa warmodgenili. asevea sityvebi crooked [krkd], aged [edd], sadac Sua bgera gvxvdeba bolo
[d] bgerasa da mis win mdgom gansxvavebul Tanxmovans Soris. garda amisa aris si-
611
612
tyvebi, sadac Sva gvxvdeba T-sufiqsebis win. sityva rhuma da fantasia SegviZlia
vaqcioT zmnebad, romelTa warsuli forma iqneba [rumbd] da [fnteid] da ara
*[rm(b)d] an *[fnteid].
(15) He [fnteid] (*[fnteid]) me into. . .
Sva ver amoiSleba moyvanil SemTxvevebSi, Tumca (12a) wesis Tanaxmad es ase
unda moxdes kidec. SegviZlia es wesi ufro davxvewoT da ase CavweroT:
(16) Svas waSla (ganaxlebuli)
[] /C1 ______ C2 Tu C1 da C2 msgavsi Tanxmovnebi ar aris da Tu [] fuZis
nawili araa.
es wesi exeba yvela SemTxvevas da Tavidan gvaridebs araswor interpretacias. 3 analizis es ganaxlebuli versiac ki 1 analizisadmia daqvemdebarebuli:
igi ar ganmartavs, ratom unda xdebodes Sva/nulovani alternacia. ar arsebobs aSkara mizezi imisa, Tu T-sufiqsebis Sva ratom unda iyos amoRebuli iseT
konteqstSi, roca sxva saxis Sva stabiluria. amis sapirispirod, wesi Svas Camatebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb (rac 1 analizis nawilia) bunebrivi gaxda arczedmetad-msgavsi principis mixedviT (14)-Si: /mnd-d/-is msgavs SemTxvevebSi
es principi naTlad gvixsnis, ratom unda Seicvalos aseTi formebi.
am droisaTvis vxedavT, rom analizis tipebis Sedareba unda moxdes maTi
mimarTebis ganzogadebiT. aRweris mixedviT ori analizi SeiZleba ekvivalenturi iyos (Tu wesebi azogadebs msgavs zedapirul formebs msgavsi ZiriTadi
formebisgan), magram miuxedavad amisa, isini gansxvavdebian magaliTebis axsniT
da sxva erTnair movlenasTan mimarTebiT. rac ufro srulyofilia analizi,
miT ufro zogadia: igi konkretul movlenebs rogoricaa morfemaTa alternacia aerTianebs zogadi principebis refleqsebad.
14.2 wesebisa da principebis kavSiri

mosaubreebma mSobliuri enis bgeraTa struqturis sul cota ori aspeqti
mainc ician: morfemaTa monacvleoba da misi motivaciis principebi. pirvel
rigSi, maT ician, rom morfemebi enacvlebian da SeuZliaT zustad gansazRvron romeli varianti iqneba saWiro sityvaSi, romelic manamde arasodes SexvedriaT. es kargad Cans axlad warmoebul zmnebSi: arsebiTi saxelebi, romlebic
zmnebadac gamoiyeneba. erTi aseTi zmna vawarmoeT (15)-Si (fantasia) arsebiTi saxelisgan. inglisurad metyvelT SeuZliaT gansazRvron [t] [d] Tu [d] iqneba mis
warsul formaSi. ganvixiloT zmnebi: to Hamlet, to Falstaff da to Lear, romelTa
interpretacia mza formiTaa konteqstidan da piesis siuJetidan mowodebuli.
(17) a. [d]: He Leared [lird] his possessions to his older daughters.

b. [t]: He Falstaffed [flstft] in that pub throughout the war.
g. [d]: He Hamleted [hmltd] in this way for many months.
morfemaTa variantebis sworad garCevis unari xSirad miuTiTebs, rom mosaubrem icis alomorfTa distribuciis ganmsazRvreli fonologiuri wesebi.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulisgan damoukideblad unda aRiniSnos, rom mosaubreebma ician am wesebisa da alternaciebis arsebobis gamomwvevi principebi.
613
(ZiriTadad esaa gacnobierebuli codna, rogorc es pirvel TavSi aRiniSna).

maT ician warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principi, romelic (9)-Si iyo warmodgenili
da (14)-Si gadmocemuli arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principi: isini ganasxvaveben
misaReb formebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principi ufro
zogadia, vidre misgan motivirebuli yrud qcevis wesi. principi gamoyofs obstruentTa wyvils, romelic [voice] maxasiaTebliT gansxvavdeba mxolod, magaliTad, sityvebi *[fbt] da *[fapd] maSin, roca aq saWiroa yrud qcevis wesi: is
/d/-s aqcevs /t/-d. amgvarad, warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principi damoukidebelia
da cdeba (4b) yrud qcevis wess.
igive viTarebaa arc-zedmetad-msgavs principsa da Sua bgerasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvelis konteqsti ufro farToa, vidre Sua bgeris Casmis wesisa.
sufiqsaciisas msgavsi obstruentebis erTad moxvedris Tavidan acileba xdeba
ara mxolod Sua bgeris CasmiT, aramed sxva saSualebiTac: magaliTad, []-ze
dasrulebuli zedsarTavi saxeli, rogoricaa smoo[] th sufiqss ar dairTavs
arsebiT saxelad gadakeTebisas (rogorc es xdeba wide-width, broad-breadth sityvebis SemTxvevaSi). Tuki es moxdeboda, maSin ori erTnairi obstruenti []
moiyrida Tavs. (14) principis mier warmodgenili es problema sxvadasxvagvarad
wydeba T-sufiqsebis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan th-afiqsacia Sewyvetilia: smooth
zedsarTavi saxelidan arsebiTi saxeli gansxvavebuli gziTaa nawarmoebi da
miRebuli smoothness. es faqti saSualebas gvaZlevs davakvirdeT (14) princips
im SemTxvevaSi Tu is damoukidebelia Sua bgeris Casmis wesisgan. (18) diagrama
amis naTeli magaliTia:
(18) (14) principis mier warmodgenili problemebi da maTi gadaWris ori
gza:
problema:
smoo _
principi (14) darRveulia sityvaSi:
gadaWris gza:
(a) Svas Casma (wesi (4a))
(b) afiqsaciis dablokva
gansxvavebuli sufiqsis arCeva
Sedegi:
zedapiruli formebi akmayofileben
(14) princips
smoothness
men d _ d
men[dd]
ganixileT mocemuli [t] da [s] variantebis alternaciebi inglisurSi:

(a) pirate
[part]
piracy
[parsi]

vacant
[veknt]
vacancy
[veknsi]
secret
[sikrt]
secrecy
[sikrsi]
president
[przidnt]
presidency
[przidnsi]
accurate
[kjurt]
accuracy
[kjursi]
fluent
[flunt]
fluency
[flunsi]
dawereT fonologiuri wesi am magaliTebisTvis im stilSi, rogorc es me12-13 TavebSi iyo mocemuli. naTlad aRniSneT, TiToeuli wyvilisTvis romel
savarjiSo
14.1
614
gamoxatulebas miiCnevT ZiriTad formas. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi

inglisurSi warmoadgenen Zirisa da sufiqsis mxolod calkeul kombinaciebs:
Tumca wesebisa da principebis formulireba amis gauTvaliswineblad gaakeTeT.
axla ki ganixileT (b)-Si mocemuli formebi:
(b) modest
honest
[mdst]
modesty
[mdsti]
[nst]
honesty
[nsti]
[pdrst]
pederasty
[pdrsti]
pederast
Tu (a)-Si warmodgenili wesi exeba modest-is msgavs formebs, maSin miviRebT *[mdssi] formaSi meore [s]-iT. am TavSi ganxilul fonologiur
sakiTxebze dayrdnobiT, erTi winadadebiT axseniT, ratom ar Seesabameba es
wesi iseT formebs, rogoric (b)-Sia warmodgenili. wesis xelaxali Cawera ki ar
aris saWiro /s/-is amgvari konteqstidan gamoricxvisTvis, aramed Tqven unda
gaiTvaliswinoT SesaZlo arasasurveli Sedegebi am wesis /st/ mimdevrobasTan
mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi.
savarjiSo
14. 2
ganixileT Semdegi alternacia, romelic erT-erT kuSitur enaSi, afarSi gvxvdeba:

akuzativi nominativi/genetivi
Targmani
xamla
xaml-
?agra
?agr-
dargu
darg-
xavsi
qeci
wyliani rZe
warmoadgineT ZiriTadi gamoxatulebebi samive ZirisTvis. CawereT wesi,

romelic Zirebis alternacias exeba (arsebobs ramdenime SesaZlo varianti
aseTi wesis Camosayalibeblad).
axla ki ganixileT Semdegi formebi, romlebic Tqven mier warmodgenili
wesis zogad SezRudvas warmoadgens.
afaris forma
Targmani
midad-
xili nominativi/genetivi
mizezi
daiwva
sabab

xarar-
CamoayalibeT principi teqstSi ganxiluli romelime SemTxvevis msgavsi romelic, axsnis ratom ar exeba Tqveni wesi zemoT moyvanil formebs. zustad warmoadgineT kavSiri wessa da princips Soris imis ganmartebiT, Tu ra
tipis gamoxatulebebi akmayofilebs Tqveni principis moTxovnebs: ZiriTadi,
Sualeduri, zedapiruli gamoxatulebebi Tu maTi sxva tipis kombinacia?
mas Semdeg, rac SevTanxmdiT, rom th sufiqsi araproduqtiulia, SeiZleba
iyos erTze meti mizezi imisa, ratomaa smoothness misaRebi, xolo *smooth-th miuRebeli. Cveni Sexedulebis damamtkicebeli argumenti SegviZlia amovikiTxoT
ori th formis SedarebiT: rough-th [rf] da smooth-th [smu] arc erTi araa srulyofili, magram mainc vamtkicebT, rom [smu] da [smu] sagrZnoblad uaresia, vinaidan es formebi (14) principsac arRvevs.
am davalebis Sesrulebisas SegiZliaT ugulebelyoT es faqti da Tqveni
vinaidan zogi principi am principebiTve motivirebul wesebze zogadia, Cndeba
kiTxva:L risTvis gvWirdeba maSin wesebi? ubralod imis codna, rom ZiriTadi
gamoxatuleba, rogoricaa /mend-d/ arRvevs (14) princips, sakmarisia, raTa mivxvdeT, rom Sesabamisi zedapiruli forma [mndd] Seicavs Svas. es araa naCvenebi (18)-Si, sadac vnaxeT, rom am problemis gadaWra ori gziTaa SesaZlebeli, an
sityvis fonologiuri wyobis SecvliT (fonologiis wesis gamoyenebiT) an sxvadasxva afiqsis SerCeviT (morfologiurad). faqtiurad, fonologiuri gzac
ki mravalferovania. ZiriTadi /lk-d/ (licked) da /bt-d/ (batted) formebisTvis,
romlebic arRveven warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebisa da princips arc-zedmetadmsgavsi, SegviZlia warmovidginoT mravalgvari zedapiruli forma, romelic
orive wess Seesabameba. warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principis mixedviT erTi
Tanxmovani unda amovardes (/bt-d/ *[bd]) an unda Caisvas xmovani (/lk-d/
*[lkd]). amgvarad, mxolod warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis marTebuloba analizs ar
mogvcems. amis msgavsad, /bt-d/ SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad gadakeTdes, rom
princips arc-zedmetad-msgavsi moergos: SegviZlia erT-erTi Tanxmovani
amoviRoT (/bt-d/ *[bd]) an SevcvaloT ise, rom naklebad msgavsni gaxdnen
(/bt-d/ *[bnd]) an CavsvaT maT Soris Svas garda sxva bgera (/bt-d/ *[btnei-d]). varskvlaviani formebi sruliad akmayofilebs CvenTvis nacnob yvela
princips inglisurSi, magram isini mainc miuRebelia ZiriTadi formis gadmosacemad. maSasadame, gvWirdeba wesebi, raTa TiToeuli problemis gadaWris saSualebebi daviyvanoT enaSi gamoiyenebadze.
(19) alternatiuli gzebi ori fonologiuri problemis gadasaWrelad:
warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebisa da arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principebis
darRvevisTvis.
zedapiruli
*bt
*bd
*bnd *btl
ZiriTadi /bt-d/
*bneid
btd
davasruleT wesebis saWiroebaze dava? SesaZloa. magram araswori iqneba,

Tu am diskusiidan iseT daskvnas gamovitanT, rom 1 analizis erT-erT nawilad
warmodgenili (4) wesic marTebulia. alternaciebis Ziebis ori mizezi arsebobs. erTi isaa, rom (4) -Si warmodgenil wess ar aqvs zusti kavSiri principebTan: magaliTad, yrud qcevis (4b) wesSi araferia naTqvami, imaze, rom igi warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principis mier wamoWril problemas aregulirebs. Cven
vvaraudobT, rom yrud qcevis wesis, rogorc problemis gadaWris gzis swavla
iolia: motivaciis gareSe Secvlili masalis damaxsovreba ufro rTulia (ix.
qvemoT mocemuli CanarTi). aseT dros bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom yrud qcevis
615
616
wesic iswavleba ara rogorc formebis alternacia, aramed rogorc problemis gadaWris gza: problemisa, romelic wamoWrilia warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis
damrRvevi magaliTebisgan.
Tavdapirvelad CavatarebT eqsperiments wesebisa da principebis dakavSirebiT, romelic pirvelad ipma (1989) SemogvTavaza. principi araswor
formebad warmoadgens mwkrivTa konkretul klass: anu warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principi ambobs, rom gansxvavebuli warmoTqmiTi Rirebulebis mqone
ori obstruentiT damTavrebuli yvela sityva miuRebelia. davuSvaT, rom enis
yvela ZiriTadi forma Semowmebulia aseTi fonologiuri principebis mixedviT. (ZiriTad formebSi vgulisxmobT erTmorfemian Zirebs, magaliTad dog,
yellow, bark; da mravalmorfemian kombinaciebs, mag, /yellow-ish/, /un-presidential/). warmovidginoT, rom zogi principis darRveva gamoaSkaravebulia ZiriTad
formebSi; magaliTad, /bark-d/ arRvevs warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis princips da
darRvevis TiToeuli tipisTvis formis specifikuri saxesxvaoba gvaqvs. am
gagebiT, wesis aRwera (anu mwkrivi, romelic saxecvlili unda iyos) emTxveva
mwkrivs, romelic konkretul princips arRvevs. wesis struqturuli cvlileba warmogvidgens gansaxilveli formis iseT minimalur cvlilebas, romelic
axal formas awarmoebs am principisTvis. (20)-Si naCvenebia warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebisa da Sua bgeris Casmis ganaxlebuli wesi. wesis am axal variantebSi
principebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben: isini gansazRvraven Sesacvlel
mwkrivs. (momdevno qveTavebSi ganvixilavT am principebis universalurobisa
da specifikurobis bunebas). Tavad wesi moicavs specifikur cvlilebas, romlebic qvemoT gamuqebuli asoebiTaa gamoyofili:
CanarTi
14. 1
wesebisa da principebis codnis Sepirispireba

1950-ian wlebSi enaTmecnieris jin berkos mier wamowyebuli kvleva SeiZleba CaiTvalos teqstSi ganxiluli erT-erTi sakiTxis analizad: SesaZlebelia Tu ara wesebisa da principebis codna ganirCes erTmaneTisgan? berkom
Seamowma mozrdilebisa da bavSvebis (skolamdeli asakis, baRis bavSvebi da
pirvelklaselebi) codna inglisuri fonologiisa da sityvaTwarmoebis Sesaxeb. (mag. wug gamoiyeneba frinvelis msgavsi patara qmnilebis aRsaniSnad; mot
aRniSnavs fizikuri varjiSis erT-erT saxes). maT sTxoves ewarmoebinaT mravlobiTis, warsuli droisa da SedarebiTi xarisxis formebi. ufrosebis pasuxi
standarti iyo, ris mixedviTac bavSvebis sityvebi unda Sefasebuliyo. zog
SemTxvevaSi bavSvebisa da didebis pasuxi sruliad gansxvavdeboda. bavSvebis
2/3-ma ver Casva Sva mot da bod zmnebis warsuli formis warmoebisas da motted
da bodded formebis nacvlad daasaxeles mot da bod. amis msgavsad, tas da gutch
arsebiTi saxelebis mravlobiT formad bavSvebis 30-40%-ma tas da gutch daasaxela, nacvlad mosalodneli SvaCasmuli tasses da gutches formebisa. iSviaT
SemTxvevebSi ki Sva araswori formiT iyo Casmuli, magaliTad heafes [hifz] iyo
heaf [hif] sityvis mravlobiTis saxiT. xolo zrdasrulebi awarmoebdnen mosalodnel formebs: [hifs], [tsz], [gtz]. amgvarad, 7 wlis asakis bavSvebis codna
Svas Casmis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba ufrosebis codnisagan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebis pasuxebi Seesabameboda (9) da (14) principebs

(warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebisa da arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principebs). bavSvebi ar
warmoTqvamdnen gansxvavebuli warmoTqmiTi Rirebulebis mqone obstruentebs
erTad. aseve, ar gamoTqvamdnen msgavs obstruentebs erTad ([td], [dd], [sz], [zz]).L
Mot zmnis mcdari warsulis forma iyo [mt] da ara *[mtt] an *[mtd]; Tas arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiTi iyo [ts] da ara *[tsz] an *[tss]. amgvarad, naTlad Cans,
rom (9) da (14) principebi saxezea maSinac ki, roca maT mier motivirebuli Sua
xmovnis Casmis wesi ar gamoiyeneba. esaa morigi sabuTi imisa, rom lingvisturi
codnis es ori saxe unda ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan.
berkos Sedegebi gansxvavebuli gziT araoficialurad damtkicda am wignis erT-erTi avtoris mier, romelmac 9-10 wlis sam biWs sTxova ewarmoebinaT
sityvebi k sufiqsis meSveobiT, rac pataras niSnavs. enaTmecnierma hkiTxa,
rogor iqneboda patara fexsacmeli shoe sityvisgan warmoebis Sedegad, razec
upasuxes [uk], patara oTaxi (room) [rumk], patara yvavili (flower) [flwrk] da
a.S. Semdeg avtorma igive davaleba misca maT sxva arsebiT saxelebTan mimarTebaSic, romelTa Soris iyo k-ze da g-ze daboloebuli sityvebi, rogoricaa: sock,
rug, stick, peg. ufrosebma imave kiTxvaze upasuxes, rogorc [skk] [rgk] da
a.S. anu Sua bgeris CamatebiT. Tumca bavSvebma scades warmoeTqvaT [skk] [rgk]
[rkk]. erT-erTma gadawyviTa, rom swori forma iqneboda [sk], [rg], [rk]. pirveli Sexvedrisas mxolod es variantebi gamoiTqva. am SemTxvevaSic bavSvebisa da
ufrosebis gamoTqma gansxvavdeboda, Tumca berkos gamokvlevaSi Svas CarTviT,
magram bavSvebis gamoTqma Seesabameboda warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebisa da arczedmetad-msgavsi principebs. mogvianebiT Catarebul Sexvedraze, mas Semdeg,
rac moismines da SeiTvises [skk], [rgk] da [skk], [rgk] formebi, bavSvebma
ganacxades, rom [skk] da [sk] formebi araswori iyo. sayuradReboa, rom meore
Sexvedris dros orma bavSvma [skk] da [rgk] formebs gverdiT Sva CarTo cat,
mitt da sip sityvebis mcire variantis warmoebisas [ktk] [mtk] [spk]. am SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi avlenen codnas, rom sityvis bolos [tk] [pk] wyvili dauSvebelia inglisurSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am princips arc erTi alternacia ar asaxavs.
bavSvis aseTi codna efuZneba mis dakvirvebas, enaSi esa Tu is forma gamoiyeneba
Tu ara. marTalia, es Sedegebi ver miiCneva mtkice sabuTad, vinaidan mxolod
sami bavSvi monawileobda, magram isini damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom fonologiuri
principebis codna damoukidebelia da scdeba wesebisa da alternaciis codnis
farglebs.
(20) a. SvasTan dakavSirebuli ganaxlebuli wesi

i. ipoveT yvela ZiriTadi mwkrivi, romelic arRvevs arc-zedmetad-
msgavsi princips.
ii. TiToeul aseT mwkrivSi CasviT Sva ise, rom miiRoT principis Sesaferisi forma

b. yrud qcevis ganaxlebuli wesi
i. ipoveT yvela ZiriTadi mwkrivi, romelic warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis
princips arRvevs.
ii. TiToeul aseT mwkrivSi SecvaleT afiqsuri Tanxmovnis warmoTqmis
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618
Rirebuleba ise, rom miiRoT principis Sesaferisi forma.

B svetSi warmodgenil sityvebSi gamoyaviT Zirebi da sufiqsebi da gansaz
ganixile inglisurSi mravlobiTisa da mesame piris mxolobiTi ricxvis
savarjiSo
14. 3
(1) gaaanalize Semdegi alternaciebi inglisurSi.

aA.
b.
B
damn
[dm]
damnation
[dmnen]
condemn
[kndm]
condemnation
[kndmnen]
hymn
[hm]
hymnal
[hmnl]
solemn
[slm]
solemnity
[slmnti]
column
[klm]
columnar
[klmnr]
RvreT TiToeuli Ziris ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba. (20)-is stilSi CawereT

wesi, romelic fuZeTa alternacias Seexeba, (20)-is msgavsad Tqveni wesi ori
nawilisgan unda Sedgebodes: principi, anu inglisur sityvebSi TanxmovanTa
SesaZlo zedapiruli mimdevrobis ganzogadeba da procedura, romlis saSualebiTac am principis damrRvevi ZiriTadi gamoxatulebebi awarmoeben zedapirul formebs.
(2)
aA.
b.
sign
[san]
signatory
[sgntori]
gesign
[dizan]
designation
[dsgnen]
malign
[mlan]
malignity
[mlgnti]
assign
[san]
assignation
[sgnen]
impugn
[mpjun]
pugnacious
[pgnes]
savarjiSo
mawarmoebeli sufiqsebis alternacia, romlebic gamoxatulia zedapi14. 4
ruli formiT [z] iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa bugs [bgz], cans [knz] da [s] iseT
sityvebSi, rogoricaa packs [pks], laughs [lfs], licks [liks] da [z] iseT sityvebSi,
rogoricaa squishes [skwz], reaches [ritz], buses [bsz]. moagroveT formaTa
ufro srulyofili jgufi imis gansasazRvrad, ra saxis ganzogadebasTan gvaqvs
saqme alomorfTa distribuciis SemTxvevaSi. Semdeg ki CamoayalibeT am alternaciis analizi (20)-Si warmodgenili wesis msgavsad. gansazRvreT, (20)-is wesebi
da principebi vargisia Tu ara am axali magaliTebisTvis da Tu ara, maSin rogor
unda SevcvaloT, igive wesebi maTac rom Seexos.
14.3 damatebiTi SekiTxvebi

Cven warmovadgineT, rom fonologiuri wesebi da alternaciebi arsebobs
Semdegi mizeziT: imitom, rom ZiriTadi gamoxatulebebi, Tuki ucvleladaa datovebuli, xSirad daarRvevs ZiriTad fonologiur principebs. arsebuli wesebi gansazRvravs aseT potenciur darRvevebs da Tavidan iridebs minimaluri
saxesxvaobiT. amis Sedegia alternacia: morfema SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad
Canacvldes konteqstis mixedviT, an SeiZleba ucvleli zedapiruli forma
hqondes erT SemTxvevaSi, xolo meoreSi sxva.
wesebisa da principebis kavSiris SesaZlebloba, rogorc es (20)-Sia warmodgenili, uamrav axal SekiTxva badebs: (a) SesaZloa Tu ara magaliTis winaswari Semowmebis gareSe Cvenma analizma warmoadginos winaswari varaudebi?
(b)magaliTTa saxesxvaobaTa SemzRudveli principebi momdinareobs Tu ara
fonologiuri wesebidan? da (g) ra statuss iRebs fonologiuri principebi
kros-lingvisturad Semowmebis Semdeg? am SekiTxvebs Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT.
14.4 ramdenad zogadia?

pirveli kiTxva (SesaZloa Tu ara magaliTis winaswari Semowmebis gareSe
Cvenma analizma warmoadginos winaswari varaudebi?) ubrundeba am Tavis dasawyisSi wamoWril ganzogadebis sakiTxs. Cven vTqviT, rom saukeTeso analizia
is, romelSic sxvadasxva movlena erTiandeba zogadi kanonebis refleqsebad.
axla gvaqvs analizis iseTi saxe, sadac ori Zalian zogadi principi (warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebisa da arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principebi) karnaxobs inglisurSi
T-alomorfebis formas. ganzogadebasTan erTad modis kidev ori maxasiaTebeli. zogadi analizi maprognozirebelia; igi miuTiTebs, ras unda movelodoT
iseT SemTxvevebSi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad ar iyo gaanalizebuli. es sakmaod
kargi maxasiaTebelia. analizi sariskocaa: misi varaudebi SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes, vinaidan igi scdeba Tavdapirvelad Semowmebul masalas. Sesabamisad,
unda SevexoT analizuri strategiis sakiTxs: romelia umjobesi, usafrTxo
gzis SerCeva da iseTi analizis formulireba, romelic moicavs mxolod ukve
Semowmebul magaliTebs, Tu ajobebs zogadi da maprognozirebeli analizis
Camoyalibeba? (esaa sakiTxi, romelic mecnierebisa da mecnieruli analizis
filosofias exeba. igi mxolod lingvistikis mecnierebiT ar Semoifargleba).
sakiTxi ufro konkretuli SegviZlia gavxadoT analizis ufro farTo
prognozis ganxilviT, rac Cven T-morfemebTan dakavSirebiT warmovadgineT.
marTalia, Cveni sawyisi wertili mxolod ori sufiqsi iyo, romlebic enacvlebian [t], [d] da [d] formebis saxiT, magram Cvenive saboloo analizi winaswar
gansazRvravs bgeraTa nimuSebs, romlebic am magaliTs sagrZnoblad scildeba.
ganaxlebuli bgeraTa yrud qcevis wesi winaswar varaudobs, rom sityvis bolos
C-sufiqsi Seicvleba, Tuki Seicavs obstruents, rom warmoTqmis mixedviT Seewyos mis win mdgar fuZiseul obstruents.
SvasTan dakavSirebuli ganaxlebuli wesi gulisxmobs Svas Casmas or msgavs
Tanxmovans Soris, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, es Tanxmovnebi T-morfemas ekuTvnis Tu
sxva romelime afiqss. naTelia, rom analizis SerCevamde unda ganvsazRvroT,
rom aseTi winaswari varaudebi sworia. Tu es asea, maSin zogad principebze dafuZnebuli analizi gamoiricxeba da Cven gamovikvlevT inglisuri fonologiis ufro did nawils, vidre dasawyisSi gvqonda. magram, vTqvaT, zogi varaudi ar
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620
dadasturda. ganvixiloT magaliTi, rom Svas Casmis SemTxvevaTa ricxvi ufro

mcirea, vidre Cven am wuTisTvis vvaraudobT. ra iqneba maSin? am albaTobam, rac
bunebrivi movlenaa enaTmecnierebis muSaobaSi, ar unda gadaaTqmevinos mkvlevars yvelaze zogadi analizis eqsperimentireba. Tuki analizi arasworia imis
gamo, rom igi metismetad zogadia, es aSkara gaxdeba misi varaudebis SemowmebisTanave. Sesworebebis Setana SeiZleba araswori variantebis gamoricxvisTvis.
magram, Tu metismetad davaviwrovebT analizs, misi naklovanebis amocnoba
ufro gaZneldeba. Cven T-morfemebis analizi (21)-Si warmodgenili viwro wesebis saSualebiT daviwyeT da arc ki gadagvixedavs am sufiqsebis qcevis miRma.
(21) yrud qceva: T-sufiqsebi realizdeba [t] formiT yru bgerebis Semdeg.
Sva: Sva Caismis T-sufiqsebis win, roca Ziri mTavrdeba alveolaruli
xSuliT.
Tu T-sufiqsis miRma ar ganvixilavT sxva movlenebs, maSin SeiZleba mniSvnelovani faqti gamogvrCes, rac paraleluria an dakavSirebulia yrud qcevasa da Svas CarTvasTan. aseT dros sakmaod sariskoa ara mxolod araswori wesis
Cawera Tumca es defeqti mogvianebiT mainc gamoCndeba da gaswordeba aramed metismetad viwro wesis Cawerac, vinaidan igi ganzogadebas samudamod
gamoricxavs.
(20)-Si warmodgenili analizis damadasturebelia im sufiqsebis qceva,
romlebic monacvleoben [s], [z], [z] variantebis saxiT. isini gamoxataven kuTvnilebas, arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiTobasa da mesame subieqtur pirs mxolobiT ricxvSi awmyo drois zmnebSi: am sami alomorfis distribucia [t], [d], [d]
alomorfebis paraleluria. vamtkicebT, rom am sufiqsebis ZiriTadi formaa
[z], romelic warmodgenilia sonorebisa da mJReri obstruentebis Semdeg. sxva
variantebi naCvenebia (22)-Si gadmocemuli wesebiT:
(22) inglisuri sufiqsis sami alomorfi: mesame piris mxolobiTi ricxvis subieqti; mravlobiTi ricxvi; kuTvnileba.

[z]- alomorfi
[s]- alomorfi
licks
bats
Kips
[lks]
[bts]
[kps]
bugs
calls
Robs
[bgz]
[klz]
[rbz]
[z]- alomorfi
buzzes
buses
faces
[bzz]
[bsz]
[feisz]
(22)-Si warmodgenil sufiqsTa klasebi Sesworebas akeTeben erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: Svas Casma aseve gvxvdeba [], [t], [] da [d]
bgerebs Semdeg, magram ara [], [] an sxva napralovnis Semdeg.
(23) mesame subieqturi piris mxolobiTi ricxvis awmyo drois, mravlobiTi ricxvisa da kuTvnilebiTis sufiqsebis distribucia napralovanTa Semdeg.
[s]-

alomorfi
Keiths
laughs
Bachs
[kis]
[lfs]
[bxs]
[z]-
[z]-
alomorfi
alomorfi
smooths [smuz]
bathes
[beiz]
nerves
[nrvz]
garages
squishes
badges
[grz]
[skwz]
[bdz]
SvasTan dakavSirebuli amJamad warmodgenili wesi (20a) mas svams mxolod
[s] da [z] bgerebis Semdeg, vinaidan mxolod es Tanxmovnebi Seesabameba sufiq-
suri /z/ bgeris msgavsi bgeris ganmartebas. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa mxolod

msgavsi Tanxmovnis ganmartebis Secvla:
(24) msgavsi Tanxmovnebi:
ori Tanxmovani msgavsia, Tu isini erTnairia ragvarobis maxasiaTebelTa
mixedviT da iyenebs erTsa da imave aqtiur sawarmoTqmo organoebs.
esaa msgavsi Tanxmovnebis wyvilebis ganmarteba, romelic Svas Casmis
ufro zusti adgilis gansazRvris saSualebas gvaZlevs: magaliTad, vinaidan []
da [z] identuria ragvarobis mixedviT da vinaidan aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoebi orive TanxmovnisTvis enis piria, (24)-Si warmodgenili ganaxlebuli wesis mixedviT isini msgavsia. es gansazRvravs Svas Casmis swor adgils [skwz],
gansxvavebiT msgavsis wina gansazRvrebis mixedviT miRebul *[skwz] formisa.
Tanxmovnebi [] da [s] araa msgavsi, vinaidan isini gansxvavdeba simkveTris mixedviT; [f] da [s] bgerebic gansxvavebulia, vinaidan isini sxvadasxva aqtiuri sawarmoTqmo organoTia gamoTqmuli da amitom Svas Casma araa mosalodneli maT Soris (24)-is mixedviT.
Cveni analizis sxva aspeqti ufro Rrma problemas awydeba faqtebis ufro
farTo jgufTan Sepirispirebisas. marTalia, msgavsi an identuri Tanxmovnebi
(mag, [kg] [pp] [bp] [fv] da a.S.) namdvilad dauSvebelia erT morfemaSi an sityvis
dasasrulSi, rogorc (14)-Si iyo mocemuli, magram am mimdevrobaTa calke qvejgufia warmodgenili morfemaTa sazRvrebs miRma.
(25) erTnairi Tanxmovnebis sworad formirebuli wyvilebi:
rr
ss
nn
ll
superrich dissatisfied
unnecessary vowellike
[suprrit] [dsstsfaid]
[nnsseri]
bb
bp
subbranch
subpolar
[vwllak] [sbbrt] [sbpolr]
(20a) wesi araswor variants iZleva, romlis mixedviTac ZiriTadi /sub-polar/ gamoiTqmis *[sbpolr]. amitomac es xelaxla unda ganvixiloT. am analizis
ganaxlebisTvis Cven vakvirdebiT im wyvilebs, sadac Svas damateba gvxvdeba sityvis bolos da aseve maT, sadac cvlileba sityvis SuaSia, gansakuTrebiT xmovanTSoris poziciaSi an xmovansa da sonors Soris. gansxvaveba gadmocemulia
(14)-is Semdegnairi ganaxlebiT:
(26) arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principi (ganaxlebuli)

msgavsi Tanxmovnebis mimdevroba ((24)-Si mocemuli ganmartebis

mixedviT) dauSvebelia inglisuri sityvis dasawyissa da dasasruls.
amgvari saxecvlilebiT Cveni principi ar miuTiTebs Svas CarTvas iseT

formebSi, rogoricaa dissimilar an subpolar, vinaidan msgavsTa wyvili /ss/ da /bp/
ar gvxvdeba sityvis kideebSi. morigi sakiTxia, rom msgavsi wyvili ar gvxvdeba
arc erT inglisur sityvaSi morfemis SigniT: [ss], [utd] saxis morfemebi ar
arsebobs. amis mixedviT sityvebi da calkeuli morfemebi gansxvavdeba mimdevrobaTa mTeli rigiT, romlebic maTTvis misaRebia. es ganaxleba mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis Serwymis saSualebas iZleva: msgavsi Tanxmovnebis wyvili akrZalulia sityvis sawyis da sasrul poziciaSi, magram dasaSvebia sityvis SuaSi, gansakuTrebiT xmovnebs Soris. imave SezRudvebs vxvdebiT gaormagebuli Tanxmovnebis distribuciasTan dakavSirebiT. esenia gansakuTrebiT grZeli Tanx-
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622
movnebi. gaormagebuli Tanxmovnebi transkrifciaSi Caiwereba sigrZis gamomxatveli niSniT, rogorc [t:], [p:], [s:] da ara orjer CaweriT [tt], [pp], [ss]. italiuri da iaponuri im enaTa Sorisaa, romlebic ganarCeven [atta] da [ata] an [ippo]
da [ipo] wyvilebs. magram gaormagebuli Tanxmovnebi am enebSi ar gvxvdeba sawyis
da dasasrul poziciaSi da umetes enebSi gaorkeceba kontrastis saSualebas
iZleva. amgvarad (26)-is msgavsi principi axasiaTebs gaorkecebul TanxmovanTa
distribucias, es arcaa gasakviri: msgavsi Tanxmovnebis wyvilebi gaormagebis
msgavsad JRers. rogorc Cans, isini erTsa da imave SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba im
enebSi, sadac gaormagebuli Tanxmovnebi ar arsebobs.
am qveTavis funqciaa, rom ganamtkicos analitikuri strategia, romelic
mkvlevars yvelaze ufro zogadi hipoTeziT eqsperimentis Catarebis saSualebas aZlevs. gamosadegia winaswari varaudebis mtkicebebTan muSaoba. Tu es
varaudebi dadasturdeba, zogadi ganxilvac dagexmarebaT ufro farTo modelis aRmoCenaSi. Tuki ar dadasturdeba, maSin zogadi analizi dagexmarebaT
mocemuli modelis sazRvrebis gasamijnad. (14)-Si gadmocemuli zogadi mtkicebiT eqsperimentirebis Semdeg mivediT daskvnamde, rom mxolod misi dawvrilebiTi versiaa (26) zusti: am warumatebeli eqsperimentiT axla ukve viciT,
ra SemTxvevaSia dasaSvebi msgavsi Tanxmovnebis erTad gamoyeneba.
savarjiSo
14. 5
ganixileT qvemoT mocemuli alternaciebi, romlebic gamowveulia [jn],

[jl] da [jul] sufiqsebis damatebiT /s/-sa da /z/-ze dasrulebul Zirebze.
a. sufiqsi [jn] (rogorc sityvaSi rebellion [rbljn])

confess
[knfs]
confession
[knfn]
obsess
[bss]
obsession
[bsn]
fuse
[fjuz]
fusion
[fjun]
b. sufiqsi [jl] (rogorc sityvaSi serial [sirjl])

race
[res]
racial
[rel]
office
[fs]
official
[fl]
substance
[sbstns]
substantial
[sbstnl]
1. CamoayalibeT erTi an meti wesi am alternaciasTan dakavSirebiT.

wesebi mxolod fonologiur informacias unda moicavdes (maxasiaTeblebsa
da segmentebs) da ara morfologiur cnobebs (anu araa saintereso, romeli
afiqsebi monawileobs sityvaTwarmoebis ama Tu im procesSi). CamoayalibeT
ganzogadeba inglisur sityvebSi bgeraTa SesaZlo mimdevrobis Sesaxeb SezRudvebis saxiT, imave formiT, rogorc (9), (14) da (26)-Sia warmodgenili. (rCeva: warmoTqviT sityva obsession rogorc zmna obsess-isa da [jn] sufiqsis gverdigverd ganlageba Zirisa da afiqsis gamoyofis gareSe).
2. gansazRvreT ra kavSiria zemoT warmodgenil alternaciasa da qvemoT (g) -Si mocemul magaliTebs Soris.
g. miss
[ms]
miss you
[mju]
bless
[bls]
bless you
[blju]
let
[lt]
let you
[ltju]
cut
[kt]
cut you
[ktju]
zogi Suas da zogi sityvis dasasruls. mimdevroba [t] sasismieralveolaruli afrikatia. zogadad, sasismieralveolaruli bgerebi [+coronal] segmentebia, romlebic alveolarulebisgan gansxvavdeba [anterior] maxasiaTebliT: alveolarulebi [+anterior]-ebia sasismieralveolarulebi [-anterior]ebi. garda amisa, sasismieralveolaruli afrikatebi (anu [t]) gansxvavdeba
alveolaruli xSulebisgan imiT, rom isini ori wevrisgan Sedgeba, xSulisa
da sasismieralveolaruli napralovani [] bgerisagan. Sesabamisad, isini
moicaven TvisebaTa aseT mimdevrobas [-continuant][+continuant]. Tqvens wesebSi
nawarmoebi segmentebis Tvisobrivi Semadgenloba unda aisaxos:
(3) axla ki ganixileT (d)-Si warmodgenili alternaciebi:
(d) sufiqsi ion (rogorc sityvaSi rebellion).
digest
[dadst]
digestion
[daidstn]
exhaust
[gzst]
exhaustion
[gzstn]
suggest
[sdst]
suggestion
[sdstn]
sufiqsi ial
(rogorc sityvaSi editorial)
beast
[bist]
sufiqsi ian
(rogorc
bestial
sityvebSi
Egyprian
[bistl]
[idpn],
Lilliputian
[llpjun])
Christ
[krast]
Christian
[krstn]
wesebi, romlebic sityvis sawyis pozicias Seexeba da [] bgeras [tj] mimdevrobidan awarmoebs rogorc sityvaSi /llpjut-jn/ [llpjun], axseniT, ratom
ver axerxebs igive formebis warmoebas (d)-s SemTxvevaSi. ratom gamovTqvamT
[sdstn] da ara *[sdsn], [krstn] da ara *[krsn]? rogor unda SevcvaloT
analizis forma, rom igi aseT faqtebsac Seexos?
14.5 SezRudvebis kros-lingvisturi safuZvlianoba

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, inglisurSi msgavs TanxmovanTa erTad gamoyenebis SezRudvebi ufro zogadi movlenidan momdinareobs, romelic aseve
moicavs SezRudvebs gaormagebuli Tanxmovnebis gamoyenebisTvisac. Cndeba
mTavari kiTxva, rasac aq mokled CamovayalibebT: Cvens mier ganxiluli SezRudvebi Semoifargleba erTi eniT Tu isini universaluria?
inglisur enaSi warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebisa da arc-zedmetad-msgavsi
principebSi ganxilulis msgavsi an identuri movlenebi SeiniSneba sxva iseT
enebSi, romelTa fonologia dRemde Seswavlis procesSia. magaliTad, 14.2
savarjiSos amoxsna romelic quSistur enas, afars exeba unda moicavdes
mimarTebas inglisuris arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principsa da mis monaTesave
princips Soris. SezRudvis msgavsi tipi gvxvdeba Tanamedrove ivriTSi, sadac
/t/-Ti dawyebuli sufiqsebi [e]-s CarTviTaa gamoyofili im Zirisagan, romelic
/t/-ze an /d/-ze bolovdeba. (mravali aseTi SemTxveva ganxilulia makkartis
mier, 1986). Tu davakvirdebiT, SevniSnavT, rom /e/-s Casma daarRvevda (14) wess
623
624
Tuki maTi zedapiruli gamoxatuleba aisaxeboda maT ZiriTad formaSi.

(27) a. /kiat-ti/ [kiateti]

movrTe
b. /jarad-ti/ [jaradeti]
daveSvi
amis msgavsad, warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis efeqtebic farTodaa dokumentirebuli, mxolod Zalian mcire raodenobis, gaqrobis piras mdgar enebSia
daSvebuli sityvis sawyis da bolo poziciaSi obstruenti Tanxmovnebis diferencireba warmoTqmis mixedviT. TiTqmis yvela enis fonologiis produqtiuli birTvi ama Tu im formiT avlens SezRudvaTa gavlenas enaTa umravlesobaSi.
ganvixiloT kritikuli Sefaseba àma Tu im formiT~. arc-zedmetadmsgavsi da warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principebi kros-lingvisturad identur
Sedegebs ar gviCveneben. arc-zedmetad-msgavsi cneba sxva enebSi SeiZleba
ufro farTo iyos. bevr semitur enaSi maT Soris ivriTsa da arabulSi erTi
morfema ar Seicavs sawarmoTqmo adgilis mixedviT identur TanxmovanTa
wyvils, miuxedavad maTi warmoTqmisa da ragvarobisa. amgvarad, erT morfemaSi
ar gvxvdeba /. . .b. . .m. . ./ an /. . .p. . . b. . ./ wyvilebi miuxedavad imisa, ramdeni da
romeli segmenti dgas maT Soris. arc-zedmetad-msgavsi-s semantikuri versia
iTxovs msgavs TanxmovanTa wyvilis ufro farTo ganmartebas, vidre (14)-sa da
(26)-Sia warmodgenili da aseTi wyvilebis mTel rig konteqstebSi gamoricxavs
imisda miuxedavad, Tanxmovnebi erTmaneTis gverdiT dganan Tu ara. romanul
enebSi, rogoricaa ruminuli, arc-zedmetad-msgavsi krZalavs msgavs wyvilebs konteqstebSi maTi poziciis miuxedavad: ZiriTadi /des-zis/ uTqmeli, /
dis-sotia/ gacalkeveba zedapiruli formiT gveqneba dezis da disotia. polonurSi Zireul sityvebs arc-zedmetad-msgavsi-s sakmaod mZlavri gavlena aqvT
morfemis Sida poziciaSi, magram morfemis sazRvrebTan TanxmovanTa mimdevrobebi vlindeba zedapirul formaSi: igi awarmoebs iseT formebs, rogoricaa
z-zuvat fexsacmlis gaxda da bez-zembnij ukbilo.
urTierTkavSirSi myofi SezRudvebis variaciebs ori wyaro gaaCnia. erTi
maTgania midrekileba morfemebisa da sityvebis xeluxleblad datovebisaken:
amitomac, enebi SesaZloa gansxvavdebodnen imis mixedviT, SezRudvebs morfemis an sityvis sazRvrebs Soris ise mkacrad moqmedebis saSualebas aZleven Tu
ara, erTi morfemis farglebSi. morfemebSi miuRebeli wyvilebi, mag, polonuri
/zz/, SeiZleba mainc gamovlindes zedapirul formaSi sityvis Semadgeneli morfemebis aRdgenis wyalobiT, rac momdevno qveTavebSia ganxiluli. meore wyaro
kros-lingvisturi variantebisa is faqtia, rom SezRudvis calkeuli forma
mag, arc-zedmetad-msgavsi SesaZloa ganvixiloT farTo an dawvrilebiTi
saxiT da amis mixedviT gansxvavebulad iqnes gamoyenebuli. magaliTad, vnaxeT,
rom erTi relevanturi ganzomileba arc-zedmetad-msgavsi-s interpretaciaSi aris, ramdenad axloa es segmentebi erTmaneTTan. navaraudevia, rom rac
ufro axlosaa, SezRudvac ufro Zlieria, rogorc es aRniSnulia pierhumbertTan (1993). amgvarad, /. . . s. . . . . ./ mimdevroba inglisurSi ar aris akrZaluli,
roca Tanxmovnebi uSualod ar Tanamezobloben.
am mxriv mkiTxvelma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom SezRudva enaSi SeiZleba
arsebobdes, magram sistematurad ar gamoiyenebodes. ras vgulisxmobT? es imas
niSnavs, rom mosaubreebma unda icodnen, rom SezRudvis damrRvevi mimdevroba
arasrulyofilia, Tumca imavdroulad aseTi mimdevrobis Semcveli sityvebi
arsebobs enaSi. amis patara magaliTia inglisurSi umaxvilo marcvlebis grZeli

mimdevroba: marTalia, inglisurSi arsebobs sityvebi, rogoricaa clssificatry
da commnicable (sami umaxvilo marcvliT), mosaubreni upiratesobas aniWeben
da fonologiurad sworad warmoebul formebad Tvlian (28)-Si marcxena svets,
anu iseT sityvebs, sadac orze meti umaxvilo marcvali ar aris:
(28)
aRebi
ufro misaRebi
refrshable
presrvable
naklebad misaRebi
vsitable
brrowable
yvelaze naklebad misprodiable
bnefitable
(28)-Si warmodgenili sityvebi gviCvenebs gamouyenebeli SezRudvis arsebobas sam an met umaxvilo marcvalTan dakavSirebiT, rac sxva enebSi aqtiuradaa gamoyenebuli. es sakiTxi ganixila heisma (1995). rac ufro meti marcvali
aSorebs bolo maxvilian marcvals da sityvis dasasruls, miT ufro miuRebelia forma.
gamouyenebeli SezRudvebis SesaZlo arsebobis Cvenebis Semdeg SezRudvaTa universalobis sakiTxis empiriuli dasabuTeba sagrZnoblad garTulda:
enis fonologiuri alternaciebisa da distribuciuli SezRudvebis Semowmeba
aRaraa sakmarisi imis gasarkvevad, mocemuli SezRudva arsebobs Tu ara enaSi.
Cveulebriv, Zalian cota SezRudvaa universaluri. saWiroa swor formirebasTan dakavSirebiT intuiciasac mivmarToT, vinaidan intuicia SeiZleba
leqsikonis mocemul alternaciebs gascdes: am gziT SezRudvebis gacilebiT
didi jgufi iCens Tavs ara mxolod gamoyenebuli, aramed gamouyenebeli formiT. amgvarad, SegviZlia imis dasabuTeba, rom fonologiuri SezRudvebis universaluri jgufi mainc arsebobs da enebi gansxvavdeba am SezRudvaTa gamoyenebis mxriv.
rogorc vxedavT, analizis tipebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebis racionaluri gzaa maTi SedarebiTi ganzogadeba. yvelaze zogadi analizi (1)-Si warmodgenili monacemisTvis vaCveneT (4)-Si, romlis ganaxlebis Sedegad miviReT (20).
am analizis mixedviT vigebT, rom TavisTavad wesebi aris garantia, rom zedapiruli formebi Seesabameba konkretul zogad principebs. analizisas namdvili
mamoZravebeli Zala aris swored principebi. vinaidan Cven unda warmovadginoT
principebis axali klasi, maT jgufs vuwodebT fonotaqtikur SezRudvebs
(fonotaqtika dakavSirebulia bgeraTa dasaSveb mimdevrobasTan. termini SezRudva ekvivalentia principisa an pirobisa: es sami termini urTierTCanacvlebiT iyo gamoyenebuli). warmodgenil azrs mivyavarT alan princisa da pol
smolenskis optimalobis Teoriamde (1993). (aRsaniSnavia, rom fonotaqtikuri
SezRudvebi warmodgenili iyo gacilebiT adre, rogorc wesebze dafuZnebuli
fonologiuri analizis damxmare meqanizmi). kiTxva, romlis dasmasac vapirebT
exeba wesebiT gamoxatuli saxesxvaobis bunebas. mas Semdeg, rac davinteresdiT, Tu ratom arsebobs wesebi, vsvamT kiTxvas: risTvisaa es konkretuli wesebi, roca imave fonotaqtikuri miznis misaRwevad sxvebic arsebobs? rogorc
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, am kiTxvis pasuxisas aRmovaCenT analizis iseT formas,
sadac wesebi araviTar rols ar asruleben.
625
626
14.6 SesaZlo wesebi da analogiis principebi

mimdinare analizi T-morfemebisa ((20)-Si warmodgenili wesebi da (9) da (26)
principebi) xsnis ratom unda Seicvalos zogi ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba. amis
mizania, aviridoT calkeuli principebis darRveva. aseve SesaZlebelia avxsnaT, ratomaa modifikaciis calkeuli forma sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro farTod gavrcelebuli. saqme isaa, rom wesebiT gadmocemuli saxesxvaobebi avlens
minimalur gansxvavebas gamoxatulebebs Soris, rogoricaa ZiriTadi da zedapiruli formebi, an erTi morfemis zedapiruli formis variantebi. arsebobs
principebi, romlebic aregulirebs formebs Soris distancias. aseTi principebis funqciaa, uzrunvelyos formaTa mier fonologiuri msgavsebis maqsimaluri SenarCuneba.
kidev erTxel ganvixiloT ZiriTadi formebi, rogoricaa /mend-d/ an /
bt-d/, romlebic arRveven princips arc-zedmetad-msgavsi. gavixsenoT (20)Si warmodgenili diagrama, sadac naCvenebia ramdenime gza, riTac aseTi darRvevebis aRmofrxvraa SesaZlebeli: aseT SemTxvevaSi inglisurs unda miemarTa
an Tanxmovnis amogdebisTvis (mag, /bt-d/ [bt] an [bd]); an Tanxmovnis SecvlisaTvis (mag. /bt-d/ [bnd], [bld]); an Svaze ufro grZeli mimdevrobis CasmisaTvis (mag. [bt-nei-d]). SedarebisTvis, Tu realurad ra xdeba da ra SeiZleba momxdariyo, mniSvnelovania dakvirveba, rom gamosavalTagan zogi danarCenebze uaresia. magaliTad, Tu amovSliT sufiqsur Tanxmovans, davkargavT sufiqsuri morfemis amocnobisTvis saWiro masalas: es problema gansakuTrebiT
Tavs iCens mxolod erTi Tanxmovnisgan Semdgari sufiqsis SemTxvevaSi. amgvari
hipoTezis mixedviT [bt] formis, rogorc [bt]-is warsulis gamoxatulebis,
nakli isaa, rom awmyos formasaviT gamoiyureba. (ra Tqma unda, arsebobs gamonaklisi formebi /hit/-is msgavsad, sadac awmyoc da warsulic erTi formiTaa
gamoxatuli, magram enaSi aseTi SemTxvevebis simcire miuTiTebs, rom isini
garkveul problemas qmnian interpretaciisas). hipoTezuri formebi, sadac
fuZe icvleba (mag. [bn-d], [bl-d] [bd]) arTulebs imis garkvevas, rom es [bt]is warsuli formaa.
CanarTi
14. 2
gansxvavebis Sedegebi
mosaubreebi kargad arCeven msgavs da gansxvavebul formebs. ana katlerma
da misma kolegebma Seadares leqsikuri erTeulis garCevis unari mosaubreebSi
ori saxis pirobebSi, romelTagan orive exeba Zireuli sityvis modifikacias.
erT SemTxvevaSi, ormarcvliani sityva waredgina mosaubres umaxvilo-maxviliani konstruqciis Sebrunebuli formiT (mag. lagon-is nacvlad lgoon). meore
SemTxvevaSi, ormarcvliani sityvebi, orive maxviliani marcvliT, (gansxvaveba
maxvilis xarisxSi iyo) romelTa aseve Sebrunebuli forma gaxldaT warmodgenili (mag. cnten-is nacvlad cnten). gamokiTxulebma meore SemTxvevaSi
ufro martivad amoicnes swori forma, vidre pirvel SemTxvevaSi. amis mizezi
naTelia. marcvlebis maxviliani-umaxvilo wyvili mag. [l] da ['l] sityvaSi
lagoon radikalurad gansxvavdeba xmovnis xarisxiT, xolo mTavar da meorad
maxvilebs Soris ufro SeumCneveli ganxvavebaa. amitomac maxvilian-umaxvilo
kategoriiT gansxvavebuli wyvilebi ufro gansxvavebulebia, vidre ZiriTadi
maxvilis adgilis mixedviT gansxvavebuli wyvilebi.
ufro gansxvavebuli
naklebad gansxvavebuli
lgoon lagon
cnten cnten
ufro saintereso ki isaa, rom formaTa msgavsebis amgvar Sefasebebs mosaubreebis metyvelebaSi cvlilebebi Seaqvs. imisaTvis, rom aaridon Tavi
Zliermaxviliani marcvlebis mezoblobas, bevri maTgani gamoTqvams fiften
mn, nmrked cse (nacvlad mosalodneli formebisa fiften mn, nmrked
cse). amis Sedegad viRebT Znelad SesamCnev reversiul formas, romelic sxva
konteqstebSi ucvlelad gamoiTqmis. magram mosaubreni maxvils ar cvlian
iseT frazebSi, rogoricaa profund thught: isini ar ityvian *prfound thught
miuxedavad imisa, rom am formasac igive efeqti aqvs. aseT SemTxvevebSi maxvilis Sebrunebis miuReblobis mizezi ufro metad aRiqmeba profund-sa da mis
Sebrunebul formas Soris. Znelad amosacnobi wyvili profund/*prfund gansxvavdeba ara mxolod pirveladi maxvilis adgiliT, aramed sawyisi marcvlis
maxvilianoba-umaxvilobiT; xolo martivad aRqmul wyvilebSi, rogoricaa
nmrked/nmrked gansxvaveba mxolod mTavari maxvilis adgilia. amgvarad,
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sityvebSi maxvilis cvlileba gansxvavebulobis zRvaria: igi dauSvebeli xdeba, roca sabolood miRebuli forma metismetad Sordeba
am zRvars.
axla ki ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, roca or msgavs Tanxmovans Soris Casmulia mwkrivi, [btd] sityvaSi. inglisurSi aseT dros daismis umoklesi xmovani
[]. daimaxsovreT, rom misi funqciaa ori msgavsi segmentis gacalkeveba. sxva
mwkrivebis yvela kategorias SeuZlia am funqciis Sesruleba, amitomac, sainteresoa, aris Tu ara raime principi, rasac konkretuli arCevani efuZneba.
Cvens diskusias SemovsazRvravT ori alternatiuli variantiT: /n/ da /ai/
bgerebis CasmiT. Cndeba kiTxva, SesaZlebelia Tu ara damoukidebeli analiziT
ganisazRvros arCevani. Tu /d/ da mis win mdgom msgavs Tanxmovans Soris gamyofad CavsvamT /n/ bgeras, miviRebT [btnd], sadac sami Tanxmovani moiyris erTad
Tavs. inglisurSi aseT morfemaTa SeerTeba dasaSvebia, magram uamravi enisTvis
miuRebelia, erTi mxriv, radgan TanxmovanTa aseTi mimdevroba kros-lingvisturad arasasurvelia da, meore mxriv, Tanxmovnis marcvlovanobis gamo, rogoricaa /n/ am konteqstSi. amis sapirispirod, arc erTi ena ar krZalavs xmovnis
Semdeg or Tanxmovans, rac gulisxmobs Svas bunebriv CarTvas. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Casasmeli masalis SerCeva gulisxmobs kros-lingvisturad
segmentTa mimdevrobis agebulebasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli formisaTvis
upiratesobis miniWebas: umjobesia CVC mimdevroba, vidre CCC da naklebad
misaRebia marcvlovani Tanxmovani. axla ganvixiloT inglisur xmovanTagan
romelia Casasmelad vargisi: esaa yvelaze mokle xmovani. hipoTezur alternativebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze mokle xmovnis Casma [btd] sityvaSi logikuria
(20) principis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad. igi agvarebs ZiriTad da zedapirul struqturebs Soris msgavsebis SenarCunebis problemas. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis dakvirvebis Semdeg vvaraudobT, rom arsebobs iseTi principebi,
romlebic aregulirebs ZiriTad da zedapirul formebs Soris daSorebas: maT
627
628
Cven utyuarobis an analogiis principebs vuwodebT. am principebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia aixsnas, ratomaa erTi varianti ufro miRebuli da farTod
gavrcelebuli wesi, vidre danarCenebi. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT analogiis
Semdegi principi:
(29) morfemis aRdgena
Tu sityva Tavis ZiriTad formaSi Seicavs raime morfema -s, mis zedapirul gamoxatulebaSi segmenti sul cota erTi mainc unda iyos.
(29) princips SeuZlia axsnas, ratom araa /sz/ mimdevroba sityvaSi /bs-z/
realizebuli [s] formiT, ris nacvladac Svis CarTva xdeba. /bs-z/ rom [bs]
formiT gamovsaxoT, maSin mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli morfema zedapirul
formaSi aRar gveqneboda. igive principi gamogvadgeba imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom xdeba, rom enebi, romlebic xSirad mimarTaven xmovnis (V) amogdebas sxva
xmovnis gverdiT, blokaven an mimarTulebas ucvlian am wess, roca amosaSleli
xmovani morfemis ZiriTadi segmentia. (kazali. 1997). es viTareba Sejamebulia
CiCevas magaliTze (30)-Si:
(30) a. V2 qreba V1-V2 mimdevrobaSi

khasu-ili khasuli
hoe-this
mwana-uo mwanao
child-that
es Toxi
is bavSvi
b. V1 qreba V1-V2 mimdevrobaSi, roca V2 morfemis erTaderTi segmen-
tia

si-u-pita supita
not-you-go
ti-a-bwela tabwela
we-PERFECT-come
ar waxval
movediT
CiCevas analizis es mcire magaliTi moicavs princips, romelic dauSvebels xdis mezobeli xmovnebis erTad Tavmoyras. swored es iwvevs bgeris amoSlis ZiriTad process. (29)-Si warmodgenili principi SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT asaxsnelad, ratom arsebobs /si-u-pita/ [supita] nacvlad *[sipita] formisa,
maSin, roca CiCevas yvela danarCen msgavs SemTxvevaSi meore xmovani ikargeba.
axla ki (31)-Si ganvixiloT savaraudo principi.
(31) obstruentobis aRdgena
Tu ZiriTad formaSi segmenti obstruentia, is unda gamovlindes zedapirul formaSic obstruentis saxiT.
(29) principi ganmartavs, ratom ar vlindeba zedapirul formaSi /td/ mimdevroba /bt-d/-Si [nd] an [ld] wyviliT. (31) principi aseve ganmartavs, rom ver
xdeba warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principis aRdgena erT-erTi obstruentis sonorad qcevis gziT: /sp-d/ xdeba [spt] da ara *[smd].
SegviZlia aq cota xniT SevCerdeT da davakvirdeT am ori analogiis principis gavlenas /bt-d/-is zedapiruli formis SerCevisas. amas gavakeTebT (32)
cxrilSi /bt-d/-is zogi zedapiruli formis analizis gziT. cxrilis pirvel
rigSi moqceulia gansaxilveli principebi: am magaliTSi SemovifarglebiT (26)
(arc-zedmetad-msgavsi), (29) (morfemis aRdgena) da (31) (obstruenobis aRdgena) principebiT. marcxena svetSi vwerT ZiriTad gamoxatulebebsa da zedapiruli formis realizebis sxvadasxva potenciur gzebs. aseT formebs kandidatebs
vuwodebT, romlebic zedapirul formaTa kandidatebis Semoklebaa. aseTi tipis cxrils tablo hqvia. TiToeuli kandidati Sefasebulia dasaxelebul principebTan misi Sesabamisobis mixedviT; Tu mocemuli kandidati arRvevs wess, es
faqti Sesabamis ujraSi * niSniT aRiniSneba. qvemoT naxavT, rom Tu mxolod oTxi
kandidatiT SemovifarglebiT [bt-d] [bn-d] [bt] da [bt-d] CamoTvlili
principebi sakmarisia, rom gamoricxos yvela da datovos mxolod swori forma
[btd].
(32)
UR= /bt-d/
arc-zedme- morfemis aRdgena

tad-msgavsi
[bt-d]
[bt]
[bn-d]
obstruentobis aRdgena
*
*
[btd]
aRsaniSnavia, rom swor zedapirul formamde [btd] ise mivediT, rom

raime wesisTvis ar migvimarTavs. ubralod SevarCieT optimaluri zedapiruli
gamoxatuleba mocemuli principebisa da warmodgenili variantebis ganxilvis
Sedegad. ratomaa es faqti ase mniSvnelovani? igi gviCvenebs, rom SesaZloa is,
rasac Cven wess vuwodebT aris urTierTqmedeba fonotaqtikur SezRudvebsa da analogiis SezRudvebs Soris, wesis struqturuli aRweriloba ZiriTad
gamoxatulebaSi (UR) darRveulma fonotaqtikurma SezRudvebma gansazRvra,
xolo struqturuli cvlileba exeba im analogiis SezRudvebs, romlebic ZiriTad da zedapirul gamoxatulebebs (SR) Soris dgas.
Cndeba kiTxva, romelic aqamde ar SegviniSnavs: zogadi principebis pirobebSi wesis yvela aspeqtis winaswar gansazRvra SesaZlebelia Tu ara? bevri
fonetikosi cdilobs dadebiTi pasuxi miiRos. es niSnavs imas, rom axla warmodgenili analizi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba SezRudvebTan, vidre wesebTan dakavSirebiT. am Tavis darCenil nawilebSi ganvixilavT hipoTezidan gamomdinare
sakiTxebs. sapirispiros gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudod, (32)-Si yvela SesaZlo
varianti ar iyo warmodgenili, magaliTad, ra gamoricxavs [btneid] formas,
rogorc /bt-d/-is kandidats? araferi, vinaidan mocemuli principebi amis
saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tumca Cven jer ar gangvixilavs analogiis yvela prin-
629
630
savarjiSo
14. 6
savarjiSo
14. 7
cipi: SesaZloa, romelime maTganma daasabuTos, ratomaa [btd] ukeTesi forma

waikiTxeT savarjiSo 13.3 da (8) magaliTi me-13 TavSi. ungruli warmoTqmis
[btneid]-Tan SedarebiT.
alternaciis analizi xelaxla CamoayalibeT inglisuri warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis principis msgavsi formulirebiT, magram SeusabameT igi ungrul magaliTebs da dawereT (20b)-s msgavsi wesi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am enaSi [voicing]
maxasiaTeblis mixedviT SeuTavsebeli mimdevroba miuRebelia sityvis sawyis
poziciaSi. CamoayalibeT Sesabamisi wesebi (20)-is formatis gamoyenebiT.
gadaikiTxeT 14.3 savarjiSo da Tqveni pasuxi. amoxsnaSi Tqven CamoayalibeT principi, romelic inglisurSi TanxmovanTa zogierTi mimdevrobis zedapirul struqturaSi dauSveblobas exeboda, am princips mivyavarT ZiriTadi
gamoxatulebebis iseT saxesxvaobebTan, romlebic am princips daarRvevs. magaliTad, ZiriTadi forma zmnisa condemn /kndmn/ vlindeba [kndm] formiT,
roca mas ar mosdevs xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsi ation. sityvis bolos ZiriTad formaSi gamoxatuli /-mn/-s warmodgena zedapiruli [m] formiT seriozul sirTules uqmnis aqamde am TavSi ganxilul analizs. am savarjiSoSi Tqveni
davalebaa, rom aRmoaCinoT es problema. am Tavis momdevno qveTavi ganixilavs
am problemis gadaWris gzas. problemis amosacnobad saWiroa ganixiloT am
TavSi warmodgenili utyuarobis principis da sxva saxis SezRudvebi, romlebic iciT.
SeqmeniT tablo, sadac yvela es SezRudva iqneba warmodgenili da sadac
ZiriTadi /kndmn/-is sxvadasxva kandidatia Sefasebuli. yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom mxolod pirvelia zedapiruli swori forma, romelsac swori analizis Sedegad viRebT. ganixileT Tqven mier aRmoCenili problema.
ZiriTadi
kandidati 1 kandidati 2
kandidati 3
kandidati 4
kandidati 5
kndmn
kndm
kndmn
kndmn
kndn
kndmd
ganixileT Tqven mier aRmoCenili problema tablosTan mimarTebaSi.
savarjiSo
14. 8
xelaxla waikiTxeT 14.5 savarjiSo, romelic ganixilavs SemTxvevebs, roca

ZiriTad formaSi mimdevroba /sj/ iqca zedapirul [] sityvis sawyis poziciaSi,
magaliTad, ZiriTadi /knfs-jn/- d iqca zedapirul [knfn]. ipoveT sul cota
5 kandidati, anu 5 gansxvavebuli SesaZlo zedapiruli forma, romelic /knfs
jn/-s Seesabameba da romelic yovelmxriv iridebs akrZalul [sj] mimdevrobas.
Tu dasaxelebuli kandidatebi arRveven aqamde ganxilul romelime princips,
daasaxeleT romeli principebia warmodgenili tablos saxiT. daasaxeleT kandidatebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian zedapiruli formisagan da imavdroulad
ar arRveven aqamde warmodgenil arc erT princips. ganixileT an fonotaqtikuri an utyuarobis SezRudvebi, romlebsac es kandidatebi arRveven.
631
14.7 SezRudvaTa konfliqti

Cveni ganxilvis sworad warmoCenisaTvis saWiroa, calsaxad aRiniSnos,
rom Cveni mizani ar aris wesebis usargeblobaSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba. wesebma
SesaZlebelia modifikaciis saWiro modeli mogvces ZiriTadi gamoxatulebis
zedapirul variantad qcevisTvis. saWiroa SeviswavloT (32)-Si gadmocemuli
wesebisgan Tavisufali SemTxvevebi, vinaidan dainteresebulni varT principebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisgan ganarCeven SesaZlo da dauSvebel wesebs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, misaRebi wesia sityvaSi minimaluri cvlileba, rac leqsikuri informaciis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra igulisxmeba minimalur cvlilebaSi, vamowmebT SesaZlo analogiis principebs,
romlebic SeuTavsebel sazRvrebs aweseben dakavSirebul formebSi, es aris
erTi da imave sityvis ZiriTadi da zedapiruli gamoxatulebebi. sainteresoa,
rom analogiis principebi mSobliur enaze mosaubris lingvisturi kompetenciis nawilia.
gamogonili enebis fonologia

mecxramete saukuneSi ori ena, volapuki da esperanto gamoigones harmoniis damkvidrebisa da erovnebisa da eTnikuri sazRvrebis gadalaxvis mizniT. am
ideis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba imetyvelebda erT neitralur
enaze da Sedegad arc erT ukve arsebul enas sxvebTan mimarTebaSi upiratesoba
ar mieniWeboda. am xelovnuri enebis fonologiuri struqtura saSualebas gvaZlevs vnaxoT, gamomgonebelTa azriT, ra qmnis lingvistur sistemas moqnilsa
da advilad asaTvisebels. volapukis leqsikuri maragi efuZneboda romanul
da germanul enebs, xolo esperantos safuZvlad daedo germanuli, romanuli
enebi da polonuri. gasakviric araa, rom segmenturi agebuleba, marcvalTa
forma da maxvili am or enaSi Zalian hgavs germanul, romanul da slavur enaTa struqturebs, Tumca sainteresoa, rom cdilobdnen orive enaSi morfemaTa
alternaciebis ricxvi minimumamde SeemcirebinaT: amis gamo arc volapuki da
arc esperanto ar hgavs safuZvlad gamoyenebul arc erT enas. orive am enas aqvs
xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsebi. es maxasiaTebeli enacvleba yvelaze gavrcelebul alternaciebs, romlebic Tanxmovans upirispirebs Tanxmovans, xmovans ki
xmovans: vinaidan Zirebis umravlesoba TanxmovniT bolovdeba, xolo TiTqmis yvela sufiqsi xmovniT iwyeba, Tanxmovan-Tanxmovnisa da xmovani-xmovnis
wyvilebi, rac alternaciebs gamoiwvevda, warmatebiTaa aridebuli. morfemaTa
alternaciis iSviaTi SemTxveva esperantoSi gamovlinda bolo xmovnis dakargvis saxiT; kandlo sanTeli, SesaZloa realizdes kandl formiT, Tumca morfemis warmomadgeneli bolo xmovani, romlis yofna araa gamowveuli sintaqsuri
konteqstidan, ver waiSleba: es ki Zalian hgavs (29) princips morfemis aRdgena.
igive Tviseba axasiaTebs ufro mogvianebiT Seqmnil esperantoze dafuZnebul
ganaxlebul da gaumjobesebul versiebs, rogoricaa frangul-esperanto ena
neo.
wina qveTavSi warmodgenil analizSi zedapiruli forma, rogoricaa
[btd] ZiriTadi /bt-d/-isTvis, SerCeuli iyo zedapiruli gamoxatulebebis
CanarTi
14. 3
632
yuradRebiT SeswavliT ara marto imitom, rom (25)-is msgavs fonotaqtikur,

aramed analogiis SezRudvebsac akmayofilebda.
miuRebeli Cans is azri, rom SezRudvebs wesebis Canacvleba SeuZliaT,
magram Tuki wesebi momdinareobs principebidan, maSin (32)-is msgavsi cxrili
martivad da zustad gamoxatavs im principebs, romlebic ganmarteven, ratom
icvleba ZiriTadi struqtura da ratom xdeba maTi cvlileba ama Tu im konkretuli gziT. ra Tqma unda, aq Tavs iCens is faqtic, rom SeuZlebelia yvelafris
axsna, magram eqsperimentirebis gareSe ver aRmovaCenT enis struqturis romeli aspeqtebia sadao anu ra aixsneba zogadi terminebiT da romeli daiyvaneba
ufro zogad principebze. Sesabamisad, saWiroa, ganvixiloT Tvalsazrisi, rom
fonologiuri wesis yvela aspeqti SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros principebiT.
swored amas vakeTebT axla.
winaze aRvniSneT, rom mxolod Sva, Zalian mokle xmovani, Caismis ZiriTad
formaSi /bt-d/. axla ki CamovayaliboT am movlenis amxsneli SesaZlo principebi. ganvixiloT (39):
(33) a. marcvlovani ekvivalentoba. ZiriTad gamoxatulebaSi imdenive
marcvalia, ramdenic zedapirul formaSi.

b. mosazRvreobis aRdgena. ZiriTad gamoxatulebaSi mezobeli segmentebi mosazRvreni unda iyvnen zedapirul formaSic.
CanarTi
14. 4
damatebiTi cnobebi mosazRvreobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb

mosazRvreobis aRdgenis principi teqstSi gamoiyeneba, raTa aixsnas msgavs segmentebs Soris mxolod umoklesi bgeris Casma. am principis ufro viwro
versia ganmartavs movlenebsac. aRsaniSnavia, rom /t-d/ mimdevroba, romelic
[btd]-s msgavs sityvebSi gacalkevebulia, ekuTvnis sxvadasxva morfemebs: /
bt/ da /d/. davuSvaT, mosazRvreobis aRdgenis principi ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, roca mezobeli segmentebi erTi morfemis SemadgenlobaSia. es iwvevs
ufro Zlier akrZalvas morfemis SigniT Casasmelad, vidre morfemaTa sazRvarTan. es Sedegi dokumentirebulia: siera mivokSi, gadaSenebul amerikel
indielTa enaSi kaliforniaSi, xmovani [] Caismis Tanxmovnebis wyvilis gasayofad. misi adgili damokidebulia morfemaTa sazRvarze, kerZod, /tekm-nt-/,
rac niSnavs ganagrZo fexiT dartyma, damatebiTi xmovani Cndeba pirveli ori
Tanxmovnis Semdeg, /nt/ sufiqsis win: [tekmnt-], xolo sityvaSi /hooj-ks/, rac
niSnavs misi SiSveli muxlebi Cans, xmovani Caismis pirveli Tanxmovnis Semdeg: [hoojks]. aseTi Sedegi amtkicebs, rom erTi morfemis segmentebi mosazRvreebad rCeba zedapirul formaSic. Casmis adgilis aseTive mravalferovani
variantebia sxva enebSic.
mosazRvreobis aRdgenis principis gansxvavebuli Sedegi gamoixateba
survilSi, afiqsi Cajdes ara ZirSi infiqsis saxiT, aramed mis gareT, prefiqssufiqsis saxiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom infiqss fundamentaluri nakli aqvs: igi mosazRvreobis aRdgenis princips arRvevs; misi Casma acalkevebs iseT segmentebs,
romlebic fuZis ZiriTad formaSi mosazRvreni iyvnen. savaraudod, amis gamoa,

rom enaTa umetesobaSi ar aris infiqsi. iseT enebSic ki, sadac infiqsi arsebobs, maTi Casmis wesi Zalian SezRudulia. infiqsacia xdeba iseT morfemebSi,
romelTa marcvalTa struqtura infiqsis meSveobiT umjobesdeba.
(33)-Si warmodgenili nimuSebi gonivrul principebs hgavs. magram pirveli,
risi aRmoCenac Cven SegviZlia, isaa, rom isini ar saubroben formebis wyvilebze, anu UR-sa da SR-s Sepirispirebaze; erTmarcvliani UR /bt-d/ upirispirdeba ormarcvlian SR-s [btd]. /t-d/ segmentebi ZiriTad formaSi mezobeli segmentebia, magram gancalkevebulia zedapirul gamoxatulebaSi. maT Soris Sva
aris Casmuli. aq zemoaRniSnuli principebi miuRebelia.
Tumca, am problemis sxva gziT ganxilvac SeiZleba. (33a) principi sayuradReboa, vinaidan igi ganasxvavebs miRebul da uaryofil UR-SR wyvilebs: /
bt-d/ _ [btd] da /bt-d/ _ [btneid]. miRebuli wyvili gansxvavdeba erTi marcvliT, miuRebeli oriT, riTac arRvevs kidec (33a)-s. amis msgavsad, (33b)
principi vargisia iseTi miuRebeli formebis gamosaricxad, rogoricaa /bt-d/
_ [bt-n-d] wyvili. am SemTxvevaSi, UR da SR formebi marcvalTa raodenobiT
erTnairia, magram mezobeli /t-d/ Tanxmovnebis gamyofi ufro moklea miRebul
wyvilSi, vidre uaryofilSi. amgvarad, ZiriTad formaSi mezobel segmentebs
Soris zedapirul gamoxatulebaSi siaxlovis xarisxi sakmaod sayuradRebo
sakiTxia: es faqti garkveulwilad warmodgenilia (32b) principSi, risi dasabuTebac qvemoTaa mocemuli.
axla ki, Tu (33) principi vargisia da saWiroa misi aRiareba, maSin unda
aRiniSnos, rom iseTi zedapiruli gamoxatulebebi, rogoricaa [btd] arRvevs
mas. es ki Tavsatexia: Cven vamtkicebT, (33) principi ganmartavda, /t/ da /d/ segmentebis macalkevebeli wesi ratom svamda maT Soris mxolod Svas da sxvas
arafers, axla ki vambobT, rom swored am princips arRvevs miRebuli zedapiruli formebi, romlebic Tavad am princips unda aexsna. am gaurkvevlobidan
gamosvla SesaZlebelia, Tu gaviazrebT, rom aqamde ganxiluli zogi principi
erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba: SeuZlebelia arc-zedmetad-msgavsi da morfemis
aRdgenis principebi erTdroulad yovelTvis Sesruldes, aseve mosazRvreobis aRdgenisa da obstruentobis aRdgenis principebi. Tu yvela principis dakmayofileba erTdroulad ar SeiZleba, unda avarCioT maT Soris iseTi, romlis
Sesrulebaa ufro prioritetuli da romlis nawilobrivi darRvevaa dasaSvebi.
es naTlad Cans (34) cxrilSi, sadac yvela forma romelime princips arRvevs da
arc erTi kandidati ar aris unaklo. Tuki vityviT, rom mosazRvreobis aRdgena
naklebad mniSvnelovania danarCen principebTan SedarebiT, maSin optimaluri kandidati isaa, romelic am princips arRvevs, magram danarCenebs akmayofilebs. grafikulad es gamoxatulia mosazRvreobis aRdgenis principisTvis
gankuTvnili svetis ori paraleluri xaziT gamoyofis gziT.
633
634
(34)
UR = bt-d/
arc-zedmetadmsgavsi
(a) [btd]
(b) [bnd]
morfemis
aRdgena
mosazRvreobis
aRdgena
(g) [bt]
(d) [btd]
rogorc xedavT, (34)-Si ukanaskneli xarisxis SezRudvasac ki aqvs zedapiruli formebis SerCevaze gavlena. es winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, roca
*[btneid] forma uvargisad miviCnieT, vinaidan igi ZiriTad gamoxatulebaSi
mezobel segmentebs metismetad acilebda erTmaneTs. es sakiTxi axla SeiZleba
aisaxos analizSi, Tuki vityviT, rom ori mosazRvre segmentis macalkevebeli
erTeuli damoukidebladaa aRniSnuli darRvevis gamomxatveli niSniT. saboloo Sedegi ki isaa, rom [btneid] darRvevis ufro met niSans flobs, vidre
[btd] da es sakmarisia [btneid] formisa da yvela sxva msgavsi kandidatis gamosaricxad.
(35)
UR=
arc-zedmetad-msgavsi
/bt-d/
morfemis
aRdgena
mosazRvreobis
aRdgena
(a) [btneid]
****
(b) [btd]
aq ufro zustadaa warmodgenili principebi, romlebic SerCevis process

safuZvlad edeba, rogorc (34)-(35) cxrilebSi Cans.
(36) rogor SevarCioT swori kandidati uamrav variants Soris:
a. Tu jgufSi ori kandidati, a da b, mxolod imiT gansxvaveba, rom a arRvevs ufro mniSvnelovan SezRudvas, vidre b, maSin b aris optimaluri a-sTan SedarebiT.
b. Tu jgufSi ori kandidati, a da b, gansxvavdeba mxolod imiT, rom a
ufro metad arRvevs erT SezRudvas vidre b, maSin b aris optimaluri
a-sTan SedarebiT.
g. SerCeuli kandidati optimaluri unda iyos yvela danarCen kandidatebTan SedarebiT.
SerCevis es principebi ar exeba iseT SemTxvevebs, roca kandidatebi darRvevaTa raodenobiT da darRveuli SezRudvebis ierarqiiT gansxvavdebian.
aseTi situacia abstraqtulad qvemoTaa mocemuli:

(37)
UR
SezRudva 1
kandidati (a)
kandidati (b)
SezRudva 2
**
(b) kandidati dabalxarisxovan SezRudvas orjer arRvevs, xolo (a) ufro

mniSvnelovan SezRudvas mxolod erTxel. ra arCevani unda gakeTdes aseT
viTarebaSi? saWiroa ganvixiloT aseTi situaciis realuri SemTxveva, rom davinaxoT, romeli varianti rCeba zedapirul formad. aqamde Seswavlili SemTxvevebi gviCvenebs, rom (b) unda darCes: SezRudvis rangi, kategoria ufro mniSvnelovania SerCevisas, vidre darRvevaTa ricxvi. amitomac Cven (36a)-s Semdegnairad gadavwerT:
(38) nebismieri a da b kandidatis SemTxvevaSi, Tu a-s mier darRveuli SezRudva ufro maRali kategoriisaa, vidre b-s mier darRveuli, maSin b
aris optimaluri varianti a-sTan SedarebiT.
(37)-Si a-s mier darRveuli SezRudva 1 (C1) ufro maRali rangisaa, vidre
b-s mier darRveuli SezRudva 2 (C2). swored es wyvets, romeli kandidatia optimaluri.
SerCevis aseTive procedura tardeba ZiriTadi /sip-d/-is zedapiruli
formis SesarCevad, romelic arRvevs warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis princips. aseT
SemTxvevaSi Cven swor Sedegs miviRebT warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis yvelaze maRal
doneze dasmiT:
(39) JReradobis aRdgena: Tu segmenti ZiriTad formaSi mJReria, igi
mJReri unda iyos zedapirul formaSic.
(40)-Si warmodgenilia SezRudvaTa kategoriebad dalagebis Sedegi: mosazRvreobisa da JReradobis aRdgenis principebis or-ori paraleluri xaziT
gamoyofa miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis dabal rangze:
(40)
UR =
warmoTqmiTi
/sp-d/
SeTanxmeba
(a) [spd]
(b) [sp]
(g) [smd]
(d) [spd]
(e) [spt]
morfemis
aRdgena
obstruentobis
aRdgena
mosazRvreobis
aRdgena
JReradobis
aRdgena
*
*
*
aqamde ganxiluli SezRudvebis dalagebuli forma mocemulia (41)-Si: is-
635
636
rebi () miuTiTebs, rom zemoT mdgomi SezRudvebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre qvemoT dawerilebi. >> simboloc amave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba: C1 >>
C2 niSnavs, rom C1 ufro maRali rangisaa vidre C2.
(41) warmoTqmiTi arc-zedmetad- morfemis

SeTanxmeba,
msgavsi,
obstruentobis
aRdgena,
mosazRvreobis aRdgena
JReradobis aRdgena
aRdgena,
aRsaniSnavia, rom JReradobis aRdgenis principi ar aris zedmeti da umniSvnelo. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze bolosaa CamonaTvalSi, igi gamoricxavs iseT kandidats, rogoricaa *[btt], rac arc erT sxva SezRudvas ar
aukrZalavs. (42) cxrili gviCvenebs, rom [btt] uaresia [btd]-ze, vinaidan igi
arRvevs ara mxolod mosazRvreobis aRdgenis princips, aramed warmoTqmis aRdgenis principsac. (36)-is (b) SemTxvevis Tanaxmad [btd] optimaluri formaa,
xolo [btt] da [btd] erTnairia TiTqmis yvelaferSi, garda imisa, rom pirveli arRvevs erT SezRudvas ufro metad, vidre meore:
(42)
UR =
/bp-d/
warmoTqmiTi morfemis obstruentobis

SeTanxmeba
aRdgena aRdgena
(a) [btd]
(b) [bt]
(g) [bnd]
mosazRvreobis aRdgena
JReradobis
aRdgena
*
*
(d) [btd]
(e) [btt]
Semdgomi dakvirvebebi moicavs Svas CarTvisa da yrud qcevis wesebis dalagebas. ori wesi, a da b, SeiZleba dalagdes ise, rom a win uswrebdes b-s, an piriqiT.
mocemuli magaliTebisTvis, mxolod erTi variantia swori. Tu Svas CarTvas yrud
qcevis win davsvamT, maSin ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba /bt-d/ Tavs iCens, rogorc
[btd], ris Semdegac yrud qcevis wesis saWiroeba saerTod qreba. esaa Cveni magaliTebisTvis saWiro Sedegi. Tu yrud qcevis wess Svas Casmis win davsvamT, maSin
/bt-d/ xdeba [btt], ris Semdegac Svas Casmis Sedegad araswor formas *[btt]-s
viRebT. igi arRvevs imave SezRudvebs, rasac [btd], magram amas kidev erTi darRveva emateba. swored amis gamo xdeba igi naklebad optimaluri kandidati.
(20)-is msgavsi analizi, romelic moicavs or wess, ver gamoxatavs am faqts;

araviTari aspeqti ar ganmartavs, ratomaa erTi wesis mixedviT dalageba ukeTesi, vidre meore wesis mixedviT. es dakvirveba didi xania mimdinareobs. im
enaTmecnierebma, vinc es faqti pirvelad SeniSnes, iseTive saxis axsna warmoadgines, rogorsac axla Cven ganvixilavT. magaliTad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
wesebis orgvari wyoba arsebobs (a wesi b-s win da piriqiT), romelTagan ZiriTadi formis aRdgenis erTi ufro srulyofil saSualebas gvaZlevs, vidre meore.
amgvarad, mxolod wesebiT vimoqmedebT, Tu mxolod SezRudvebiT, mTavaria,
rom analizma gamoavlinos swori US-SR mimarTeba.
am qveTavSi ganxilulia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. kerZod is, rom
principebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs SeewinaaRmdegos. maTi Sepirispireba ar gulisxmobs romelimes avtomaturad amovardnas: SesaZlebelia yvelas SenarCuneba, magram saWiroa maTi prioritetis niSniT dalageba. kategoriebi gvawvdis
cnobas, romeli SezRudvis darRveva SeiZleba sxvis Sesrulebis xarjze. magram
amis mixedviT ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela SezRudva lingvisturi kompetenciis nawilia: rogorc maxasiaTeblebi, sintaqsuri struqturebi an maxvili,
aseve calkeuli SezRudvebi hipoTezebia gramatikuli codnis struqturis
Sesaxeb. da rogorc hipoTezebi, SezRudvebic SeiZleba iyos swori an araswori.
magram maTi urTierTwinaaRmdegobis ubralo faqti ar aris sakmarisi safuZveli maTi amoSlisTvis.
14.8 tipologia, markireba da variantebis klasifikacia

optimaluri kandidatis SerCevis wina qveTavSi warmodgenili wesebi winaswar gansazRvravs, rom SezRudvebis sxvadasxva saxiT klasifikacia gansxvavebul bgeriT formas iwvevs. magaliTad, Tu Cven mosazRvreobis aRdgenis
princips arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principis win davayenebT, gamova, rom saboloo kandidati da ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba identuria. (43) cxrili amis naTeli ilustraciaa:
(43)
UR=
/bt-d/
mosazRvreobis
aRdgena
(a) [btd]
(b) [bt]
(g) [bnd]
(d) [btd]
morfemis
aRdgena
obstruentobis
aRdgena
arc-zedmetad-msgavsi
*
*
*
am sakiTxze yuradReba Semdegi mizeziT gavamaxvileT. gramatikis Cven

mier warmodgenili modeli sami saxis sakvlev obieqts moicavs, esenia: ZiriTadi gamoxatulebis enisaTvis specifikuri leqsikoni, SezRudvaTa jgufi da am
637
638
SezRudvebis enisaTvis specifikuri saxiT klasifikacia. SesaZloa SezRudvebi

Cveni analizisgan damoukidebladac arsebobdnen, rogorc erT enaSi, ise erTi
movlenis kros-lingvistur analizSi. zemoT mocemul danarTebSi amis magaliTebi iyo moyvanili, magram SezRudvebis klasifikacia warmodgenili gaxldaT mxolod sadiskusio masalis Sesaqmnelad: mas sxva datvirTva ar hqonda,
garda magaliTebis mocemisa. SezRudvebis klasifikacia iseTive TviTneburi
da calkeuli enisTvis specifikuria, rogorc is faqti, rom katis aRsaniSnad
inglisuri iyenebs [kt]-s da franguli [a]-s. Tuki es asea, maSin Cven wavawydebiT problemas, rogor alagebs erTsa da imave SezRudvebs sxvadasxva ena.
msgavsi Tanxmovnebis mimdevrobebi (mag. [tt], [dd], [ss]) berberul dialeqtebSi ucvleli formiTaa warmodgenili sityvis bolos, polonurSi sityvis dasawyisSi. inglisuris, polonurisa da berberulis zedapirul formebs Soris
gansxvaveba SegviZlia miviCnioT, rogorc erTi da igive arsebuli principis
gansxvavebuli klasifikaciis erT-erTi magaliTi: arc-zedmetad-msgavsi
>> mosazRvreobis aRdgenis principi (inglisurSi); mosazRvreobis aRdgenis
principi >> arc-zedmetad-msgavsi (polonursa da berberulSi).
magram aseTi daskvnis gakeTeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tuki viciT, rom arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principi raime rols asrulebs polonurisa
da berberulis gramatikebSi. Tu es ar viciT, maSin [ss] wyvilis daSveba sityvis
sawyis an bolo poziciaSi SeiZleba am enebSi arc-zedmetad-msgavsi principis
ararsebobiT iyos gamowveuli. es Zalian mniSvnelovani da, garkveulwilad,
gadaulaxavi problemaa: rogor unda ganvasxvavoT lingvisturi sistemebi,
sadac esa Tu is SezRudva dabali kategoriisaa, im sistemebisagan, sadac igive
SezRudva saerTod ar SeiniSneba?
am SekiTxvaze naTeli pasuxi ar gvaqvs. magram vfiqrobT, rom pasuxis
miuxedavad, kvlevis saukeTeso strategiaa maprognozirebeli varaudis miReba. am SemTxvevaSi aseTi varaudi isaa, rom SezRudvebi erTnairia yvela enisTvis
da gansxvaveba maT klasifikaciaSia.
Cveni magaliTi efuZneba marcvlis struqturaze me-13 TavSi warmodgenil dakvirvebas. iqve iyo aRniSnuli, rom calkeul situaciebSi damarcvla
damokidebulia ara konkretuli enis specifikur, im TavSi gaanalizebul masalaze, aramed universalur upiratesobebze. adre naxsenebi ori saxis upiratesoba qvemoTaa ganmeorebuli:
(44) marcvalTa upiratesobis ori universaluri wesi:
Tanabar pirobebSi segmentebi daimarcvleba ise, rom Seqmnas a) Ria marcvlebi da b) sawyisiani marcvlebi.
es ori upiratesoba SegviZlia fonotaqtikuri SezRudvebis saxiT CamovayaliboT.
(45) *koda: marcvlebs ar SeiZleba kodebi hqondes.
(46) sawyisi: marcvlebs aucileblad unda hqondes sawyisebi.
vinaidan (44)-Si damarcvlis upiratesobebi universaluria, Sesabamisi
SezRudvebic universaluri unda iyos. ratom xdeba, rom zog enaSi mxolod
sawyisis armqone marcvlebia, zogSi mxolod daxuruli marcvlebi (anu kodebi)

da zogSi ki rogorc inglisurSi dasaSvebia orive? SegviZlia am kiTxvas vupasuxoT, Tuki gavaanalizebT saSualebebs, riTac (45) da (46)-is damrRvev ZiriTad gamoxatulebebs maTTan SeTavsebad formebad vaqcevT. aviRoT UR /bg/
inglisurSi. es forma arRvevs (45)-s, vinaidan mas aqvs koda. ratom ar aris igi
ise formulirebuli, rom (45)-s moergos? imitom, rom gamoxatulebebis fiqsirebis nebismieri meTodi gulisxmobs UR formidan daSorebas da TiToeuli
aseTi daSoreba ki gamoiricxeba analogiis SezRudviT. SegviZlia bolo Tanxmovani amoviRoT /bg/-Si, magram es warmoTqmisa da obstruentobis aRdgenis
principebis darRvevas gamoiwvevs.
(47) Tanxmovnis aRdgena
ZiriTad formaSi arsebuli Tanxmovani aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili zedapiruli formiT (identuri an Secvlili saxiT).
(aRsaniSnavia, rom am SezRudvis darRveva xSirad gamowveulia sxva SezRudvebis SesrulebiT, rac xSiria inglisurSi, roca sityvis bolos mn, mb da
sxva TanxmovanTa wyvilebi iyrian Tavs.)
Tu Tanxmovnis aRdgenis princips davayenebT *kodaze maRla, es igive
iqneba, rom /bg/ formis (46)-Tan SesabamisobaSi moyvanisTvis saWiro bgeraTa
amoRebis meTodi gavauqmoT. SesaZlebelia aseve raime xmovnis Casma, vTqvaT [],
rac [g]-s saSualebas miscems marcvlis sawyisi gaxdes: /bg/ [b.g]. ratom ar
viRebT am variants? SesaZloa imitom, rom analogiis SezRudvebis meore klasi
moiTxovs, zedapirul formas arc erTi iseTi segmenti ar daematos, rac mis URSi araa.
(48) xmovnis Casmis akrZalva
zedapirul gamoxatulebaSi warmodgenili xmovani ZiriTad formaSic
unda iyos (identuri an saxecvlili).
xmovnis Casmis akrZalvis princips Tu *kodas win davayenebT, maSin
gamoiricxeba am formis kodas gareSe realizeba. aqamde warmodgenili klasifikaciis mixedviT, /bg/ formam aucileblad unda SeinarCunos koda, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi marcvlis aseT struqturas upirispirdeba.
(49)
UR=
/bg/
xmovnis Casmis
akrZalva
(a) [bg]
(b) [b]
(g) [bg]
Tanxmovnis
aREdgena
*koda
*
*
(Cveni axali principi xmovnis Casmis akrZalva irRveva iseT formaSi,

rogoricaa [mndd], sadac Svaa Camatebuli. magram es aRmoCena SeTavsebadia
aqamde gamoTqmul varaudebTan, vinaidan CvenTvis mTavaria, rom klasifikacia
arc-zedmetad-msgavsi >> xmovnis Casmis akrZalva Seesatyvisebodes xmovnis
639
640
Casmis akrZalva >> *koda klasifikacias, rac saWiroa (49) -isaTvis).

Tu Cven SevcvliT am sami SezRudvis wyobas (49)-Si, SesaZloa, SevqmnaT
iseTi fonologiuri sistemebi, sadac potenciuri koda waiSleba (*koda >>
Tanxmovnis aRdgena); da agreTve SevqmnaT iseTi enebi, sadac kodebis arsebobas
Tavidan avicilebT xmovnis Casmis gziT (Tanxmovnis aRdgena, *koda >> xmovnis
Casmis akrZalva). axali zelandiis enas maoris zedapirul gamoxatulebebSi
aqvs mxolod Ria marcvlebi (C)V saxiT da avlens iseT alternaciebs, rogoricaa [ho.pu] daiWire da [ho.pu.ki.a] dagiWiron. vinaidan vnebiTi formis mawarmoebeli sufiqsia ia (da ara kia), aseTi saxis alternaciebi gviCvenebs, rom
Ziria /hopuk/ da, roca SesaZlebelia marcvlis sawyisi gaxdes, /k/ iSleba Semdegi saxis mimdevrobaTa gamo: xmovnis Casmis akrZalva da *koda >> Tanxmovnis
aRdgena. klasifikaciis kidev erTi saxea Tanxmovnis aRdgena, *koda >> xmovnis Casmis akrZalva, romelic warmodgenilia aSeninka kampaSi, samxreT amerikis
erT-erT enaSi.
amrigad, (49)-Si warmodgenili klasifikaciis variantebi gviCvenebs sam
gzas, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac sityvis bolo Tanxmovans unda movepyroT:
isini SeiZleba SenarCundes, rogorc inglisurSi xdeba; waiSalos, rogorc
maoriSia; an iqces marcvlis sawyisad xmovnis Casmis gziT, rogorc aSeninkaSi.
iseTi ZiriTadi formebi, sadac zog marcvalSi ar aris sawyisi, gvaZlevs aseTive tipis enaTSoris variantebs: Tu analogiis SezRudvebi marcvlis sawyisis principze maRla dgas, ZiriTad formaSi arsebuli /umi/ _ xeluxlebeli
darCeba; Tuki sawyisis principi >> xmovnis aRdgena, maSin SeiZleba daikargos
sawyisis armqone xmovani da zedapirul formaSi warmogvidges, rogorc [mi]; Tu
sawyisis principi >> Tanxmovnis Casmis akrZalva, SesaZloa gamovlindes damatebiT sawyisi segmenti da zedapirze gvqondes, vTqvaT, [umi]-s saxiT. faqtobrivad, samive varianti miRebulia.
ufro metad sasargebloa idea, rom lingvisturi variantebi aisaxeba SezRudvaTa klasifikaciis variantebSi. yvela bgeriTi nimuSi ar warmoiqmneba
CvenTvis ukve nacnobi SezRudvebis dalagebiT. magaliTad, ena, sadac yvela
marcvali daxurulia, ver daxasiaTdeba fonotaqtikuri da analogiis SezRudvebis klasifikaciiT. am hipoTezur sistemaSi, yvela Ria marcvali zedapirul
formaSi daxurulad iqceva. Tu es xmovanTa sistematuri amoSliT miiRweva,
maSin zogierTi SezRudva xmovnis aRdgenis win unda idges; Tu mizani TanxmovanTa sistematuri CasmiT xorcieldeba, maSin igive SezRudva Tanxmovnis
Casmis akrZalvis principis win unda dadges. magram maRali rangis SezRudva,
romelsac aseTi gavlena eqneba, ar arsebobs: Cven mier Seswavlil arc erT enaSi
am donis upiratesoba ar eniWeba kodas. Sesabamisad, araa gasakviri, rom arc
erTi ena sistematurad ar krZalavs Ria marcvals. SesaZlo kodebis sakiTxSi
lingvisturi variacia mxolod ganxilul sam variantze vrceldeba. daiSveba
Tu ara koda? Tu ara, maSin rogor unda aviciloT isini Tavidan?
14.9 SezRudvaTa klasifikaciis gavlena sityvaTwarmoebaze

SezRudvaTa klasifikaciis sargeblianobas warmovadgenT sityvaTwarmoebaze maTi gavlenis gaanalizebiT. Cveni dakvirvebis pirveli obieqtia
afiqsebis ori klasi. afiqsaciis wesebi SeiZleba maTi produqtiulobis mixedviT dalagdes: produqtiuli afiqsebi SeiZleba nebismier fuZes miemagros misi
sintaqsuri an semantikuri saWiroebis mixedviT. araproduqtiul afiqsebs
aseTi unari ar aqvT. magaliTad, sufiqsi ness SeiZleba daematos xarisxis gamomxatvel nebismier zedsarTav saxels da awarmoos arsebiTi saxeli, romelic
gamoxatavs am Tvisebis flobas: sheepishness, greenness, idleness. sufiqsi er SeiZleba daematos moqmedebis gamomxatvel nebismier zmnas da awarmoos arsebiTi
saxeli, romelic am moqmedebis Semsrulebels gamoxatavs: planter (of trees), recoverer (of lost objects), opener (of doors). sufiqsi able emateba gardamaval zmnebs
da awarmoebs zedsarTav saxels, romelic am moqmedebis SesaZleblobas aRniSnavs: mesmerizable, induceable, sweepable. es afiqsebi produqtiuli afiqsebia.
mocemuli magaliTebi SemTxveviTi sityvebia, ufro struqturulad Seqmnili,
vidre leqsikonSi moZebnili formebi.
zemoaRniSnulis sapirispirod afiqsi al, rac zmnur moqmedebas gamoxatavs, aseve produqtiulad ver daemateba yvela zmnas: arsebobs arrival (dakavSirebuli arrive zmnasTan), magram ara *connival (dakavSirebuli connive zmnasTan). amitom al formebis ricxvi sagrZnoblad SezRudulia da imis gasagebad,
aqvs Tu ra zmnas al sufiqsiani forma, saWiroa leqsikonSi moZebna. produqtiuli afiqsebis SemTxvevaSi leqsikonSi Zieba ar aris aucilebeli; aseTi afiqsiani
sityvebi, aqtiurad gamoiyeneba Tu ara, yovelTvis SeiZleba iwarmoos. amis msgavsad, zedsarTavuli sufiqsebi ic da -al, aseve -ity, romelic zedsarTavidan
awarmoebs arsebiT saxelebs, uxvadaa inglisur leqsikonSi, magram araproduqtiulia zemoaRniSnuli ganmartebis mixedviT; SegviZlia vTqvaT methodicalness,
magram ara methodicality; SegviZlia TavdajerebiT vTqvaT the quality of an obstruent, magram ara obstruental quality.
produqtiulobaSi gansxvaveba inglisurSi asocirdeba fonologiur
maxasiaTeblebTan: produqtiuli afiqsebi inarCuneben Zireuli marcvlis maxvils. araproduqtiul sufiqsebs ki aseTi maxasiaTebeli ar aqvT: maTi umravlesoba fonologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs fuZeSi. faqti, rom aseTi sityvebi inarCuneben maTi fuZis fonologiur maxasiaTeblebs, unda aisaxos lingvistur
codnaSic. (50)-Si warmodgenilia Sesabamisi principi:
(50) maxvilis aRdgena
Tu marcvali maxviliania mocemul sityvaSi, maSin es marcvali maxviliani am sityvisa da erTi an meti afiqsis nebismier kombinaciaSi.
Tu marcvali umaxviloa mocemul sityvaSi, maSin igi umaxviloa am sityvisa da erTi an meti afiqsis nebismier kombinaciaSi.
produqtiuli afiqsis mqone sityvebi akmayofileben (50)-Si warmodgenil
princips. amis gamo isini arRveven sxva principebs. magaliTad, yvela uafiqso
sityva inglisurSi _ da bevri afiqsianic ver itans orze met umaxvilo marcvals sityvis bolos. uafiqso sityvebSi SeiZleba iyos mTavari maxvili sityvis bolosgan sakmaod daSorebiT (rogorc magaliTad sityvaSi mlanchly),
641
642
magram yovelTvis iqneba meore maxvili bolo sam marcvalSi. ioli SesamCnevia,
rom umaxvilo marcvlebSi xmovnebi Semoklebulia ([], [] an [] []-s win); sruli
xmovani, rogoricaa [], [], [e], [], [a], [u] maxvilis maniSnebelia. uafiqso sityvebSi sityvis bolos Semoklebuli xmovnis Semcvel or marcvalze meti araa.
am mizeziT [pmln]-s msgavsi sityvebi, romlebic sami SviT mTavrdeba, SesamCnevi iqneba da arainglisur sityvad CaTvlian isinic ki, visTvisac inglisuri
mSobliuri enaa.
(51) uafiqso inglisur sityvebSi sityvis bolos umaxvilo marcvlebis
jaWvi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
umaxvilo marcvali: vanlla, devlop, magnta

umaxvilo marcvali: mlody, sterisk, dscipline
umaxvilomarcvali:
umaxvilo marcvali:
sityvis bolo sami marcvlidan maxvilis adgili Seesabameba (52)-Si warmodgenil princips:
(52) cdomilebis akrZalva
ar SeiZleba rigSi orze meti umaxvilo marcvali iyos.
cdomilebis akrZalva gamoricxavs, rogorc miuRebel formebs, iseTs rogoricaa [pmln], aseve hipoTezur [ttmngut]-s, sadac sami umaxvilo
marcvali yofs or maxvilians. realurad arc erTi varianti ar gvxvdeba.
magram cdomilebis akrZalvis princips arRvevs produqtiuli sufiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi: iseT formebSi, rogoricaa dsciplinable, cannicalness,
clssificatry, inglisur leqsikonSi akrZaluli maxvilis formebia. magram ver
vityviT, rom aseTi sityvebi inglisuri maxvilis wesebisgan gamoyofilia gamo
naklisebis saxiT: isini warmoadgenen produqtiul da Cveulebriv modelebs,
rac gamowveulia fuZeze sufiqsis darTviT. verc imas vityviT, rom araviTari
fonologiuri wesi ar exeba produqtiuli sufiqsebiT warmoebul sityvebs, vinaidan ZiriTadi maxvilis gadanacvleba bevr sufiqsTan dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba:
rogorc sityvebSi nalze da nalyzable, sadac ZiriTadi maxvili inacvlebs marjvniv. am movlenis ganzogadeba warmodgenilia (50)-Si: maxvilian marcvals unarCundeba maxvili afiqsaciis dros, umaxvilo ki rCeba umaxvilod. am nimuSis
Casawerad saWiroa cdomilebis akrZalva movaTavsoT maxvilis aRdgenis qvemoT. aseTi klasifikaciis ilustracia warmodgenilia (53)-Si:
(53)
fuZe: cannical [knankl]
maxvilis aRdgena
(a) canoncalness [knnklns]
**
(b) canniclness [knnklns]
(g) cannicalness [knnklns]
cdomilebis
akrZalva
ganxiluli magaliTebi gviCvenebs gavlenas, romelsac axdens sityvaT
warmoebaze analogiis SezRudvebis fonetikur SezRudvebze maRla dayeneba. aseTi klasifikaciis Sedegad morfologiurad rTuli formebi arRvevs
fonotaqtikur SezRudvebs.
sapirispiro formiT dalagebac SegviZlia warmovadginoT: sityvaTwarmoebaze SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos SezRudvebis klasifikaciam, roca
analogiis zog SezRudvaze maRla dgeba fonotaqtikuri SezRudvebi. Cven
gamoviyenebT sqematur magaliTs, rac ganazogadebs avstroneziur enebSi arsebul ramdenime movlenas. warmodgenili idea ekuTvnis makkartisa da princs
(1995). avstroneziur jgufSi (romelic moicavs tagalogs, iavanurs, aqenurs)
misaRebia daxuruli da sawyisis armqone marcvlebi. es imas niSnavs, rom analogiis Sezrudvebi kodas akrZalvasa da sawyisis win dgas. miuxedavad amisa, am or
SezRudvas sakmaod didi gavlena aqvs avstroneziuri enebis morfologiaze. am
enebis prefiqsebis umetesobas aqvs CV(C) forma. sufiqsebi SedarebiT ufro iSviaTia, zog enaSi ki saerTod ar gvxvdeba (aqenuri). ramdenime afiqsia VC formis
da isini infiqsis saxiT gvxvdeba pirveli Zireuli Tanxmovnis Semdeg. amgvarad,
roca aqenuri afiqsi -um- infiqsis saxiTaa CarTuli tulak-is msgavs formaSi, viRebT tumulak-s. damarcvliT igi Cveulebrivi formiT iSleba: tu.mu.lak. am enaTa
infiqsebis analizma or kiTxvas unda upasuxos: pirveli, ratomaa es morfemebi
infiqsebi da ara prefiqsebi an sufiqsebi? meore, ratom aqvT infiqsebs VC forma da ara CV, rac sxva afiqsebis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba? orive kiTxvis pasuxi gulisxmobs SezRudvaTa klasifikacias. davuSvaT, rom avstroneziur enebSi VC
morfemebi ZiriTadad prefiqsebia: aseT SemTxvevaSi isini win unda uswrebdnen
sityvis Ziris garkveul nawils, sasurvelia, mTliani Zireuli morfemis win
idges. am miznisTvis (54)-Si aseT SezRudvas CamovayalibebT:
(54) prefiqsi
afiqsis yvela segmenti uswrebs Ziris yvela segments.
axla ganvixiloT is SemTxveva, roca isini mTlian Zirs uswreben win, rogorc prefiqsebi. maSin um-is afiqsaciiT miviRebT um.tu.lak, ori kodiani da
erTi sawyisis armqone marcvliT. unda iTqvas, rom infiqsuri forma tumulak
fonotaqtikurad umjobesia. masSi araa sawyisis armqone marcvali da igi amcirebs kodaTa ricxvs romelime segmentis Casma-amoSlis gareSe. amgvarad, sawyisisa da kodas akrZalvis Sesaxeb dabali rangis SezRudvebi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs VC morfemebis infiqsebad gamoyenebaSi. isini dabali rangisani ki
arian analogiis sxva SezRudvebTan SedarebiT, magram prefiqsze maRla dganan
da swored es metyvelebs imaze, ratom moxda um-is infiqsacia. klasifikacia
xsnis ratom ar gamoiyeneba CV formis prefiqsi infiqsis saxiT: igi awarmoebs
sawyisisa da kodis armqone marcvlebs maSinac ki, Tu is prefiqsis princips akmayofilebs.
643
644
(55)
prefiqsi um
Ziri tulak
sawyisi
kodas akrZalva
(a) um.tu.lak
**
(b) tu.mu.lak
prefiqsi
magram ratom ar daismis afiqsi -um sufiqsad? yuradReba mivaqcioT,

rom forma, sadac -um sufiqsis rols asrulebs, fonotaqtikurad sworadaa
agebuli. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi -um morfema arc erT Zireul segments win
ar uswrebs. SesaZloa swored amitom tulak-um forma ar gamoiyeneba. Cven vamtkicebT, rom morfemis prefiqsoba ar aris radikaluri sakiTxi: optimaluri
prefiqsi Ziris yvela segments win uswrebs, magram morfema mainc prefiqsia, Tu
is Ziris ramdenime segmentis win dgas. infiqsebi ki swored amas akeTeben: isini
Ziris segmentebis umetesobas win uswreben, magram Tavs arideben sawyisisa da
kodas akrZalvis principebis darRvevas. SegviZlia es gamovxatoT SezRudvebis damrRvevTa fifqiT _ * _ aRniSvniT. TiToeul Zireul segments, romelic
afiqsamde dgas davaweroT *. aseTi pirobis Tanaxmad, miRebuli tumulak da *tulakum SeiZleba zustad ganvasxvavoT: rogorc (56)-Sia naCvenebi, es ori forma
erTsa da imave SezRudvas (prefiqsi) arRvevs, magram erT-erTi maTgani ufro
meti sixSiriT akeTebs amas.
(56)
sawyisi
kodas akrZalva
prefiqsi
(a) tu.la.kum
*(t)*(u)*(l)*(a)*(k)
(b) tu.mu.lak
*(t)
aRsaniSnavia, rom mosazRvreobis aRdgenis SezRudva darRveulia amJamad

moqmedi formiT tumulak (vinaidan -um acalkevebs ZiriTad formaSi mezobel
bgerebs t da u), Tumca es principi sruldeba miuRebeli *tulakum formiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom prefiqsi, marTalia Tavad Zalian dabali rangisaa,
magram amave enaSi mosazRvreobis aRdgenis principze maRla dgas.
am qveTavSi ilustrirebuli iyo analizis tipebi, romlebic SezRudvaTa
gareSe ar moqmedebs. SeiZleba infiqsaciis wesi avstroneziisTvis daiweros,
magram SezRudvaTa gareSe ver avxsniT, ratomaa mxolod VC morfema CarTuli,
ratom gamoiyeneba ufro infiqsad, vidre prefiqs-sufiqsad da ratom arian
isini moTavsebulni macxena kidesTan ise axlos, rogorc es fonotaqtikuri
wesebis mixedviTaa nebadarTuli. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom aq ganxilul analizs
axlavs SezRudvebi da maTi klasifikacia wesebis gareSe.
645
14.10 daskvna
am TavSi Cveni mizani iyo fonologiis fundamentur kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacema: ZiriTadi formebis SecvlisaTvis ratom arsebobs wesebi? pirvelad
SemogTavazeT pasuxi, romelic sakiTxis naxevars xsnida: ratom ar SeuZliaT
ZiriTadi formebi yovelTvis zedapirze ucvleli iyos? pasuxi isaa, rom fonotaqtikuri SezRudvebi xSirad irRveva. Semdeg amave kiTxvis meore nawils
mivxedeT: ratom xdeba cvlileba mxolod daSifruli wesebis mixedviT? amis
pasuxi ufro rTuli iyo. pirvel rigSi aRvniSneT, rom zogjer cvlilebebi gvaZlevs Zireuli formidan mniSvnelovnad dacilebul gamoxatulebas. pasuxSi
naCvenebi iyo, rom mxolod minimaluri sxvaoba unda iyos zedapirul da ZiriTad formebSi gamoxatuli. am sakiTxis ufro detaluri ganxilvisas, mivediT
daskvnamde, rom analogiaTa SezRudvebis mTeli rigi unda iyos warmodgenili.
Semdeg aRmovaCineT, rom es SezRudvebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. erTaderTi
gza maTi Tanaarsebobisa aris maTi klasifikacia, anu prioritetis mixedviT
dalageba. bolo or qveTavSi gamovikvlieT SezRudvebis klasifikaciis sargebeli marcvlovani tipologiisa da sityvaTwarmoebis procesis analizSi vcadeT, dagvenaxebina, rom fundamenturi kiTxvisTvis pasuxis gacemisas risTvis arsebobs wesebi? iqmneba pasuxebi, sadac wesebis, rogorc aRweris saSualebebis gamoyeneba minimumamdea dayvanili an sruliad gamoricxulia.
Archangeli, Diana and Terence, Langendoen.
eds. 1997. Optimality Theory: An
Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hayes, Bruce. 1995. Metrical Stress Theory:
Principles and Case Studies. Chicago:
McCarthy, John and Alan Prince.

1995.
Prosodic
Morphology.
In
John Goldsmith, ed., Handbook of
Phonological Theory, pp. 318-67,
Oxford: Blackwell.
iokutsSi gadaSenebis piras mdgari kalifornieli amerikeli indielebis

ena (niumeni, 1944) aris sonorebis ori tipi: Cveulebrivi mJReri sonorebi
rogorc (a)-Si iyo naCvenebi da glotalizebuli sonorebi rogorc (b)-Si iyo
warmodgenili. glotalizebuli sonorebis warmoTqmisas warmoiqmneba dabrkoleba, rac maT xangrZlivobas amcirebs. am ori tipis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTebelia [constricted glottis]: glotalizebuli mwkrivis Tanxmovnebi [+constricted glottis]ad xasiaTdebian.

(a) Cveulebrivi sonorebi, [-constricted glottis]: m, n, l, w, j

(b) glotalizebuli sonorebi, [+sonstricted glottis]: m, n , l , w , j
I nawili
Cveulebrivi sonorebi iokutsis sityvebSi nebismier poziciaSi gvxvdeba.
zogi magaliTi naCvenebia (g)-Si: mniSvnelovani bgerebi gamuqebuli asoebiTaa
savarjiSoebi
savarjiSo 14.9
646
dabeWdili.
(g) sityvis dasawyisSi:
me:kit gadaylapes, wowlal SeiZleba
adges
xmovnebs Soris:
gijit Seexes, amilka miSveleT!
sityvis bolos:
xathin SeWama, logwol SeiZleba dafSvna
xmovansa da Tanxmovans Soris: amilka miSveleT! logiwka dafSveni!
Tanxmovansa da xmovans Soris: amlal SeiZleba daxmareba, gijmi exmareba.
glotalizebuli sonorebi ar gvxvdeba sityvis dasawyisSi an Tanxmovnis
Semdeg. magaliTebi mocemulia (d)-Si:
(d) sityvis dasawyisSi:

xmovnebs Soris:
cawa:hin yvirili, nen a:hin gaCumeba
sityvis bolos:
xaja:halij moTavsebuli
xmovansa da Tanxmovans Soris: jawla:hin miyola, elka:hin simRera
Tanxmovansa da xmovans Soris:
CamoayalibeT principi formisa TvisebaTa kombinacia x dauSvebela Y-is
poziciaSi, rac Seajamebs iokutsSi glotalizebuli sonorebis distribucias.
gaxsovdeT, rom es wesi araa: gansaxilvel masalas alternaciebi ar aqvs, aramed
isini sistematurad ar gvxvdebian erT konkretul poziciaSi.
II nawili
axla ki ganixileT (e)-(v) alternaciebi: iokutsSi zogi sufiqsi rogorciaa /inaj/ da /a/, romelTagan yvela iwyeba glotaluri xSuli [] bgeriT mis
win mdgar sonors glotalizebulad aqcevs. roca es xdeba, sufiqsis sawyisi
glotaluri xSuli qreba. Tumca, yvela sonori am wess ar emorCileba. aseTi sonorebis amocnoba maTive poziciiT SeiZleba: ganixileT magaliTebi da daasaxeleT, rogor unda amovicnoT aseTi sonorebi. ganmarteT, pirvel nawilSi ganxiluli magaliTebi am faqts rogor hfens naTels. ganixileT lihm-in aj forma da
axseni ratom vlindeba igi zedapirulad an rogorc *lihm-in aj an rogorc *lihminaj.
(e) /in aj/ sufiqsis ZiriTadi forma aseTi saxiT vlindeba:

dub- inaj
roca xeliT migyavs
(v) glotalizebuli xSuli /in aj/-Si ase realizdeba:
cow - inaj
xelis Cavlebisas
hiw t-inaj
seirnobisas
tan-inaj
siarulisas
sawyisi glotaluri xSuli /a/ Semdegnairad realizdeba:
tojx-a

wamali momeci
aml-a
miSveleT, daxmareba mWirdeba
(z) glotaluri xSuli /in aj/-Si ase ar realizdeba:
lihm-in aj
sirbilisas
glotaluri xSuli sufiqsSi /a/ ase ar realizdeba:
647
wis -a
gaswordi
dali
picw-a
daiWire
damatebiTi qula: CamoayalibeT procesi, romliTac ZiriTadi forma /tojxa/ zedapirze xdeba tojx-a
, rac niSnavs wamali momeci.
ugn-a
kidev erTxel ganixileT me-13 TavSi warmodgenili warmoTqmiTi alternaciebis magaliTebi ungrulSi. am Tavis 14.6 savarjiSoSi Tqven CamoayalibeT
warmoTqmiTi SeTanxmebis alternaciebis gamomwvevi principebi. am principis
Tanaxmad, Ziris bolo obstruenti icvleba, raTa warmoTqmaSi Seewyos sufiqsis sawyis obstruents. axla ki ganixileT sxva gzebi, romelTac SeeZloT zedapiruli forma warmoTqmis SeTanxmebis principisTvis daeqvemdebarebinaT.
magaliTad, SesaZlebeli iyo xmovnis Casma obstruent bgerebs Soris: ZiriTadi
forma /rb solg/ mona SeiZleba realizebuli yofiliyo /rb0solg/-ad, sadac [] bgeraa or obstruents Soris Casmuli. es gamoxatuleba akmayofilebs
voice SeTanxmebis princips da gvaZlevs ungrulSi miRebuli formisgan gansxvavebul variants.
daasaxeleT sami procedura, romliTac enas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos, obstruentTa mimdevrobis voice principTan SeTanxmeba, magram amas ar akeTebs.
gviCveneT, rogor Seicvleboda ZiriTadi forma, dasaxelebuli saSualebebi
miRebuli da gamoyenebuli rom iyos ungrulSi.
savarjiSo 14.10
waikiTxeT 13.4 savarjiSo me-13 TavSi. xelaxla CamoayalibeT iokutsis

xmovanTa sigrZis analizi grZeli xmovnebis distribuciis Sesaxeb principis
CaweriT. grZeli xmovnebi ar gvxvdeba CC mimdevrobis da sityvis bolo Tanxmovnis win. dawereT principi marcvlis aRniSvnis gamoyenebiT da wesi (20)-is
formatSi.
savarjiSo 14.11
gaaanalizeT ZiriTadi da zedapiruli formebis qvemoT mocemuli wyvile

bi, romlebic adre iyo ganxiluli:
savarjiSo 14.12
weriTi saxe
ZiriTadi forma
zedapiruli forma
[skwz]
(a) squishes
[skw-z]
(b) buses
[bs-z]
[bsz]
(g) licks
[lk-z]
[lks]
(d) laps
[lp-z]
[lps]
TiToeuli ZiriTadi formisTvis arsebobs Semdegi saxis alternatiuli

kandidatebi:
kandidati 1
kandidati 2
kandidati 3
[skwnz]
(a) [skwz]
[skw]
(b) [bsz]
[bs]
[bnz]
(g) [lkz]
[lk]
[lz]
648
(d) [lpz]
[lp]
[lmz]
daasaxeleT is SezRudva, romelsac TiToeuli kandidati arRvevs. SeadgineT oTxi cxrili (erTi cxrili erTi sityvisTvis) (32)-is formatSi, sadac
aRniSnavT SezRudvaTa darRvevebs da am alternatiul formebs SeadarebT sityvis zedapirul formas
savarjiSo 14.13
ganixileT warumatebel kandidatTa axali klasi:

ZiriTadi forma
kandidati 4
(a) /skw-z/
[skwz]
(b) /bs-z/
[bz]
(g) /lk-z/
[lz]
(d) /lp-z/
[lz]
CamoayalibeT utyuarobis axali principi, rome s mixedviT ki amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
mosazRvreobis aRdgena (morfemis SigniT). ZiriTad gamoxatulebaSi mosazRvre segmentebi, romlebic erT morfemas ekuTvn is, mosazRvreni unda
iyvnen zedapirul formaSic.
siera mivokSi es SezRudva ar irRveva arc erTi zedapiruli formiT,

xolo (33b)-Si warmodgenili zogadi SezRudva ki xSrad xmovnis CamatebiT irRveva. am informaciis gacnobis Semdeg gadawyviteT 14.7 savarjiSoSi dasmuli
problema.
15
fonetikisa da fonologiis
Secnoba
Sinaarsis sarCevi
15.0 Sesavali
15.1 bavSvis mier metyvelebis aRqma
15.1.1 Cvilebis Semowmebis
sacdeli paradigmebi
15.1.2 bavSvebis mier kategoriebad aRqma
15.1.3 saubris aRqmis sxva unarebi bavSvebSi
15.1.4 dabadebidan erTi wlis
manZilze aRqmis unarSi
momxdari cvlilebebi
15.2. warmoTqma
15.2.1 bavSvis titini
15.3 adreuli metyveleba
15.3.1 kontrastebis sistemis
ageba
15.3.2 fonologiuri procesebi

15.3.3 maxviliani marcvlebis
mniSvneloba warmoTqmaSi
15.3.4 ararsebuli marcvlebi
15.3.5 aRqmisa da warmoTqmis
Sepirispireba: rac
gvesmis ar aris is, rac
bavSvma icis an ambobs
15.4 daskvna
SeniSvnebi aRniSnul enebTan dakavSirebiT
15.0 Sesavali
11-14 TavebSi Cven warmovadgineT mniSvnelovani Teoriuli cnebebi fonetikuri maxasiaTeblis, fonemis, marcvlis, maxvilisa da prosodiis Sesaxeb.
axla vnaxavT, rom yovelive es naTladaa asaxuli enis ganviTarebaSi da rom
TiToeuli adamianis gramatika, maT Soris bavSvebisac, aerTianebs am erTeulebs.
15.1 bavSvis mier metyvelebis aRqma

Zireuli problema, romlis winaSec bavSvi dgeba enis fonologiis gacnobisas, aris imis gansazRvra, Tu risgan Sedgeba Sesaswavli enis bgera. vinaidan
bgerebi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, magram araa identuri, bavSvma unda gaiazros,
650
romeli msgavsi fonebi aerTianebs msgavs fonetikur kategoriebs Sesaswavl

enaSi. pirveli nabijia bgerebs Soris gansxvavebebis aRqma, raTa informacia
Semcirdes wesebSi gamoyenebuli erTeulebis aRmoCenisaTvis.
15.1.1 bavSvis Semowmebis sacdeli paradigmebi

rogor unda gaarCion mkvlevrebma, ras aRiqvams bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT ki
axalSobili? oTxi sacdeli paradigma gamoiyeneba bavSvis aRqmis unaris Sesamowmeblad, romelTagan TiToeuli warmoCindeba axalSobilebTan mimarTebaSi:
(1) guliscemisa da (2) wovis siswrafis gazomva (aRiniSneba wovis maRali amplituda anu HAS-High Amplitude Sucking). TiToeuli es paradigma cdilobs
aRmoaCinos, rom bavSvis guliscema da wovis sixSire izrdeba axali informaciis mosmenisas, xolo Zveli, nacnobi bgerebis gagoneba araviTar cvlilebas
ar iwvevs mis organizmSi. magaliTad, HAS paradigmaSi bavSvs eZleva sawovara
da dgindeba wuTSi wovis sixSiris sawyisi xazi. erTi versiiT bavSvebi sawovaris woviT akontroleben stimulis prezentacias. rac ufro maRalia wovis
sixSire, miT ufro xSirad moZraobs stimuli. meore versiiT, bavSvis wovis an
guliscemis sixSiris sawyisi xazi dgindeba, Semdeg ki stimuli waredgineba. dasawyisSi guliscemis an wovis sixSire izrdeba axali smeniTi stimulis wakiTxvisas, magram sixSire ecema Tu imave stimuls warvudgenT. roca axali TxrobiTi stimulis miwodeba iwyeba, guliscemisa da wovis siswrafe maRla iwevs, rac
miuTiTebs imaze, rom bavSvma stimulis cvlileba SeigrZno. aseTi gziT, bavSvs
uamravi saxis fonetikuri Tu sxva saxis stimuli SeiZleba waredginos da SeuZlia gansazRvros maT Soris romelia danarCenebisgan gansxvavebuli. amrigad,
Semecnebis zogierTi maCvenebeli SeiZleba gaizomos.
kidev ori paradigma arsebobs cota ufro mozrdili bavSvebisTvis. es
procedurebi gulisxmobs drois gazomvas bavSvis stimulze mzeraTa Soris
(vizualuri fiqsaciis procedura), rac ori Tvis CvilebTan gamoiyeneba. meoTxe paradigma gamoiyeneba 4 Tvis da zemoT asakis Cvilebze. Tavis mobrunebis
proceduraSi bavSvma Tavi Sualeduri poziciidan unda miabrunos xmamaRla
mosaubrisaken, an smeniT an aqtiuri metyvelebis stimulis sapasuxod. Tavis mibrunebis proceduraSi, Tavis sworad mitrialebebi iwvevs eleqtrulad aqtiuri yuTis ganaTebas, romelSic raime saxis saTamaSoa moTavsebuli da bavSvebs
SeuZliaT saTamaSo CarTon mxolod Tavis swori mimarTulebiT mobrunebiT.
15.1.2 bavSvebis mier kategoriebad aRqma

sacdeli teqnikis gamoyenebiT swavloben Cvilebis unars, ganarCion
bgerebi, sxvadasxva enis bgeriTi modelebi, aseve sintaqsuri jaWvi, rogorc
es me-6 TavSi iyo aRniSnuli. metyvelebis aRqmis kidev erTi unari, romelic
Zalian patara Cvilebze dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoikvlies, aris maT mier TanxmovanTa kategorebad aRqma; anu Tanxmovnebs Soris fonetikuri gansxvavebebis
SeniSvna da am gansxvavebaTa ugulebelyofa maT erT kategoriaSi moqcevisaTvis. TanxmovanTa aRqmis es specifikuri gza axasiaTebs yvela adamians. magaliTad, xSuli Tanxmovnebi ganirCeva Voice Onset Time-iT (VOT). rogorc me-11
TavSi iyo ganxiluli, xSulebi Semdegnairad SegviZlia aRvweroT:
fonetikisa da fonologiis Secnoba
(1) (a) warmoTqmamdeli roca bgeraTa jgufi vibrirebs gamoSvebamde

100 mili/wami siCqariT.

(b) mJReri an yru arafSvinvieri roca vibrireba da gamoSveba erT-
(g) yru (fSvinvieri) xSulebi roca gamoSvebis Semdeg vibracia
droulia.
yovndeba.
rogorc im TavSi iyo ganxiluli, enebi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, CamoTvlilidan ramden kategorias upirispireben erTmaneTs (1, 2 Tu samives). inglisuri upirispirebs b da g kategoriebs; franguli da ungruli a da g-s, tai a, b
da g-s. sayuradReboa, rom zrdasrulebi mxolod im gansxvavebas aRiqvamen, rac
fonemuria maT enaSi.
rodis iwyeben bavSvebi TanxmovanTa kategoriebad aRqmas? es unari bavSvebma droTa ganmavlobaSi unda SeiZinon, Tu Tandayolilia? am kiTxvisTvis
pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi, romlebic wovis maRal amplitudas iyeneben,
gviCveneben, rom 1-4 Tvis Cvilebs SeuZliT samive kategoriis garCeva imisda
miuxedavad, maT Sesaswavl enaSi Sepirispirebulad gamoiyeneba Tu ara. amgvarad
aRqmis unari, Cans, rom Tandayolilia da ara naswavli an garemoTi Sepirobebuli. Tumca, zrdasTan erTad bavSvebi TavianT aRqmis unars nel-nela usabameben
Sesaswavl enas, kargaven am sawyis unars da VOT sazRvrebis Sepirispirebis
gagebas. isini xdebian mgrZnobiareni mxolod im gansxvavebaTa mimarT, romlebic fonologiuri Rirebulebisaa Sesaswavli enisaTvis.
cxrili 15.1 Tanxmovnebs Soris fonetikuri gansxvavebebi, romlebsac
bavSvebi aRiqvamen.
garCeuli bgerebi bavSvis asaki

fonetikuri
maxasiaTebeli
fonetikuri
kontrastis saxe
(Cexuri kontrasti)
[ra] da [za]
1-4 Tve
[b] da [d]
Cvili
[ba] da [ga]
6-9 kvira
[da] da [ga]
6-12 kvira
[wa] da [ja]
2 Tve
[va] da [a]
2 Tve
[fa] da [a]
2 Tve
[ra] da [la]
2-3 Tve
[ma] da [na]
2-3 Tve
[va] da [sa]
2-4 Tve
[sa] da [a]
2-4 Tve
[as] da [az]
3 Tve
[ba] da [ga]
4-5 Tve
[ba] da [wa]
6-8 Tve
[ada] da [aga]
6 Tve
[da] vs [ba] vs [ga]
6 Tve
[fa] da [a]
6Tve
hindi retrofleqsi 6Tve
kbilismieri xSulebi
gangrZobili
ragvaroba
koronaluri
adgili
zurgismieri
adgili
zurgismieri
adgili
wina
adgili
koronaluri
adgili
koronaluri
adgili
gverdiTi
ragvaroba
bagismieri/koronaluri
adgili
koronaluri/mJReri
adgili da toni
wina
adgili
mJReri
glotaluri striqtura
zurgismieri
adgili
Tanxmovnuri
ragvaroba
zurgismieri
adgili
koronaluri/zurgismieri adgili
koronaluri
adgili
alveolaruli
vs ragvaroba
651
652
15.1.3 saubris aRqmis sxva unarebi bavSvebSi

bavSvebis mier saubris aRqmis sxva kvlevaSi, sadac es eqsperimentuli
meTodebia gamoyenebuli, bavSvebma SeniSnes uamravi fonetikuri gansxvaveba.
15.1 cxrili gviCvenebs fonetikurad msgavs Tanxmovnebs, romlebic Cvilebma
ganasxvaves. aRsaniSnavia, rom es bgerebi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi mxolod erTi
fonetikuri maxasiaTebliT gansxvavdeba, rac miuTiTebs, rom bavSvi dabadebidan mgrZnobiarea fonetikuri Tvisebebis gansxvavebebis mimarT. aseve, sayuradReboa, rom igi am mgrZnobiarobas avlens nebismier enasTan mimarTebaSi.
15.2 cxrili gviCvenebs zogierT xmovans, romelsac bavSvebi ganarCeven.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom xmovanTa wyvilebi erTmaneTisgan mxolod erTi
fonetikuri TvisebiT gansxvavdeba.
15.2-Si bolo ori kontrasti grZel maRal wina momrgvalebul xmovansa
da grZel maRal ukana momrgvalebul xmovans Soris da moSvebul maRal wina
momrgvalebul xmovansa da moSvebul maRal ukana momrgvalebul xmovans Soris
romlebic fonemuria germanulSi da romelsac cnobs 4-6 Tvis asakis inglisuris Semswavleli Cvili, veRar aRiqvams 6-8 Tvis inglisurenovani bavSvi. es
magaliTi, sadac 6 Tvis bavSvebi veRar arCeven xmovnebs, romlebsac ufro adreul asakSi ganasxvavebdnen, SeimCneva xmovanTa uamrav wyvilTan dakavSirebiT
da gviCvenebs, rom Cvilebi kargaven mgrZnobiarobas arafonemuri xmovnebisadmi daaxloebiT 6 Tvis asakSi, gacilebiT adre, vidre TanxmovnebTan mimarTebaSi. Cvilebi mgrZnobiareni arian prosodiuli gansxvavebebisadmic. bavSvebis
mier fonologiis SecnobaSi prosodiuli informaciis roli ufro detalurad 15.3 qveTavSi iqneba ganxiluli.
15.2 cxrili. xmovanTa zogi gansxvavebebi, rasac inglisurenovani Cvili
ganarCevs.
CanarTi
15.1
garCeuli xmovnebi
bavSvis asaki
[a] vs [i]
1-4 Tve
[i] vs [u]
1-4 Tve
[i] vs []
[pa] vs [p]
2 Tve
1-4 Tve
[y] vs [u]
4-6 Tve
[Y] vs []
4-6 Tve
damatebiTi cnobebi bavSvebis aRqmis unaris Sesaxeb

Cvilebis mier saubris aRqma aqtiuri Seswavlis sagani gaxda, razec uamravi saintereso eqsperimenti tardeba. erT-erTi aRmoCena, romelic araerTgzis
dadasturda, aris Cvilebis unari ara mxolod aRiqvan mosaubreTa gansxvavebebi, aramed ugulebelyon (qvecnobierad, ra Tqma unda) mosaubris gansxvavebebi, roca saqme exeba imas, mocemuli bgera igivea Tu gansxvavebuli. magaliTad,
bavSvebi kargad arCeven dedis xmas danarCenebisgan da aSkarad amJRavneben, rom
dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT! zrdasruli adamianebis msgavsad, bavSvebi yuradRebas ar aqceven mosaubris xmas da sxva fonetikurad umniSvnelo gansxvavebebs. garda amisa, 6 Tvis Cvils SeeZlo ganerCia [a] da [i] maSinac ki, roca xmis
toni gansxvavdeboda ara mxolod erTi mosaubris metyvelebaSi, aramed sam mosaubres Sorisac; ori Tvis asakis Cvili yuradRebas ar aqcevs erTi adamianis
metyvelebas da sxva mosaubreTa metyvelebas Soris arsebul gansxvavebas bug
da dug sityvebis garCevisas; bavSvi 2-3 Tvis asakSi ganarCevs [ba] da [wa] marcvlebs. bavSvebma zustad ician, rom vinc ar unda saubrobdes da rac ar unda
swrafad metyvelebdes, ar aqvs mniSvneloba warmoTqmuli bgerebis amocnobisaTvis.
meore unari, romelic gamoikvlies, aris bavSvis mier mSobliuri da ucxo
enis erTmaneTisagan garCeva. erT-erTi kvlevisas, magaliTad, frangma axalSobilma frangulad da rusulad mosaubris mosmenisas, maSin gamoavlina wovis
maRali sixSire, roca franguls ismenda. am eqsperimentis erT-erT variantSi,
saubari ise iyo Secvlili, rom garda prosodiuli aspeqtebisa segmentebi daclili iyo yvela maxasiaTeblisagan. mere isev frangma axalSobilma frangulis mosmenisas wovis ufro maRali sixSire aCvena, vidre rusulis mosmenisas.
es gviCvenebs, rom Cvilebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven prosodiul
aspeqtebs. ufro metic, axalSobilebi did upiratesobas aniWeben da, Sesabamisad, cnoben kidec sabavSvo leqsebsa da moTxrobebs, maT mucladyofnis dros
rom mouTxroben. es niSnavs Semdegs: bavSvebi dabadebamdec aqtiurad usmenen
da yuradRebas aqceven saubars!
15.1.4 dabadebidan erTi wlis manZilze aRqmis unarSi momxdari

cvlilebebi
pirveli wlis bolos naTlad Cans Sesaswavli enis gavlena. erTi wlis manZilze bavSvebi arafonemuri kontrastis aRqmidan gadadian mxolod fonemuri
gansxvavebebis gagebaze. bavSvebi kargaven aramSobliuri bgerebis aRqmis unars. mTavari cvlileba 8-10 Tvis asakSi xdeba. magaliTad, 9 Tvis asakSi amerikeli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad xangrZlivad usmenen tipur, Zlieri da susti maxvilis nimuSebs inglisur sityvebSi (mag. maxviliani marcvlebi gamuqebuladaa
dabeWdili: American infants listen significantly longer to lists following the typical,
strong-weak stress pattern of English words. lets ger ready to fix dinner. Daddys
coming home from the office).
Tavis mobrunebis paradigmis gamoyenebiT Catarebul eqsperimentSi

amerikel Cvilebs da mozrdilebs waredginaT bgerebi, romlebic kontrastulia, erTi mxriv, hindisa (H) da, meore mxriv, Tompson saliSSi (TS) (nTlakampa,
kanadeli amerikeli indielebis ena). kiTxvisas bgerebi iyo hindis kbilismieri
bgerebis da retrofleqsuri xSulebis [ta] da [a]-s Sepirispireba, xolo tompson saliSSi, ukanasasismieri upirispirdeba naqismier abruptivebs [ki] da [qi].
amerikeli mozrdilebi ar ganarCeven am bgerebs, xolo amerikeli bavSvebi ganasxvaveben. magram am unaris cvlileba SesamCnevia daaxloebiT 8-10 Tvis asakSi,
rogorc es (2)-Sia naCvenebi.
653
654
(2) asakis mixedviT H da TS bgerebis garCevis procentuloba.

100
70
50
20
0
H
6-8
Tve
TS
H
TS
H
TS
8-10
10-12
Tve
Tve
amerikeli Cvilebi
H
TS
11-12
weli
bgerebis garCevis unari sagrZnob Sesustebas iwyebs 8 Tvis asakidan da 10

TvisaTvis amerikel Cvilebs aRar SeuZliaT aramSobliuri fonetikuri kontrastebis garCeva.
sainteresoa, rom, rogorc vnaxavT, bavSvebi kargaven aramSobliuri
bgerebis detalurad aRqmis unars maSin, roca maTi titini iZens Sesaswavli
enis maxasiaTeblebs. metyvelebis aRqmaSi es cvlileba SeiZleba gadmovceT,
rogorc fsiqologiuridan fonologiur safuZvelze gadasvla.
15.2 warmoTqma
15.2.1 bavSvis titini
iseve, rogorc mozrdilTa SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebic bgerebs warmoTqvamen
saxmo traqtis meSveobiT, magram Cvilis saxmo traqti gansxvavdeba ufrosebis
saxmo traqtisgan. igi mowyobilia fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebisaTvis,
ZiriTadad wovisa da sunTqvisaTvis, da arc ise Sesaferisia metyvelebisTvis.
bavSvis xorxi ufro maRalia, vidre zrdasrulisa ufro moklea misi faringaluri Rru da ena sagrZnoblad didia piris RrusTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad,
Zalian cota sametyvelo bgera SeiZleba warmoiTqvas sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi. or Tvemde warmoTqmuli bgerebi ZiriTadad aris wovis, tirilisa da sxva
saxis diskomfortis gamomxatveli. 2-4 Tvis asakidan bavSvebi iwyeben sicils.
sametyvelo bgerebs jer kidev ver gamoTqvamen.
roca bavSvi 4-5 Tvisaa, saxmo traqti cvlilebas ganicdis da bavSvs saartikulacio meqanizmis marTvis meti saSualeba eZleva. amitomac bavSvebi
iwyeben titins, gamoscemen sametyvelo bgerebis msgavs xmebs. amgvarad, titini
gamowveulia sxvaTa metyvelebis da Canaweris mosmeniTac ki, aseve sazogadoebasTan kontaqtiT da moZraobiT. titins namdvili metyvelebis mibaZvis saxe
aqvs.
6-7 Tvis asakSi titinis Tvisebebi icvleba da iwyeba periodi, romelsac
kanonikur titins uwodeben. aseTi saxis titins axlavs Tanxmovnebi da
xmovnebi, romlebsac namdvili xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis fonetikuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvT da, romlebic, Cveulebriv, erTiandebian marcvlebad, ZiriTadad CV marcvlebad, xSirad gaormagebul marcvlebad warmoCndebian, rogoricaa bababa an gaga.
655
Sesaswavli enis gavlena formirebaze.

titinis sawyis etapze bavSvebi warmoTqvamen uamrav msoflio sametyvelo
bgeras Tumca jer ar ician, ra enaze ilaparakeben Semdeg. adreuli titini ki
Seicavs SezRudvebs, romlebic xasiaTdeba konkretuli bgerebis gamoyenebis
sixSiriT. msoflio enebis yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli Tanxmovnebi Seadgens
adreul titinSi gamoTqmuli Tanxmovnebis 95%-s. magram mis ganviTarebasTan
erTad zogi bgera qreba da gviani titini Sedgeba bgerebisa da enis zogi fonotaqtikisgan, rasac bavSvi nel-nela ecnoba. magaliTad, luos O(nilosuri afrikuli enis) Semswavlel bavSvs, titinSi aqvs uamravi sawyisi [n], xolo inglisuris Semswavlelebs ara, rac asaxavs ra sixSiriT gamoiyeneba es Tanxmovani
sawyis poziciaSi. eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom mozrdilebi 8-10 Tvis bavSvis
titinSi maT mSobliur enas Seicnoben, ufro metic, 6 Tvis asakSic ki, Cineli
Cvilebi amJRavneben erTmarcvlian tonur titins: es aris titini tonuri variaciiT, romelic ar axasiaTebT rus da amerikel bavSvebs.
sicocxlis pirveli weli nawilobriv gadis imis ZiebaSi ra bgerebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs Cems enaSi? titinSi gamoyenebul bgeraTa wyvilebis
CaweriT aRmoCnda, rom es wyvilebi emTxveva metyvelebis aRqmis cvlilebebs.
erTi wlis bolos bavSvebma zustad ician, rogor unda auaron gverdi im gansxvavebebs, romlebic maT enaSi kontrasts ar qmnis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini
enis iseTive msmenelebi arian, rogorc ufrosebi. (ix. CanarTi 15.3)
titini niSnebis enaSi1
kanonikur titinamde dabadebidan yru bavSvebi imave bgerebs gamoscemen,
romelsac Cveulebrivi smenis mqone patarebi. marTalia, isini xmebs gamoscemen, magram sasaubro enis aRqmis TvalsazrisiT ar viTardebian. saintereso
paraleli SegviZlia gavavloT molaparake da niSnebis eniT titinis ganviTarebas Soris. fsiqoenaTmecnierebma gamoikvlies smenadaqveiTebuli mSoblebis
sami aseTi bavSvi, (anu bavSvebi niSnebis enas dabadebidanve rom gaecnen,) da
aseve smenis mqone mSoblebis sami yru bavSvi, (anu bavSvebi, romlebisTvisac
niSnebis ena metad ucxoa). maT aRmoaCines, rom 7 Tvemde yvela maTgani akeTebda
miTiTebis Jests maT xelT arsebul sagnebze, an akeTebdnen sakomunikacio, magram ara lingvistur miniSnebebs. 7 Tvis Semdeg niSnebis enis mcodne bavSvebma
daiwyes gansxvavebuli saxis Jestebis gakeTeba, romlebic marcvalTa niSnebs
hgavda. am JestebSi aisaxeboda yvela saxis SezRudvebi da yvela saxis maxasiaTeblebi, rac namdvil niSnebis enas axasiaTebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufi
erTnairi raodenobis Jests akeTebda, mxolod yru mSoblebis smenadaqveiTebuli bavSvebis Jestebi hgavda enis Jestebs, anu maT axasiTebdaT niSnebiT titini. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebi titins iwyeben marcvalTa msgavsi niSnebiT, nelnela ganasxvaveben lingvistur Jestebs aralingvisturisgan.
CanarTi
15.2
656
15.3 adreuli metyveleba

15.3.1 kontrastebis sistemis ageba
bavSvma unda aRmoaCinos da ganaviTaros Sesaswavli ena. es procesi
iwyeba mis mier imis aRmoCeniT, Tu romeli fonetikuri kategoriebi qmnis fonemur kontrasts Sesaswavl enaSi. fonemuri kontrasti (da fonotaqtika) viTardeba enis leqsikis SeswavlasTan erTad. bavSvi unda endos leqsikur kontrastebs fonemuri Sepirispirebebis gansazRvrisas,
aseve leqsikuri kontrastebi exmareba mas SesaZlo sityvis aRmoCenaSi.
CanarTi
15.3
mSobliuri enis aqcenti

Tu bavSvi Zalian mcire asakSia mas SeuZlia daSalos mozrdilTa metyveleba da Seitanos cvlilebebi sxva enaSi, amave enis Sesacnobad. magram Tu
axali enis Seswavlis SesaZlebloba ase adre ar miecema, mxolod konkretuli
gansxvavebebis mosmenisa da sxvebis ignorirebis Sedegad metyveleba fiqsirebuli rCeba. sxva enebis gamoTqmis uunarobasTan erTad mosmenisa da metyvelebis
aseTi gza albaT yvelaze mtkice aspeqtia enis codnisa, rac vlindeba ucxo enis
uaqcentod swavlisas. iSviaTad naxavT iseT adamians, vinc am kritikuli asakis Semdeg iswavla ena da srulad gauqra aqcentis kvali.
(3)
bagismieri
arabagismieri
t
k
rac SemdgomSi (4)-is saxiT viTardeba, sadac damatebiTi ganmasxvavebelic

Cndeba:
(4)
bagismieri
koronaluri
zurgismieri
warmoTqmis Semdeg, Cndeba axali maxasiaTebeli, rogorc (5a) da (5b)-Sia

warmodgenili.
(5) a.
bagismieri
koronaluri
zurgismieri
(b)
b.
bagismieri
koronaluri
zurgismieri
aseT sistemas Semdeg nazaluroba emateba, rogorc (6)-Sia naCvenebi:

(6)
bagismieri
koronaluri
zurgismieri
amis sapirispirod, bavSvma dasawyisSi SeiZleba mxolod sonoruli Tanxmovnebi icodes:

(7)
sonori
arasonori
m, n, l
p, s, d
aseTi sawyisis Semdeg vpoulobT bavSvisa da didis gamoTqmebs Soris kavSirs, rac (8)-Sia mocemuli:
(8)
warmosaTqmeli bgera
bavSvis bgera
p, s, d
m, n, l
Semdeg safexurze sonorobas emateba [coronal] da [voice] maxasiaTeblebi,

romlebic (9)-is msgavs sistemas qmnis:
(9)
+coronal/-coronal
+voice/-voice
+sonorant/-sonorant
d, t, s, n, l vs p, m, k
d, m, n, l vs p, s, t, k
m, n, l vs p, t, d, s, k
rac saSualebas iZleva, es maxasiaTeblebi nacnobi fonetikuri cxriliT

warmovadginoT:
(10)
bgera
p
t
d
k
m
n,l
s
sonorant
coronal
voice
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
657
658
(aRsaniSnavia, rom [nasal] Tvisebis sistemaSi Setanamde [n, l] sistematurad

ganirCeva warmoTqmaSi).
es ori magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs fonologiur ganviTarebas. es procesi bavSvebSi gansxvavdeba axali Tvisebebis gacnobis mimdevrobiT. bavSvis mier
segmenturi inventaris gamdidrebis procesi nabij-nabij win miiwevs.
bavSvisa da mozrdilis fonologiebs Soris gansxvavebas ori mizezi
iwvevs. pirveli isaa, rom Tvisebebi Tavidanve kontrastulad araa gamoyenebuli da vxvdebiT im bgeraTa Tavisufal varirebas, romlebic ufrosebis gramatikaSi gansxvavebuli fonemebia. meore, imis gamo, rom Cven jer kidev ar gvaqvs
yvela kontrastis zedapiruli gamomxatveli, ramdenime ZiriTad formas erTi
da igive segmenti warmoadgens. (11) gviCvenebs bavSvis mier iaponuris swavlis
magaliTs. am bavSvis fonologiur sistemaSi erTi segmenti [t] gamosaxavs fonologiurad gansxvavebul or segments [t] da [k].
(11)
a. [t] /k/-s nacvlad (asaki 3; 2)

A-s forma
warmosaTqmeli forma
[mita]
[potetto]
[mika]
[neto]
[neko]
[poketto]
b. [t] /t/-s naclvad

A A-s forma
warmosaTqmeli

forma
[tama]
[tama]
[terebi]
[terebi]
[tob]
[tob]
Targmani
forToxali
jibe
kata
Targmani
burTi
televizori
frena
ori saxis dasabuTeba arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, rom fonetikuri formis identurobis miuxedavad (11a) da (11b)-Si warmodgenili [t] bgerebi ZiriTad formaSi
sxvadasxva segmentebia. pirveli mtkicebuleba gamomdinareobs im faqtidan,
rom imave asakSi, roca A [t] bgeras /t/ da /k/ segmentisTvis iyeneben, araviTar
sirTules ar warmoadgens maT Soris gansxvavebis aRqma. meore argumenti gulisxmobs A-s mWidro kavSirs SezRudvebTan, rac marTavs [t] da [k] bgerebs
ufrosebis gramatikaSi. mozrdilTa iaponur gramatikaSi /t/ afrikati xdeba,
roca mas uSualod mosdevs maRali xmovnebi [i] da [] (anu *[ti] da [t]); /t/-s aRsaniSnad [t] emorCileba am SezRudvas A-s gramatkaSic. amgvar SemTxvevaSi viRebT mxolod [ti] da [ts]-s, rac (12)-Sia naCvenebi:
(12) A

A-s forma
warmosaTqmeli forma Targmani
[mati]
[mati]
[tsta]
[tsta]
qalaqi
suro
amis sapirispirod /k/ ar xdeba afrikati imave fonetikur garemoSi moz-
rdilTa gramatikaSi da /k/-s aRniSvnisas [t]-c ar ganicdis am cvlilebas, rogorc (13)-Si Cans:
(13) /k/-s aRmniSvneli [t]-s marcxi gardaiqmnas afrikatad grZeli xmovnis
win.
A A-s forma
warmosaTqmeli forma
Targmani
[ati]
[aki]
dacema
daTvi
[tma]

[kma]
zemoT naCvenebi magaliTebi ilustraciaa imisa, rom sityvebis gamoTqmaSi

(fonetikuri forma), miuxedavad SesamCnevi gansxvavebisa, bavSvebis Secdomebi SemTxveviTi araa. isini asaxaven gamoxatvis abstraqtul sistemas (fonologiuri forma), rac efuZneba imave tipis struqturul erTeulebsa da SezRudvebs, rasac mozrdilTa fonologiaSi vxvdebiT.
15.3.2 fonologiuri procesebi

enaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba warmoTqmis simartive da aRqmis gansxvavebuloba. fonologiur ganviTarebaSi uamrav magaliTs vpoulobT, sadac artikulaciis simartive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs bavSvis fonologiis sawyis
etapze.
marcvlovani struqturebis procesebi: fonotaqtika.

marcvlis umciresi tipis, CV-s, mniSvneloba aisaxeba bavSvis fonologiaSi. xSirad vxvdebiT marcvlis bolo TanxmovanTa amoRebas, rogorc (14)-Sia
naCvenebi:
(14) warmosaTqmeli sityva
bavSvis gamoTqma
bed
[b]
cake
[ke]
bottle
dog
foot
[ba]
[d]
[pu]
meore, rasac xSirad vxvdebiT adreul warmoTqmaSi, aris reduplikacia, anu ormarcvlian sityvebSi maxviliani marcvlis ganmeorebas. es movlena ZiriTadad moicavs CV marcvlebs da Sesabamisad, gulisxmobs sawarmoTqmo Jestebis ganmeorebiTi warmoTqmis gamartivebas, umaxvilo marcvlebisa
da Tanxmovnuri kodebis amogdebas. amavdroulad, vinaidan reduplikacia
gvaCvenebs, rom sityvaSi erTze meti marcvalia, igi saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs,
rom swori iyos marcvalTa raodenoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi gamoTqma
SeiZleba ar iyos swori. bavSvebis mier gaormagebis magaliTi warmodgenilia
(15)-Si:
bavSvis gamoTqma
bottle
[baba]
banana
[nn]
goodnight (nightnight)
[nana]
659
660
water
[wawa]
mesame gza, romliTac bavSvebi marcvalTa struqturis zedapirul

formebs amartiveben, aris TanxmovanTa mimdevrobis Semokleba. yvelaze
gavrcelebuli saxea sityvis sazRvrebTan obstruentTa wyvilSi erT-erTis
amogdeba, rogorc es (16)-Sia naCvenebi:
(16)

warmosaTqmeli sityva
bavSvis gamoTqma
spoon
[p]
stop
[tap]
desk
[ds]
aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel or magaliTSi sawyisi xSulebi araa gafSvinvierebuli, savaraudod, imis aRsaniSnad, rom isini araa sityvis ZiriTadi formis sawyisi Tanxmovnebi.
marcvlis struqturis gamartivebis kidev erTi refleqsi bavSvis metyvelebaSi mJRavndeba kros-lingvistur mimdevrobaSi marcvalTa msgavsi mimdevrobis gamoyenebaSi. magaliTad, inglisurisa da holandiuris Semswavleli
bavSvebis kvlevisas am ori enis marcvalTa tipebis Semdegnairi Serwyma gamovlinda:
(17)
>> A: CVCC>CCV>VCC>CCVC
CV>CVC>V>VC

>> CCVCC
>>B: CCV>CCVC>CVCC>VCC
marcvalTa tipebis ganviTarebis warmmarTveli principi gulisxmobs

kros-lingvistur principebs, romlebic marcvlis struqturas gansazRvravs;
kerZod ki, me-14 TavSi ganxilulia principebi, rac ganmeorebiT (18)-Sia warmodgenili:
(18) marcvlis struqturis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi principebi:

a. marcvlebs sawyisi unda hqondes

b. marcvlebs koda ar unda hqondes
g. marcvlebs rTuli sawyisebi/kodebi ar unda hqondes.
segmentTa struqturis procesebi: cvlilebebi

reduplikacia bavSvebisa da mozrdilebis fonologiaSi asaxavs warmoTqmis simartivis mniSvnelobas. bavSvis enaSi vpoulobT damatebiT refleqsebs
simartivis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT, rac ar gvaqvs ufrosTa metyvelebaSi; kerZod, TanxmovanTa harmonia movlena, sadac sawyisi da koda Tanxmovnebi asimilacias ganicdian. am faqtis ramdenime magaliTi (19)-Sia warmodgenili:
(19) inglisuri: bavSvis warmosaTqmeli franguli:

sityva
sityva
[pap]
pot
[gag]
dog
[gk]
duck
[bb]
tub

[bps]
steps
bavSvis
sityva
warmosaTqmeli
Targmani
sityva
[pot ]
[mut ]
[bao]
[moso]
[balad]
[malad]
[bato]
[mat]
[base]
[mae]
cxvari
nawili
avadmyofi
nikapi
siaruli
kros-lingvisturi cvlilebebisas upiratesoba eniWeba optimalur marcvlebs, sadac sawyisi xSulia. amgvarad miviRebT:
(20) a. [t] [s]-is nacvlad (Amahl, 2;9)
[ti] sea
[ti] sing
[thi] say
b. [p] [f]-is nacvlad (franguli magaliTebi)

[po]
[fl] flower
[t]
[o]
hot
[te]
[sel]
salt
g. [b] [v]-is nacvlad; [p] [f]-is nacvlad da [t] [s]-is naclvad. ungruli:
[bijag]
[virag]
flower
[paaik]
[fazik]
he is cold
[taja]
[saija]
his mouth
es da sxva asimilaciis procesebi gvxvdeba maSinac ki, roca bavSvi Secvlil bgeras sxva situaciaSi iyenebs. amgvarad, Tu bavSvi calkeul bgeras sworad warmoTqvams ufrosTa gamoTqmis Sesabamisad, zog SemTxvevaSi es bgera
SeiZleba Seicvalos.
15.3.3 maxviliani marcvlebis mniSvneloba warmoTqmaSi.

gaixseneT, rom sawyisebis gagebisas bavSvebi xvdebian, rom sityva unda
moisminon, Tumca winaswar ar ician sityvis struqtura (me-2 TavSi vnaxeT, rom
sityvebs gansxvavebuli struqtura aqvs). bavSvisTvis problemas warmoadgens
lingvisturi signalebis gangrZobiToba. problemaa isic, rom bavSvs dasawyisSi sityvaTa maragi ar aqvs. man varaudiT unda dayos segmentTa uwyveti jaWvi
sityvebad. erTi Teoria, romelic am strategias exeba, aris metruli segmentacia, risTvisac msmenelebi, am SemTxvevaSi axalSobilebi da bavSvebi, iyeneben
maTi enisTvis damaxasiaTebel ritmul struqturas. aseTi saxis segmentacia
zustia. me-10 TavSi ganvixileT sityvebis swrafi daswavla, rogorc sityvaTa
maragSi moqmedebis saSualeba. prosodiuli swrafi daswavla qmnis hipoTezas,
rom leqsikonisaken mTavari gza metrul segmentaciaze gadis. inglisuris metrul da prosodiul nimuSebSi pirveli marcvali maxviliania. amgvarad, SemswavlelTaTvis maxvili asrulebs mTavar rols sityvebs Soris sazRvris amoc-
661
662
nobaSi.
maxviliani marcvlis mniSvneloba Cans mravalmaxviliani sityvebis cvlilebaSi, romelsac bavSvebi axdenen. ormarcvliani sityvebi bavSvebs xSirad
erTmarcvlianze dahyavT; kerZod, maxvilian marcvalze. es procesi ar aris
bolo bgeris an marcvlis amoRebis martivi procesi. (21) gviCvenebs bavSvebis
mier ormarcvliani sityvebis gamoTqmis nimuSs, sadac sityvas maxvili meore
marcvalze moudis. roca am magaliTebs Tvals gadaavlebT, SeamowmeT maTi Sinaarsi da CainiSneT, ra saxiT cvlian sityvebs bavSvebi. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom ufro xSiria sityvis pirveli segmentis SenarCuneba, vidre maxviliani marcvlis pirveli wevrisa.
CanarTi
15.4
segmentaciis sazRvrebis dadgena

enebSi ritmuli struqtura gansxvavebulia da bavSvi, romelic miCveulia
marcvalze dafuZnebul ritms, rogorc frangulSia, an maxvilze dafuZnebul
ritms, inglisuris msgavsad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs ritmis am maxasiaTeblebze. ufro metic, eqsperimentma aCvena, rom enis ritmuli nimuSis Secnobis
procesi da lingvisturi signalis segmentebad daSla mxolod erTxel xdeba;
anu mosaubres SeuZlia segmentaciis mxolod erT proceduras mimarTos.
bavSvis gamoTqma
again
[gn]
away
behind
[haind]
belong [b]
[hain]
[bu]
balloon
[we]
[]
garage [gwadz]
[bun]
[gad]
[bun]
[gard]
[tar]
[grad]
guitar
[ga]
[gar]
hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebs aqvT midrekileba maxviliani marcvlebis aRqmisadmi, ganvixileT 15.1.3 qveTavSi, magram iqve aRvniSneT, rom isini
aseve midrekilni arian sityvis marjvena marcvlis aRsaqmelad. orive am hipoTezis damadasturebelia bavSvebis mier mravalmarcvliani sityvebis gamoTqma
manam, vidre isini mozrdilTa msgavsad ametyveldebian. gansakuTrebiT naTeli
magaliTia sammarcvliani sityvebis gamoTqma, vinaidan sammarcvlian sityvebSi
yvelaze bolo elementi ZiriTadad bavSvis gamoTqmaSi vlindeba, rac asaxulia
(22) da (23)-Si:
(22) bavSvebis mier '-is Semokleba

bavSvis gamoTqma
remember
tomorrow
[mm]
[mowo]
[mmb]
[moro]
[n]
banana
[nn]
[hd]
[mn]
[n]
[bn]
[n]
[nn]
delicious
[ds]
spaghetti
[skti]
pajamas
[dams]
umbrella
[bwa]
another
[dm]
[bla]
[dams]
[brewa]
[pedo]
tomato
[meno]
[teto]
[meto]
[teto]
[medo]
potato
kidev erTxel SegviZlia davinaxoT bavSvebis midrekileba Sesaswavli

gamoxatulebis maxviliani variantisadmi, Tuki davakvirdebiT maT mier gamoTqmul sammarcvlian sityvebs, romlebic gansxvavebul marcvlovan models
amJRavnebs, kerZod , rogorc (23)-Sia naCvenebi:
(23) bavSvebis mier '-is Semokleba

bavSvis gamoTqma
animal
elephant
[fnt]
[mo]
[fnt]
[amu]
[fnt]
[nno]
[fnt]
[danouz]
[msn]
dominos
[m]
medicine
[damno]
[msn]
[twaik]
[bfo]
tricycle
buffalo
sayuradReboa, rom sityvis maxviliani marcvali bavSvis gamoTqmaSic maxviliania. bavSvis gramatikaSi ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba ufro metad ufrosebis
variants rom hgavs, vidre sakuTar gamoTqmas, Cans meore marcvlis pirveli
663
664
Tanxmovnis msgavsebiT. (24) amis naTeli magaliTia:

(24) 'broccoli' 'camera'
'dungarees'
'favorite'
'spatula'
'maracas'
[ggiz]
[fevt]
[bt]
[makas]
[baki]
[km]
sayuradReboa agreTve, rom bavSvi sityvis Sua da bolo marcvlebis sawyisebs Soris yvelaze naklebsonorul bgeraze aCerebs Tavis arCevans. ratom?
miniSneba: ifiqreT idealur marcvalTa modelze.
enaTmecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian, ratom Slis bavSvi mravalmarcvlian sityvebSi calkeul fonologiur masalas. erT-erTi TvalsazrisiT, romelic
Cvenc gadavamowmeT, bavSvSi arsebobs midrekileba maxvilian da ukiduresad
marjvniv mdgari marcvlisadmi. am azris damamtkicebeli argumenti bavSvebis
gamoTqmaa, sadac ukiduresi marjvena da maxviliani marcvali SenarCunebulia.
gadavxedoT (25)-Si ganmeorebul magaliTebs:
(25)

tricycle
[twaik]
animal
[amo]
buffalo
[bfo]
broccoli
[baki]
elephant
[fnt]
enaTmecnierTa aseTi Tvalsazrisi aseve gvacnobs varauds, rom bavSvis

amgvarma midrekilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios mis metyvelebaSi meore marcvlis
pirveli Tanxmovnis nacvlad pirveli marcvlis pirveli Tanxmovnis warmoTqma.
maxviliani marcvlis warmoTqma. qiCes bavSvuri gamoTqmis magaliTebi.

bavSvis metyvelebaSi maxviliani marcvlis mniSvnelobis erT-erTi
yvelaze TvalSisacemi magaliTia bavSvebis mier qiCes enaSi zmnebis warmoTqma,
romelic aris peruSi gamoyenebuli maias tomebis ena. qiCes zmnis struqtura
sakmaod rTulia. iTxovs aTasgvar afiqsebs da amis Sedegad grZel, mravalmarcvlian da mravalmorfemian formebs viRebT.
zmnebi Zalian xSirad, magram ara yovelTvis, winadadebis boloSi dgas.
roca zmna daqvemdebarebulia winadadebis boloSi, bolo sufiqsi maxviliania.
telegrafiul safexurze bavSvebi xSirad amokleben zmnis formebs erT an or
marcvlamde. am etapze maTTvis maxvili imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom qiCeSi zmnis Ziris nacvlad maxvilian afiqsebs warmoTqvamen (zmnebi xSirad ganicdian
xelaxal damarcvlas, roca afiqsebi ematebaT da Sedegad marcvalTa sazRvrebi zedapirul formaSi morfemaTa sazRvrebs ar emTxveva. aseT viTarebaSi bavSvebi Semoklebisas marcvlebs akvirdebian da ara morfemebs!).
roca zmna daqvemdebarebuli winadadebis SuaSia, maxvili zmnis fuZes moudis. amis Sedegad bavSvebi fuZis garkveul nawils mainc gamoTqvamen.
amgvarad, bavSvebi axleburad marcvlaven sityvebs, raTa kargi (CV(C)) maxviliani marcvali miiRon. (26) da (27) am movlenis ilustraciaa.
(26) warmosaTqmeli forma
bavSvis gamoTqma
kacha:w+ik
w+ik
saubrobs+gram. dro
sityvis bolo

segmenti + gram. dro
aRsaniSnavia, rom Semoklebuli formebi ar asaxavs bavSvis codnas zmnis
fuZis fonologiur Semadgenlobaze.
(27) (erTi kviris Semdeg igive bavSvis mier imave sityvis gamoTqma winadadebis SuaSi)

bavSvis gamoTqma
kacha:w
chaw taj
taj
is ar saubrobs

sityvis bolo
marcvali
vinaidan zmnis fonologiuri Semadgenloba da maxvilis adgili icvleba

frazaSi misi poziciis mixedviT, aseTi magaliTebis saSualebiT SegviZlia
SevniSnoT, rom bavSvebis mier fonologiuri struqturis codna ufro metia,
vidre is, rasac isini am etapze gamoTqvamen. ufro metic, bavSvis mier zmnis
ZiriTadi struqturis Semokleba principulad gansxvavebuli gzebiT xdeba.
konteqstSi finalur poziciaSi mdgomi zmnis warmoTqmisas bavSvi zmnis im
bolo marcvals warmoTqvams, romelic zmnisave fuZis bolo Tanxmovnisa da
bolo sufiqsisgan Sedgeba, magram igive bavSvi winadadebis SuaSi myofi zmnis
warmoTqmisas fuZeze akeTebs aqcents. am SemoklebebSi ucvleli rCeba faqti,
rom bavSvi yovelTvis zmnis maxvilian marcvals gamoTqvams
es magaliTi aseve naTlad gviCvenebs, rom komunikaciisken swrafva ver
warimarTeba aseTi SemoklebebiT, vinaidan zmnis mxolod finaluri segmentis
warmoTqmiT ufrosebi ver xvdebian, ra zmnas warmoTqvams bavSvi.
marcvlis maxvilis mniSvneloba iqidanac Cans, rom leqsikuri maxvilis
Secdomebi bavSvis enaSi ar aisaxeba. maSinac ki, roca sityvis sxvadasxva nawili
amoSlili an saxecvlilia, maxviliani marcvali mainc gamoiTqmis.
15.3.4 ararsebuli marcvlebi

fonologiuri codnis sawyisi periodis Semdeg bavSvebi iwyeben sityvis
rogorc maxviliani, ise umaxvilo marcvlebis warmoTqmas. Tumca sruli modelis warmoTqmas sawyis etapze ver axerxeben da gamoTqvamen ararsebul marcvlebs, romlebsac sityvis srul prosodiul formaSi CarTul marcvals vuwodebT, es marcvali (28) da (29)-Sia naCvenebi:
(28) (amalidan magaliTebi. 3;1. smiti 1973)

warmosaTqmeli forma amalis gamoTqma
attack
[ritk]
(adre [tk])
disturb
[eistv]
(adre [dv])
design
[ridzain]
(adre [didain])
giraffe
[ridf]
(adre [dirf])
thermometer
[rimmt]
(adre [mmt])
665
666
(29) (gitanjalis magaliTebi ori wlis bavSvis gamoTqmaze. gnanadesikani,

1995)
warmosaTqmeli forma gitanjalis gamoTqma
umbrella
[fiby]
container
[fiten]
mosquito
[figio]
spaghetti
[figi]
Rebecca
[fibk]
15.3.5 aRqmisa da warmoTqmis Sepirispireba: rac

gvesmis ar aris is, rac bavSvma icis an ambobs
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, bavSvis sityvebis ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba moicavs
ufro met fonologiur informacias, vidre es zedapirul formaSi Cans. zogma
mkvlevarma am faqtis damadasturebeli damatebiTi faqtebi mogvca, roca aCvena, rom bavSvebi imaze met sityvas gamoTqvamen, vidre Cven gvesmis (an vfiqrobT,
rom gvesmis). erT-erT eqsperimentSi, magaliTad, elephant-is nacvlad [fn t]isa da helicopter-is nacvlad [hkat]-is warmoTqmis speqtografikulma analizma aCvena gverdiTi forma meore, amoSlili marcvlis adgilas. ufro metic,
roca bavSvs moasmenines SeTxzuli [fn t]-i da [lefn t]-i, man gaarCia es formebi
da [fn t]-i forma, rogorc elephant-is gamoTqma, uaryo. araviTari wyaro ar arsebobs minimaluri, magram mainc arsebuli lateralebis refleqsebisa am sityvebis bavSviseul warmoTqmaSi da ver aixsneba, ratom uaryofen ufrosebis
mier imitirebul maTsave araswor gamoTqmas elephant da helicopter sityvebisas. am sityvebis bavSviseul warmoTqmaSi minimaluri, magram mainc arsebuli
lateralebis refleqsebis araviTari wyaro ar iqneboda da ver aixsneboda, ratom uaryofen ufrosebis mier imitirebul maTsave araswor gamoTqmas, bavSvis
gonebaSi am sityvebis ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba namdvil variants rom ar hgavdes.
(30)-(32) magaliTebSi warmodgenilia is formebi, rasac bavSvi ambobs, rasac aRiqvams da rac sityvis ZiriTadi gamoxatuleba:
(30) NVS:
What's a [st]?
A:
[immediatelt points to his shirt]
NVS:
What's a [su]?
A:
[immediatelt points to a shoe]
NVS:
What's a [sp]?
A:
When you drink [imitates]
NVS:
What else does [sp] mean?
A:
[puzzled, then doubtfully suggeste zip, though pronouncing it quite
correctly]

NVS:
No; it goes in the water.
A:
A boat.

NVS:
Say it.
A:
No. I can only say [sp]
(31) NVS:
667
Say jump.
A.
[dp]
NVS:
No, jump.
A:
[dp]
NVS:
No, jummmp.
A:
[udi: ddi: gn de: dp] (Only Daddy can say jump)!
(32) (A is known to perceive the difference between the words mouth and mouse.)

NVS:
What does [mas] mean?
NVS:
Yes; what else?
A:
A:
NVS:
A:
NVS:
A:
Like a cat.
Nothing else.
It's part of your head.

[fascinated]
[touching A's mouth] What's this?

[mas]
mxolod ramdenime wamis Semdeg mixvda, rom eseni erTi da igive iyo.
bavSvis tonuri TamaSi

e.w. goWis laTinurisa da me-13 TavSi ganxiluli TamaSis msgavs fonologiur TamaSebs Soris aris iseTebic, romlebSic tonis cvlilebaa saWiro.
bavSvis mier gamogonili tonuri TamaSi aRwerili iyo mandarinis dialeqtze
mosaubre bavSvis magaliTze. bavSvma aseTi TamaSi 2 wlis asakSi daiwyo, mas Semdeg, rac tonebs kargad gaecno. Tavdapirvelad mSoblebs egonaT, rom mas tonebi aeria, magram roca ufrosebma hkiTxes, ra sityvebs gamoTqvamda igi, gogonam
gauRima da warmoTqmuli sityvebis swori forma dausaxela. yvelaze gavrcelebuli modeli am TamaSisa gulisxmobs ormarcvliani sityvebisa da frazebis
maRali da dabali tonebis mimdevrobaSi Casmas, miuxedavad imisa, es marcvlebi
ra saxis tons flobdnen manamde.
15.4 daskvna
am TavSi vnaxeT, rom bavSvis gramatika, am SemTxvevaSi fonologia, asaxavs gamoxatvis imave struqturebs, rasac ufrosebis gramatika. detalurad
ganvixileT, fonologiur ganviTarebaSi ra rols asrulebs maxasiaTeblebi, fonemebi, marcvali, maxvili da prosodiuli struqtura. marTalia, Cven
mokled ganvixileT bavSvis fonologia, magram mainc davinaxeT, rom yvela
adamianis gramatika aerTianebs organizebisa da struqturis erTsa da imave
Zireul principebs. aseve vnaxeT, rogor reagireben bavSvebi, axalSobilebic
ki, lingvistur signalze.
CanarTi
15.5
668
SeniSvnebi
1 Petitto, L. and Marentette, P. 1991.
Babbling in the manual mode. Evidences
for the ontogency of language. Science,
251: 1493-6.
Clark, E. 1973. What's in a word? On the
child's acquisition of semantics in his first
language. In T. E. Moore ed., Cognitive
Development and the Acquisition of
Language. New York: Academic Press.
Eimas, P. 1996. 'The perception and
representation of speech by infants.' In J.
Morgan and K. Demuth, eds., Signal to
Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech in
Early Acquisition, pp. 25-39. Mahwah,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assocs.
Gleitman, L. and Landau, B. eds. 1995. The
Acquisition of the Lexicon. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press, and references, therein.
Hirsh-Pasek, K. and Golinkoff, R. 1996. The
Origins of Grammar: Evidence from Early
Language 'Comprehension.' Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Jusczyk, P. 1997. The Discovery of Spoken
Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Morgan, J. and Demuth, K. eds. 1996.

Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping
from Speech to Grammar in Early
Acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Assocs.
Oller, D. 1980. The emergence of speech
sounds in infancy. In G. Yeni-Komshian,
J. Kavanagh, and C. Ferguson, eds.,
Child Phonology. New York: Academic
Press.
Werker, J. 1995. Exploring developmental
changes in cross-linguistic speech
perception. In L. Gleitman and M.
Liberman, eds., An Invitation to
Cognitive Science: Language, vol. 1,
pp. 87-106. Cambridge, MA: Bradford
Books.

dakavSirebiT.
English
Gnanadesikan, A. 1995. Markedness and

Faithfulness Constraints in Child Phonology. Cambridge, MA: University of Massachusetts.
Ingram, D. 1979. Phonological rules in
young children. Journal of Child Language, 1: 49-64.
Menn, L. 1983. Development of articulatory,
phonetic, and phonological capabilities.
In B. Butterworth, ed., Language Production, vol. 2, pp. 3-50. London: Academic
Press.
Pater, J. 1997. Minimal violation and

phonological development. Language
Acquisition, 6, no. 3: 201-63.
Smith, N. V. 1973. The Acquisition of
Phonology: A case study. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Japanese
Ueda, I. 1996. Segmental acquisition and

feature specification in Japanese. In J.
Gilbert and D. Ingram, eds., Proceedings of the UBC International Conference on Phonological Acquisition.
French and Hungarian
Ingram, D. 1979. Phonological rules in

young children. Journal of Child Language, 1: 49-64.
Quich
Pye, C. 1980. The acquisition of grammatical morphemes in Quich Mayan.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
University of Pittsburgh.
669

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lingvi s t i k a

lingvistikis Teoriis Sesavali

avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori)

avtorebi: viqtoria a. fromkini (redaqtori)

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

lingvistika: Sesavali lingvistikis TeoriaSi. viqtoria fromkini

This edition is published by arrangement with Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford.

yvela ufleba daculia. dauSvebelia Blackwell Publishing Ltd.-is, nebarTvis gareSe

pirveli qarTuli gamocema

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

1. lingvistika: adamianis sametyvelo enis mecnieruli Seswavla

nawili II morfologia da sintaqsi

2. morfologia: sityvebis struqtura

nawili III semantika

nawili IV fonetika da fonologia

11. fonetika: bgerebi enaSi

saxelmZRvanelo, pedagogis Sexedulebisamebr, erT semestrze, an saswavlo

1.4. azrobrivi gramatikafi,

aqvs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im mecnierebaTa umetes nawilze, romlebic iseT

lingvistikis dargis zogadi mimoxilva

kognitur sistemad modelireba iqneba.

1.1. paninidan Comskimde da mis Semdeg

enasTan dakavSirebul Cvens codnas arabma da Cinelma mecnierebmac bevri ram

(sintaqsis garda) sxva ZiriTadi cnebebi iqneba ganxiluli. maTi mimoxilva zo

1.3. risgan Sedgeba codna enis Sesaxeb? gramatika,

lirs sami qaliSvili hyavda.

* sami lirs qaliSvili hyavda.

lirs mxolod ori qaliSvili hyavda.

es gramatikulad marTebuli winadadebaa, magram Seqspiris tragediis

kordelias liri reganaze metad uyvarda.

4. a. kordelias liri ufro metad uyvarda, vidre regans uyvarda liri.

inglisuris mcodneebma agreTve ician rom (4b), (4)-is mniSvnelobac SeiZleba

4 b. kordelias liri ufro metad uyvarda, vidre kordelias regani uyvarda.

sintaqsis wyalobiT nebismier enaSDi winadadebebis usazRvro raodenobaa.

lirs kordelia uyvarda.

lirs uyvarda kordelia, xolo kordelias uyvarda liri.

lirs, romelsac sami qaliSvili hyavda, kordelia yvelaze metad uyvarda.

a. kordelia liris umcrosi qaliSvili iyo.

SegviZlia winadadebebi SevaerToT, rogorc (10) winadadebaSi:

xolo (14) Si ki SeiZleba, rom liri an sxva piri, mamakaci igulisxmebodes.

1.3.5 fonetika da fonologia

1.4 azrobrivi gramatika, universaluri

tomacaa, rom msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi dabadebuli adamiani, bavSvobidanve

1.5. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena?

(22) What did Caesar drink necktar with?

enis aTvisebis logikuri problema (LPLA)

raseli ukanasknel frazaSi imas gulisxmobs, rom Cveni codnis umetesi

negatiuri monacemebis uqonlobis problema

enis aTvisebis gansakuTrebiT rTuli aspeqtis ilustrirebas axdens. es

am enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi unda iswavlos. rogorc am wignis

1.6. rogor xdeba enis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis

roca pativcemuli spuneri (misTvis damaxasiaTebelma Secdomebma termin

1.7. lingvistikis `qmna~

(27) Othello hates himself. _ otelos Tavi sZuls.

2.10 morfologia da tipologia

2.1 sityvebis struqtura

amgvarad, winadadeba Tvrameti morfemisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan artikli

morfologia: sityvebis struqtura

friend _ Tavisufali morfemebi.

sityvebi Bianka, promise, friend, fair leqsikuri morfemebia da im kategoriis

(`zafxulis Ramis sizmari~, II, I, 163).

rogorebic this, that nacvalsaxelebia.) To, about, for Tandebulebia. am sityvebs

am sityvis Svid an met iseT morfemad dayofa, romlebic sxva sityvebSic