I. Basic Concepts in Income Taxation

BASIC CONCEPTS IN INCOME TAXATION
I. BASIC CONCEPTS IN INCOME TAXATION
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Income Tax defined as a tax on all yearly profits arising from property, professions, trades or offices, or as tax on a persons income, emoluments, profits and the like. Income tax is a tax on the net income or the entire income realized in one taxable year. It is levied upon corporate or individual incomes in excess of specified amounts, less certain deductions and/or specified exceptions in cases permitted by law. Nature of income tax Income tax is a DIRECT TAX because the tax burden is borne by the income recipient upon whom the tax is imposed. It is a tax demanded from the very person who, it is intended or desired, should pay it, while indirect tax is a tax demanded in the first instance from one person in the expectation and intention that he can shift the burden to someone else. Income tax is a PROGRESSIVE TAX since the tax base increases as the tax rate increases. It is founded on the ability to pay principle and is consistent with the Constitutional provision that Congress shall evolve a progressive tax system. Income tax is generally regarded as an EXCISE TAX (privilege tax) and not a tax on persons, property, funds or profits. It is really a tax on the right to earn income by an individual or entity for government needs Purpose(s) of Income Tax: Fiscal/Non-Fiscal The imposition of income tax is intended to: 1. raise revenue to defray the expenses of the government; 2. offset regressive sales and consumption taxes; and together with estate tax 3. mitigate the evils arising from the inequalities of wealth by a progressive scheme of taxation which places the burden on those best able to pay.
Income all wealth which flows to the taxpayer other than a mere return of capital. It is a flow of services rendered by that capital by the payment of money from it or any other benefit rendered by a fund of capital in relation to such fund through a period of time. It includes gain derived from the sale or other disposition of capital assets. It is an amount of money coming to a person/corporation within a specified time, whether as payment for services, interest or profit from investment. Unless otherwise specified, it means cash or its equivalent. Income can also be thought of as a flow of the fruits of one's labor. (Conwi v. Court of Tax Appeals) Income includes earnings, lawfully or unlawfully acquired, without consensual recognition, express or implied, of an obligation to repay and without restriction as their disposition. Differentiated from Capital The essential difference between capital and income is that capital is a fund; income is a flow. A fund of property existing at an instant of time is called capital. A flow of services rendered by that capital by the payment of money from it or any other benefit rendered by a fund of capital in relation to such fund through a period of time is called income. Capital is wealth, while income is the service of wealth. The Supreme Court of Georgia expresses the thought in the following figurative language: "The fact is that property is a tree, income is the fruit; labor is a tree, income the fruit; capital is a tree, income the fruit." A tax on income is not a tax on property. "Income," as here used, can be defined as "profits or gains." (Madrigal v. Rafferty) Increase in Property Value A mere increase in the value of property is NOT INCOME, but merely unrealized increase in capital. The increase in the value of property is also known as appraisal surplus or revaluation increment. Classification of Income According to Source 1. Income from sources within the Philippines 2. Income from sources without the Philippines 3. Income from sources partly within and partly without the Philippines Taxability of Income, Requisites Income, gain or profit is subject to income tax, when the following requisites are present: a. there is income, gain or profit b. the income, gain or profit is received or realized during the taxable year c. the income gain or profit is not exempt from income tax Tests to Determine Realization of Income for Tax Purposes Realization Test there is no taxable income until there is a separation from capital of something of exchangeable value, thereby supplying the realization or transmutation which would result in the receipt of income.
UP LAW BAROPS 2007 ONE UP

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GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS Tax I

Claim of right doctrine a taxable gain is conditioned upon the presence of a claim of right to the alleged gain and the absence of a definite unconditional obligation to return or repay that which would otherwise constitute a gain. Corollary Doctrine Principle of Constructive Receipt of Income Income which is credited to the account of or set apart for a taxpayer and which may be drawn upon by him at any time is subject to tax for the year during which so credited or set apart, although not then actually reduced to possession. To constitute receipt in such case, the income must be credited to the taxpayer without any substantial limitation or restriction as to the time or manner of payment or condition upon which payment is to be made. Economic benefit test any economic benefit to the employee that increases his net worth, whatever may have been the mode by which it is effected, is taxable.
Classifications of Income Subject to Philippine Income Tax 1. Compensation Income income which is derived from the rendering of services under an employer-employee relationship. 2. Professional Income fees derived from engaging in an endeavor requiring special training as professional as a means of livelihood, which includes, but is not limited to, the fees of CPAs, doctors, lawyers, engineers and the like. 3. Business Income gains or profits derived from rendering services, selling merchandise, manufacturing products, farming and long-term construction contracts 4. Passive Income income in which the taxpayer merely waits for the amount to come in. It includes, but is not limited to, interest income, royalty income, dividend income, winnings and prizes. 5. Capital Gain gain from dealings in capital assets
II.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS
Who is a taxpayer? Under Sec 22(N), a taxpayer is any person subject to [income] tax. Income taxpayers, with distinction based on the amount of income subject to tax, or the applicable tax rates, or both, are classified as follows: Primary Classification Citizens of the Philippines Sub-Classification(s) Residents of the Philippines Not Residents of the Philippines Residents of the Philippines Not Engaged in Trade or Business in the Philippines Residents of the Not Engaged in Trade or Business in the Philippines Philippines Individual Employed by Regional or Area Headquarters and Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Companies Individual Employed by Offshore Banking Units Individual Employed by a foreign service contractor or by a foreign service subcontractor engaged in petroleum operations in the Philippines
Individuals
Aliens
Special Classes of Individuals Estates and Trusts Corporations
Domestic Corporations Foreign Corporations Special Classes of Corporations Resident Corporations Non-resident Corporations Proprietary educational institutions and non-profit hospitals Domestic Depositary Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) Resident international carriers Offshore Banking Units Resident Depositary Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) Regional or Area Headquarters and Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Companies Non-resident cinematographic film owners, lessors or distributors

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Non-resident owners or lessors of vessels chartered by Philippine nationals Non-resident lessors of aircraft, machinery and other equipment
III. A.
TAX ON INDIVIDUALS
Classifications of Individual Taxpayers 1. Citizens RESIDENT a citizen is deemed as a resident of the Philippines unless he qualifies as a non-resident under Sec. 22E of the NIRC; taxable for income derived from all sources based on taxable (i.e., net) income NON-RESIDENT - term "nonresident citizen" means a citizen of the Philippines who: (1) establishes to the satisfaction of the Commissioner the fact of his physical presence abroad with a definite intention to reside therein. (2) Leaves the Philippines during the taxable year to reside abroad, either as an immigrant or for employment on a permanent basis. (3) Works and derives income from abroad and whose employment thereat requires him to be physically present abroad most of the time during the taxable year. (4) Has been previously considered as nonresident citizen and who arrives in the Philippines at any time during the taxable year to reside permanently in the Philippines shall likewise be treated as a non-resident citizen for the taxable year in which he arrives in the Philippines with respect to his income derived from sources abroad UNTIL the date of his arrival in the Philippines. A non-resident citizen is taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on taxable (i.e., net) income NOTES: The definition of a non-resident citizen should be cross-referred with Sec. 23 (c), which provides that a citizen of the Philippines who is working and deriving income from abroad as an OVERSEAS CONTRACT WORKER is taxable only on income from sources within the Philippines. NOTE FURTHER: A seaman who is a Filipino citizen and who receives compensation for services rendered abroad as member of the complement of a vessel engaged exclusively in international trade is treated as an overseas contract worker. Length of stay is indicative of intention. A citizen of the Philippines who shall have stayed outside the Philippines for 183 days or more by the end of the year is a nonresident citizen. His presence abroad, however, need not be continuous. [RR1-79| 2. Alien RESIDENT - an individual whose residence is within the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. An alien actually present in the Philippines who is not a mere transient or sojourner is a resident of the Philippines for income tax purposes. A mere floating intention indefinite as to time, to return to another country is not sufficient to constitute him a transient. If he lives in the Philippines and has no definite intention as to his stay, he is a resident. He is taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on taxable (i.e., net) income NON-RESIDENT - an individual whose residence is NOT in the Philippines and who is not a citizen thereof. Engaged in trade or business in the Philippines (NRAETB) - is taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on taxable (i.e., net) income Not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines (NRANETB) - is taxable for income derived within the Philippines based on gross income1 NOTES: What makes an alien a resident or non-resident alien is his intention with regard to the length and nature of his stay. Thus: a. One who comes to the Philippines for a definite purpose which in its very nature may be promptly accomplished is not a resident citizen. b. One who comes to the Philippines for a definite purpose which in its very nature would require an extended stay, and to that end, makes his home temporarily in the Philippines, becomes a resident, though it may be his intention at all times to return to his domicile abroad when the purpose for which he came has been consummated or abandoned. (Sec. 5, RR 2-
Notwithstanding the general classification of aliens into resident and non-resident for income tax purposes, note that there is a special classification of aliens who are taxed differently. See subsection D.

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Length of stay is indicative of intention. An alien who shall have stayed in the Philippines for more than one year by the end of the taxable year is a resident alien. NOTE FURTHER: An alien who shall come to the Philippines and stay for an aggregate period of more than one hundred eighty days during a calendar year shall be considered a non-resident alien doing business, or in the practice of profession, in the Philippines. [Sec. 25(A)(1)] Thus, if an alien stays in the Philippines for 180 days or less during the calendar year, he shall be deemed a non-resident alien not doing business in the Philippines, regardless of whether he actually engages in trade or business therein. (Mamalateo)
B.
Three Kinds of Income 1. Capital Gains subject to Capital Gains Tax A sale or exchange in asset gives rise to a gain or a loss on the sale. When the asset sold was held as a capital asset, the gain or loss is called a capital gain or loss. When the asset sold was not held as a capital asset (in other words, as an ordinary asset), the gain or loss is called an ordinary gain or loss. What are capital assets? The NIRC defines a capital asset in a negative way. The law enumerates four categories of ordinary assets; hence, all assets (even if used in trade or business) other than ordinary assets are capital assets. The FOUR CATEGORIES OF ORDINARY ASSETS are as follows [Sec. 39]: 1. Stock in trade of the taxpayer, or other property of a kind which would properly be included in an inventory of a taxpayer if on hand at the end of the taxable year (example: Raw Materials Inventory, Work in Process Inventory, Office Supplies Inventory) 2. Property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business (example: Merchandise Inventory) 3. Property used in the trade or business which is subject to the allowance for depreciation (example: Office Equipment) 4. Real property used in trade or business of the taxpayer (example: Building used as a factory) Succinctly, a capital asset is an asset not used in business. When an asset held is described as an investment, it is a capital asset. Examples of capital assets are: residential house, personal art collection, family pleasure yacht. Are all sales / dispositions of capital assets subject to capital gains tax? NO! Only two kinds of things held as capital assets are subject to the capital gains tax, as follows: 1. On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000 Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000 Final Tax of 10% Key definitions Net capital gain selling price less cost Selling price consideration on the sale OR fair market value of the shares of stock at the time of the sale, whichever is HIGHER Cost original purchase price ILLUSTRATION: Mr. X sold directly to a buyer shares of stock of a domestic corporation held as a capital asset. The selling price was P200,000 at the time when the fair market value of the shares sold was P250,000, and the cost was P100,000. Selling price P250,000 Less: Cost 100,000 Capital Gain P150,000 On the First P100,000, at 5% P 5,000 Excess over P100,000 (P50,000), at 10% 5,000 Total Capital Gains Tax P10,000 2. On sale, exchange, or other disposition of real property in the Philippines, held as a capital asset On the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher, a final tax of 6% The capital gains tax is applied on the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher. Any gain or loss on the sale is immaterial because there is

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a conclusive presumption by law that the sale resulted in a gain (the so-called presumptive gain). ILLUSTRATION: Mr. N sold a land and building for P2,000,000 when the fair market value was P1,900,000 and which had a cost to him of P2,500,000, for a loss on the sale of P500,000. The capital gain tax is 6% of P2,000,000, or P120,000. The loss from the sale is immaterial. EXCEPTION (i.e., NO NEED TO PAY CAPITAL GAINS TAX): No capital gains tax (CGT) if the following requirements are met: a. There is a sale or disposition of their principal residence by natural persons. b. The proceeds of the sale are fully utilized in acquiring or constructing a new principal residence within 18 calendar months from the date of sale or disposition. c. The Commissioner shall have been duly notified by the taxpayer within 30 days from the date of sale or disposition through a prescribed return of his intention to avail of the tax exemption. d. A deposit is made of the 6% capital gain tax otherwise due, in cash or managers check, in an interest-bearing account with an Authorized Agent Bank (AAB), under an Escrow Agreement between the taxpayer and the Bureau of Internal Revenue that the same shall be released to the taxpayer when the proceeds of the sale shall have been utilized as intended. e. The tax exemption can only be availed of once every 10 years If there is no full utilization of the proceeds of sale or disposition, the portion of the gain presumed to have been realized from the sale or disposition shall be subject to capital gains tax (CGT). The GSP or FMV at the time of sale, whichever is higher, shall be multiplied by a fraction which the unutilized amount bears to the gross selling price in order to determine the taxable portion.
i.e.,
Unutilized amount GSP
(higher of ) GSP or FMV = Taxable portion
ALTERNATIVE TAXATION: In case of a sale or other disposition of real property to the government or any of its political subdivisions or agencies or to government-owned or controlled corporations, the tax shall be EITHER the year-end tax of the individual (i.e., capital gain to be included in the computation of income subject to schedular rates), OR the capital gain tax of 6%, at the option of the taxpayer
What is the tax implication of sales / dispositions of capital assets NOT subject to capital gains tax? The net capital gain or loss is included in the computation of net income subject to the graduated rates (5% to 32%).
2.
Passive Income subject to Final Tax Certain passive income items from sources within the Philippines are subject to final tax. Final tax means tax withheld from source, and the amount received by the income earner is net of the tax already. The tax withheld by the income payor is remitted by him to the Bureau of Internal Revenue. The income having been tax-paid already, it need not be included in the income tax return at the end of the year. These passive income items are as follows: Interest Income: o on any currency bank deposit, yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes, trust funds and similar arrangements - 20% final tax o under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) - 7.5% final tax for residents, exempt if non-residents o on long-term deposit or investment certificates (LTDIC) in banks (e.g., savings, common or individual trust funds, deposit substitutes, investment management accounts and other investments, which have maturity of 5 years or more) exempt Should LTDIC holder pre-terminate LTDIC before the 5th year, a final tax shall be imposed on the entire income based on the remaining maturity:

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4 years to less than 5 years 3 years to less than 4 years less than 3 years 5% 12% 20%
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Dividends o cash and/or property dividends2 actually or constructively received by an individual from a domestic corporation a joint stock company insurance or mutual fund companies regional operating headquarters of multinational companies o share of an individual in the distributable net income after tax of a partnership (except a general professional partnership) of which he is a partner o share of an individual member or co-venturer in the net income after tax of an association, a joint account, or a joint venture or consortium taxable as a corporation Rate 10% for residents (RC, RA) and non-resident citizens (NRC), 20% for non-resident aliens engaged in trade or business (NRAETB)
Royalties o From books, literary works, and musical compositions 10% o Other royalties 20% Winnings, except Philippine Charity sweepstakes / lotto winnings 20% Prizes exceeding P10,000 20% o Prize, differentiated from winnings A prize is the result of an effort made (e.g., prize in a beauty contest), while winnings are the result of a transaction where the outcome depends upon chance (e.g., betting).
3.
Other Income subject to Schedular/Graduated Tax Rates3 Income which is neither capital gain with capital gain tax, nor passive income with final tax, is other income or residual income. On other income, the law prescribes a graduated tax. Other income is what is included in the computations, and in the income tax return, at the end of the year (and at the end of the first three quarters of the year if the individual had income from business or practice of profession). It may be derived from: 1. Employer-employee relationship, which is called compensation income 2. Business or profession 3. Sale or exchange of property which is not subject to the capital gain tax 4. Incidental sources, such as interest or dividend, which is not subject to final tax (i.e., dividend from a foreign corporation in case of resident citizens, rent income). The tax rates on NET ordinary or other income (schedular rates)4 are as follows:
A stock dividend representing the transfer of surplus to capital account shall not be subject to tax. However, if a corporation cancels or redeems stock issued as a dividend at such time and in such manner as to make the distribution and cancellation or redemption, in whole or in part, essentially equivalent to the distribution of a taxable dividend, the amount so distributed in redemption or cancellation of the stock shall be considered as taxable income to the extent that it represents a distribution of earnings or profits. (Sec. 73B, NIRC) [In other words, stock dividends are generally not subject to tax as long as there are no options in lieu of the shares of stock. On the other hand, a stock dividend constitutes income if it gives the shareholder an interest different from that which his former stockholdings represented.] 3 Schedular tax rates apply to all classes of individuals, with the exception of non-resident aliens not engaged in trade or business. Should NRANETB earn other income, such is subject to a 25% final tax. 4 Pro-forma computation of income subject to schedular tax rates: Gross Compensation Income P xxx Less: Personal Exemptions (xxx) Health Insurance (if qualified) (xxx) Net Compensation Income P xxx Net Business Income xxx Add: Net Professional Income xxx Other Income (capital gains, rent, etc.) xxx Net Income subject to schedular tax rates P xxx where Net Business Income and Net Professional Income are computed as follows: Gross Business / Professional Income P xxx (xxx) Less: Itemized Deductions [OR] Optional Standard Deduction Net Business / Professional Income P xxx

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Income over But less than 10,000 30,000 70,000 140,000 250,000 500,000 Tax 5% 500 2,500 8,500 22,500 50,000 125,000 Plus
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of Excess over 10,000 30,000 70,000 140,000 250,000 500,000
10,000 30,000 70,000 140,000 250,000 500,000
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 32%
Rule for Married Individuals Married individuals, whether citizens, resident or nonresident aliens, who do not derive income purely from compensation, shall file a return for the taxable year to include the income of both spouses. [Sec 51(D)] They compute the income tax separately on their respective incomes. The two taxes will be added to arrive at a single income tax still due and refundable. Income which is clearly joint, or which cannot be identified as exclusively of one spouse, will be divided equally. [Sec 24(A)] o EXCEPTION to the one-return rule: Where it is impracticable for the spouses to file one return, each spouse may file a separate return of income but the returns so filed shall be consolidated by the Bureau for purposes of verification for the taxable year. [Sec 51(D)]
C.
Deductions [from Income Subject to Schedular/Graduated Tax Rates], In General The allowable deductions from the gross income of an individual taxpayer5 are as follows: 1. Business Expenses and Expenses from Practice of Profession deductible only from business gross income and professional income, respectively but not from compensation income.6 The expenses to be deducted may either be itemized deductions OR the optional standard deduction.7 2. Special deduction for actual premium payments for health and/or hospitalization insurance taken by an individual taxpayer provided that the following requisites are met: a. The taxpayers family gross income does not exceed P250,000 in a taxable year. b. The amount deductible should only be limited to P2,400 per family or P200 per month. In the case of married taxpayers, only the spouse claiming the additional exemption for dependents shall be entitled to this deduction. Personal Exemptions are arbitrary amounts allowed by law to be deducted from income to cover personal, living, or family expenses of the taxpayer. These deductions are allowed on the theory that the minimum requirements of subsistence of a taxpayer should be free from tax. Kinds: 1. Basic Personal Exemptions (BPE) varies according to the status of taxpayer Kind of Taxpayer Single individuals (includes widow/er) Married individual who are judicially decreed as legally separated, and with no qualified dependents Head of Family Each married individual * Basic Personal Exemption (BPE) P20,000 P20,000
3.
4.
P25,000 P32,000
* BUT note Sec 35(A) - In the case of married individuals where only one of the spouses is deriving gross income, only such spouse shall be allowed the personal exemption.
Remember that non-resident aliens not engaged in trade or business are taxed on gross income. They may not, therefore, avail of these deductions. 6 Thus, the only deductions that may be claimed by individuals with compensation income only are personal exemptions and premium payments on health and/or hospitalization insurance. 7 See Allowable Deductions from Gross Income for the detailed discussion on itemized deductions and the optional standard deduction.

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Who is a Head of the Family? [Sec 35(A), NIRC] 1. An unmarried or legally separated man or woman with dependents who may be one or both parents one or more brothers or sisters, or one or more legitimate, illegitimate or legally adopted children Note: Senior Citizen Law (RA 7434 as amended by 9257) provides in section 4 that senior citizens shall be treated as dependents provided for in the NIRC, as amended and as such, individual taxpayers caring for them, be they be relatives or not shall be accorded the privileges granted by the Code insofar as having dependents are concerned. (Meaning the persons caring for them are entitled to claim personal exemptions as head of family.] 2. Such dependent must be living with AND dependent upon him for chief support Chief support principal or main support given regularly such that withdrawal will result in destitute life for dependent; includes situations where taxpayer is away from home on business, or dependent is away at school NOTE: Chief support means more than one-half of the requirements for support. Hence, if two children contribute equal amounts to the support of a parent, neither of them qualify as head of the family. Such brothers or sisters or children are not more than 21 years old unmarried and not gainfully employed OR regardless of age, are incapable of self-support because of mental or physical defect.
3.
2.
Additional Exemptions (AE) depends on the number of qualified dependent children Amount allowed as a deduction P8,000 per dependent child, but not to exceed four children Who may claim additional exemptions? 1. Married Individuals Additional exemptions are claimed by only one spouse. Generally, the spouse who is the gross compensation earner is the claimant of the additional exemptions. Where the husband and wife are both compensation income earners, the husband is the proper claimant of the additional exemptions EXCEPT if there is an express waiver by the husband in favor of his wife, as embodied in the withholding exemption certificate. When the spouses have business and/or professional income only, either may claim the additional exemptions at the end of the year. The wife claims the additional exemptions in the following instances: i. husband has no income ii. husband works abroad 2. Legally separated spouses Additional exemptions can be claimed by the spouse with custody of the child or children (but the total amount for the spouses shall not exceed the maximum of four). [Sec 35(B), NIRC] Who is a dependent for purposes of additional exemptions? A legitimate, illegitimate or legally adopted child chiefly dependent upon and living with the taxpayer: 1. not more than 21 years old, unmarried and not gainfully employed OR 2. regardless of age, is incapable of self-support because of mental or physical defect NOTE: Only children may be considered dependent for purposes of additional exemptions. Compare with dependent for purposes of basic personal exemption.
Who may claim personal exemptions? Citizens (whether resident or nonresident) and resident aliens are allowed to avail of basic personal and additional

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exemptions. Non-resident aliens engaged in trade or business are entitled to basic personal exemptions only by way of reciprocity, but not to additional exemptions. [Sec. 35, NIRC] Limit of BPE Allowed to NRAETB: An amount equal to the exemptions allowed by the non-resident aliens country to Filipino citizens not residing therein but deriving income therefrom, but not to exceed the amount fixed by NIRC.[In other words, whichever is LOWER] ILLUSTRATION OF RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE: Personal Exemption for NRAETB If taxpayer is Single Head of the Family Married Foreign country allows to nonresident Filipinos P30,000 P18,000 P40, 000 Personal exemption in the NIRC P20,000 P25,000 P32,000 Personal exemption allowed (LOWER amount) P20,000 P18,000 P32,000
Change of Status [Sec 35(C), NIRC] 1. If taxpayer marries during taxable year, taxpayer may claim the corresponding BPE in full for such year (i.e., no need to pro-rate the exemption). 2. If taxpayer should have additional dependent(s) during taxable year, taxpayer may claim corresponding AE in full for such year. 3. If taxpayer dies during taxable year, his estate may still claim BPE and AE for himself and his dependent(s) as if he died at the close of such year. 4. If during the taxable year a. spouse dies or b. any of the dependents dies or marries, turns 21 years old or becomes gainfully employed taxpayer may still claim same exemptions as if the spouse or any of the dependents died, or married, turned 21 years old or became gainfully employed at the close of such year. Summary of Rules with respect to Change in Status: Current Change in Status Year Exemption Married P32,000 Dies P32,000 Widowed with qualified dependent P32,000 children Widowed with qualified dependent not his P32,000 child Widowed without dependents P32,000 Legally separated with qualified P25,000 dependent children Legally separated with qualified P25,000 dependent not his child Legally separated without dependents P20,000 Not legally separated (i.e., separation de P32,000 facto) Dependent Child (maximum of four) Born Reaches 21 years old (normal child) Reaches 21 years old (abnormal and incapable of supporting himself) Marries Gainfully employed Dies Succeeding Year Exemption P32,000 P25,000 P25,000 P20,000 P25,000 P25,000 P20,000 P32,000
P8,000 P8,000 P8,000 P8,000 P8,000 P8,000
P8,000 P8,000 -
ILLUSTRATIONS: (Given: taxpayer in question is a resident citizen) Change of Status Exemptions Reason

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A taxpayer, married, had living with and dependent upon him for support at the beginning of the year his spouse, a legitimate child (minor, single, unemployed) and a brother, 24 years old but crippled. The taxpayer died on March 20 of the year. A taxpayer was married, with a child, 7 years old at the beginning of the year. The wife and the child died in an accident on October 25 of the year. P40,000
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If a taxpayer died during the year, his estate may claim the personal exemptions as if he died at the end of the year. Thus: Basic P32,000 AE for child 8,000 Total P40,000 A taxpayer whose spouse and/or dependent child died during the year may claim personal exemptions as if the death took place at the close of the year. Thus: Basic P32,000 AE for child 8,000 Total P40,000 A taxpayer whose spouse died during the year may claim personal exemptions as if the death took place at the close of the year. A taxpayer who should have an additional dependent during the year may claim the additional exemption in full for such year. Thus: Basic P32,000 AE for child 16,000 Total P48,000 If a dependent became gainfully employed during the year, the taxpayer may claim the personal exemption as if such dependent child became gainfully employed at the end of the year. Thus: Basic P32,000 AE for child 8,000 Total P40,000
P40,000
A taxpayer was married and had a child, 3 years old at the beginning of the year. On May 17 of the year, another child was born. His wife died giving birth to the second child. The second child lives.
P48,000
A taxpayer was married with a qualified dependent child at the beginning of the year. On April 1 of the year, the child became gainfully employed.
P40,000
D.
Special Classification of Individuals and Corresponding Tax Treatment [Sec 25(C), (D), (E)] 1. Alien individuals employed by: a. Regional or Area Headquarters (RAHQ) and Regional Operating Headquarters (ROHQ) established in the Philippines by multinational companies o Multinational company, defined a foreign firm or entity engaged in international trade with affiliates or subsidiaries or branch offices in the AsiaPacific Region and other foreign markets b. Offshore Banking Units established in the Philippines 2. Alien individuals who are permanent residents of a foreign country but who are employed and assigned in the Philippines by a foreign service contractor or by a foreign service subcontractor engaged in petroleum operations in the Philippines Tax Rate and Base - 15% of gross income received as salaries, wages, annuities, compensation, remuneration and other emoluments, such as honoraria and allowances o The same tax treatment shall apply to Filipinos employed and occupying the same positions as those of aliens employed by these multinational companies, offshore banking units and petroleum service contractors and subcontractors. Note that the coverage of the special classification (and the corresponding tax rate) is limited to income received as wages. Hence, any income earned from all other sources within the Philippines by the alien employees shall be subject to the pertinent income tax (example: sale of real property in the Philippines is subject to 6% capital gain tax, imposed on the gross selling price or fair market value of the property at the time of the sale, whichever is higher).

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E. Summary of Tax Bases and Tax Rates QUICK GLANCE

RESIDENT CATEGORY OF INCOME Other Income, subject to Graduated Tax Rates, except for NRANETB 1. 2. 3. 4. Compensation / Business / Profession Prizes of P10,000 or less Proprietary, Educational / Hospital Cinematographic Film and the like GIW - 25% 5. Interest from any currency bank deposit , etc., Royalties (other than from books, literary works and musical compositions), Winnings / Prizes (except prizes P10,000 and below) Royalties from books, literary works, musical compositions Interest from long-term deposit or investment certificates, which have a maturity of 5 years or more Based on Taxable (i.e, Net) Income Schedular Income Tax Rates (Sec. 24, NIRC) (i.e, 5% to 32%) GIW 25% Not Applicable CITIZEN All sources ALIEN Within the Philippines CITIZEN Within the Philippines NON-RESIDENT NRAETB Within the Philippines NRANETB Within the Philippines
GIW 20% Final Withholding Tax
Passive Income from domestic sources, subject to Final Tax
6.
GIW 10% Final Withholding Tax EXEMPT; However: In case of pre-termination, with remaining maturity of: 4 years to less than 5 years 5% on entire income 3 years to less than 4 years 12% on entire income less than 3 years 20% on entire income
GIW 25%
7.
8.
Cash / Property Dividends from a domestic corporation, etc., OR share in the distributable net income after tax of a partnership (except a general professional partnership), etc. Interest (Expanded Foreign Currency Deposit System)
GIW 10% Final Withholding Tax
GIW 20%
9.
GIW 7.5% Final Withholding Tax EXEMPT
EXEMPT
10. Winnings on Philippine Sweepstakes / Lotto Capital Gains, subject to Capital Gains Tax 11. Capital Gains on Sale of Shares (not traded in a domestic stock exchange) 12. Capital Gains on Sale of Real Property in the Philippines 13. Sale of Shares (traded in a domestic stock exchange)
Net Capital Gains within: Not Over P100,000 5% Final Tax Amount in Excess of P100,000 10% Final Tax Gross Selling Price or FMV, whichever is higher 6% Final Tax of 1% of the Selling Price (Stock Transaction Tax) Note: Stock Transaction Tax is not an income tax, but a business (percentage) tax FMV Fair Market Value
Legend: GIW Gross Income within the Philippines
IV.
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A. Coverage of the term Corporation [Sec 22(B)] The term corporation includes partnerships, no matter how created or organized, joint-stock companies, joint accounts (cuentas en participacion), associations, or insurance companies It does NOT include: 1. general professional partnerships (partnerships formed by persons for the sole purpose of exercising their common profession, no part of the income of which is derived from engaging in any trade or business) 2. joint venture or consortium formed for the purpose of undertaking construction projects or engaging in petroleum, coal, geothermal and other energy operations pursuant to an operating consortium agreement under a service contract with the Government.8 B. Classification of Corporations General Types 1. Domestic Corporation (DC) - one created or organized in the Philippines or under its laws [Sec 22(C)] 2. Foreign Corporation (FC) one that is not domestic [Sec 22(D)] Resident Foreign Corporation (RFC) - a foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the Philippines [Sec 22(H)]9 Non-resident foreign coporation (NRFC) - a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the Philippines [Sec 22(I)] Special Types 1. Proprietary educational institutions and non-profit hospitals 2. Domestic Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) 3. Offshore Banking Units 4. Resident Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) 5. Resident international carrier 6. Non-resident owner or lessor of vessel 7. Non-resident cinematographic film owner, lessor or distributor 8. Non-resident lessor of aircraft, machinery and other equipment 9. Regional/Area Headquarters & Regional Operating Headquarters companies
of
Multinational
C. Scope of Taxation QUICK GLANCE Type of Corporation Domestic Corporation (DC) Resident Foreign Corporation (RFC) Non-resident Foreign Corporation (NRFC) Sources of Taxable Income Within and without the Philippines Within the Philippines Within the Philippines Allowed Business Deductions? Yes Yes No*
* - Ergo, non-resident foreign corporations are taxed on GROSS INCOME. NOTE: A good example of a resident foreign corporation is the Philippine branch of a foreign corporation duly licensed by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Philippine branch is merely an extension of the foreign head office (i.e., non-resident foreign corporation); hence it does not have nor issue Philippine shares of stock. There is only one single entity to speak of. However, for income tax purposes, only the income of the Philippine branch from sources within the Philippines is subject to income tax, and the income of the Philippine branch as well as that of the foreign head office from sources outside the Philippines are exempt from Philippine income tax. NOTE FURTHER: Marubeni Corporation v. Commissioner (177 SCRA 500) clarified the single entity concept. As a GENERAL RULE, the head office of a foreign corporation is the same juridical entity as its branch in the Philippines following the single entity concept. The income from sources within the Philippines of the foreign head office shall thus be taxable to the Philippine branch. BUT when the head office of a foreign corporation independently and directly invested in a domestic corporation without the funds passing
8
In this case, the joint venture [as an entity] is not subject to income tax, but each member of the joint venture shall be taxable on his/its share in the net income of the corporation. On the other hand, a joint venture constituted for purposes other than (2) above is treated as a corporation and taxable as such. 9 The qualifier resident in the term resident foreign corporation should not be equated with the nationality of the corporation. In determining nationality, the control test is often invoked and applied, which considers corporate nationality by the nationality of its controlling shareholders or members. (Mamalateo, citing Winship v. Philippine Trust Co., 90 Phil 744) Thus, for income tax purposes, a domestic corporation may be formed or organized by foreigners (as long as three of them are residents of the Philippines as per the Corporation Code),provided that it is organized under the laws of the Philippines.

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through its Philippine branch, the taxpayer with respect to the tax on the dividend income would be the non-resident foreign corporation itself and the dividend income shall be subject to the tax similarly imposed on non-resident foreign corporations. D. Tax on Domestic Corporations Domestic corporations are subject to any or some of the following: Capital Gain Tax Final Tax on Passive Income Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT) Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax (IAET) [only if a domestic and closely-held corporation] a. 1. Capital Gains subject to Capital Gains Tax On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000 Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000 Final Tax of 10% [NOTE: Tax treatment is the same as that of individuals.] On the sale, exchange or disposition of lands and/or buildings which are not actually used in the business of a corporation and are treated as capital assets On the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher, a final tax of 6% NOTE: Tax treatment is the same as that of individuals. The capital gains tax is applied on the gross selling price, or the current fair market value at the time of the sale, whichever is higher. Any gain or loss on the sale is immaterial because there is a conclusive presumption by law that the sale resulted in a gain. 2. Passive Income Subject to Final Tax Interest Income: o on any currency bank deposit, yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes, trust funds and similar arrangements - 20% o under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) - 7.5% Dividends received from another domestic corporation (Intercompany Dividend) - EXEMPT Royalties (any kind) 20% Income subject to Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT) NORMAL CORPORATE INCOME TAX RATE 35%10 of net taxable income Tax formula for normal tax: Gross Income (ALL income items EXCEPT passive income subject to final tax and capital gain with capital gain tax) xxx Less: Allowable deductions for expenses and losses Taxable Income subject to normal tax Pxxx Pxxx 3.
b.
MINIMUM CORPORATE INCOME TAX (MCIT) 2% of MCIT Gross Income What is MCIT gross income? Gross sales less sales returns, discounts and allowances and cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold includes all business expenses DIRECTLY incurred to produce the merchandise to bring them to their present location and use. [Sec. 27(E)(4)]
MCIT gross income differentiated from the normal tax gross income the latter would include other incidental income items, such as rent income, interest, gain on sale of assets, certain tax refunds, etc.
10
Amended by Republic Act (RA) No. 9337 (dated May 24, 2005 which took effect on July 1, 2005) The 35% corporate income tax shall be effective until December 31, 2008. Starting January 1, 2009, the tax rate shall be reduced to 30%. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of said RA in the ABAKADA vs. Ermita, G.R. 168056, dated September 1, 2005.

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e.g., Normal Tax Computation Sales revenue Less: Sales Discounts Sales Allowances Net Sales Less: Cost of Goods Sold Gross Income from Sales Pxxx (xxx) (xxx) Pxxx (xxx) Pxxx
Tax I
MCIT Computation Sales Revenue Less: Sales Discounts Sales Allowances Net Sales Less: Cost of Goods Sold MCIT Gross Income Pxxx (xxx) (xxx) Pxxx (xxx) Pxxx
Add Incidental Income: Rent Income Interest Income Normal Tax Gross Income xxx xxx Pxxx
Less: Operating Expenses Net Operating Income
(xxx) Pxxx
Add Incidental Income: Rent Income xxx xxx xxx Pxxx
Less: Allowable deductions Net Taxable Income
(xxx) Pxxx
Interest Income Gain on Sale of Property Net Income
When is the MCIT computed? beginning on the fourth taxable year immediately following the year in which such corporation commenced its business operations
What amount of income tax is paid by the corporation to the BIR? Whichever is HIGHER between the normal tax and the minimum corporate income tax. ILLUSTRATION: E Co., a domestic trading corporation, in its fourth year of operations had a gross profit from sales of P300,000 and net taxable income of P100,000. How much was the income tax paid by the corporation for the year? MCIT (P300,000 x 2%) P6,000 Normal income tax (P100,000 x 35%) P35,000 Income Tax to be paid for the year (whichever is higher) P35,000
Excess MCIT carry-forward Any excess of the minimum corporate income tax over the normal income tax shall be carried forward and credited against the NORMAL TAX for the three (3) immediately succeeding taxable years. [Sec. 27(E)(2)] In the year to which carried forward, the normal tax should be higher than the MCIT. ILLUSTRATION: A domestic corporation had the following data on computations of the normal tax (NT) and the minimum corporate income tax (MCIT) for five years. Year 4 MCIT NT 80,000 20,000 Year 5 50,000 30,000 Year 6 30,000 40,000 Year 7 40,000 20,000 Year 8 35,000 70,000
The excess MCIT over NT carry-forward is shown below:

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Year 4 MCIT NT 80,000 20,000 Year 5 50,000 30,000 Year 6 30,000 40,000 NT is higher Less: MCIT carryforward 40,000 Year 7 40,000 20,000
Tax I
Year 8 35,000 70,000 70,000
>
(40,000)
>
(20,000)
>
(20,000)
From Year 4 From Year 5 From Year 7
Tax Due
80,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
Arrow pointing downward means that the normal tax is higher so that there can be an excess MCIT carry-forward against it. While only P40,000 out of P60,000 excess MCIT in Year 4 was used in Year 6, the unused P20,000 cannot be used in Year 8 because Year 8 was beyond three years from Year 4.
Relief from MCIT The Secretary of Finance is authorized to suspend the imposition of the minimum corporate income tax on any corporation which suffers LOSSES: on account of prolonged labor dispute (losses from a strike staged by employees that lasts for more than 6 months and caused the temporary shutdown of operations), or because of force majeure (acts of God and other calamity; includes armed conflicts like war or insurgency), or because of legitimate business reverses (substantial losses due to fire, robbery, theft or other economic reasons).
GROSS INCOME TAX (GIT) The President, upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Finance, may allow domestic corporations the option to be taxed at fifteen percent (15%) of gross income, after the following conditions have been satisfied: Tax effort ratio Ratio of IT collection to total tax revenue VAT tax effort Ratio of Consolidated Public Sector Financial Position (CPSFP) to GNP Ratio of the Corporations Cost of Sales to Gross Sales 20% of GNP 40% 4% of GNP 0.9% Does not exceed 55%
The election of the gross income tax option by the corporation shall be irrevocable for three (3) consecutive taxable years during which the corporation is qualified under the scheme. Computation of GIT Gross Income Gross sales less sales returns, discounts and allowances and cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold shall include all business expenses directly incurred to produce the merchandise to bring them to their present location and use. [Sec. 27(A)] 4.
A.
Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax (IAET) [Sec. 29, as implemented by RR 2-2001 which prescribes rules governing the imposition of IAET] Rule There is imposed for each taxable year, in addition to other taxes, a tax equal to 10% of the improperly accumulated taxable income of domestic and closely-

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held corporations formed or availed of for the purpose of avoiding the income tax with respect to its shareholders or the shareholders of any other corporation, by permitting the earnings and profits of the corporation to accumulate instead of dividing them among or distributing them to the shareholders. B. Rationale If the earnings and profits were distributed, the shareholders would then be liable to income tax; if the distribution were not made to them, they would incur no tax in respect to the undistributed earnings and profits of the corporation. It is a tax in the nature of a PENALTY to the corporation for the improper accumulation of its earnings, and a DETERRENT to the avoidance of tax upon shareholders who are supposed to pay dividends tax on the earnings distributed to them. Exception The use of undistributed earnings and profits for the reasonable needs of the business would not generally make the accumulated or undistributed earnings subject to the tax. What is meant by reasonable needs of the business is determined by the IMMEDIACY TEST. Immediacy Test - It states that the reasonable needs of the business are the 1) immediate needs of the business; and 2) reasonably anticipated needs. How to prove the reasonable needs of the business The corporation should prove that there is 1) an immediate need for the accumulation of the earnings and profits; or 2) a direct correlation of anticipated needs to such accumulation of profits.
C.
D.
Composition: The following constitute accumulation of earnings for the reasonable needs of the business: (ILL ABE) 1) ALLOWANCE for the increase in the accumulation of earnings up to 100% of the paid-up capital of the corporation as of Balance Sheet date, inclusive of accumulations taken from other years; 2) Earnings reserved for definite corporate EXPANSION projects or programs requiring considerable capital expenditure as approved by the Board of Directors or equivalent body; 3) Earnings reserved for BUILDING, PLANT or EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION as approved by the Board of Directors or equivalent body; 4) Earnings reserved for compliance with any LOAN COVENANT or pre-existing obligation established under a legitimate business agreement; 5) Earnings required by LAW or applicable regulations to be retained by the corporation or in respect of which there is legal prohibition against its distribution; 6) In the case of subsidiaries of foreign corporations in the Philippines, all undistributed earnings intended or reserved for INVESTMENTS WITHIN THE PHILIPPINES as can be proven by corporate records and/or relevant documentary evidence. Covered Corporations Only domestic and closely-held corporations are liable for IAET. 1. Closely-held corporations are those: a) at least 50% in value of the outstanding capital stock; or b) at least 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote is owned directly or indirectly by or for not more than 20 individuals. Domestic corporations not falling under the aforesaid definition are, therefore, publicly-held corporations. 2. To determine whether the corporation is closely held corporation, insofar as such determination is based on stock ownership, the following RULES shall be applied: a. Stock Not Owned by Individuals. - Stock owned directly or indirectly by or for a corporation, partnership, estate or trust shall be considered as being owned proportionately by its shareholders, partners or beneficiaries. b. Family and Partnership Ownership. - An individual shall be considered as owning the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his family, or by or for his partner. For purposes of this paragraph, the family of an individual includes his brothers or sisters (whether by whole or half-blood), spouse, ancestors and lineal descendants. c. Option to Acquire Stocks. - If any person has an option to acquire stock, such stock shall be considered as owned by such person. For purposes of this paragraph, an option to acquire such an option and
E.

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d.
Tax I
each one of a series of option shall be considered as an option to acquire such stock. Constructive Ownership as Actual Ownership. - Stock constructively owned by reason of the application of paragraph (1) or (3) hereof shall, for purposes of applying paragraph (1) or (2), be treated as actually owned by such person; but stock constructively owned by the individual by reason of the application of paragraph (2) hereof shall NOT be treated as owned by him for purposes of again applying such paragraph in order to make another the constructive owner of such stock.
BIR Ruling 025-02 The ownership of a domestic corporation for purposes of determining whether it is a closely held corporation or a publicly held corporation is ultimately traced to the individual shareholders of the parent company. Where at least 50% of the outstanding capital stock or at least 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote in a corporation is owned directly or indirectly by at least 21 or more individuals, the corporation is considered as publicly held corporation. F. Exempt Corporations: The IAET shall not apply to the following corporations: (BIGPEN-T) 1. Banks and other non-bank financial intermediaries; 2. Insurance companies; 3. Publicly-held corporations; 4. Taxable partnerships; 5. General professional partnerships; 6. Non- taxable joint ventures; and 7. Enterprises that are registered: a. with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) under R.A. 7916; b. pursuant to the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992 under R.A. 7227; and c. under special economic zones declared by law which enjoy payment of special tax rate on their registered operations or activities in lieu of other taxes, national or local. Words in regular letters are found in Sec. 29(B)(2) of the NIRC. Words in italics are additions made by the revenue regulation to consolidate Sec. 29 with other pertinent laws. G. Computation Years taxable income: Add: Income exempt from tax Income excluded from gross income Income subject to final tax Amount of net operating loss carry-over(NOLCO)deducted Total Less: Income tax paid/payable for the taxable year Dividends actually or constructively paid/issued from the applicable years taxable income Amount reserved for the reasonable needs of the business emanating from the covered years taxable income Improperly Accumulated Taxable Income Multiplied by IAET rate Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax (IAET) P XX P XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX 10% XX
XX
P x P
Words in regular letters are in the statutory formula. Words in italics are additions made by the revenue regulation. H. Limitation The profit that has been subjected to IAET shall no longer be subjected to IAET in later years even if not declared as dividend. However, profits which have been subjected to IAET, when declared as dividends, shall be subject to tax on dividends except in those instances where the recipient is not subject thereto. Declaration of Dividends from earnings For purposes of determining the source of earnings or profits declared or distributed from accumulated income, the dividends shall be deemed to have been paid out of the most recently accumulated profits or surplus and shall constitute a part of the annual income of the distributee for the year in which received pursuant to Section 73(C) of the Code. But, where the dividends
I.

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or portion of the said dividends declared forms part of the accumulated earnings as of December 31, 1997, or emanates from the accumulated income of a particular year and is therefore an exemption to the proceeding statement, such fact must be supported by a duly executed Board Resolution to that effect. J. Period for Payment of Dividend/IAET The dividends must be declared and paid or issued not later than one year following the close of the taxable year, otherwise, the IAET, if any, should be paid within fifteen (15) days thereafter. Determination of Purpose to Avoid Income Tax 1) The fact that a corporation is a mere holding company or investment company shall be prima facie evidence of a purpose to avoid the tax upon its shareholders or members A "holding or investment company" is a corporation having practically no activities except holding property, and collecting the income therefrom or investing the same; and 2) where the earnings or profits of a corporation are permitted to accumulate beyond the reasonable needs of the business. PRIMA FACIE INSTANCES of accumulation of profits beyond the reasonable needs of a business (and therefore, indicative of purpose to avoid income tax upon shareholders) (UBE) 1) Investment of substantial earnings and profits of the corporation in UNRELATED BUSINESS or in stock or securities of unrelated business; 2) Investment in BONDS and other long-term securities; and 3) Accumulation of earnings IN EXCESS OF 100% OF PAIDUP CAPITAL, not otherwise intended for the reasonable needs of the business. The controlling intention of the taxpayer is that which is manifested at the time of accumulation. A speculative and indefinite purpose will not suffice. The mere recognition of a future problem or the discussion of possible and alternative solutions is not sufficient. Definiteness of plan/s coupled with action/s taken towards its consummation is essential.
K.
ONE LAST NOTE ON THE APPLICABILITY OF TAX RATES OF DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS: All corporations, agencies, or instrumentalities owned or controlled by the GOVERNMENT are taxable and shall pay such rate of tax upon their taxable income as are imposed on domestic corporations engaged in a similar business, industry, or activity. EXCEPTIONS (i.e, not taxable): o Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), o Social Security System (SSS), o Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC), o Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) and o the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR)11 Note: Exemption for PAGCOR was withdrawn by RA 9337 E. Tax on Resident Foreign Corporations Resident foreign corporations are subject to any or some of the following: Capital Gain Tax Final Tax on Passive Income Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT) Branch Profit Remittance Tax 10. Capital Gains subject to Capital Gains Tax On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000 Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000 Final Tax of 10% NOTE: Tax treatment is the same as that of individuals and domestic corporations.

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There is no corresponding provision for resident foreign corporations regarding capital gain tax on the sale of real property held as a capital asset. Hence, the net taxable income from the sale of real property realized by the resident foreign corporation shall be subject to the normal corporate income tax.
11.
Passive Income Subject to Final Tax Interest Income: o on any currency bank deposit, yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes, trust funds and similar arrangements - 20% o under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) - 7.5% Dividends received from a domestic corporation (Intercompany Dividend) EXEMPT Royalties (any kind) 20%
12.
Income subject to Normal Tax [OR] Minimum Corporate Income Tax (MCIT) [OR] Gross Income Tax (GIT) The discussion with respect to this topic (income subject to normal tax, MCIT, or GIT) under the subheading of domestic corporations is equally applicable to resident foreign corporations, both as to concepts and computations, except that RFCs are taxed only on income from sources within the Philippines. NORMAL CORPORATE INCOME TAX RATE 35%12 of net taxable income from sources within the Philippines MINIMUM CORPORATE INCOME TAX (MCIT) 2% of MCIT Gross Income from sources within the Philippines. The MCIT is imposed on RFCs under the same conditions as domestic corporations. [Sec. 28(A)(2)] GROSS INCOME TAX (GIT) The President, upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Finance, may allow resident foreign corporations the option to be taxed at fifteen percent (15%) of gross income within the Philippines, under the same conditions as domestic corporations. [Sec. 28(A)(1)]
13.
Branch Profit Remittance Tax [Sec. 28(A)(5)] Taxable transaction any profit remitted by a branch to its head office Tax Rate and Base 15% based on the total profits applied or earmarked for remittance without any deduction for the tax component Non-taxable activities activities which are registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority Income NOT TREATED AS BRANCH PROFITS unless effectively connected with the conduct of trade or business in the Philippines: i. Interests, dividends, rents, royalties, including remuneration for technical services ii. salaries, wages premiums, annuities, emoluments iii. other fixed or determinable annual, periodic or casual gains, profits, income iv. capital gains received during each taxable year from all sources within the Philippines NOTES: The branch profit remittance tax is imposed whether the head office of the foreign corporation is located in a tax treaty country, in a tax haven or other non-treaty country. The branch profit remittance tax is imposed only on the profits remitted by a Philippine branch to the head office of a foreign corporation. Should the branch of a domestic corporation remit profits to its head office, the transaction is not subject to the branch profit remittance tax.
F.
Tax on Nonresident Foreign Corporations Non-resident foreign corporations are subject to any or some of the following: Capital Gain Tax Final Tax on Passive Income Final Tax on [Other] Gross Income from sources within the Philippines
12
Amended by RA No. 9337 (dated May 24, 2005, effective July 1, 2005)

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Capital Gains subject to Capital Gains Tax On sale, barter, exchange or other disposition of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset: On the net capital gain: Not over P100,000 Final Tax of 5% On any amount in excess of P100,000 Final Tax of 10% NOTE: Tax treatment is the same as that of individuals and domestic/resident foreign corporations. There is no corresponding provision for non-resident foreign corporations regarding capital gain tax on the sale of real property held as a capital asset. Hence, the gross income from the sale of real property realized by the non-resident foreign corporation shall be subject to a 35% final tax imposed on gross income from sources within the Philippines.
2.
Passive Income Subject to Final Tax Interest o on foreign loans contracted on or after August 1, 1986 20% o under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (EFCDS) - EXEMPT Dividends (cash and/or property) received from a domestic corporation (Intercorporate Dividend) 15%, AS LONG AS the country in which the nonresident foreign corporation is domiciled allows a tax credit for taxes deemed paid in the Philippines equivalent to 17 20%13 17% 20% represents the difference between the regular income tax of 32% 35% on corporations and the 15% tax on dividends If the country within which the NRFC is domiciled does NOT allow a tax credit, a final withholding tax at the rate of 32% 35% is imposed on the dividends received from a domestic corporation. [In other words, the dividends are subject to the third kind of tax: Final Tax on [Other] Gross Income from sources within the Philippines.]
3.
Final Tax on [Other] Gross Income from sources within the Philippines 35%of the gross income14 received from all sources within the Philippines, such as interests, dividends, rents, royalties, salaries, premiums (except reinsurance premiums), annuities, emoluments or other fixed or determinable annual, periodic or casual gains, profits and income, and capital gains EXCEPT capital gains resulting from the sale of shares of stock of a domestic corporation not listed and traded through a local stock exchange, held as a capital asset. Special Type of Domestic Corporations 1. Proprietary Educational Institutions and Hospitals (Non-profit) Tax Rate and Base 10% on net income (except on income subject to capital gains tax and passive income subject to final tax) within and without the Philippines CAVEAT: If gross income from unrelated trade or business or other activity exceeds 50% of total gross income derived from all sources, the tax rate of 35% shall be imposed on the entire taxable income. Unrelated trade, business or other activity any trade, business or other activity, the conduct of which is not substantially related to the exercise or performance by such educational institution or hospital of its primary purpose or function. Proprietary educational institution any private school maintained and administered by private individuals or groups with an issued permit to operate from the DECS, CHED or TESDA. 2. Depository Banks (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) [Sec. 27(D)(3) as amended by RA 9294 (2004)] Coverage of the Rule ONLY income derived by a depository bank under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from foreign currency transactions with: nonresidents, offshore banking units in the Philippines,
G. Special Types of Corporations

A.
13 14
Amended by RA 9337 (dated May 24, 2005, effective July 1, 2005) Amended by RA 9337 (dated May 24, 2005, effective July 1, 2005)

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local commercial banks including branches of foreign banks that may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business with foreign currency deposit system units and other depository banks under the expanded foreign currency deposit system Tax Rate: Exempt from all taxes, except net income from such transactions as may be specified by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to the regular income tax payable by banks EXCEPTION: Interest income from foreign currency loans granted by such depository banks under said expanded system to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system shall be subject to a final tax at the rate of 10%.
B.
Special Types of Resident Foreign Corporations 1. International Carriers Tax Rate and Base 2.5% on Gross Philippine Billings (GPB) What is GPB? In the case of International Air Carriers, GPB refers to the amount of: gross revenue derived from carriage of persons, excess baggage, cargo and mail originating from the Philippines in a continuous and uninterrupted flight, irrespective of the place of sale or issue and the place of payment of the ticket or passage document gross revenue from tickets revalidated, exchanged and/or indorsed to another international airline if the passenger boards a plane in a port or point in the Philippines for flights which originate from the Philippines, but transshipment of passenger takes place at any port outside the Philippines on another airline, the gross revenue consisting of only the aliquot portion of the cost of the ticket corresponding to the leg flown from the Philippines to the point of transshipment [RR 15-2002] Air Canada vs. CIR (CTA Case No. 6572) Air Canada is a foreign corporation with authority to operate as an off-line carrier. The CTA held that the Air Canada is subject to income tax as a resident foreign corporation. In order that a foreign corporation may be regarded as doing business, there must be continuity of conduct and intention to establish business, such as the appointment of a local agent. A foreign airline company selling tickets in the Philippines through their local agents shall be considered as resident foreign corporation engaged in trade or business in the country. The absence of flight operations within the Philippine territory cannot alter the fact that the income received was derived from activities within the Philippines. The test of taxability is the source, and the source is that activity which produced the income. In the case of International Shipping, GPB means: gross revenue whether for passenger, cargo or mail originating from the Philippines up to final destination, regardless of the place of sale or payments of the passage or freight documents.
2.
Offshore Banking Units authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) [Sec. 28(A)(4) as amended by RA 9294 (2004)] Coverage of the Rule ONLY income derived by offshore banking units from foreign currency transactions with: nonresidents, other offshore banking units local commercial banks including branches of foreign banks that may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business with offshore banking units Tax Rate: Exempt from all taxes, except net income from such transactions as may be specified by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to the regular income tax payable by banks EXCEPTION: Interest income derived from foreign currency loans granted to residents other than offshore banking units or local commercial banks, including local branches of foreign banks that may

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be authorized by the BSP to transact business with offshore banking units, shall be subject only to a final tax at the rate of 10%.
3.
Resident Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) [Sec. 28(D)(7)(b) as amended by RA 9294 (2004)] Coverage of the Rule ONLY income derived by a depository bank under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from foreign currency transactions with: nonresidents, offshore banking units in the Philippines, local commercial banks including branches of foreign banks that may be authorized by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to transact business with foreign currency deposit system units and other depository banks under the expanded foreign currency deposit system Tax Rate: Exempt from all taxes, except net income from such transactions as may be specified by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation by the Monetary Board to be subject to the regular income tax payable by banks EXCEPTION: Interest income from foreign currency loans granted by such depository banks under said expanded system to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system shall be subject to a final tax at the rate of 10%. Regional or Area Headquarters and Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Companies Regional or area headquarters not subject to income tax Regional or area headquarters a branch established in the Philippines by multinational companies and which headquarters do not earn or derive income from the Philippines and which act as supervisory, communications and coordinating center for their affiliates, subsidiaries, or branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and other foreign markets. Regional operating headquarters 10% of their taxable income a branch established in the Philippines by multinational companies which are engaged in any of the following services: 1. general administration and planning 2. business planning and coordination 3. sourcing and procurement of raw materials and components 4. corporate finance advisory services 5. marketing control and sales promotion 6. training and personnel management 7. logistic services 8. research and development services and product development 9. technical support and maintenance 10. data processing and communications, and 11. business development.
4.
C.
Special Types of Non-resident Foreign Corporations 1. Non-resident cinematographic film owners, lessors or distributors 25% of gross income from all sources within the Philippines 2. Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Vessels Chartered by Philippine Nationals 4.5% of gross rentals, lease or charter fees from leases or charters to Filipino citizens or corporations, as approved by the Maritime Authority Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machineries and Other Equipment 7.5% of gross rentals or fees
3.
D.
Summary of Tax Bases and Rates of Special Corporations
QUICK GLANCE Type of Corporation Domestic Corporations Proprietary Educational Institutions and Hospitals (Non-profit) Tax Base Taxable Income from all sources Tax Rate 10%

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Depository Banks (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) With respect to income derived under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from certain foreign currency transactions With respect to interest income from foreign currency loans to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system Resident Foreign Corporations International Carriers Offshore Banking Units With respect to income derived by offshore banking units from certain foreign currency transactions With respect to interest income derived from foreign currency loans granted to residents other than offshore banking units or local commercial banks
Tax I
Exempt (except that net income from such transactions is subject to the regular income tax payable by banks) Amount of interest income -
10%
Gross Philippine Billings Exempt (except that net income from such transactions is subject to the regular income tax payable by banks) Amount of interest income
2.5% -
10%
Resident Depository Bank (Foreign Currency Deposit Units) With respect to income derived under the expanded foreign currency deposit system from certain foreign currency transactions With respect to interest income from foreign currency loans to residents other than offshore units in the Philippines or other depository banks under the expanded system Regional or Area Headquarters Regional Operating Headquarters of Multinational Companies Non-resident Foreign Corporations Non-resident cinematographic film owners, lessors or distributors Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Vessels Chartered by Philippine Nationals Nonresident Owner or Lessor of Aircraft, Machineries and Other Equipment
Exempt (except that net income from such transactions is subject to the regular income tax payable by banks) Amount of interest income Exempt Taxable Income Philippines
10% -
from
within
the
10% 25% 4.5% 7.5%
Gross Income from the Philippines Gross Rentals, Lease and Charter Fees from the Philippines Gross Rentals, Charges and Fees from the Philippines
Exempt Corporations [Sec. 30] (CREB-CLEF-SMB) The following organizations shall not be taxed in respect to income received by them as such: 1. LABOR, agricultural or horticultural organization not organized principally for profit 2. MUTUAL savings bank not having a capital stock represented by shares, and cooperative bank without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purposes and without profit 3. A BENEFICIARY society, order or association, operating for the exclusive benefit of the members such as a fraternal organization operating under the lodge system, or mutual aid association or a non-stock corporation organized by employees providing for the payment of life, sickness, accident, or other benefits exclusively to the members of such society, order, or association, or non-stock corporation or their dependents 4. CEMETERY company owned and operated exclusively for the benefit of its members 5. Non-stock corporation or association organized and operated exclusively for RELIGIOUS, charitable, scientific, athletic, or cultural purposes, or for the rehabilitation of veterans, no part of its net income or asset shall belong to or inures to the benefit of any member, organizer, officer or any specific person 6. BUSINESS league chamber of commerce, or board of trade, not organized for profit and no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private stock-holder, or individual 7. CIVIC league or organization not organized for profit but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare 8. A non-stock and nonprofit EDUCATIONAL institution 9. Government EDUCATIONAL institution 10. FARMERS' or other mutual typhoon or fire insurance company, mutual ditch or irrigation company, mutual or cooperative telephone company, or like organization of a purely local character, the income of which consists solely of assessments, dues, and fees collected from members for the sole purpose of meeting its expenses and 11. Farmers', fruit growers', or like association organized and operated as a SALES agent for the purpose of marketing the products of its members and turning back to them the proceeds of sales, less the necessary selling expenses on the basis of the quantity of produce finished by them;
H.

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Notwithstanding the exemptions above, the income of whatever kind and character of the foregoing organizations from any of their properties, real or personal, or from any of their activities conducted for profit regardless of the disposition made of such income, shall be SUBJECT TO TAX. Note: RA 9178 Barangay Micro Business Enterprises (BMBEs) implemented by DO 17-04, April 20, 2004 BMBEs shall be exempt from income tax for income arising from the operations of the enterprise. BMBE is any business entity or enterprise engaged in the production, processing or manufacturing of products or commodities, including agro-processing trading and services, whose total assets including those arising from loans but exclusive of land on which the particular business entitys office, plant and equipment are situated, shall not be more that P3M.
I.
Summary of Tax Bases, Tax Rates and Applicable Tax Regimes for Corporations DOMESTIC RESIDENT Within the Philippines 35% Normal Tax NON-RESIDENT Within the Philippines
CATEGORY OF INCOME 1. Taxable Income (i.e., income other than #s 2 to 9) Interest from any currency bank deposit , etc. Royalties Interest (Expanded Foreign Currency Deposit System) Cash / Property Dividends from a domestic corporation Capital Gains on Sale of Shares (not traded in a domestic stock exchange) Capital Gains on Sale of Land and/or Building
All sources 35% Normal Tax
2. 3. 4.
GIW - 20% Final Tax GIW - 20% Final Tax
35% of Gross Income
GIW - 7.5% Final Tax
EXEMPT
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sale of Shares (traded in a domestic stock exchange)
15% or 35%, whichever is applicable Net Capital Gains within: Not Over P100,000 5% Final Tax Amount in Excess of P100,000 10% Final Tax GSP or FMV, whichever is 35% Normal 35% of Gross Income higher Tax 6% Final Tax of 1% of the Selling Price (Stock Transaction Tax) Note: Stock Transaction Tax is not an income tax, but a business (percentage) tax EXEMPT
TAX REGIMES APPLICABLE Normal Tax Minimum Corporate Income Tax Gross Income Tax Improperly Accumulated Earnings Tax
YES YES YES YES, if closelyheld corporation NO
YES YES YES NO YES
YES, but based on Gross Income NO NO NO Not Applicable
Branch Profit Remittance Tax Legend: GIW - Gross Income within the Philippines GSP Gross Selling Price FMV Fair Market Value
V.
I.
TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS [Sec. 33 of NIRC]
TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS [Sec. 33 of the NIRC]

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TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS
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A. Definition of Fringe Benefit any good, service or other benefit furnished or granted in cash or in kind by an employer to an individual employee except rank and file employees (The fringe benefit covered by Sec 33 refers to those enjoyed by managerial and supervisory employees.) Key definitions: Managerial employee one who is vested with the powers or prerogatives to lay down and execute management policies and/or to hire, transfer, suspend, lay-off, recall, discharge, assign or discipline employees. Supervisory employees those who, in the interest of the employer, effectively recommend such managerial actions if the exercise of such authority is not merely routinary or clerical in nature but requires the use of independent judgment. All employees not falling within any of the above definitions are considered rank-and-file employees. Examples of fringe benefits: 1. Housing 2. Expense account 3. Vehicle of any kind 4. Household personnel, such as maid, driver and others 5. Interest on loan at less than market rate to the extent of the difference between the market rate and actual rate granted 6. Membership fees, dues and other expenses borne by the employer for the employee in social and athletic clubs or other similar organizations 7. Expenses for foreign travel 8. Holiday and vacation expenses 9. Educational assistance to the employee or his dependents 10. Life or health insurance and other non-life insurance premiums or similar amounts in excess of what the law allows B. Tax Rate and Tax Base [Generally] 32% of the grossed-up monetary value (GMV) GMV represents the whole amount of income realized by the employee. How GMV is determined GMV is determined by dividing the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit by 68% [100% - tax rate of 32%]. For example, the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit is P1,000. The GMV is equal to P1,470.59 [P1,000 / 0.68]. The fringe benefit tax, therefore, is P470.59 [P1470.59 x 32%]. Special Cases: For fringe benefits received by non-resident alien not engaged in trade of business (NRANETB), the tax rate is 25% of the grossed-up monetary value (GMV). The GMV is determined by dividing the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit by 75% [100% 25%]. For fringe benefits received by alien individuals and Filipino citizens employed by regional or area headquarters, regional operating headquarters, offshore banking units (OBUs), or foreign service contractor, the tax rate is 15% of the grossed-up monetary value (GMV). The GMV is determined by dividing the actual monetary value of the fringe benefit by 85% [100% - 15%]. What is the tax implication if the employer gives fringe benefits to rank-and-file employees? Fringe benefits given to a rank-and-file employee are treated as part of his compensation income subject to income tax and withholding tax on compensation income, which must be withheld and deducted by his employer from the compensation income of his employee. C. Payor of Fringe Benefit Tax (FBT) the employer [but the law allows the employer to deduct such tax as a business expense, in determining his taxable income] D. Fringe Benefits which are not taxable [Sec. 33 of the NIRC, consolidated with Sec. 2.33(C) of RR 03-98] [RED CNC] 1. Fringe benefits which are authorized and EXEMPTED from tax under special laws 2. CONTRIBUTIONS of the employer for the benefit of the employee to retirement, insurance and hospitalization benefit plans 3. Benefits given to the RANK AND FILE employees, whether granted under a collective bargaining agreement or not 4. DE MINIMIS benefits 5. If the grant of fringe benefits to the employee is required by the nature of, or NECESSARY to the trade, business, or profession of the employer 6. If the grant of fringe benefits is for the CONVENIENCE of the employer [Convenience of the Employer Rule] NOTES:

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De minimis benefits those which are of relatively small value are offered by the employer as a means of promoting health, goodwill, contentment, or efficiency of his employees, such as the following: 1. Monetized unused vacation leave credits of private employees not exceeding ten (10) days during the year and the monetized value of leave credits paid to government officials and employees; 2. Medical cash allowance to dependents of employees not exceeding P750 per semester or P125 per month; 3. Rice subsidy of P350 per month granted by an employer to his employees; 4. Uniforms given to employees by the employer; 5. Medical benefits given to the employees by the employer; 6. Laundry allowance of P150 per month; 7. Employee achievement awards, e.g. for length of service or safety achievement, which must be in the form of a tangible personal property other than cash or gift certificate, with an annual monetary value not exceeding onehalf () month of the basic salary of the employee receiving the award under an established written plan which does not discriminate in favor of highly paid employees; 8. Christmas and major anniversary celebrations for employees and their guests; 9. Company picnics and sports tournaments in the Philippines and are participated exclusively by employees; and 10. Flowers, fruits, books or similar items given to employees under special circumstances, e.g. on account of illness, marriage, birth of a baby, etc. [as enumerated in RR 03-98, as amended by RR 10-00] Tax implication of de minimis benefits: EXEMPTED from tax. However, should the amount of the benefits given be in EXCESS of the ceilings prescribed, the following rules apply: If given to managerial / supervisory employees The amount in excess of the ceiling prescribed is taxable as a fringe benefit (i.e., there will be a 32% tax imposed on the grossed-up monetary value of the residual amount). ILLUSTRATION: X Company gave one of its supervisors a laundry allowance of P200 per month. P150 of the P200 is considered de minimis and not taxable. However, the residual P50 per month is considered a fringe benefit and is taxable as such. The fringe benefits tax for the year will thus be P282.35 [{(P50 per month x 12 months) / 68%} x 32%] If given to rank-and-file employees The amount in excess of the ceiling prescribed is taxable as salary or compensation income.
BIR Ruling 019-02: To be considered de minimis medical allowance, the following conditions must concur: 1. 2. 3. The amount given to the EE shall be for his own medical expense; The amount actually given and actually spent shall not exceed P10, 000 in any given calendar year; The EE must fully substantiate with or in his name the medical allowance to be granted.
BIR Ruling 023-02: Meal and food allowance, although not for overtime work, is considered de minimis if it does not exceed 25% of the basic wage. The rules and regulations on de minimis benefits do not allow aggregation of the amounts set for each type of benefit.
BIR Ruling 034-02 (Aug 16, 2002): Representation and Transportation Allowance (RATA) and Personnel Economic Relief Allowance (PERA) are not subject to Income Tax and Withholding Tax. Additional Compensation Allowance (ACA) is part of other benefits under Sec. 32(b)(7)(e) of the Tax Code of 1997 which are excluded from gross compensation income provided the total amount of such benefits does not exceed P30,000. It is also not subject to withholding tax pending its formal integration into basic pay.

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Example of Benefits Necessary to the Trade / Business of the Employer: BIR Ruling 013-02: Outstation Allowance given by the Philippine Gaming Management Corporation to its managerial and supervisory employees (who will be away from the office site for at least 8 hours to visit the lotto franchise holders for repair and/or inspection of equipment leased by the latter from the PCSO) intended to cover meals and trip related expenses in connection with their off-site visit to franchise holders is clearly required by the nature of or necessary to the trade or business of the employer and hence, not subject to the fringe benefits tax not being part of the compensation income of the employee. It is also not subject to income tax and consequently to withholding tax. Examples of Convenience of the Employer Rule: 1. The value of the meals given to the employee is not taxable, if the employer provides the meals for a substantial non-compensatory business purpose (generally, when employee is required to be on duty during the meal period). 2. Lodging is not taxable if the employee must accept the lodging on the employers business premises as a condition of his employment.
II.
TAXATION OF PARTNERSHIPS A. Classification of Partnerships for Tax Purposes 1. General Professional Partnerships (GPP) partnerships formed by persons for the sole purpose of exercising their common profession, no part of the income of which is derived from engaging in any trade or business 2. Other Partnerships (or General Co-partnerships) partnerships wherein all or part of their income is derived from the conduct of trade or business B. General Professional Partnerships [Sec 26] Rules: 1. A GPP as such shall not be subject to the income tax. 2. The partners shall only be liable for income tax only in their separate and individual capacities. 3. For purposes of computing the distributive share of the partners, the net income of the GPP shall be computed in the same manner as a corporation. 4. Each partner shall report as gross income his distributive share, actually or constructively received, in the net income of the partnership. 5. The share of a partner shall be subject to a creditable withholding income tax of 15%. (RR 2- 1998)
NOTES: GPP is not a taxable entity The partnership is deemed to be no more than a mere mechanism or a flow-through entity in the generation of income by, and the ultimate mechanism distribution of such income to, respectively, each of the individual partners. (Tan v. Commissioner [Oct. 3, 1994]) However, the partnership itself is required to file income tax returns for the purpose of furnishing information as to the share in the gains or profits which each partner shall include in his individual return. (RR 2- 1998) The share of an individual partner in the net profit of a general professional partnership is deemed to have been actually or constructively received by the partner in the same taxable year in which such partnership net income was earned, and shall be taxed to them in their individual capacities, whether actually distributed or not, at the graduated income tax ranging from 5% to 32%. Thus, the principle of constructive receipt of income or profit is being applied to undistributed profits of GPPs. The payment [to the partners] of such tax-paid profits in another year should no longer be liable to income tax. (Mamalateo) ILLUSTRATIONS: A and B, both lawyers, formed a general professional partnership in January 2002. In accordance with their agreement, they would equally divide the profit and loss. During the year, the partnership had a net profit of P1,000,000 and P800,000 was distributed to the partners. Under Section 26, each partner must report an income of P500,000 (not just P400,000), representing his share in the partnership profits, because the entire net income of the partnership is taxable in the year earned and is deemed distributed to the partners in the same year. The IJ partnership is a general professional partnership, with partners, Mr. I and Mr. J, sharing equally in partnership net income or loss. The partnership

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had gross income of P600,000 an expenses of operations of P200,000 in 2001. Partner I, who is single, had personal income of P80,000. In the same year, Mr. J, who is married and has 5 children, had personal income of P90,000. Who were the taxpayers and how much income tax did they pay? IJ Partnership had a net income in 2001, not subject to income tax, computed as follows: Gross Income P600,000 Less: Expenses of Operations 200,000 Net Income P400,000 The taxable income and income tax due of Mr. I and Mr. J, respectively, are as follows: Partner Partner I J Gross Income Share in IJ net income P200,000 P200,000 Own income 80,000 90,000 Total Gross Income P280,000 P290,000 Less: Personal Exemption Basic Personal Exemption (20,000) (32,000) Additional Exemption (maximum of 4 (32,000) children) Taxable Income P260,000 P226,000 Income tax due (graduated rates) P53,000 P44,000
C. Other Partnerships (or General Co-partnerships) Rules: 1. The partnership is subject to the same rules on corporations (capital gains tax, final tax on passive income, normal tax, minimum corporate income tax [MCIT] and gross income tax [GIT]), but is not subject to the improperly accumulated earnings tax [IAET]. The partnership must file quarterly and year-end income tax returns. 2. The taxable income of the partnership, less the normal corporate income tax thereon, is the distributable net income of the partnership. 3. The share of a partner in the partnerships distributable net income of a year shall be deemed to have been actually or constructively received by the partners in the same taxable year and shall be taxed to them in their individual capacity, whether actually distributed or not. [Sec. 73(D)] Such share will be subjected to a final tax of 10% to be withheld by the partnership. [Sec. 24(B)(2)] ILLUSTRATION: A and B organized AB Trading, a partnership that will distribute motor oils in the Philippines. The partners agreed to distribute profits equally. In 2002, the partnership had a net profit of P1,000,000, A (married) had personal income of P200,000, and B (single) had personal income of P400,000. The partnership did not actually distribute the net profit to A and B. Who were the taxpayers and how much income tax did they pay? AB Trading is taxable as a corporation, as follows: Taxable Income P1,000,000
Normal Tax (P1,000,000 x 35%)
P 350,000
NOTE: The profit deemed distributed to the partners is P650,000 (P1,000,000 P350,000), or P325,000 each.
A and B are liable as follows:
Partner A
Partner B
Final Tax on Share of the Distributable Net Income

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(P325,000 x 10%) P32,500
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P32,500
Income subject to Graduated Rates: Income (Own) Less: Personal Exemption Taxable Income P200,000 (32,000) P168,000 P400,000 (20,000) P380,000
Income Tax Due
P29,500
P89,000
Co-ownership - There is co-ownership: 1. When two or more heirs inherit and undivided property from a decedent. 2. When a donor makes a gift of an undivided property in favor of two or more donees. When Co-ownership is not subject to tax When the co-ownerships activities are limited merely to the preservation of the co-owned property. In such a case, the coownership, as such, is not subject to tax. The co-owners are liable for income tax in their separate and individual capacities. When Co-ownership is subject to tax When the income of the co-ownership is invested by the co-owners in business, the co-owners have in effect constituted themselves into a partnership. In such a case, the co-ownership shall be subject to tax as a corporation. For tax purposes, the co-ownership of inherited properties is automatically converted into an unregistered partnership the moment the said common properties and/or the incomes derived therefrom are used as a common fund with intent to produce profits for the heirs in proportion to their respective shares in the inheritance as determined in a project partition either duly executed in an extrajudicial settlement or approved by the court in the corresponding testate or intestate proceeding. The reason for this is simple. From the moment of such partition, the heirs are entitled already to their respective definite shares of the estate and the incomes thereof, for each of them to manage and dispose of as exclusively his own without the intervention of the other heirs, and, accordingly he becomes liable individually for all taxes in connection therewith. If after such partition, he allows his share to be held in common with his co-heirs under a single management to be used with the intent of making profit thereby in proportion to his share, there can be no doubt that, even if no document or instrument were executed for the purpose, for tax purposes, at least, an unregistered partnership is formed. [Ona v. CIR, G.R. No. L-19342, 25 May 1972]
III.
TAX ON ESTATES AND TRUSTS A. Application of Income Tax The tax imposed upon individuals shall apply to the income of estates or of any kind of property held in trust, including: 1. Income accumulated in trust for the benefit of unborn or unascertained person or persons with contingent interests, and income accumulated or held for future distribution under the terms of the will or trust; 2. Income which is to be distributed currently by the fiduciary to the beneficiaries, and income collected by a guardian of an infant which is to be held or distributed as the court may direct; 3. Income received by estates of deceased persons during the period of administration or settlement of the estate; and 4. Income which, in the discretion of the fiduciary, may be either distributed to the beneficiaries or accumulated. EXCEPTION The tax shall not apply to employee's trust which forms part of a pension, stock bonus or profit-sharing plan of an employer for the benefit of some or all of his employees (1) if contributions are made to the trust by such employer, or employees, or both for the purpose of distributing to such employees the earnings and principal of the fund accumulated by the trust in accordance with such plan, and (2) if under the trust instrument it is impossible, at any time prior to the satisfaction of all liabilities with respect to employees under the trust, for any part of the corpus or income to

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be (within the taxable year or thereafter) used for, or diverted to, purposes other than for the exclusive benefit of his employees: NOTE HOWEVER: Any amount actually distributed to any employee or distributee shall be taxable to him in the year in which so distributed to the extent that it exceeds the amount contributed by such employee or distributee. B. Computation and Payment of the Tax The tax shall be computed upon the taxable income of the estate or trust and shall be paid by the fiduciary. (GENERAL RULE) EXCEPTIONS: 1. Revocable Trusts. - Where at any time the power to revest in the grantor title to any part of the corpus of the trust is vested 1. in the grantor either alone or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the corpus or the income therefrom, or 2. in any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the corpus or the income therefrom, the income of such part of the trust shall be included in computing the taxable income of the grantor. 2. Income for Benefit of Grantor - Where any part of the income of a trust i. is, or in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the income may be held or accumulated for future distribution to the grantor, or ii. may, or in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the income, be distributed to the grantor, or iii. is, or in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the income may be applied to the payment of premiums upon policies of insurance on the life of the grantor, such part of the income of the trust shall be included in computing the taxable income of the grantor. NOTE: 'In the discretion of the grantor' means in the discretion of the grantor, either alone or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of the part of the income in question.
Consolidation of Income of Two or More Trusts - Where, in the case of two or more trusts, the creator of the trust in each instance is the same person, and the beneficiary in each instance is the same, the taxable income of all the trusts shall be consolidated and the tax computed on such consolidated income, and such proportion of said tax shall be assessed and collected from each trustee which the taxable income of the trust administered by him bears to the consolidated income of the several trusts. C. How Taxable Income of the Estate or Trust is Computed [Sec. 61] The taxable income of the estate or trust shall be computed in the same manner and on the same basis as in the case of an individual, EXCEPT that: (A) There shall be ALLOWED AS A DEDUCTION in computing the taxable income of the estate or trust the amount of the income of the estate or trust for the taxable year which is to be distributed currently by the fiduciary to the beneficiaries, and the amount of the income collected by a guardian of an infant which is to be held or distributed as the court may direct, BUT the amount so allowed as a deduction shall be included in computing the taxable income of the beneficiaries, whether distributed to them or not. Any amount allowed as a deduction under this Subsection shall not be allowed as a deduction under Subsection (B) of this Section in the same or any succeeding taxable year. (B) In the case of income received by estates of deceased persons during the period of administration or settlement of the estate, and in the case of income which, in the discretion of the fiduciary, may be either distributed to the beneficiary or accumulated, there shall be allowed as an ADDITIONAL DEDUCTION the amount of the income of the estate or trust for its taxable year, which is properly paid or credited during such year to any legatee, heir or beneficiary but the amount so allowed as a deduction shall be included in computing the taxable income of the legatee, heir or beneficiary. (C) In the case of a trust administered in a foreign country, the deductions mentioned in Subsections (A) and (B) of this Section shall not be allowed: Provided, That the amount of any income included in the return of said trust shall not be included in computing the income of the beneficiaries. D. Exemption Allowed to Estates and Trusts There shall be allowed an exemption of P20,000 from the income of the estate or trust. E. Fiduciary Returns Guardians, trustees, executors, administrators, receivers, conservators and all persons or corporations, acting in any fiduciary capacity, shall:

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render, in duplicate, a return of the income of the person, trust or estate for whom or which they act, and be subject to all the provisions which apply to individuals in case such person, estate or trust has a gross income of P20,000 or over during the taxable year. Such fiduciary or person filing the return for him or it, shall: take OATH that o he has sufficient knowledge of the affairs of such person, trust or estate to enable him to make such return and o that the same is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, true and correct, and be subject to all the provisions of this Title which apply to individuals. A return made by or for one or two or more joint fiduciaries filed in the province where such fiduciaries reside, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Finance shall prescribe, shall be sufficient compliance. F. Fiduciaries Indemnified Against Claims for Taxes Paid Trustees, executors, administrators and other fiduciaries are INDEMNIFIED against the claims or demands of every beneficiary for all payments of taxes which they shall be required to make, and they shall have CREDIT for the amount of such payments against the beneficiary or principal in any accounting which they make as such trustees or other fiduciaries. IV. SOURCE OF INCOME [Sec. 42] A. Classification of Income according to Source 1. Income derived from sources within the Philippines 2. Income derived from sources without the Philippines 3. Income derived from sources partly within and partly without the Philippines B. Basic Principles 1. Resident Citizens (RC) and Domestic Corporations (DC) are taxable on income derived from within and without the Philippines 2. Non-resident Citizens (NRC), Non-resident Aliens (NRA), Resident Foreign Corporations (RFC) and Non-resident Foreign Corporations (NRFC) are taxable only on income derived from within the Philippines. C. Gross Income From Sources Within the Philippines The following items of gross income shall be treated as gross income from sources WITHIN the Philippines: 1. 2. Interests derived from sources within the Philippines, and interests on bonds, notes or other interest-bearing obligation of residents Dividends received: a. from a domestic corporation; and b. from a foreign corporation, UNLESS less than 50% of its gross income for the previous 3-year period was derived from sources within the Philippines [in which case it will be treated as income partly from within and partly from without]. The income which is considered as derived from within the Philippines is obtained by using the following formula: Philippine Gross Income* x Dividend = Income Within Worldwide Gross Income* NOTE: * of the corporation giving the dividend 3. 4. Compensation for labor or personal services performed in the Philippines Rentals and royalties from property located in the Philippines or from any interest in such property, including rentals or royalties for a. The use of or the right or privilege to use in the Philippines any copyright, patent, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, goodwill, trademark, trade brand or other like property or right; b. The use of, or the right to use in the Philippines any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment; c. The supply of scientific, technical, industrial or commercial knowledge or information; d. The supply of any assistance that is ancillary and subsidiary to, and is furnished as a means of enabling the application or enjoyment of, any such property or right as is mentioned in (a), any such equipment as is mentioned in (b) or any such knowledge or information as is mentioned in (c); e. The supply of services by a nonresident person or his employee in connection with the use of property or rights belonging to, or the installation or operation of any brand, machinery or other apparatus purchased from such nonresident person;

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5. 6.
Technical advice, assistance or services rendered in connection with technical management or administration of any scientific, industrial or commercial undertaking, venture, project or scheme; and g. The use of or the right to use: (i) Motion picture films; (ii) Films or video tapes for use in connection with television; and (iii) Tapes for use in connection with radio broadcasting. Gains, profits and income from the sale of real property located in the Philippines GENERAL RULE: Gains, profits and income from the sale of personal property, subject to the following rules: Place of SALE Treatment** Place of PURCHASE Philippines Abroad Income from Without Abroad Philippines Income from Within ** in other words, treated as income from the country in which sold EXCEPTIONS: 1. Gain from the sale of shares of stock in a domestic corporation treated as derived entirely from sources within the Philippines regardless of where the said shares are sold. 2. Gains from the sale of personal property: a. produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer within and sold without the Philippines, or b. produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer without and sold within the Philippines treated as derived partly from sources within and partly from sources without the Philippines.
1.
Allowable Deductions from Gross Income From Sources Within the Philippines GENERAL RULE: From the items of gross income above, the following are allowed as deductions: a. expenses, losses and other deductions properly allocated to items of gross income b. ratable part of expenses, interests, losses and other deductions effectively connected with the business or trade conducted exclusively within the Philippines which cannot definitely be allocated to some items of gross income Formula for (b):
Philippine Gross Income x Unallocated Expenses = Expenses to be Worldwide Gross Income Allocated to Income from Within 2. EXCEPTION: No DEDUCTIONS FOR INTEREST paid or incurred abroad shall be allowed from the item of gross income unless indebtedness was actually incurred to provide funds for use in connection with the conduct or operation of trade or business in the Philippines.
D. Gross Income From Sources Without the Philippines The following items of gross income shall be treated as income from sources without the Philippines: 1. Interests other than those derived from sources within the Philippines 2. Dividends other than those derived from sources within the Philippines 3. Compensation for labor or personal services performed without the Philippines 4. Rentals or royalties from property located without the Philippines or from any interest in such property 5. Gains, profits and income from the sale of real property located without the Philippines 1. 2. Allowable Deductions to Gross Income From Sources Without the Philippines expenses, losses, and other deductions properly apportioned to items of gross income ratable part of any expense, loss or other deduction which cannot definitely be allocated to some items or classes of gross income e.g.:
Gross Income from Without the Philippines. x Unallocated Expenses = Expenses to be Worldwide Gross Income Allocated to Incom from Without E. Summary QUICK GLANCE

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Item of Income Interest Income from Services Rental Royalty Gain on Sale of Real Property Gain on Sale of Personal Property (EXCEPT: Shares of a domestic corporation Personal property produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer within and sold without the Philippines [or vice versa]) Gain on Sale of Domestic Shares Gain on sale of personal property produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer within and sold without the Philippines [or vice versa]
Tax I
Test of Source of Income Residence of the debtor Place of performance15 Location of the property Place of use of the intangible Location of the property sold Place of sale
Always income from within Partly from without and partly from within
Regardless of the residence of the payor, of the place in which the contract for service was made, or of the place of payment.
15

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GROSS INCOME
Dividends a. From Domestic Corporation b. From Foreign Corporation
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Income from within Income from WITHIN, IF at least 50% of its gross income for the previous 3-year period was derived from sources within the Philippines. [entire income considered as income from within] HOWEVER, if less than 50% of its gross income for the previous 3-year period was derived from sources within the Philippines, considered as partly within and partly without. Income within computed using this formula: Philippine Gross Income* x Dividend = Income Within Worldwide Gross Income* NOTE: * of the corporation giving the dividend
VI.
GROSS INCOME
A. Basic Principles Gross Income means all income derived from whatever source16, including (but not limited to) the following items: (TRIP CARD GPP) Gross income derived from the conduct of TRADE or business or the exercise of a profession 2. RENTS 3. INTERESTS 4. PRIZES and winnings 5. COMPENSATION for services in whatever form paid, including, but not limited to fees, salaries, wages, commissions, and similar items 6. ANNUITIES 7. ROYALTIES 8. DIVIDENDS 9. GAINS derived from dealings in property 10. PENSIONS 11. PARTNER'S distributive share from the net income of the general professional partnership (GPP) The term gross income whenever used without qualification, is comprehensive, as defined above, and is different from the limited meaning of gross income for purposes of minimum corporate income tax or the gross income tax of corporations. 1.
B. Supplementary Discussion on Some Items Included in Gross Income Compensation Income income arising from an employer-employee relationship. It means all remuneration for services performed by an employee for his employer, including the cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other than cash. [Sec. 78(A)] It includes: 1. Salaries and wages 2. Commissions 3. Tips 4. Allowances 5. Bonuses 6. Fringe Benefits of rank and file employees It does NOT include remuneration paid: 1. For agricultural labor paid entirely in products of the farm where the labor is performed, or 2. For domestic service in a private home, or 3. For casual labor not in the course of the employer's trade or business, or 4. For services by a citizen or resident of the Philippines for a foreign government or an international organization. [Sec. 78(A)] Withholding Tax on Compensation Income The income recipient (i.e., employee) is the person liable to pay the tax income, yet to improve the collection of compensation income of employees, the State requires the employer to withhold the tax upon payment of the compensation income.
16
It does not include income which is excluded or exempted by law.

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GROSS INCOME
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Fringe Benefits of Rank and File employees Basic Rule: Convenience of the Employer Rule If meals, living quarters, and other facilities and privileges are furnished to an employee for the convenience of the employer, and incidental to the requirement of the employees work or position, the value of that privilege need not be included as compensation.
Gains Derived From Dealings In Property Dealings in property such as sales or exchanges may result in gain or loss. The kind of property involved (i.e., whether the property is a capital asset or an ordinary asset) determines the tax implication and income tax treatment, as follows: ORDINARY ASSET CAPITAL ASSET*** Ordinary Gain Capital Gain Ordinary Loss Capital Loss [goes into computation of] Net Capital Gain Ordinary Net Income *** (except shares of stock not listed nor traded in a local stock exchange and real property subject to capital gains tax) Gain from sale or exchange Loss from sale or exchange Excess of Gains over the Losses Taxable net income = Ordinary net income + net capital gains If the asset involved is classified as ordinary, the entire amount of the gain from the transaction shall be included in the computation of gross income [Sec 32(A)], and the entire amount of the loss shall be deductible from gross income. [Sec 34(D)]. (See XI. Allowable Deductions from Gross Income - Losses) If the property sold is a capital asset (except shares of stock not listed nor traded in a local stock exchange and real property subject to capital gains tax), the rules on capital gains and losses apply in the determination of the amount to be included in gross income. (See XIII Capital Gains and Losses) Computation of Gain or Loss [Sec. 40(A)]: Amount realized from sale or other disposition of property Less: basis or adjusted basis GAIN if the result is a negative amount, there is a LOSS. Note: Amount realized from sale or other disposition of property = sum of money received + fair market value of the property (other than money) received In computing the gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of property, the BASIS shall be as follows: 1. Property acquired by purchase its cost, i.e., the purchase price plus expenses of acquisition. 2. Property which should be included in the inventory its latest inventory value [RR-2 sec 136] 3. Property acquired by devise, bequest or inheritance its fair market price or value as of the date of acquisition 4. Property acquired by gift or donation the same as if it would be in the hands of the donor or at last preceding owner by whom it was not acquired by gift, EXCEPT that if such basis is greater than the FMV of the property at the time of the gift then, for the purpose of determining loss, the basis shall be such FMV 5. Property (other than capital asset) acquired for less than an adequate consideration in moneys worth a) the amount paid by the transferee for the property; or b) the transferors adjusted basis at the time of the transfer whichever is greater 6. Property acquired in a transaction where gain or loss not recognized The basis shall be that as defined in 40 (C) (5)
Interest Income e.g., Interest income from government securities such as Treasury Bills Rental Income Actual rent itself included in gross income (taxable) Payments by lessee of obligations of lessor to third persons considered as additional rent income of the lessor, and therefore included in gross income (taxable). Thus, if the lessee paid directly to the City Government a real estate tax of P2,000 on the property of the lessor, the tax paid by the lessee would be considered to have been cash that changed hands two times, as follows: Lessee Lessor Government
(1)

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GROSS INCOME
(P2,000) P2,000 (P2,000)
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(2)
P2,000
Advance Rentals Receipt of advance rentals by the lessor may or may not constitute taxable income to him depending on the true nature of the so-called advance rentals. o If the advance rentals is in the nature of prepaid rent (for the lessee), received by the lessor under a claim of right and without restriction as to use, the entire amount is taxable income of the lessor in the year received. o If the amount received is in the nature of a security deposit for the faithful compliance by the lessee of the terms of the contract, there is no income to the lessor unless the conditions which make the security deposit the property of the lessor occur (i.e., the lessee violates the terms of the lease agreement)
Dividends Any dividend which is not exempt from income tax, or which is not subject to final tax, is taxable dividend included in the computation of the taxable income (gross income) in the income tax return at the end of the year. NOTE: Liquidating Dividend distribution of all the property of a corporation. It is strictly not dividend income, but rather a sale of shares of stock resulting in capital gain or loss. Annuities income derived from a capital amount paid to an insurance company. Annuities are paid on the basis of an individual contract, which can be made by everybody. Pensions paid for past employment services rendered. Cancellation of debt The cancellation or forgiveness of indebtedness may have any of three possible consequences: 1. It may amount to payment of income. If, for example, an individual performs services to or for a creditor, who, in consideration thereof, cancels the debt, income in that amount is realized by the debtor as compensation for personal services. The law will consider the transaction as one where the creditor compensated the debtor for services rendered, and the debtor paid his indebtedness out of the compensation he received. 2. It may amount to a gift. If a creditor wishes merely to benefit the debtor, and without any consideration therefore, cancels the debt, the amount of the debt is a gift to the debtor and need not be included in the latters report of income. 3. It may amount to a capital transaction. If a corporation to which a stockholder is indebted forgives the debt, the transaction has the effect of a payment of dividend. Prizes and Awards Contest prizes and awards received are generally taxable. Such payment constitutes gain derived from labor. The EXCEPTIONS are as follows: Prizes and awards received in recognition of religious, charitable, scientific, educational, artistic, literary or civic achievements are EXCLUSIONS from gross income if: a. The recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter a contest or proceedings; and b. The recipient is not required to render substantial future services as a condition to receiving the prize or award. Prizes and awards granted to athletes in local and international sports competitions and tournaments held in the Philippines and abroad and sanctioned by their national associations shall be EXEMPT from income tax. Damage recovery Compensatory damages, as constituting returns of capital, are not taxable. Thus, amounts received as moral damages for personal actions (such as alienation of affection, libel, slander or breach of promise to marry) are not taxable. Recovered damages representing recoveries of lost profits are taxable, just as profits are taxable in the regular course of business. Thus, damages recovered in patent infringement suits are taxable. Bad Debt Recovery Tax Benefit Rule Bad debts claimed as a deduction in the preceding year(s) but subsequently recovered shall be included as part of the taxpayers gross income in the year of such recovery to the extent of the income tax benefit of said deduction. There is an income tax benefit when the deduction of the bad debt in the prior year resulted in lesser income and hence tax savings for the company. ILLUSTRATION: Year 1 Case A Case B Case C

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GROSS INCOME
Gross Income Less: Allowable Deductions (before write-off of Uncollectible Accounts/Debts) Taxable Income (Net Loss) before write-off Deduction for Accounts Receivable written off Taxable Income (Net Loss) after write-off Year 2 Recovery of Amounts Written Off Taxable Income on the Recovery P500,000 (200,000) P300,000 (2,000) P298,000 P400,000 (480,000) (P60,000) (2,000) (P62,000)
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P500,000 (495,000) P 5,000
(6,000) (P1,000)
2,000
2,000 -
P P
6,000 5,000
P 2,000
Explanation: In Case A, the entire amount recovered (P2,000) is included in the computation of gross income in Year 2 because the taxpayer benefited by the same extent. Prior to the write-off, the taxable income was P300,000; after the write-off, the taxable income was reduced to P298,000. In Case B, none of the P2,000 recovered would be recognized as gross income in Year 2. Note that even without the write-off, the taxpayer would not have paid any income tax anyway. The taxable income before the write-off was actually a net loss. In Case C, only P5,000 of the P6,000 recovered would be recognized as gross income in Year 2. It was only to this extent that the taxpayer benefited from the write-off. The taxpayer did not benefit from the extra P1,000 because at this point, the P1,000 was already a net loss. Tax Refund As a general rule, a refund of a tax related to the business or the practice of profession, is taxable income (e.g., refund of fringe benefit tax) in the year of receipt to the extent of the income tax benefit of said deduction (i.e., the tax benefit rule applies). However, the following tax refunds are not to be included in the computation of gross income: (EXCEPTIONS) 1. Philippine income tax, except the fringe benefit tax 2. Income tax imposed by authority of any foreign country, if the taxpayer claimed a credit for such tax in the year it was paid or incurred. 3. Estate and donors taxes 4. Taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property assessed (Special assessments) 5. Value Added Tax 6. Fines and penalties due to late payment of tax 7. Final taxes 8. Capital Gains Tax The enumeration of tax refunds that are not taxable (income) is derived from an enumeration of tax payments that are not deductible from gross income. If a tax is not an allowable deduction from gross income when paid (no reduction of taxable income, hence no tax benefit), the refund is not taxable.
VII.
EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME [Sec. 32(B)]
The following are excluded from gross income: (GIRL CRM) 1. LIFE Insurance What is excluded: The proceeds of life insurance policies paid to heirs or beneficiaries upon the death of the insured. Reason: Insurance is a contract of indemnity; hence, the proceeds should be treated as indemnity and not as gain or income. HOWEVER, If such amounts are held by the insurer under an agreement to pay interest thereon, the interest payments shall be included in gross income. 2. Amount Received by Insured as RETURN of Premium What is excluded: The amount received by the insured, as a return of premiums paid by him under life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts, either during the term or at the maturity of the term mentioned in the contract or upon surrender of the contract.

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EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME

-
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Reason: This is a return of capital and not income. HOWEVER, if the amounts received by the insured (when added to the amounts already received before the taxable year under such contract) exceed the aggregate premiums or considerations paid (whether or not paid during the taxable year), then the excess shall be included in gross income.
3.
GIFTS, Bequests, and Devises What is excluded: The value of property acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent. Reason: These transactions are subject to transfer taxes estate or donors taxes. HOWEVER, income from such property, as well as gift, bequest, devise or descent of income from any property, in cases of transfers of divided interest, shall be included in gross income. COMPENSATION for Injuries or Sickness What is excluded: The amounts received as compensation for personal injuries or sickness, plus the amounts of any damages received, whether by suit or agreement, on account of such injuries or sickness. INCOME Exempt under Treaty What is excluded: Income of any kind, to the extent required by any treaty obligation binding upon the Government of the Philippines. RETIREMENT Benefits, Pensions, Gratuities, etc.a. What is excluded: Retirement benefits received under RA 7641 and those received by officials and employees of private firms in accordance with a reasonable private benefit plan maintained by the employer. o REQUISITES for such retirement benefits to be excluded: i. The retiring employee has been in the service of the same employer for at least 10 years. ii. The retiring employee is not less than 50 years of age at the time of his retirement iii. The benefits shall be availed of by an employee only once. iv. That there be a reasonable private benefit plan as defined below. o A 'reasonable private benefit plan' means a pension, gratuity, stock bonus or profit-sharing plan maintained by an employer for the benefit of some or all of his employees wherein contributions are made by such employer for the employees for the purpose of distributing to such employees the earnings and principal of the fund thus accumulated and wherein it is PROVIDED in the plan that at no time shall any part of the corpus or income of the fund be used for, or be diverted to, any purpose other than for the exclusive benefit of the said officials and employees. b. What is excluded: Any amount received by an employee or by his heirs from the employer as a consequence of separation of such official or employee from the service of the employer because of o death o sickness or o other physical disability or o for any cause beyond the control of the employee (i.e., the separation of the employee must be involuntary and not initiated by him) What is excluded: The social security benefits, retirement gratuities, pensions and other similar benefits received by resident or nonresident citizens of the Philippines or aliens who come to reside permanently in the Philippines from foreign government agencies and other institutions What is excluded: Payments of benefits due or to become due to any person residing in the Philippines under the laws of the United States administered by the United States Veterans Administration What is excluded: Benefits received from or enjoyed under the Social Security System What is excluded: Benefits received from the GSIS, including retirement gratuity received by government officials and employees
4.
5.
6.
c.
d.
e. f.
CASE LAW: BIR Ruling 125-98: The phrase "shall not have availed of the privilege under

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EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME
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a retirement benefit plan of the same or another employer" found in Sec. 32 (B) (6) (a) of the Tax Code means that the retiring official or employee must not have previously received retirement benefits from the same or another employer who has a qualified retirement benefit plan. BIR Ruling 143-98: The terminal leave pay of government employees whose employment is coterminous is exempt since it falls within the meaning of the phrase "for any cause beyond the control of the said official or employee" found in Sec. 32(B).
7.
MISCELLANEOUS Items a. Income Derived by Foreign Government Income derived from (1) investments in the Philippines in domestic securities (loans, stocks, bonds, etc.) or (2) from interest on deposits in banks in the Philippines by i. foreign governments ii. financing institutions owned, controlled, or enjoying refinancing from foreign governments, and iii. international or regional financial institutions established by foreign governments. b. Income Derived by the Government or its Political Subdivisions Income derived from any public utility or from the exercise of any essential governmental function accruing to the Government of the Philippines or to any political subdivision thereof. Prizes and Awards Prizes and awards made primarily in recognition of religious, charitable, scientific, educational, artistic, literary, or civic achievement but only if: i. recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter the contest or proceeding and ii. recipient is not required to render substantial future services as a condition to receiving the prize or award Prizes and Awards in Sports Competition All prizes and awards granted to athletes (1) in local and international sports competitions (2) sanctioned by their national sports associations. 13th Month Pay and Other Benefits Gross benefits received by employees of public and private entities provided that the total exclusion shall not exceed P30,000 which shall cover: i. Benefits received by government employees under RA 6686 ii. Benefits received by employees pursuant to PD 851 (13th Month Pay Decree) iii. Benefits received by employees not covered by PD 851 and iv. Other benefits such as productivity incentives and Christmas bonus NOTE: What happens if the benefits exceed P30,000? The amount in excess of P30,000 will be considered as compensation income. f. g. GSIS, SSS, Medicare and Other Contributions GSIS, SSS, Medicare and Pag-ibig contributions, and union dues of individuals Gains from the Sale of Bonds, Debentures or other Certificate of Indebtedness Gains realized from the sale or exchange or retirement of bonds, debentures or other certificate of indebtedness with a maturity of more than 5 years. Gains from Redemption of Shares in Mutual Fund Gains realized by the investor upon redemption of shares of stock in a mutual fund company
c.
d.
e.
h.
VIII. ALLOWABLE DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS INCOME

The term taxable income means the pertinent items of gross income specified in the National Internal Revenue Code [Sec 32], less the deductions [Sec 34] and/or personal and additional exemptions [Sec 35], if appropriate, authorized for such types of income by the Code or other special laws. [Sec 31] A. Basic Principles Governing Tax Deductions Construed strictly against the taxpayer claiming it; a clear right must be established

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ALLOWABLE DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS INCOME

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He who claims it must point to the specific provision of the statute authorizing it, and he must be able to prove that he is entitled to it. If the exemption is not expressly stated in the law, the taxpayer must at least be within the purview of the exemption by clear legislative intent. However, if there is an express mention in the law or if the taxpayer falls within the purview of the exemption by clear legislative intent, the rule on strict construction will not apply. Unlike gross income, there is no catch-all provision for deductions. Deductions must comply with the substantiation requirement.
B. Kinds of Deductions 1. Itemized Deductions business (or professional) expenses which are ordinary and necessary in the conduct of business (or in the exercise of profession) 2. Optional Standard Deduction (OSD) may be taken by an individual, in lieu of itemized deductions REQUISITES: 1. OSD is available only to citizens or resident aliens; thus non-resident aliens are not entitled to claim the optional standard deduction 2. The standard deduction is optional; i.e., unless the taxpayer signifies in his return his intention to elect this deduction, he is considered as having availed of the itemized deductions; 3. Such election, when made by the qualified taxpayer, is irrevocable for the year in which made; however, he can change to itemized deductions in succeeding years; NOTE HOWEVER: Since an individual in business or in the practice of profession is required to file quarterly income tax returns, can he choose the Optional Standard Deduction in his quarterly returns and then choose the itemized deductions in his annual income tax return, or vice versa? YES, the Optional Standard Deduction or Itemized Deductions is against the gross income of the year. Quarterly income tax returns are only interim computations on the taxable income for the year. 4. The amount of standard deduction is limited to ten percent (10%) of the taxpayers gross income. [However, OSD is not available against compensation income arising out of an employer-employee relationship.] NOTE: The Gross Income base of OSD is In the case of an individual in a manufacturing or merchandising concern: gross income (or profit) from sales [i.e., sales less cost of sales], and incidental income, if any In the case of an individual whose income is from the sale of services: gross income (or profit) from sale of services [i.e., gross receipts less direct cost of services], and incidental income, if any 5. Proof of actual expenses is not required, but the taxpayer should keep records pertaining to his gross income. C. Who can avail of deductions? In general, all taxpayers except for those earning compensation income arising from personal services rendered under an employer-employee relationship Rules: 1. Compensation income earners can avail themselves only of the deduction in Sec 34(M), i.e., premium payments on health and/or hospitalization insurance (in addition to the appropriate personal exemption). 2. The following can claim ITEMIZED deductions: a. Corporations, whether domestic or (resident) foreign b. General Professional Partnerships c. Individuals engaged in trade, profession or business (citizen, resident alien, non-resident alien doing business in the Philippines) d. Estates and trusts engaged in trade or business e. Proprietary educational institutions and hospitals (non-profit) f. Government-owned or controlled corporations 3. Only individuals, EXCEPT non-resident aliens, can elect between itemized deductions and OPTIONAL STANDARD DEDUCTION. QUICK GLANCE The following are the deductions from gross income: For individuals with gross compensation income only: Premium payments on health and/or hospitalization insurance (if requisites are complied with)

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Personal Exemptions For individuals with gross income from business or practice of profession: Optional Standard Deduction [OR] Itemized Deductions Premium payments on health and/or hospitalization insurance (if requisites are complied with) Personal Exemptions For corporations, general professional partnerships, estates and trusts engaged in business, proprietary educational institutions and hospitals (non-profit), and government-owned or controlled corporations Itemized Deductions
D. Kinds of Itemized Deductions (BELT DID CPR) 1. Expenses 2. Interest 3. Taxes 4. Losses 5. Bad debts 6. Depreciation 7. Depletion 8. Charitable and Other Contributions 9. Research and Development 10.Pension Trust E. Expenses [Sec 34(A)] Only deduction allowable Ordinary and necessary trade, business or professional expenses. REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY of Business Expense: (SPOD RYN) 1. It must be ORDINARY and necessary. Ordinary - expense which is normal in relation to the taxpayers business and the surrounding circumstances. The expense need not be recurring. Necessary where the expenditure is appropriate or helpful in the development of the taxpayers business or that the same is proper for the purpose of realizing a profit or minimizing a loss. The two conditions must both be satisfied, so that an expense which is ordinary but not necessary, or an expense which is necessary but not ordinary, is not deductible from gross income. A court may decide on when an expense is, or is not, ordinary, but as much as possible, it will refuse to substitute its judgment for that of the taxpayer on the necessity of an expense. 2. It must be paid or incurred during the taxable YEAR. 3. It must be paid or incurred in carrying on or which are DIRECTLY attributable to, the development, management, operation and/or conduct of the trade, business or exercise of a profession. 4. The amount must be REASONABLE. 5. It must be SUBSTANTIATED with sufficient evidence, such as official receipts or other adequate records, showing: i. the amount of the expense being deducted, and ii. the direct connection or relation of the expense being deducted to the development, management, operation and/or conduct of the trade, business or profession of the taxpayer.. 6. It is NOT CONTRARY to law, public policy or morals. 7. The tax required to be withheld on the amount paid or payable must have been PAID to the BIR by the taxpayer, who is constituted as a withholding agent of the government (for instance, withholding tax on compensation income paid to employees, fringe benefit tax on fringe benefits given to managerial and supervisory employees, etc.). (Sec. 2.58.5, RR 2-98 as amended by Sec. 6, RR 14-2002) What are EXAMPLES of ordinary and necessary expenses? 1. Salaries, wages, and other forms of compensation for personal services actually rendered, including the grossed-up monetary value (GMV) of fringe benefit furnished by the employer to the employee. 2. Travel expenses, here and abroad, while away from home in the pursuit of trade, business or profession 3. Rentals and/or other payments which are required as a condition for the continued use or possession, for purposes of the trade, business or profession, of property to which the taxpayer has not taken or is not taking title or in which he has no equity other than that of a lessee, user or possessor 4. Entertainment, amusement and recreation expenses that are directly connected to the development, management and operation of the trade, business or profession of the

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taxpayer, or that are directly related to or in furtherance of the conduct of his or its trade, business or exercise of a profession Representation Expenses refer to expenses incurred by a taxpayer in connection with the conduct of his trade, business or exercise of profession, in entertaining, providing amusement and recreation to, or meeting with, a guest or guests at a dining place, place of amusement, country club, theater, concert, play, sporting event, and similar events or places. Ceiling on entertainment, amusement and recreation expense [Sec. 5, RR 10-2002] The amount of actual entertainment, amusement and recreation expense paid or incurred within the taxable year by the taxpayer, but in no case shall such deduction exceed: 0.5% of net sales (i.e., gross sales less sales returns/allowances and sales discounts) for taxpayers engaged in sale of goods or properties or 1.0% of net revenue (i.e., gross revenue less discounts) for taxpayers engaged in sale of services, including exercise of profession and use or lease of properties Bribes, Kickbacks and Other Similar Payments No deduction shall be allowed for any payment made, directly or indirectly, to an official or employee of the national government, or to an official or employee of any local government unit, or to an official or employee of a government-owned or -controlled corporation, or to an official or employee or representative of a foreign government, or to a private corporation, general professional partnership, or a similar entity, if the payment constitutes a bribe or kickback. Special Case: EXPENSES ALLOWABLE TO PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN ADDITION to the expenses allowable as deductions, a private educational institution may at its option elect either: 1. to deduct expenditures otherwise considered as capital outlays of depreciable assets incurred during the taxable year for the expansion of school facilities, or 2. to deduct allowance for depreciation thereof
F. Interest [Sec 34(B)] Deduction Allowable The amount of interest paid or incurred within a taxable year on indebtedness in connection with the taxpayer's profession, trade or business shall be allowed as deduction from gross income. REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY (Sec. 34(B) as implemented by RR 13-2000): (WITTY CReP DL) 1. There is an INDEBTEDNESS. 2. The indebtedness is that of the TAXPAYER. 3. The indebtedness is connected with the taxpayers TRADE, profession, or business. 4. The interest must be legally DUE. 5. The interest must be stipulated in WRITING. 6. The taxpayer is LIABLE to pay interest on the indebtedness. 7. The indebtedness must have been paid or accrued during the taxable YEAR. 8. The interest payment arrangement must not be between ReLATED taxpayers as mandated in Sec. 34(B)(2)(b), in relation to Sec. 36(B), both of the Tax Code of 1997. 9. The interest must not be incurred to finance PETROLEUM operations. 10. In case of interest incurred to acquire property used in trade, business or exercise of profession, the same was not treated as a CAPITAL expenditure, Limitation on Deduction The taxpayer's allowable deduction for interest expense shall be reduced by an amount equal to 42% of the interest income subjected to final tax.17 ILLUSTRATION: On January 15, 2005, Company A, who has a deposit account with BCD Bank, obtained a loan from XYZ Financing Corporation in connection with the operation of its business. For the year 2005, the interest income it derived from the said deposit with BCD Bank amounted to P 180,000 on which a final tax of P36,000 had been withheld. Its interest expense on the loan obtained from XYZ Financing Corporation during the same year amounted to P 150,000. What is the deductible interest expense? the taxable income and the income tax due of Company A shall be computed as follows: Actual Interest expense Less: 42 % of interest income from P 150,000
17
Amended by RA 9337 (May 24, 2005)

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deposit (42% x P180,000) Deductible interest expense
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75,600 P 74,400
When is the limitation not applicable? Interest incurred or paid by the taxpayer on all its business related taxes shall be fully deductible from gross income unpaid and shall not be subject to the limitation on deduction. Thus, such interest expense incurred or paid shall not be diminished by the percentage of interest income earned which had been subjected to final withholding tax. (Sec. 4(c), RR 13-2000)
Non-deductible Interest (Sec. 34(B)(2)(b) as implemented by Sec. 4(d), RR 13-2000) 1. Interest paid in advance by the taxpayer who reports income on cash basis Rule: Such interest shall be allowed as a deduction in the year the indebtedness is paid. If the indebtedness is payable in periodic amortizations, the amount of interest which corresponds to the amount of the principal amortized or paid during the year shall be allowed as deduction in such taxable year. 2. Interest payments made: (between Related Taxpayers [persons specified under Section 36 (B)]) 1. Between members of a family. The family of an individual shall include only his brothers and sisters (whether by the whole or half-blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants. 2. Between an individual and corporation more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for such individual; or 3. Between two corporations more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the same individual; 4. Between the grantor and a fiduciary of any trust; 5. Between the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust if the same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; 6. Between a fiduciary of a trust and beneficiary of such trust. 3. Interest on indebtedness incurred to finance petroleum exploration Optional Treatment of Interest Expense At the option of the taxpayer, interest incurred to acquire property used in trade, business or exercise of a profession may be either (1) allowed as a DEDUCTION or (2) treated as a CAPITAL EXPENDITURE. ILLUSTRATION: Mr. A wanted to acquire a delivery van worth P1,000,000 for his business. To finance this, he borrowed P1,000,000 from ABC Bank on January 1, 2005. The loan bears interest of 10%, and both the interest and principal are payable on December 31, 2005. For income tax purposes, how should Mr. A account for his interest expense in 2005? ANSWER: Mr. A has two options. First, he may choose to treat the P100,000 (10% of P1,000,000) interest expense as an outright deduction from his gross income in 2005 (which deduction shall be subject to the limitation that it be reduced by an amount equal to 42% of the taxpayers interest income subjected to final tax). Alternatively, he may choose to capitalize the interest expense by incorporating its amount to the cost of the vehicle obtained for his business. In this case, the vehicle will be recorded in his books at a cost of P1,100,000 (purchase price of P1,000,000 plus the interest expense of P100,000). The total cost of the vehicle will then be gradually allowed as deduction from the gross income of the succeeding taxable years as depreciation expense.
G. Taxes [Sec. 34(C)] GENERAL RULE: All taxes, national or local, paid or incurred during the taxable year in connection with the taxpayer's profession, trade or business, are deductible from gross income. EXCEPTIONS: Philippine income tax, except the fringe benefit tax Income tax imposed by authority of any foreign country EXCEPT when the taxpayer does NOT signify his desire to avail of the tax credit for taxes of foreign countries, in which case the amount may be allowed as a deduction subject to the limitations set forth by law. (Note that a taxpayer qualified to take tax credits for foreign income taxes paid or incurred may alternatively claim them as deductions from gross income.) Estate and donors taxes Taxes assessed against local benefits of a kind tending to increase the value of the property assessed (Special Assessments) Value Added Tax

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Fines and penalties due to late payment of tax Final taxes Capital Gains Tax
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REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY: (TEDY) 1. It must be paid or incurred within the taxable YEAR. 2. It must be paid or incurred in connection with the taxpayers TRADE, profession or business. 3. It must be imposed DIRECTLY on the taxpayer. 4. It must not be specifically EXCLUDED by law from being deducted from the taxpayers gross income. EXAMPLES of Deductible Taxes: Import duties Business taxes Occupation taxes Privilege and license taxes Excise taxes Documentary stamp taxes Automobile registration fees Real property taxes Limitations on Deductions In the case of a nonresident alien individual engaged in trade or business (NRAETB) and a resident foreign corporation (RFC), the deductions for taxes shall be allowed only if and to the extent that they are connected with income from sources within the Philippines. Special Treatment of Foreign Income Tax A taxpayer qualified to take tax credits for foreign income taxes paid or incurred may alternatively claim them as deductions from gross income. What is tax credit? A credit for foreign income tax paid or incurred reduces the Philippine income tax that should be paid. Tax credit is given to a taxpayer in order to provide relief from too onerous a burden of taxation in case where the same income is subject to foreign income tax and the Philippine income tax. In determining the tax credit that may be allowed a taxpayer, the foreign income tax should be understood to mean tax proper only, and no credit shall be taken for any amount paid or incurred to the foreign country which represents interest, surcharge or penalty incident to delinquency on the payment of the tax. In taking a tax credit: Tax credit is taken for Tax credit is taken against The foreign income tax The Philippine income tax
Who can claim a tax credit, and in what amount18? 1. Citizens the amount of income taxes paid or incurred during the taxable year to any foreign country 2. Domestic Corporations the amount of income taxes paid or incurred during the taxable year to any foreign country 3. Member of General Professional Partnership (GPP) his proportionate share of such taxes of the general professional partnership paid or incurred during the taxable year to a foreign country, if his distributive share of the income of such partnership is reported for taxation 4. Beneficiary of an estate or trust his proportionate share of such taxes of the estate or trust paid or incurred during the taxable year to a foreign country, if his distributive share of the income of such trust is reported for taxation Who may NOT claim a tax credit? 1. Alien individuals 2. Foreign Corporations What are the substantiation requirements? The tax credits shall be allowed only if the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Commissioner the following: 1. The total amount of income derived from sources without the Philippines; 2. The amount of income derived from each country, the tax paid or incurred to which is claimed as a credit under said paragraph, such amount to be
18
Amounts are subject to the limitations (per country and overall) set forth by law.

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determined under rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance; and All other information necessary for the verification and computation of such credits.
What amount may be taken as a tax credit? The amount of tax credit allowed is equivalent to the tax paid or incurred to a foreign country during the taxable year but not to exceed the following limits: 1. [Per Country Limit] The amount of tax credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the taxpayer's taxable income from sources within such country bears to his entire taxable income for the same taxable year; and 2. [Worldwide Limit] The total amount of the credit shall not exceed the same proportion of the tax against which such credit is taken, which the taxpayer's taxable income from sources without the Philippines taxable bears to his entire taxable income for the same taxable year. i.e., 1. Taxable Income per Foreign Country x Philippine income tax = limit Worldwide Taxable Income 2. Taxable Income for all Foreign Countries limit Worldwide Taxable Income x Philippine income tax =
NOTE: The second limitation applies where the taxpayer derives income from more than one foreign country. ILLUSTRATION: D Co., a domestic corporation, had the following data for a year on taxable income and income taxes paid: Taxable Income, Country A P200,000 Taxable Income, Country B P100,000 Taxable Income, Philippines P700,000 Income Tax Paid Country A P 60,000 Income Tax Paid Country B P 38,000 What is the Philippine income tax still due, after credit for foreign income taxes? Should D Co. choose to treat income taxes paid to foreign countries as deductions from gross income, what is its Philippine income tax? Answer: Scenario A: Tax Credit option is chosen. Step 1: Compute for total taxable income and Philippine income tax. Taxable Income, Country A P200,000 Taxable Income, Country B 100,000 Taxable Income, Philippines 700,000 Total Taxable Income from sources within and without the Philippines P1,000,000 Philippine Income Tax (P1,000,000 x 32% P350,000
Step 2: Compute for Limitation A (Per Country Basis). To get tax credit per country under Limitation A, this formula is followed: Taxable income from foreign country Taxable income from all sources The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid for each foreign country. The lower of the two amounts for each foreign country will be added to get the total tax credit allowed under Limitation A. Amount Allowed (Whichever is Lower) Country A Limitation A (200/1000 x 350,000) Actually paid to Country A P 70,000 60,000 P 60,000 x Phil. income tax = Tax credit

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Country B Limitation B (100/1000 x 350,000) Actually paid to Country B Tax credit allowed under Limitation A P 35,000 38,000 P
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35,000 95,000
Step 3: Compute for Limitation B (Overall Basis). To get tax credit (overall basis) under Limitation B, this formula is followed: Taxable income from sources outside the Phils. credit Taxable income from all sources x Phil. income tax = Tax
The result after applying the formula above is compared to the tax actually paid in total to foreign countries. The lower of the two amounts will be added to get the total tax credit allowed under Limitation B. Amount Allowed (Whichever is Lower) Overall Limit: 300/1000 x 350,000 Total foreign income taxes paid Tax credit allowed under Limitation B P 105,000 98,000 P 98,000
Step 4: Compare the respective tax credits allowed under Limitation A and Limitation B. The lower of the two amounts is the final allowable tax credit. In this case, the amount computed under Limitation A (P95,000) is lower, thus it becomes the final allowable tax credit. Step 5: Compute for the income tax still due. Philippine Income tax Less: Allowable Tax Credit Philippine Income Tax still due P350,000 95,000 P255,000
Scenario B: Deduction option is chosen. Taxable Income, Country A Taxable Income, Country B Taxable Income, Philippines Total Taxable Income (before deduction for foreign income tax) Less: Deductions for Foreign Income Taxes Paid Country A P60,000 Country B P38,000 Net Taxable Income Philippine Income Tax (902,000 x 35%) P200,000 100,000 700,000 P1,000,000
(98,000) P902,000 P315,700
H. Losses [Sec. 34(D)] Deduction Allowable Losses actually sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by insurance or other forms of indemnity shall be allowed as deductions: If incurred in trade, profession or business; Of property connected with the trade, business or profession, if the loss arises from fires, storms, shipwreck, or other casualties, or from robbery, theft or embezzlement. Extent of Losses Allowable: The entire amount of the loss, as the case may be, shall be recognized. REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY: (CATT DID) 1. The loss must be that of the TAXPAYER. The loss is personal to the taxpayer and is not transferable or usable by another. The loss of a predecessor partnership is not deductible by a successor corporation. The loss of the parent company may not be deducted by its subsidiary. 2. The loss must be ACTUALLY sustained and charged off within the taxable year. As a general rule, the loss is deductible in the year the loss happens. However, if the loss is compensated by insurance or otherwise, the loss is postponed to a subsequent year in which it appears that no compensation at all can be had, or

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3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
there is a remaining net loss (or there is no full compensation). The rule is that loss deduction will be denied, if there is a measurable right to compensation for the loss, with ultimate collection reasonably clear. So where there is reasonable ground for reimbursement, the taxpayer must seek his redress and may not secure a loss deduction until he establishes that no recovery may be had. In other words, the taxpayer must first exhaust his remedies to recover or reduce his loss. (Plaridel Surety and Insurance Co. v. Collector, 21 SCRA 1187) ILLUSTRATION: In 2001, H Company had a shipment with a cost of P600,000 and insured against marine perils for the same amount. The vessel carrying the property sank and the insurance company refused to admit liability under the policy. An action was brought in court in 2002, and the insurance company agreed to pay P500,000. The loss of P100,000 was a proper deduction in 2002. The loss is evidenced by a CLOSED and completed transaction. There should be an identifiable event that fixes the loss. For instance, when a loss results from a sale, the consummation of the sale is the identifiable event that fixes the loss, and the deduction should be claimed in the year that the sale was consummated. A sale is consummated only when there is delivery. The loss is not claimed as a DEDUCTION for estate tax purposes. The purpose is to avoid the item from being deducted twice, to the detriment of the Government. The loss must not be compensated by INSURANCE or other forms of indemnity. The loss must be connected with the taxpayers TRADE, business or profession. In the case of casualty loss, declaration of loss (Sworn DECLARATION of Loss) must be filed within 45 days from the occurrence of the casualty loss. (RR 12-77)
Despite concurrence of requisites, when is loss nonetheless NOT deductible? - In computing net income, no deductions shall in any case be allowed in respect of losses from sales or exchanges of property directly or indirectly [between Related Taxpayers] 1. Between members of a family. The family of an individual shall include only his brothers and sisters (whether by the whole or half-blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants. 2. Between an individual and corporation more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for such individual; or 3. Between two corporations more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the same individual; 4. Between the grantor and a fiduciary of any trust; 5. Between the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust if the same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; 6. Between a fiduciary of a trust and beneficiary of such trust. Obsolescence and Worthlessness Obsolescence of property is deductible as a loss when the property has to be discarded permanently because its usefulness is suddenly terminated. Worthlessness may be a ground for deductibility of the value of the property as a loss when it can be satisfactorily shown that the property had indeed become valueless. Other Types of Losses Recognized by the Tax Code (and Corresponding Treatment) Shrinkage in Value of Stocks A person possessing stock of a corporation cannot deduct from gross income any amount claimed as a loss merely on account of shrinkage in value of such stock through fluctuation of the market or otherwise. The loss allowable in such case is that actually suffered when the stock is disposed of. If stock of a corporation becomes worthless, its cost or other basis determined in accordance with Revenue Regulation 2-98 may be deducted by the owner in the taxable year in which the stock became worthless, provided a satisfactory showing of its worthlessness be made, as in the case of bad debts. Wagering Losses Wagering losses are deductible only to the extent of wagering gains. Therefore, if there are no wagering gains, wagering loss cannot be deducted. [Wagering gains and losses gains and losses from transactions where the outcome depends upon chance.] Loss from Wash Sales of Stocks or Securities [Sec. 38] A loss from a wash sale of stock or securities is [generally] not deductible from gross income. A wash sale is a sale under the following circumstances: 1. There was a sale of stock or securities at a loss.

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Within a period beginning thirty days before, and ending thirty days after, the date of sale or disposition (known as the sixty-one day period), there was an acquisition of shares or securities (or option to acquire shares or securities).
i.e.:
Date of sale
-------------------------------------------- x ----------------------------------------------
Acquisition occurred EITHER:

3. 4. 5.
30 days prior to the sale
OR
30 days after the sale
The acquisition, or option, should be a purchase or exchange upon which gain or loss is recognized under the income tax law. The stock or securities acquired were substantially the same as those disposed of. The taxpayer is NOT a dealer in securities.
INCOME TAX RULE: On the shares sold at a loss with covering acquisitions, NO LOSS shall be recognized. On the shares sold at a loss with no covering acquisitions, CAPITAL LOSS shall be recognized (See XIII. Capital Gains and Losses, for the income tax treatment). The loss not recognized shall be adjusted into (i.e., added to) the basis of the shares acquired within the sixty-one day period. ILLUSTRATION: S Co., not a dealer in securities, on December 27, 2000, sold for P90,000, 1,000 shares of common stock of ZZ Company, that it acquired on January 20, 2000 for P110,000. On January 5, 2001, or nine days after the sale, it acquired 900 shares of common stock of the same company for P90,000. On June 10, 2001, the latest acquisition was sold for P120,000. INCOME TAX IMPLICATIONS: There would have been a loss not recognized of P18,000 on the sale of December 27, 2000. There would have been a gain of P12,000 on the sale of June 10, 2001. SUPPORTING SOLUTION: a. Determine if the sale is a wash sale YES, there is a wash sale because nine days after the December 27, 2000 sale (or within the sixty-one day period), S. Co. (which is not a dealer in securities) acquired shares of stock which were the same as those disposed of. b. Computation of loss not recognized and recognized Acquisition Cost Less: Selling Price Total Loss Number of shares sold at a loss Less: Number of shares acquired within the 61-day period Number of shares acquired with no matching acquisition Loss on a wash sale, not recognized (900/1,000 * 20,000) Capital Loss recognized (100/1,000 * 20,000) c. P110,000 90,000 P20,000 1,000 900 100 P18,000 P2,000
Computation of basis of the shares acquired on January 5, 2001 (i.e., adjusted cost). Acquisition Cost P 90,000 Add: Loss not recognized 18,000 Basis of the shares acquired on January 5, 2001 P108,000 Computation of the gain on the sale of June 10, 2001 Selling Price Less: Adjusted Basis Gain on the Sale P120,000 108,000 P 12,000
d.

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What if the taxpayer is a dealer in securities, and the transaction from which the loss resulted, was made in the ordinary course of the business of such dealer? The loss is deductible in full. Corporate readjustment: Merger or Consolidation19 [Sec. 40(C)] A merger or consolidation has income tax consequences to the corporation which is a party to the merger or consolidation, to its stockholders, and to its security holders. To the corporation, or to its stockholders, or to its security holders, loss is not recognized from the merger or consolidation. ILLUSTRATION: Y Co. was merged into Z Co. Y Co. transferred its properties with a book value of P2,000,000 to Z Co., for which it received shares of stock of Z Co. with a fair market value of P1,800,000. Mr. AA was a stockholder of Y Co., and he was asked to surrender his shares in Y Co. (which he acquired at a cost of P200,000) to the company (Y Co.), and received in return for the shares surrendered, shares of stock of Z Co. with a fair market value of P180,000. The merger had the following tax consequences: To Y Co.: Fair Market Value of shares of Z Co. received P1,800,000 Less: Book Value of properties transferred 2,000,000 Loss not recognized P 200,000 To Mr. AA: Fair Market Value of Z Co. shares received Less: Cost of Y Co. shares surrendered Loss not recognized P180,000 200,000 P 20,000
Suppose a merger or consolidation resulted in a GAIN to the corporation, or stockholder, or security holder, will the gain be recognized? Gain will be recognized only if on the exchange under the merger or consolidation, the taxpayer received cash or property. The gain to be recognized should not exceed the sum of money and the fair market value of the property received. ILLUSTRATION: BB Co. was merged into CC Co. Mr. DD is a stockholder of BB Co. Mr. DD was asked to surrender his shares of stock of BB Co. (acquired by him for P100,000) to that corporation, and in exchange, he received shares of stock of CC Co. with a fair market value of P110,000, plus cash of P20,000. One month after the merger, Mr. DD sold his CC Co. shares for P120,000. INCOME TAX IMPLICATIONS: There would have been a gain of P20,000 on the merger, and a gain of P20,000 on the sale. SUPPORTING SOLUTION: a. Computation of the gain of Mr. DD from the merger FMV of the CC Co. shares received P110,000 Add: Cash received 20,000 Total Consideration received P130,000 Less: Cost of BB shares surrendered 100,000 Indicated Gain P 30,000 Gain to be recognized b. P 20,000
Basis to Mr. DD of the shares of CC Co. received Basis of BB Co. shares surrendered P100,000 Less: Cash received 20,000 Balance P 80,000 Add: Gain recognized 20,000 Basis to DD of CC shares received P100,000
19
No gain or loss shall be recognized if in pursuance of a plan of merger or consolidation (a) A corporation, which is a party to a merger or consolidation, exchanges property solely for stock in a corporation, which is a party to the merger or consolidation; [property for stock] or (b) A shareholder exchanges stock in a corporation, which is a party to the merger or consolidation, solely for the stock of another corporation also a party to the merger or consolidation; [stock for stock ] or (c) A security holder of a corporation, which is a party to the merger or consolidation, exchanges his securities in such corporation, solely for stock or securities in such corporation, a party to the merger or consolidation. [securities for securities]

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c. Computation of the gain on the sale of BB shares Selling Price Less: Basis Gain on the sale P120,000 100,000 P 20,000
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Corporate readjustment: Transfer to Controlled Corporation [Sec. 40(C)] When a taxpayer transfers property to a corporation, in consideration of stock received for the transfer, as a result of which transfer, the taxpayer (alone or together with others not exceeding four [or a total of five]) gains control of the corporation20, no loss is recognized on the transfer of property. ILLUSTRATION: Mr. EE transferred property to FF Co., as a result of which transfer Mr. EE acquired control of FF Co. The property transferred had a basis to Mr. EE of P500,000, and as consideration, he received shares of stock of FF Co. with a fair market value of P490,000. The consequence of the transaction was: FMV of the shares of FF Co. received P490,000 Less: Basis of the property transferred 500,000 Loss not recognized P 10,000 Suppose the transfer resulted in a GAIN to the transferor, will the gain be recognized? Gain will be recognized only if on the transfer, the taxpayer received cash or property in addition to the shares received. The gain to recognize shall not exceed the sum of money and fair market value of the property received. ILLUSTRATION: Mr. GG transferred property to HH Co., as a result of which transfer, Mr. GG acquired control of the company. The property transferred had a basis to Mr. GG of P500,000, and as consideration, he received shares of stock of HH Co. with a fair market value of P550,000 plus cash of P40,000. One month after the transfer, Mr. GG sold the HH Co. shares for P560,000. INCOME TAX IMPLICATION: There would have been a gain of P60,000 to Mr. GG from the sale. SUPPORTING SOLUTION: a. Computation of the gain on the transfer FMV of the HH Co. shares received Add: Cash received Total Consideration received Less: Basis of the property transferred Indicated Gain Gain to be recognized b. Basis to Mr. GG of the shares of HH Co. received Basis of the property transferred Less: Cash received Balance Add: Gain recognized Basis to GG of HH Co. shares received Computation of the gain on sale of HH Co. shares Selling Price Less: Basis Gain on the sale
P550,000
40,000 P590,000 500,000 P 90,000 P 40,000 P500,000 40,000 P460,000 40,000 P500,000 P560,000 500,000 P 60,000
c.
If before the transfer to the corporation, the transferor already had control over the corporation, the gain or loss on the transfer will be recognized. ILLUSTRATION: Mr. II transferred property to JJ Co., of which he had control. The property had a basis to him of P500,000. JJ Co. paid him with shares of stock with a fair market value of P450,000. Will there be a loss to recognize? Yes. This transfer does not qualify as a corporate readjustment. Requirement for deductibility BIR Ruling 383-87 (November 25, 1987)
20
Previous to the transfer there was no control, and it was the transfer that resulted in control.

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2.
Plan of reorganization should be adopted by each of the corporation shown by acts of its duly constituted officers o Copy of the plan o Complete statement of the cost or other basis of all property o Statement of the amount of stock or securities and other property or money received from the exchange, including a statement of all distributions or other dispositions made thereof o Statement of the amount and nature of any liabilities assumed upon the exchange. Taxpayer (other than the corporation party to the reorganization) who received stocks or securities and other property shall be incorporated in his ITR for the taxable year in which the exchanges takes place a complete statement of facts pertinent to the non-recognition of gain or loss including: o o Statement of the cost or other basis of the stock or securities transferred in the exchange Statement in full amount of the stocks, securities, other property, money including liabilities assumed upon the exchange.
Capital Losses (See XIII. Capital Gains and Losses) Abandonment Losses In the event a contract area where petroleum operations are undertaken is partially or wholly abandoned, ALL accumulated exploration and development expenditures pertaining thereto shall be allowed as a deduction: o Provided, That accumulated expenditures incurred in that area prior to January 1, 1979 shall be allowed as a deduction only from any income derived from the same contract area. o In all cases, notices of abandonment shall be filed with the Commissioner. In case a producing well is subsequently abandoned, the unamortized costs thereof, as well as the undepreciated costs of equipment directly used therein, shall be allowed as a deduction in the year such well, equipment or facility is abandoned by the contractor: o Provided, That if such abandoned well is reentered and production is resumed, or if such equipment or facility is restored into service, the said costs shall be included as part of gross income in the year of resumption or restoration and shall be amortized or depreciated, as the case may be. Net Operating Loss Carry-Over (NOLCO) [Sec. 34(D)] The net operating loss21 of the business for any taxable year immediately preceding the current taxable year, which had not been previously offset as deduction from gross income shall be carried over as a deduction from gross income for the next three (3) consecutive taxable years22 immediately following the year of such loss. REQUISITES for application of NOLCO: 1. Any net loss incurred in a taxable year during which the taxpayer was exempt from income tax shall not be allowed as a deduction 2. A net operating loss carry-over (NOLCO) shall be allowed only if there has been no substantial change in the ownership of the business or enterprise. There is no substantial change when: 1. not less than 75% in nominal value of outstanding issued shares, if the business is in the name of the corporation, is held by or on behalf of the same persons; or 2. not less than 75% of the paid up capital of the corporation, if the business is in the name of the corporation, is held by or on behalf of the same persons.
Net operating loss is the excess of allowable deductions over gross income (as defined in Sec. 32(A) of the NIRC). Exception to the Three-Year Rule For mines other than oil and gas wells, a net operating loss without the benefit of incentives provided for under the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, incurred in any of the first ten (10) years of operation may be carried over as a deduction from taxable income for the next five (5) years immediately following the year of such loss. The entire amount of the loss shall be carried over to the first of the five (5) taxable years following the loss, and any portion of such loss which exceeds, the taxable income of such first year shall be deducted in like manner form the taxable income of the next remaining four (4) years.
22
21

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Applicability of the 75% interest rule The 75% equity, ownership or interest rule shall only apply to a transfer or assignment of the taxpayer's net operating losses as a result of or arising from the said taxpayer's merger or consolidation or business combination with another person. In case the transfer or assignment of the taxpayer's net operating losses arises from the said taxpayer's merger, consolidation or combination with another person, the transferee or assignee shall NOT be entitled to claim the same as deduction from gross income UNLESS, as a result of the said merger, consolidation or combination, the shareholders of the transferor/assignor, or the transferor (in case of other business combinations) gains control of at least 75% or more in nominal value of the outstanding issued shares or paid up capital of the transferee/assignee (in case the transferee/assignee is a corporation) or 75% or more interest in the business of the transferee/assignee (in case the transferee/assignee is other than a corporation). (Sec. 2.4, RR 142001) o BIR Ruling 011-02, March 27, 2002 The 75% equity, ownership or interest rule shall only apply to a transfer or assignment of the taxpayers net operating losses as a result of or arising from said taxpayers merger or consolidation or business combination with another person. [In this case,] since the transfer of the shares by the previous stockholders were through straight purchase and sale and not through merger, consolidation or business combination, such transfer did not cause a substantial change in ownership. Substantial Change in the Ownership of the Business or Enterprise The term "Substantial Change in the Ownership of the Business or Enterprise" shall refer to a change in the ownership of the business or enterprise as a result of or arising from its merger or consolidation or combination with another person in the manner as provided in RR 14-2001. Any change in ownership as a result of or arising thereunder shall not be treated as a substantial change for as long as the stockholders of the party thereto, to whom the net operating loss is attributable, gains or retains 75% or more interest after such merger or consolidation or combination. o Time of Determination of Substantial Change in the Ownership of the Business The substantial change in the ownership of the business or enterprise shall be determined as of the end of the taxable year when NOLCO is to be claimed as deduction (e.g., in the case of merger or consolidation of two or more corporations, such change shall be determined based on the ownership of the outstanding shares of stock issued or based on paid-up capital as of the end of the taxable year, and as a result of or arising from the said merger or consolidation). By or on Behalf of the Same Persons The term "By or on Behalf of the Same Persons" shall refer to the maintenance of ownership despite change as when: 1. No actual change in ownership is involved in case the transfer involves change from direct ownership to indirect ownership, or vice versa. ILLUSTRATION: Facts: P Corporation owns Q Corporation that has NOLCO. P Corporation transfers Q Corporation's shares to R Corporation in exchange for 100% of R Corporation shares. Held: Q Corporation's NOLCO is retained because Q Corporation's shares arc held "by" R Corporation "on behalf of" P Corporation, the original owner. o No actual change in ownership is involved as in the case of merger of the subsidiary into the parent company. ILLUSTRATION: Facts: X Corporation owns 100% of Y Corporation. Y Corporation owns 100%, of Z Corporation. Z Corporation has NOLCO. Z Corporation is merged into Y Corporation. Held: Z Corporation's NOLCO should be retained and transferred to Y Corporation. Prior to the merger, X Corporation already indirectly owned Z Corporation, i.e., Z Corporation's

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shares were held "by" Y Corporation "on behalf of" X Corporation. After the merger, X now directly owns Z Corporation [absorbed corporation] which continues to exist in Y Corporation.
Taxpayers Entitled to Deduct NOLCO from Gross Income. Any individual (including estates and trusts) engaged in trade or business or in the exercise of his profession, and domestic and resident foreign corporations subject to the normal income tax (e.g., manufacturers and traders) or preferential tax rates under the Code (e.g., private educational institutions, hospitals, and regional operating headquarters) o Special Rule in case taxpayer is an individual An individual who claims the 10% optional standard deduction shall not simultaneously claim deduction of the NOLCO. Further, the threeyear reglementary period shall continue to run notwithstanding the fact that the aforesaid individual availed of the 10% optional standard deduction during the said period. o Special Rule in case taxpayer is a corporation Corporations cannot enjoy the benefit of NOLCO for as long as it is subject to MCIT in any taxable year. The three-year reglementary period on the carry-over of NOLCO shall continue to run notwithstanding the fact that the corporation paid its income tax under the "Minimum Corporate Income Tax" computation. o EXCEPTIONS (Who are not entitled to deduct NOLCO): 1. Offshore Banking Unit (OBU) of a foreign banking corporation, and Foreign Currency Deposit Unit (FCDU) of a domestic or foreign banking corporation, duly authorized as such by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); 2. An enterprise registered with the Board of Investments (BOI) with respect to its BOI-registered activity enjoying the Income Tax Holiday incentive. Its accumulated net operating losses incurred or sustained during the period of such Income Tax Holiday shall not qualify for purposes of the NOLCO; 3. An enterprise registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA), pursuant to R.A. No. 7916, as amended, with respect to its PEZA-registered business activity. Its accumulated net operating losses incurred or sustained during the period of its PEZA registration shall not qualify for purposes of the NOLCO; 4. An enterprise registered under R.A. No. 7227, otherwise known as the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992, e.g., SBMA-registered enterprises, with respect to its registered business activity. Its accumulated net operating losses incurred or sustained during the period of its said registered operation shall not qualify for purposes of the NOLCO; 5. Foreign corporations engaged in international shipping or air carriage business in the Philippines; and 6. In general, any person, natural or juridical, enjoying exemption from income tax, pursuant to the provisions of the Code or any special law, with respect to its operation during the period for which the aforesaid exemption is applicable. Its accumulated net operating losses incurred or sustained during the said period shall not qualify for purposes of the NOLCO.
ILLUSTRATION OF NOLCO:
(In Pesos) Gross Income Less: Deductions Net Loss [OR]
2000 500,000 900,000 (400,000)
2001 600,000 500,000
2002 700,000 750,000 (50,000)
2003 500,000 420,000
2004 800,000 450,000

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Net Income before NOLCO* Less: NOLCO 100,000 80,000
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350,000
From 2000
(100,000)
(80,000)
From 2002 Taxable Income * - whichever is applicable 0 0 0 0
(50,000) 300,000
Explanation: The unused net operating loss of P220,000 (400,000 100,000 80,000) of the year 2000 could not be carried over beyond 2003. The net operating loss of 2002 could be carried over to 2004, since it is within the three-year period. Q: As of yearend of 2004, what amount of NOLCO is available to the company for offsetting against (potential) gross income of succeeding taxable years? Answer: None. While there was an unused portion of the 2000 NOLCO, such had already expired by yearend of 2003. The 2002 NOLCO (P50,000) was completely used up in 2004. There is, therefore, no NOLCO available to the company for year 2005 and thereafter.
I. Bad Debts [Sec. 34(E)] Defined: debts resulting from the worthlessness or uncollectibility, in whole or in part, of amounts due the taxpayer by others, arising from money lent or from uncollectible amounts of income from goods sold or services rendered. (Sec. 2, RR 5-99 as amended by RR 25-2002) Deduction Allowed: Debts due to the taxpayer actually ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year Actually ascertained to be worthless In general, a debt is not worthless simply because it is of doubtful value or difficult to collect. Worthlessness is not determined by an inflexible formula or slide rule calculation but upon the exercise of sound business judgment. The determination of worthlessness in a given case must depend upon the particular facts and the circumstances of the case. A taxpayer may not postpone a bad debt deduction on the basis of a mere hope of ultimate collection or because of a continuance of attempts to collect notes which have long become overdue, and where there is no showing that the surrounding circumstances differ from those relating to other notes which were charged off in a prior year. While a mere hope probably will not justify postponement of the deduction, a reasonable possibility of recovery will permit the account to be carried along notwithstanding that the probabilities are that the debt may not be collected at all. Good faith is not enough. There are two requisites before a taxpayer may charge off and deduct a debt. He must ascertain the debt to be worthless in the year for which the deduction is sought, and that in doing so, he acted in good faith. However, good faith on the part of the taxpayer is not enough. He must show also that he had reasonably investigated the relevant facts and had drawn a reasonable inference from the information thus obtained by him. Where a taxpayer has failed to attach to his tax returns a statement showing the propriety of the deductions therein made for alleged bad debts, the account written off will be disallowed. (Collector v. Goodrich International Rubber Co., 21 SCRA 1336) What does good faith require? Good faith does not require that the taxpayer be an "incorrigible optimist" but on the other hand, he may not be unduly pessimistic. Creditors do not have to wait until some turn of the wheel of fortune may bring their debtors into affluence. The taxpayer may strike a middle course between pessimism and optimism and determine debts to be worthless in the exercise of sound business judgment based upon as complete information as is reasonably ascertainable. The taxpayer need not have perfect discernment. (Sec. 2, RR 5-99 as amended by RR 25-02)

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"Actually charged off from the taxpayers books of accounts" This phrase means that the amount of money lent by the taxpayer (in the course of his business, trade or profession) to his debtor had been recorded in his books of account as a receivable has actually become worthless as of the end of the taxable year, that the said receivable has been cancelled and written-off from the said taxpayer's books of account. A mere recording in the taxpayer's books of account of estimated uncollectible accounts does not constitute a write-off of the said receivable, hence, shall not be a valid basis for its deduction as a bad debt expense. In no case may any bad debt deduction be allowed unless the facts pertaining to the money or property lent and its cancellation or write-off from the taxpayer's accounting records, after having been determined that the same has actually become worthless, have been complied with by the taxpayer. (Sec. 2, RR 5-99 as amended by RR 25-02) EXCEPTIONS: The following are not deductible as bad debts: 1. those debts not connected with profession, trade or business 2. those sustained in a transaction entered into between family members or related taxpayers23 REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY: (PICU) 1. There must be an existing INDEBTEDNESS due to the taxpayer, which must be valid and legally demandable. 2. The debt must be connected with PROFESSION, trade or business. Only business-related bad debts are allowed as deductions from the taxpayers gross income. Personal debts from an insolvent debtor cannot be deducted from the creditors gross income. 3. The debt must be actually ascertained to be worthless or UNCOLLECTIBLE. (e.g., bankrupt debtor) Factors to consider to ascertain uncollectibility Before a taxpayer may charge off and deduct a debt, he must ascertain and be able to demonstrate with reasonable degree of certainty the uncollectibility of the debt. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue will consider ALL PERTINENT EVIDENCE, including the value of the collateral, if any, securing the debt and the financial condition of the debtor in determining whether a debt is worthless, or the assigning of the case for collection to an independent collection lawyer who is not under the employ of the taxpayer and who shall report on the legal obstacle and the virtual impossibility of collecting the same from the debtor and who shall issue a statement under oath showing the propriety of the deductions thereon made for alleged bad debts. Thus, where the surrounding circumstances indicate that a debt is worthless and uncollectible and that legal action to enforce payment would in all probability not result in the satisfaction of execution on a judgment, a showing of those facts will be sufficient evidence of the worthlessness of the debt for the purpose of deduction. (Sec. 3, RR 5-99 as amended by RR 252002) Other factors that may be taken into account The flight or disappearance of the debtor, the insolvency of the debtor, or the death of the debtor with insufficient properties to pay creditors, may indicate worthlessness of the debt. Note: A creditor cannot deduct the debt of an insolvent debtor as long as it is possible to proceed against the guarantor or surety who is insolvent. All efforts must be exhausted to collect from the guarantor or surety. 4. The debt must be actually CHARGED OFF the books of accounts of the taxpayer as of the end of the taxable year. NOTE: The debts due a taxpayer may arise out of securities held. BUT in a case where securities are ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year, and are capital assets, the loss to the taxpayer (other than a bank or trust company incorporated under the laws of the Philippines a substantial part of whose business is the receipt of deposits) will not be treated as bad debts, but as capital loss on the last day of the taxable year
23
1. Between members of a family. - The family of an individual shall include only his brothers and sisters (whether by the whole or half-blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants. 2. Between an individual and corporation more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for such individual; or 3. Between two corporations more than fifty percent (50%) in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for the same individual; 4. Between the grantor and a fiduciary of any trust; 5. Between the fiduciary of a trust and the fiduciary of another trust if the same person is a grantor with respect to each trust; 6. Between a fiduciary of a trust and beneficiary of such trust.

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(See XIII. Capital Gains and Losses for the income tax treatment). The date that the securities were written off is immaterial. [Sec. 34(E)(2)]24 GENERAL RULE: The determination by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue as to the worthlessness of bad debt is adequate. EXCEPTIONS: There are two groups of companies that are required to submit additional documents or to secure approval from their regulatory agencies before they are allowed to deduct bad debts from gross income. Thus: 1. In the case of banks, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shall determine whether or not bad debts are worthless and uncollectible. Without prejudice to the Commissioners determination of the worthlessness and uncollectibility of debts, the taxpayer shall submit a Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) / Monetary Board written approval of the writing off of the indebtedness from the banks' books of accounts at the end of the taxable year. i. Requirements for deductibility (RR5-99 March 10, 1999) Bad debts uncollected for 6 months Resolution by the BOD of the bank Approval by the monetary board 2. In no case may a receivable from an insurance or surety company be written-off from the taxpayer's books and claimed as bad debts deduction unless such company has been declared closed due to insolvency or for any such similar reason by the Insurance Commissioner. Recovery of Bad Debts Previously Deducted (Tax Benefit Rule) The recovery of bad debts previously allowed as deduction in the preceding year or years shall be included as part of the taxpayer's gross income in the year of such recovery to the extent of the income tax benefit of said deduction. Example: If in the year the taxpayer claimed deduction of bad debts written-off, he realized a reduction of the income tax due from him on account of the said deduction, his subsequent recovery thereof from his debtor shall be treated as a receipt of realized taxable income. Conversely, if the said taxpayer did not benefit from the deduction of the said bad debt written-off because it did not result to any reduction of his income tax in the year of such deduction (i.e. where the result of his business operation was a net loss even without deduction of the bad debts written-off), then his subsequent recovery thereof shall be treated as a mere recovery or a return of capital, hence, not treated as receipt of realized taxable income.
J. Depreciation [Sec. 34(F)] Defined: Depreciation is the gradual diminution of the useful value of tangible property resulting from wear and tear and normal obsolescence. The term is also applied to amortization of the value of intangible assets (i.e., patents), the use of which in the trade or business is definitely limited in duration. Deduction Allowable: There shall be allowed as a depreciation deduction a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear (including reasonable allowance for obsolescence) of property used in the trade or business. The rationale for this is that property gradually approaches a point where its usefulness is exhausted. What if the property is used in business and for personal purposes? Rule: The depreciation expense must be pro-rated; only the portion attributable to business use is deductible. e.g., From the evidence, it appears that the car of the petitioner was used more for business than for personal purposes. He was, and is until now, a law practitioner, a law professor in two law schools and was, during the year in question, engaged in business as an importer. He had only one car at the time. Consequently, of the value of the depreciation of the car may be considered as business related, while thereof represents non-deductible personal expense. The same is true as regards the salary of petitioners driver. (Jamir v. Collector, CTA Case No. 443, November 28, 1959) Who may take depreciation: The person who sustains an economic loss from the decrease in property value due to depreciation gets the deduction. Ordinarily, this is the person who owns and has a capital investment in the property.
ILLUSTRATION: Mr. A purchased bonds of B Co. on March 10, 2000 for P100,000 and held them as capital assets. On February 2, 2001, B Co. was declared by the Court as insolvent, and the bonds were totally worthless. Mr. A wrote off the bonds from his books of accounts on February 4, 2001. There is no bad debt for Mr. A. He would be considered to have a capital loss of P100,000 for the year 2001. The holding period of the bonds was from March 10, 2000 to December 31 2001, or more than 12 months. The capital loss would be considered at 50%, or at P50,000. (See XIII. Capital Gains and Losses for the detailed explanation on income tax treatment of capital asset transactions.)
24

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When to deduct depreciation: The period of depreciation starts when the asset is placed in service. It ends when the asset is disposed of, or its usefulness exhausted. REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY: (TRUCE) 1. The allowance for depreciation must be for property arising out of its use in the TRADE or business, or out of its not being used temporarily during the year. Depreciation is allowed not only on depreciable property that is used in the trade, business or profession of the taxpayer, but also on depreciable property that is not being used temporarily during the year. (Conwell Bros. Co. v. Collector, CTA Case No. 411) 2. The asset must have a limited USEFUL life. 3. The allowance for depreciation must be REASONABLE. 4. The allowance must be CHARGED off during the taxable year from the taxpayers books of accounts. 5. The total allowances must not EXCEED the cost of the property. What is the appropriate useful life of the property? What rate of depreciation must be applied? Generally, the estimated useful life is determined by the taxpayer himself. HOWEVER, where the taxpayer and the Commissioner have entered into an agreement in writing specifically dealing with the useful life and rate of depreciation of any property, the rate so agreed upon shall be binding on both the taxpayer and the national Government in the absence of facts and circumstances not taken into consideration during the adoption of such agreement. The responsibility of establishing the existence of such facts and circumstances shall rest with the party initiating the modification. General Rule: Any change in the agreed rate and useful life of the depreciable property as specified in the agreement shall not be effective for taxable years prior to the taxable year in which notice in writing by certified mail or registered mail is served by the party initiating such change to the other party to the agreement. Exception: Where the taxpayer has adopted such useful life and depreciation rate for any depreciable property and claimed the depreciation expenses as deduction from his gross income, without any written objection on the part of the Commissioner or his duly authorized representatives, the aforesaid useful life and depreciation rate so adopted by the taxpayer for the depreciable asset. Methods and Rates of Depreciation 1. Straight-line method The depreciation expense deductible in each of the years of the propertys estimated useful life is constant. Formula: Deduction for Depreciation = Cost Salvage Value X Estimated Useful Life of the Property NOTE: (Cost Salvage Value) is known as the depreciable cost. Alternative Method: Depreciation Rate=
1 _ Estimated Useful Life of the Property
Deduction for Depreciation = Depreciation Rate x (Cost Salvage Value) ILLUSTRATION: H Co. acquired a machine at a cost of P380,000. It had no scrap (or salvage) value, and the useful life was estimated at 25 years. The depreciation expense per year is P15,000, computed as follows: [OR] Depreciation Expense = [(380,000 0) / 25] = (1/25) x (380,000 0) 2. Declining-balance method, using a rate not exceeding twice the rate for straight line method Under this method, the depreciation allowance per year varies. Depreciation is largest in the first year and continually decreases towards the end of the useful life of the property. The depreciation rate under the straight-line method is first computed, and the result is multiplied with the rate relative to the straight-line method rate. The product (the declining balance rate) is then multiplied to the yearly declining balance of the property (i.e., book value of the property at the start of the current year, which is equal to its original cost minus its accumulated depreciation) to determine the deduction for depreciation for the current year. However, in the last year of the assets estimated life,

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the depreciation is equal to the book value of the property at the start of that year (i.e., the amount of depreciation must be just enough to reduce the propertys book value to zero). Note that the salvage value is ignored in the declining balance method. ILLUSTRATION: P Company acquired a machine on January 1, 2002 at a cost of P400,000. It had a scrap value of P50,000, and a useful life of 4 years. The company uses the declining balance method, at a rate of one and a half that of the straight line method. Determine the depreciation chargeable in years 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Step 1: Compute for the depreciation rate under the straight-line method. Straight Line Depreciation Rate = 1/Estimated Useful Life = , or 25% Step 2: Compute for the Declining Balance Rate (DBR). Declining Balance Rate = Straight Line Depreciation Rate x Rate Relative to the Straight Depreciation Rate = x 1.5 = 37.5%
Line
Step 3: Apply the Declining Balance Rate to the book value of the property at the start of the current year. Year 2002: Book value of the property *** P400,000 Multiplied by: DBR 37.5% Deduction for Depreciation P150,000 *** Since this is the year of the acquisition, the book value of the property at the start of the year is equal to its original cost. Year 2003: Original Cost Less: Accumulated Depreciation Book Value of the Property, start of current year Multiplied by: DBR Deduction for Depreciation P400,000 150,000 P 250,000 37.5% P 93,750
Year 2004:
Original Cost Less: Accumulated Depreciation Year 2002 P150,000 Year 2003 P93,750 Book Value of the Property, start of current year Multiplied by: DBR Deduction for Depreciation
P400,000 243,750 P 156,250 37.5% P 58,593.75
Year 2005:
Original Cost Less: Accumulated Depreciation Year 2002 P150,000 Year 2003 P93,750 Year 2004 P58,593.75 Book Value of the Property, start of current year
P400,000
302,343.75 P 97,656.25
Deduction for Depreciation P *** 97,656.25 *** The deduction for depreciation in 2005 is equal to the book value of the property at the start of the year because the machine had a useful life of 4 years, which ended in 2005. 3. Sum-of-the-years-digit method Under this method, the annual depreciation is computed by applying a changing fraction to the depreciable cost of the property (original cost reduced by the salvage value). In the fraction, the numerator is the number of remaining years of the estimated useful life

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of the property and the denominator is the sum of the numbers representing the years of the propertys life. ILLUSTRATION: On January 1, 2001, J Company acquired a machine at a cost of P105,000. It had a salvage value of P5,000, and an estimated useful life of 5 years. The company uses the sum-of-the-years method in determining depreciation. Determine the depreciation chargeable in years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. Step 1: Compute for the sum of the numbers representing the years of the propertys life. The property has an estimated useful life of 5 years. The sum, therefore, is 15 (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1). This sum will be used as the denominator in the fraction. Step 2: Compute for the depreciable cost of the property. The depreciable cost is P100,000 (P105,000 P5,000). Step 3: Compute for the yearly deduction for depreciation (Column D). A B C D (= A / (= B x C) 15) Year Remaining Useful Life Resulting Depreciable Cost Deduction for Fraction Depreciation (Reckoning Point: Start of the Year) 2001 5 5/15 P105,000 P35,000 2002 4 4/15 P105,000 P28,000 2003 3 3/15 P105,000 P21,000 2004 2 2/15 P105,000 P14,000 2005 1 1/15 P105,000 P7,000 4. Any other method which may be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance upon recommendation of the Commissioner
Special Rules: Depreciation of Properties Used in Petroleum Operations An allowance for depreciation in respect of all properties DIRECTLY related to production of petroleum shall be allowed under the straight-line or decliningbalance method of depreciation at the option of the service contractor. However, if the service contractor initially elects the declining-balance method, it may shift to the straight-line method. The useful life of properties used in or related to production of petroleum shall be ten (10) years or such shorter life as may be permitted by the Commissioner. Properties NOT USED DIRECTLY in the production of petroleum shall be depreciated under the straight-line method on the basis of an estimated useful life of 5 years. Depreciation of Properties Used in Mining Operations An allowance for depreciation in respect of all properties used in mining operations other than petroleum operations, shall be computed as follows: At the normal rate of depreciation if the expected life is ten (10) years or less; or Depreciated over any number of years between five (5) years and the expected life if the latter is more than ten (10) years, and the depreciation thereon allowed as deduction from taxable income: Provided, That the contractor notifies the Commissioner at the beginning of the depreciation period which depreciation rate allowed will be used. Depreciation Deductible by Nonresident Aliens Engaged in Trade or Business (NRAETB) or Resident Foreign Corporations (RFC) - A reasonable allowance for the deterioration of property arising out of its use or employment or its non-use in the business, trade or profession shall be permitted only when such property is located in the Philippines.
J.
Depletion of Oil and Gas Wells and Mines [Sec 34(G)] Definition: Depletion is the exhaustion of natural resources due to production. It is the reduction of cost or value of natural resources such as oil and gas wells and mines as the resources are converted into inventories. Deduction Allowable: A reasonable allowance for depletion computed using the cost-depletion method shall be granted provided that the allowance for depletion shall not exceed the capital invested. ILLUSTRATION: Land containing natural resources was purchased for P100,900,000. It was estimated that the land, after exploitation of its natural resources, will have a value of P900,000. It was

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estimated that the natural resource supply was 5,000,000 tons. If withdrawal of resources from the land in 2005 was 500,000 tons, how much was the deduction for the year? Purchase Price Less: Residual Value of the Land Depletion Base Divided by: Estimated Resource Supply, in tons Depletion Base per ton Multiplied by: Withdrawal of Resources in 2005, in tons Depletion Expense, 2005 P100,900,000 900,000 P100,000,000 5,000,000 P20 500,000 P 10,000,000
Depletion of Oil and Gas Wells and Mines Deductible by a Nonresident Alien individual Engaged in Trade or Business or a Resident Foreign Corporation Allowance for depletion of oil and gas wells or mines shall be authorized only in respect to oil and gas wells or mines located within the Philippines.
K.
Charitable and Other Contributions [Sec 34(H)] REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY: (TEE / BE) 1. The charitable contribution must actually be paid or made to the ENTITIES specified by law (i.e., Philippine government or any political subdivision thereof exclusively for public purposes, or any of the accredited domestic corporations or associations specified in the NIRC). 2. It must be made within the TAXABLE year. 3. It must be EVIDENCED by adequate receipts or records. 4. Additional Requisite for Contributions Other than Money: The amount of charitable contribution of property other than money shall be BASED on the acquisition cost of the property (i.e., not the fair market value at the time of the contribution). 5. Additional Requisite for Contributions subject to the statutory limitation: It must not EXCEED 10% (individual) or 5% (corporation) of the taxpayers taxable income before charitable contributions. Kinds of Contributions: 1. Contributions deductible in full 2. Contributions subject to the statutory limit Contributions Deductible in Full: 1. Donations to the Government - Donations to the Government of the Philippines or to any of its agencies or political subdivisions, including fully-owned government corporations, exclusively to finance, to provide for, or to be used in undertaking PRIORITY ACTIVITIES in: education, health, youth and sports development, human settlements, science and culture, and in economic development according to a National Priority Plan determined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), in consultation with appropriate government agencies, including its regional development councils and private philanthropic persons and institutions. Any donation which is made to the Government or to any of its agencies or political subdivisions not in accordance with the said annual priority plan shall be considered a contribution subject to the statutory limit. 2. Donations to Certain Foreign Institutions or International Organizations Donations to foreign institutions or international organizations which are fully deductible in pursuance of or in compliance with agreements, treaties, or commitments entered into by the Government of the Philippines and the foreign institutions or international organizations or in pursuance of special laws; Donations to Accredited Non-government Organizations - The term "nongovernment organization" means a non-profit domestic corporation: Organized and operated exclusively for: o scientific, o research, o educational, o character-building and youth and sports development, o health, o social welfare, o cultural or
3.

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o charitable purposes, or o a combination thereof, no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private individual; Which, not later than the 15th day of the third month after the close of the accredited non-government organizations taxable year in which contributions are received, makes utilization directly for the active conduct of the activities constituting the purpose or function for which it is organized and operated, o UNLESS an extended period is granted by the Secretary of Finance; The level of administrative expense shall, on an annual basis, not exceed thirty percent (30%) of the total expenses; (Sec. 1, RR 13-1998) and The assets of which, in the event of dissolution, would be distributed to: o another nonprofit domestic corporation organized for similar purpose or purposes, or o to the state for public purpose, or o would be distributed by a court to another organization to be used in such manner as in the judgment of said court shall best accomplish the general purpose for which the dissolved organization was organized. All the members of the Board of Trustees of the non-stock, non-profit corporation, organization or NGO do not receive compensation or remuneration for their service to the aforementioned organization. (added by Sec. 3, RR 131998)
Utilization means: i. Any amount in cash or in kind, including administrative expenses, paid or utilized by an accredited NGO to accomplish one or more purposes for which it was created or organized; or ii. Any amount paid to acquire an asset used, or held for use, directly in carrying out one or more purposes for which the accredited NGO was created or organized; or iii. Any amount set aside for a specific project which comes within one or more purpose or purposes for which the accredited NGO was created, but only if at the time such amount is set aside, the accredited NGO has established to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue that the amount will be utilized for a specific project within a period not to exceed five (5) years, and the project is the one which can be better accomplished by setting aside such amount than by immediate payments of funds iv. Any amount in cash or in kind invested in any activity related to the purpose for which it was created or organized. v. Any amount in cash or in kind invested in capital sustaining and generating activities, such as but not limited to, endowment funds, trust funds, money market placements, shares of stock and similar instruments Provided, That, any income derived from those investments shall be exclusively used in activities directly related to one or more purposes for which the accredited NGO was created or organized. (Sec. 1, RR 13-1998) Contributions subject to the Statutory Limit 1. Contributions made to the Government or any of its agencies or political subdivisions exclusively for public purposes (contributions for non-priority activities) 2. Contributions made to accredited domestic corporation or associations Organized exclusively for o religious, o charitable, o scientific, o youth and sports development, o cultural or o educational purposes or o for the rehabilitation of veterans Contributions to social welfare institutions
3.
4. Contributions to non-government organizations no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual

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Statutory Limit: Amount deductible must not be in excess of: 10% in the case of an individual, and 5% in the case of a corporation, of the taxpayer's taxable income derived from trade, business or profession before the deduction for contributions and donations. In other words, the amount deductible is the actual contribution or the statutory limit computed, whichever is lower.
ILLUSTRATION: N Co. had a gross income from business of P1,000,000 and allowable deductions (except deductions for contributions) of P400,000. It made during the year a contribution that is fully deductible of P10,000 and contributions subject to limitation of P50,000. Compute for the total deduction for contributions and the taxable income of the company. ANSWER: The total deduction for contributions is P40,000, and the taxable income is P560,000. SUPPORTING SOLUTION: Gross Income Less: Allowable Deductions (except deduction for contributions) Taxable Income before deduction for contributions Multiplied by: Statutory Limit (%) Statutory Limit (in Pesos) Actual Contributions made (subject to limitation) Allowable Deduction for Contributions subject to limitation (whichever is lower) P1,000,000 400,000 P 600,000 5% P 30,000 P 50,000 P 30,000
Taxable Income before deduction for contributions Less: Allowable Deduction for Contributions Deductible in Full Allowable Deduction for Contributions subject limitation Taxable Income
P 600,000 to P10,000 30,000 40,000 P 560,000
L.
Research and Development [Sec. 34(L)] Definition: R&D costs are for improvements of processes and formulas as well as the development of improved or new products. As a general rule, R&D only extends from the laboratory or drawing board to prototype status; i.e., so long as an activity still contains an element of uncertainty/technical risk, it is within the realm of R&D. Quality control, routine product testing, data collection, efficiency surveys, management studies, market research and sales promotion are normally not considered R&D activities.
Tax Treatment: R&D expenditures which are paid or incurred by a taxpayer during the taxable year in connection with his trade, business or profession may be treated EITHER as: 1. Ordinary and necessary expenses allowed as deduction during the taxable year when paid or incurred (i.e., as an outright deduction for the full expenditure), or 2. Deferred asset (or deferred expense) which is periodically subject to amortization At the election of the taxpayer, the following R&D expenditures may be treated as deferred assets: 1. Those paid or incurred by the taxpayer in connection with his trade, business or profession. 2. Those not treated as expenses. 3. Those chargeable to capital account but not chargeable to depreciable property. In computing taxable income, such deferred expenses shall be allowed as deduction ratably distributed over a period of not less than sixty (60) months as may be elected by the taxpayer (beginning with the month in which the taxpayer first realizes benefits from such expenditures). The taxpayer may elect this alternative not later than the time prescribed by law for filing the return for such taxable year (April 15). The method so elected, and the period selected by the taxpayer, shall be adhered to in computing taxable income for the taxable year for which the election is made and for all

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subsequent taxable years UNLESS with the approval of the Commissioner, a change to a different method is authorized with respect to a part or all of such expenditures. The election shall not apply to any expenditure paid or incurred during any taxable year prior to the taxable year for which the taxpayer makes the election.
Limitations on Deduction: The above tax treatment of R&D expenses does NOT apply to: 1. Any expenditure for the acquisition or improvement of land or the improvement of depreciable property, used in connection with research and development. 2. Any expenditure incurred in ascertaining the existence, location, extent, or quality of any deposit of ore or other mineral, including oil or gas. NOTE: Cost of acquisition or improvements of property subject to depreciation or depletion used in research and development becomes part of the cost of the asset, and deduction from it is by way of depreciation or depletion, as the case may be. ILLUSTRATION: Q Co., a manufacturer of food seasoning, is continuously conducting research and development on its product lines. In early January 2004, it completed the extension and improvement of its research and development building at a cost of P1,000,000. The extension has an estimated useful life of 25 years. The company also incurred an aggregate of P1,800,000 for other research and development costs. Determine the tax treatment of the various expenditures. ANSWER: The P1,000,000 cost of expansion of the building cannot be deducted as research and development costs in 2004. However, depreciation of P40,000 may be recognized yearly for 25 years (P1,000,000 / 25 years). The other costs of P1,800,000 may be either: a. An outright deduction from gross income for P1,800,000 in 2004; [OR] b. A deferred expense of P1,800,000, from which there shall be a monthly deduction of P1,800,000 divided by 60 months (cannot be shorter, but can be longer), or P30,000 per month, beginning with the first month from which benefits were acquired from the expenditure. The aggregate of monthly deductions for a given taxable year is then deductible from that years gross income.
M. Pension Trusts [Sec. 34(J)]
Deduction Allowable: An employer establishing or maintaining a pension trust to provide for the payment of reasonable pensions to his employees shall be allowed as a deduction (in addition to the contributions to such trust during the taxable year to cover the pension liability accruing during the year, allowed as a deduction under Sec. 34(A)(1) [Ordinary and Necessary Expenses]) a reasonable amount transferred or paid into such trust during the taxable year in excess of such contributions REQUISTES OF DEDUCTIBILITY: Such reasonable amount will only be allowed as a deduction if it: 1. has not theretofore been allowed as a deduction, and 2. is apportioned in equal parts over a period of ten (10) consecutive years beginning with the year in which the transfer or payment is made.
Background Concepts: The rules in the law on deduction for pension payments to employees apply to a pension plan that is funded. An employer does not provide for pension for his employees in his initial years of operations. A pension plan is usually set up after some years of operations have gone by, when the employer is already financially capable of providing benefits to his employees. Since the benefits from any pension plan consider the length of service of the employee, the plan should consider the services of the employees who were already with the employer even before the plan was set up. Such past services will require a lump sum payment to the pension fund; this is called past-service cost. For each year after the pension plan was set up, there should be payment to the fund for pension for the services rendered during the year by the employees. This is called present service cost. Present service cost deductible in full in the year transferred or paid into the trust; covered by Sec. 34(A)(1) [Ordinary and Necessary Expenses] Past-service cost amount so transferred is apportioned and deductible in equal parts over a period of ten (10) consecutive years beginning with the year in which the transfer or payment is made; covered by Sec. 34(J) [Pension Trusts] ILLUSTRATION: F Co. established a pension trust in 2001, transferring thereto a lump sum payment of P500,000 to cover past services rendered by its employees. Additionally, the terms of the

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trust are such that P20,000 in pension liability would accrue yearly, covering services rendered during the year by its employees. Determine the total deduction on account of the pension trust allowed to F Co. from 2001 onwards. Year Yearly Amortization of Past Service Cost (= 1/10 of P500,000) [covered by Sec. 34(J)] P50,000 P50,000 P50,000 Current Liability / Present Service Cost [covered by Sec. 34(A)(1)] P20,000 P20,000 P20,000 TOTAL
2001 2002 2003
P70,000 P70,000 P70,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011-
P50,000 P50,000 P50,000 P50,000 P50,000 P50,000 P50,000 -
P20,000 P20,000 P20,000 P20,000 P20,000 P20,000 P20,000 P20,000
P70,000 P70,000 P70,000 P70,000 P70,000 P70,000 P70,000 P20,000
N.
Special Provisions Regarding Income and Deductions of Insurance Companies, Whether Domestic or Foreign [Sec. 37] Special Deduction Allowed to Insurance Companies. - In the case of insurance companies, whether domestic or foreign doing business in the Philippines, the net additions, if any, required by law to be made within the year to reserve funds and the sums other than dividends paid within the year on policy and annuity contracts may be deducted from their gross income. o However, the released reserve should be treated as income for the year of release. Mutual Insurance Companies. - In the case of mutual fire and mutual employers' liability and mutual workmen's compensation and mutual casualty insurance companies requiring their members to make premium deposits to provide for losses and expenses, said companies shall not return as income any portion of the premium deposits returned to their policyholders, but shall return as taxable income all income received by them from all other sources plus such portion of the premium deposits as are retained by the companies for purposes other than the payment of losses and expenses and reinsurance reserves. Mutual Marine Insurance Companies. - Mutual marine insurance companies shall include in their return of gross income, gross premiums collected and received by them less amounts paid to policyholders on account of premiums previously paid by them and interest paid upon those amounts between the ascertainment and payment thereof. Assessment Insurance Companies.- Assessment insurance companies, whether domestic or foreign, may deduct from their gross income the actual deposit of sums with the officers of the Government of the Philippines pursuant to law, as additions to guarantee or reserve funds.
P.
Allocation of Income and Deductions [Sec. 50] - In the case of two or more organizations, trades or businesses (whether or not incorporated and whether or not organized in the Philippines) owned and controlled directly or indirectly by the same interests, the Commissioner is authorized to distribute, apportion or allocate gross income or deductions between or among such organization, trade or business, if he determines that such distribution, apportionment or allocation is necessary in order: (a) to prevent evasion of taxes; or (b) to clearly reflect the income of any such organizations, trades or businesses.
IX. NON-DEDUCTIBLE EXPENSES [Sec. 36]

A. NON-DEDUCTIBLE EXPENSES [Sec. 36] GENERAL RULE: In computing net income, no deduction shall be allowed in respect to 1. Personal, living or family expenses Rationale: not related to conduct of trade or business 2. Any amount paid out for new buildings or for permanent improvements, or betterments made to increase the value of any property or estate EXCEPTION: Intangible drilling and development costs incurred in petroleum operations which are deductible under Sec. 34(G)(1)

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4.
Any amount expended in restoring property or in making good the exhaustion thereof for which an allowance [for depreciation or depletion] is or has been made (i.e., Major Repairs) NOTE: Nos. (2) and (3) are capital expenditures. Examples are: a. The cost of defending or perfecting title to property constitutes a part of the cost of the property and is not a deductible expense. b. The amount expended for architects services is part of the cost of the building c. Expenditures to promote the sales of additional capital stock or the cost, commissions and fees for obtaining stock subscriptions are capital expenses. (Atlas Consolidated Mining Co. v. Commissioner, 102 SCRA 246) Premiums paid on any life insurance policy covering the life of any officer, employee, or person financially interested in the trade or business carried on by the taxpayer, when the taxpayer is directly or indirectly a beneficiary under such policy. A person is said to be financially interested in the taxpayers business, if he is a stockholder thereof or he is to receive as his compensation a share of the profits of the business. ILLUSTRATION: CASE 1 Officer, employee, or person financially interested in the taxpayers trade or business Company CASE 2 Officer, employee, or person financially interested in the taxpayers trade or business Officer, employee, or person financially interested in the taxpayers trade or business YES (Premium is likewise a fringe benefit on the part of the beneficiary.)
Insured Beneficiary of Life Insurance Policy Premium a deductible expense?
NO (covered by Sec. 36)
B. CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES [Sec. 39] Definitions: Net Capital Gain the excess of the gains from sales or exchanges of capital assets over the losses from such sales or exchanges Net Capital Loss means the excess of the losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets over the gains from such sales or exchanges Holding Period the length of time the asset was held by the taxpayer Meaning of sale or exchange requirements for capital gain Gain or loss is recognized in a sale or exchange of property if the following conditions are satisfied: 1. The property received in exchange is essentially different from the property disposed of; 2. The property received has a market value Sale a delivery of goods for money Exchange a delivery of goods for goods received. HOWEVER, there are transactions which the law considers sales or exchanges though they do not meet the definitions given. These are: a. Retirement of bonds, etc. b. Short sales of properties25 c. Failure to exercise a privilege or option to buy or sell property; d. Securities becoming worthless. e. Receipt of a liquidating dividend Percentage taken into account (Long-term / Short term) by taxpayers: Taxpayers Other than a Corporation (i.e., individual taxpayers and taxpayers treated as individuals, such as estates and trusts) 100% if the capital asset was held for not more than 12 months 50% if the capital asset has been held for more than 12 months NOTE:
25
A transaction in which a speculator sells securities which he does not own in anticipation of a decline in its price. The seller intends to cover the sale by purchasing the securities when the price declines, in which case he will make a profit.

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GENERAL RULE: For purposes of computing capital loss and capital gain, the actual holding period is taken into account. o EXCEPTION: If securities become worthless during the taxable year and are capital assets, the loss resulting therefrom shall be considered as a loss from the sale or exchange, on the last day of such taxable year, of capital assets. [Sec. 34(D)(4)(b)] Corporate Taxpayers 100% of the capital gain or loss, regardless of the holding period
Limitation on Capital Losses GENERAL RULE: Losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such sales or exchanges. SPECIAL RULE FOR BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES: If a bank or trust company incorporated under the laws of the Philippines, a substantial part of whose business is the receipt of deposits or the sale of bond, debenture, note, certificate or other evidence of indebtedness, any loss resulting from such sale shall not be subject to the foregoing limitation and shall not be included in determining the applicability of such limitation to other losses. Rationale: The reason is that the securities mentioned are ordinary assets of the bank or trust company. Formula: (Sec. 134, RR2) Taxable net income = Ordinary net income + net taxable capital gains
Net taxable capital gains = Gains of sales of capital assets, or 50% thereof Losses from sales of capital assets, or 50% thereof Net Capital Loss Carry-over: If an individual taxpayer sustains a net capital loss in a taxable year, such loss (in an amount not in excess of the net income26 for such year) shall be treated in the succeeding taxable year as a loss from the sale or exchange of a capital asset held for not more than 12 months (100% deduction).
ILLUSTRATIONS: Mr. N, a citizen of the Philippines, married, had the following data for 2001 and 2002: 2001 P 90,000 2,000 30,000 70,000 2002 P 78,000 4,000 40,000 -
Net Income, Profession Interest Income from notes of clients Capital Gain on assets: Painting, held for 10 months Jewelry, held for 2 years Capital Loss on bonds, held for 3 years
Mr. Ns taxable income for 2001 was P60,000, and for 2002 was P65,000, computed as follows: 2001 P 90,000 2,000 P92,000 P30,000 (35,000) (P 5,000) 2002 P 78,000 4,000 P82,000 P20,000
Net Income, Profession Interest Income Ordinary Net Income Capital Gain (100%) Capital Gain (50%) Capital Loss (50%) Net Capital Loss Net Capital Loss Carry-Over from 2001 Net Capital Gain [20,000 5,000] Total Less: Basic Personal Exemption Taxable Income Legend:
>
(32,000)
(5,000) 15,000 P97,000 (32,000) P65,000
>
P60,000
To determine the maximum that may be carried over to the next year: Taxable Income
26
Net Income should be understood as taxable income (Executive Order No. 37)

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>
>
Net Capital Loss Carry-Over from the previous year
Mr. O, a citizen of the Philippines, single, had the following data for 2001 and 2002: 2001 P 80,000 4,000 50,000 70,000 2002 P 90,000 2,000
Net Income, Business Interest Income from notes of clients Capital Gain on assets: Shares of foreign corporations, held for 3 years Jewelry, held for 10 months Capital Loss on bonds, held for 4 months
120,000
Mr. Os taxable income for 2001 was P64,000, and for 2002 was P78,000, computed as follows:
Net Income, Business Interest Income Ordinary Net Income Capital Gain (50%) Capital Gain (100%) Capital Loss (100%) Net Capital Loss Net Capital Loss Carry-Over from 2001 Net Capital Gain [70,000 64,000] Total Less: Basic Personal Exemption Taxable Income Legend:
2001 P 80,000 4,000 P84,000 P25,000 (120,000) (P95,000)
2002 P 90,000 2,000 P92,000 P70,000
> (64,000)
(20,000)
6,000 P98,000 (20,000) P78,000
>
P64,000
> To determine the maximum that may be carried over to the next year: Taxable Income
>
Net Capital Loss Carry-Over from the previous year
P Co., a domestic corporation, had the following results of operations for a taxable year: Ordinary Net Income P52,000 Gain on sale of capital asset, held for ten months 2,000 Gain on sale of capital asset, held for eighteen months 2,000 Loss on sale of capital asset, held for six months 1,100 Loss on sale of capital asset, held for twenty months 2,000 and in the preceding year it had a net capital loss of P1,500 and a taxable income of P60,000. The taxable income of the corporation for the year is computed as follows***: Ordinary net income Gain on sale of capital asset, held for ten months (100%) Gain on sale of capital asset, held for eighteen months (100%) Total Capital Gains Loss on sale of capital asset, held for six months (100%) Loss on sale of capital asset, held for twenty months (100%) Total Capital Loss Net Capital Gain Taxable Income P2,000 2,000 P4,000 P52,000
P1,100 2,000
3,100 900 P52,900
*** For corporations, capital gains and losses are always considered at 100%, and there is no net capital loss carry-over. SUMMARY OF RULES For Corporations:

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Corporations shall recognize 100% of the capital gain or loss, regardless of the holding period. Corporations cannot carry-over net capital loss. Losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such sales or exchanges.
For Individuals, and Taxpayers Treated as Individuals: 1. The holding period is relevant in determining the percentage of capital gains and losses to be taken into account, as follows: 100% if the capital asset was held for not more than 12 months 50% if the capital asset was held for more than 12 months 2. Net capital loss (in an amount not in excess of the net income for such year) shall be treated in the succeeding taxable year as a loss from the sale or exchange of a capital asset held for not more than 12 months (100% deduction) 3. Losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets shall be allowed only to the extent of the gains from such sales or exchanges.
X. SITUS OF TAXATION [Sec. 42]

A. Gross Income From Sources Within the Philippines Interests derived from sources within the Philippines, and interest on bonds, notes or other interest-bearing obligations of residents, corporate or otherwise Dividends Compensations for labor or personal services performed in the Philippines Rentals and royalties from property located in the Philippines of from any interest in such property, including rentals or royalties (a) The use of or the right or privilege to use in the Philippines any copyright, patent, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, goodwill, trademark, trade brand or other like property or right; (b) The use of, or the right to use in the Philippines any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment; (c) The supply of scientific, technical, industrial or commercial knowledge or information; (d) The supply of any assistance that is ancillary and subsidiary to, and is furnished as a means of enabling the application or enjoyment of, any such property or right as is mentioned in paragraph (a), any such equipment as is mentioned in paragraph (b) or any such knowledge or information as is mentioned in paragraph (c); (e) The supply of services by a nonresident person or his employee in connection with the use of property or rights belonging to, or the installation or operation of any brand, machinery or other apparatus purchased from such nonresident person; (f) Technical advice, assistance or services rendered in connection with technical management or administration of any scientific, industrial or commercial undertaking, venture, project or scheme; and (g) The use of or the right to use: (i) Motion picture films; (ii) Films or video tapes for use in connection with television; and (iii) Tapes for use in connection with radio broadcasting. Gains, profits and income from the sale of real property located in the Philippines Gains; profits and income from the sale of personal property Taxable Income From Sources Within the Philippines. (1) General Rule. Deduct the expenses, losses and other deductions properly allocated thereto and a ratable part of expenses, interests, losses and other deductions effectively connected with the business or trade conducted exclusively within the Philippines which cannot definitely be allocated to some items or class of gross income: Provided, That such items of deductions shall be allowed only if fully substantiated by all the information necessary for its calculation. The remainder, if any, shall be treated in full as taxable income from sources within the Philippines. (2) Exception. - No deductions for interest paid or incurred abroad shall be allowed unless indebtedness was actually incurred to provide funds for use in connection with the conduct or operation of trade or business in the Philippines. Gross Income From Sources Without the Philippines. (1) Interests other than those derived from sources within the Philippines as provided in A. (2) Dividends other than those derived from sources within the Philippines as provided in A. (3) Compensation for labor or personal services performed without the Philippines; (4) Rentals or royalties from property located without the Philippines or from any interest in such property including rentals or royalties for the use of or for the privilege of using
B.
C.

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goodwill,
without the Philippines, patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, trademarks, trade brands, franchises and other like properties; and (5) Gains, profits and income from the sale of real property located without the Philippines. D.
Taxable Income From Sources Without the Philippines. - Deduct from the gross income from sources without the Philippines the expenses, losses, and other deductions properly apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of any expense, loss or other deduction which cannot definitely be allocated to some items or classes of gross income. The remainder, if any, shall be treated in full as taxable income from sources without the Philippines. Income From Sources Partly Within and Partly Without the Philippines.a. Allocated or apportioned to sources within or without the Philippines, under the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner. Where items of gross income are separately allocated to sources within the Philippines, there shall be deducted (for the purpose of computing the taxable income therefrom) the expenses, losses and other deductions properly apportioned or allocated b. thereto and a ratable part of other expenses, losses or other deductions which cannot definitely be allocated to some items or classes of gross income. The remainder, if any, shall be included in full as taxable income from sources within the Philippines. In the case of gross income derived from sources partly within and partly without the Philippines, the taxable income may first be computed by deducting the expenses, losses or other deductions apportioned or allocated thereto and a ratable part of any expense, loss or other deduction which cannot definitely be allocated to some items or classes of gross income; and the portion of such taxable income attributable to sources within the Philippines may be determined by processes or formulas of general apportionment prescribed by the Secretary of Finance. Gains, profits and income from the sale of personal property produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer within and sold without the Philippines, or produced (in whole or in part) by the taxpayer without and sold within the Philippines, shall be treated as derived partly from sources within and partly from sources without the Philippines. Gains, profits and income derived from the purchase of personal property within and its sale without the Philippines, or from the purchase of personal property without and its sale within the Philippines shall be treated as derived entirely form sources within the country in which sold: Provided, however, That gain from the sale of shares of stock in a domestic corporation shall be treated as derived entirely form sources within the Philippines regardless of where the said shares are sold. a. The transfer by a nonresident alien or a foreign corporation to anyone of any share of stock issued by a domestic corporation shall not be effected or made in its book unless: the transferor has filed with the Commissioner a bond conditioned upon the future payment by him of any income tax that may be due on the gains derived from such transfer, or the Commissioner has certified that the taxes, if any, imposed in this Title and due on the gain realized from such sale or transfer have been paid. It shall be the duty of the transferor and the corporation the shares of which are sold or transferred, to advise the transferee of this requirement. Definition of Royalties - Philamlife vs.CTA [CA GR SP 31283 April 25, 1995] The CTA ruled that it is not the presence of any property from which one derives rentals and royalties that is controlling, but rather it includes royalties for the supply of scientific, technical, industrial, or commercial knowledge or information.
E.
F.
XI. INSTALLMENT [Sec. 49]

A. Sales of Dealers in Personal Property A person who regularly sell or otherwise disposes of personal property on the installment plan may return as income therefrom in any taxable year that proportion of the installment payments actually received that year, which gross profit realized or to be realized when payment is complete of the total contract price.
FORMULA: Gross Profit ---------------------- X Contract price Installment payments actually received Income to be reported for the year

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B. Sales of Realty and Casual Sales of Personalty 1. A casual sale or other casual disposition of personal property (other than property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year) for a price exceeding One thousand pesos (P1000); or 2. A sale or other disposition of real property In either case the initial payments muse NOT exceed 25% of the selling price Definition: 'Initial payments' means the payment received in cash or property other than evidences of indebtedness of the purchaser during the taxable period in which the sale or other disposition is made. Income Tax Treatment: Income may be return on the same basis as sales of dealers in personal property (see section A)
C. Sales of Real Property Considered as Capital Asset by Individuals An individual who sells or disposes of real property considered as capital asset; and is otherwise qualified to report the gain therefrom under Subsection (B) may pay the capital gains tax in installments. D. Tax Evasion vs. Tax Avoidance a. CIR vs. Estate of Toda (GR 147188, September 14, 2004) Tax Evasion a scheme used outside of those lawful means and when availed of, it usually subjects the taxpayer to further or additional civil or criminal liabilities Tax Avoidance tax saving device within the means sanctioned by law, used by the taxpayer in good faith and at arms length
XII. RETURNS AND PAYMENTS OF TAX/ WITHOLDING TAXES A. Returns and Payment of Tax
1. Individual Return (Sec. 51, NIRC) a. Who are required to file (a) Every Filipino citizen residing in the Philippines; (b) Every Filipino citizen residing outside the Philippines, on his income from sources within the Philippines; (c) Every alien residing in the Philippines, on income derived from sources within the Philippines; and (d) Every nonresident alien engaged in trade or business or in the exercise of profession in the Philippines. b. Those not required to file The following individuals shall not be required to file an income tax return: a. An individual whose gross income does not exceed his total personal and additional exemptions for dependents under Section 35: Provided, That a citizen of the Philippines and any alien individual engaged in business or practice of profession within the Philippine shall file an income tax return, regardless of the amount of gross income; b. An individual with respect to pure compensation income, as defined in Section 32 (A)(1), derived from sources within the Philippines, the income tax on which has been correctly withheld under the provisions of Section 79 of this Code: Provided, That an individual deriving compensation concurrently from two or more employers at any time during the taxable year shall file an income tax return: Provided, further, That an individual whose compensation income derived from sources within the Philippines exceeds Sixty thousand pesos (P60,000) shall also file an income tax return; c. An individual whose sole income has been subjected to final withholding tax pursuant to Section 57(A) of this Code; and d. An individual who is exempt from income tax pursuant to the provisions of this Code and other laws, general or special. Any individual not required to file an income tax return may nevertheless be required to file an information return pursuant to rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner. SPECIAL RULES: 1. Husband and Wife Married individuals, whether citizens, resident or nonresident aliens, who do not derive income purely from compensation, shall file a return for the taxable year to include the income of both spouses, but where it is impracticable for the spouses to file one return, each spouse may

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file a separate return of income but the returns so filed shall be consolidated by the Bureau for purposes of verification for the taxable year. 2. Return of Parent to Include Income of Children The income of unmarried minors derived from property received from a living parent shall be included in the return of the parent, except o o 3. when the donor's tax has been paid on such property, or when the transfer of such property is exempt from donor's tax.
Persons Under Disability If the taxpayer is unable to make his own return, the return may be made by his duly authorized agent or representative or by the guardian or other person charged with the care of his person or property, the principal and his representative or guardian assuming the responsibility of making the return and incurring penalties provided for erroneous, false or fraudulent returns. Signature Presumed The fact that an individual's name is signed to a filed return shall be prima facie evidence for all purposes that the return was actually signed by him.
4.
c.
Where to file Except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, the return shall be filed: If person has legal residence or place of business in the Philippines with an authorized agent bank, Revenue District Officer, Collection Agent or duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality in which such person has his legal residence or principal place of business in the Philippines If there be no legal residence or place of business in the Philippines with the Office of the Commissioner. When to file - The return of any individual specified above shall be filed on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of April of each year covering income for the preceding taxable year.
d.
e.
Where to pay (Sec. 56, NIRC) The total amount of tax imposed by this Title shall be paid by the person subject thereto at the time the return is filed. When the tax due is in excess of Two thousand pesos (P2,000), the taxpayer other than a corporation may elect to pay the tax in two (2) equal installments in which case: 1. the first installment shall be paid at the time the return is filed and 2. the second installment, on or before July 15 following the close of the calendar year 3. If any installment is not paid on or before the date fixed for its payment, the whole amount of the tax unpaid becomes due and payable, together with the delinquency penalties.
f.
Capital gains on shares of stocks and real estate FILING A RETURN Individuals subject to tax on capital gains; (a) From the sale or exchange of shares of stock not traded thru a local stock exchange as prescribed under Section 24(c) shall file a return within thirty (30) days after each transaction and a final consolidated return on or before April 15 of each year covering all stock transactions of the preceding taxable year; and (b) From the sale or disposition of real property under Section 24(D) shall file a return within thirty (30) days following each sale or other disposition. PAYMENT The total amount of tax imposed and prescribed shall be paid on the date the return prescribed is filed by the person liable o That if the seller submits proof of his intention to avail himself of the benefit of exemption of capital gains under existing special laws, no such payments shall be required o That in case of failure to qualify for exemption under such special laws and implementing rules and regulations, the tax due on the gains realized from the original transaction shall immediately become due and payable

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That if the seller, having paid the tax, submits such proof of intent within six (6) months from the registration of the document transferring the real property, he shall be entitled to a refund of such tax upon verification of his compliance with the requirements for such exemption. In case the taxpayer elects and is qualified to report the gain by installments the tax due from each installment payment shall be paid within (30) days from the receipt of such payments.
g.
Quarterly declaration of income tax (Sec. 74, NIRC) Every individual subject to income tax under Sections 24 and 25(A) of this Title, who is receiving self-employment income, whether it constitutes the sole source of his income or in combination with salaries, wages and other fixed or determinable income, shall make and file a declaration of his estimated income for the current taxable year on or before April 15 of the same taxable year. In general, self-employment income consists of the earnings derived by the individual from the practice of profession or conduct of trade or business carried on by him as a sole proprietor or by a partnership of which he is a member. 1. Nonresident Filipino citizens, with respect to income from without the Philippines, and nonresident aliens not engaged in trade or business in the Philippines, are not required to render a declaration of estimated income tax. 2. The declaration shall contain such pertinent information as the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, may, by rules and regulations prescribe. An individual may make amendments of a declaration filed during the taxable year under the rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner. Estimated tax means the amount which the individual declared as income tax in his final adjusted and annual income tax return for the preceding taxable year minus the sum of the credits allowed under this Title against the said tax. If, during the current taxable year, the taxpayer reasonable expects to pay a bigger income tax, he shall file an amended declaration during any interval of installment payment dates. Return and Payment of Estimated Income Tax by Individuals The amount of estimated income with respect to which a declaration is required shall be paid in four (4) installments. o The first installment shall be paid at the time of the declaration and o The second and third shall be paid on August 15 and November 15 of the current year, respectively. o The fourth installment shall be paid on or before April 15 of the following calendar year when the final adjusted income tax return is due to be filed.
h.
Substituted filing for ITR of Salaried Individuals RR 19-2002 Certificate of Compensation Payment/Tax Withheld (BIR Form No. 2316). In general, every employer or other person who is required to deduct and withhold the tax on compensation including fringe benefits given to rank and file employees, shall furnish every employee from whose compensation taxes have been withheld the Certificate of Compensation Payment/Tax Withheld (BIR Form No. 2316), on or before January 31 of the succeeding calendar year, or if the employment is terminated before the close of such calendar year, on the day on which the last payment of compensation is made. Failure to furnish the same shall be a ground for the mandatory audit of payors income tax liabilities (including withholding tax) upon verified complaint of the payee. The Certificate of Compensation Payment/Tax Withheld (BIR Form No. 2316) shall contain a certification to the effect that the employers filing of BIR Form No. 1604CF shall be considered as a substituted filing of the employees income tax return to the extent that the amount of compensation and tax withheld appearing in BIR Form No. 1604-CF as filed with BIR is consistent with the corresponding amounts indicated in BIR Form No. 2316. It shall be signed by both the employee and employer attesting to the fact that the information stated therein has been verified and is true and correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the withholding agents/employers are required to retain copies of the duly signed BIR Form No. 2316 for a period of three (3) years as required under the National Internal Revenue Code.

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The employee who is qualified for substituted filing of income tax return under these regulations, shall no longer be required to file income tax return (BIR Form No. 1700) since BIR Form No. 1604-CF shall be considered a substituted return filed by the employer. BIR Form No. 2316, duly certified by both employee and employer, shall serve the same purpose as if a BIR Form No. 1700 had been filed, such as proof of financial capacity for purposes of loan, credit card, or other applications, or for the purpose of availing tax credit in the employees home country and for other purposes with various government agencies. This may also be used for purposes of securing travel tax exemption, when necessary. However, information referring to the certification, appearing at the bottom of BIR Form No. 2316, shall not be signed by both the employer and the employee if the latter is not qualified for substituted filing. In which case, BIR Form No. 2316 furnished by the employer to the employee shall be attached to the employees Income Tax Return (BIR Form No. 1700) to be filed on or before April 15 of the following year. i. Modes of Payment of Taxes Through Banks RR 16-2002 SECTION 3. Modes Of Payment To Authorized Agent Banks. Aside from the electronic payment system currently used by some taxpayers in paying their BIR taxes, the rest shall pay their tax liabilities through any of the following modes: a) "Overthecounter cash payment" refers to payment of tax liabilities to authorized agent bank in the currencies (paper bills or coins) that are legal tender in the Philippines. The maximum amount allowed per tax payment shall not exceed ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) b) "Bank debit system" refers to the system whereby a taxpayer, through a bank debit memo/advice, authorizes withdrawals from his/its existing bank accounts for payment of tax liabilities. The bank debit system mode is allowed only if the taxpayer has a bank account with the AAB branch where he/it intends to file and pay his/its tax return/form/declaration, provided said AAB branch is within the jurisdiction of the BIR Revenue District Office (RDO)/Large Taxpayers District Office (LTDO) where the tax payment is due and payable. c) "Checks" refers to a bill of exchange or Order Instrument drawn on a bank payable on demand. The following checks are, however, not acceptable as check payments for internal revenue taxes: 1. Accommodation checks checks issued or drawn by a party other than the taxpayer making the payment; 2. Second endorsed checks checks issued to the taxpayer as payee who indorses the same as payment for taxes; 3. Stale checks checks dated more than six (6) months prior to presentation to the authorized agent bank; 4. Postdated checks checks dated a day or several days after the date of presentation to the authorized agent bank; 5. Unsigned checks checks with no signature of the drawer; 6. Checks with alterations/erasures. AABs accepting checks for the payment of BIR taxes and other charges must see to it that the check covers one tax type for one return period only. Moreover, AABs must strictly comply with the systems and procedures for the reception, processing, clearing and accounting of the checks to be prescribed under a separate regulation. Second indorsement of checks which are payable to the Bureau of Internal Revenue or Commissioner of Internal Revenue is absolutely prohibited. 2. Corporation Regular Returns a. Quarterly Income Tax (Sec. 75, NIRC) Every corporation shall file in duplicate a quarterly summary declaration of its gross income and deductions on a cumulative basis for the preceding quarter or quarters upon which the income tax, shall be levied, collected and paid. The tax so computed shall be decreased by the amount of tax previously paid or assessed during the preceding quarters and shall be paid not later than sixty (60) days from the close of each of the first three (3) quarters of the taxable year, whether calendar or fiscal year. b. Final Adjustment Return (Sec. 76, NIRC)

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Every corporation liable to tax shall file a final adjustment return covering the total taxable income for the preceding calendar or fiscal year. If the sum of the quarterly tax payments made during the said taxable year is not equal to the total tax due on the entire taxable income of that year, the corporation shall either: (A) Pay the balance of tax still due; or (B) Carry-over the excess credit; or (C) Be credited or refunded with the excess amount paid, as the case may be. In case the corporation is entitled to a tax credit or refund of the excess estimated quarterly income taxes paid, the excess amount shown on its final adjustment return may be carried over and credited against the estimated quarterly income tax liabilities for the taxable quarters of the succeeding taxable years. Once the option to carry-over and apply the excess quarterly income tax against income tax due for the taxable quarters of the succeeding taxable years has been made, such option shall be considered irrevocable for that taxable period and no application for cash refund or issuance of a tax credit certificate shall be allowed. c. When to File (Sec. 77, NIRC) Quarterly declaration shall be filed within sixty (60) days following the close of each of the first three (3) quarters of the taxable year. The final adjustment return shall be filed on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of April, or on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of the fourth (4th) month following the close of the fiscal year, as the case may be. Extension of Time to File Returns The Commissioner may, in meritorious cases, grant a reasonable extension of time for filing returns of income (or final and adjustment returns in case of corporations) d. Where to File (Sec. 77, NIRC) Except as the Commissioner other wise permits, the quarterly income tax declaration required in Section 75 and the final adjustment return required in Section 76 shall be filed with: o the authorized agent banks or o Revenue District Officer or o Collection Agent or o duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality having jurisdiction over the location of the principal office of the corporation filing the return or place where its main books of accounts and other data from which the return is prepared are kept. When to Pay (Sec. 77, NIRC) The income tax due on the corporate quarterly returns and the final adjustment income tax shall be paid at the time the declaration or return is filed in a manner prescribed by the Commissioner. Capital Gains on Shares of Stock Every corporation deriving capital gains from the sale or exchange of shares of stock not traded thru a local stock exchange as prescribed under Sections 24 (c), 25 (A)(3), 27 (E)(2), 28(A)(8)(c) and 28 (B)(5)(c), shall file a return within thirty (30) days after each transaction and a final consolidated return of all transactions during the taxable year on or before the fifteenth (15th) day of the fourth (4th) month following the close of the taxable year. Return of Corporations Contemplating Dissolution/Reorganization Every corporation shall, within thirty (30) days after the adoption by the corporation of a resolution or plan for its dissolution, or for the liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital stock, including a corporation which has been notified of possible involuntary dissolution by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or for its reorganization, render a correct return to the Commissioner, verified under oath, setting forth the terms of such resolution or plan and such other information as the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the commissioner, shall, by rules and regulations, prescribe. The dissolving or reorganizing corporation shall, prior to the issuance by the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Certificate of Dissolution or Reorganization, as may be defined by rules and regulations prescribed by the
e.
f.
g.

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Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, secure a certificate of tax clearance from the Bureau of Internal Revenue which certificate shall be submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Sec. 244. RR-2 All corporations, partnerships, joint accounts and associations, contemplating dissolution or retiring from business without formal dissolution, shall, within 30 days after the approval of such resolution authorizing their dissolution, and within the same period after their retirement from business, file their IT returns covering the profit earned or business done by them from the beginning of the year up to the date of such dissolution or retirement and pay the corresponding IT due thereon upon demand of the Commissioner. In addition to the IT return, they shall also submit within the same period the following: (a) a copy of the resolution authorizing such dissolution; (b) balance sheet at the date of dissolution or retirement and a profit and loss statement covering the period from the beginning of the taxable year to the date of dissolution or retirement; (c) in the case of a corporation, the names and addresses of the shareholders and the number and par value of the shares held by each; and in case of a partnership, joint account or association, the name of the partners or members and the capital contributed by each; (d) the value and a description of the assets received in liquidation by each shareholder; (e) the name and address of each individual or corporation, other than shareholders, if any, receiving assets at the time of dissolution together with a description and the value of the assets received by such individuals or corporations and the consideration if any, paid by each of them for the assets received.
B.
WITHHOLDING TAX 1. Final Withholding Tax at Source Sec. 57. NIRC Subject to rules and regulations the Secretary of Finance may promulgate, upon the recommendation of the Commissioner, requiring the filing of income tax return by certain income payees, the tax imposed or prescribed by Sections 24(B)(1), 24(B)(2), 24(C), 24(D)(1); 25(A)(2), 25(A)(3), 25(B), 25(C), 25(D), 25(E), 27(D)(!), 27(D)(2), 27(D)(3), 27(D)(5), 28 (A)(4), 28(A)(5), 28(A)(7)(a), 28(A)(7)(b), 28(A)(7)(c), 28(B)(1), 28(B)(2), 28(B)(3), 28(B)(4), 28(B)(5)(a), 28(B)(5)(b), 28(B)(5)(c); 33; and 282 of the NIRC on specified items of income shall be withheld by payor-corporation and/or person and paid in the same manner and subject to the same conditions as provided in Section 58 of the NIRC. Withholding of Creditable Tax at Source. - The Secretary of Finance may, upon the recommendation of the Commissioner, require the withholding of a tax on the items of income payable to natural or juridical persons, residing in the Philippines, by payorcorporation/persons as provided for by law, at the rate of not less than one percent (1%) but not more than thirty-two percent (32%) thereof, which shall be credited against the income tax liability of the taxpayer for the taxable year. Tax-free Covenant Bonds. In any case where bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust or other similar obligations of domestic or resident foreign corporations, contain a contract or provisions by which the obligor agrees to pay any portion of the tax imposed in this Title upon the obligee or to reimburse the obligee for any portion of the tax or to pay the interest without deduction for any tax which the obligor may be required or permitted to pay thereon or to retain therefrom under any law of the Philippines, or any state or country, the obligor shall deduct bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust or other obligations, whether the interest or other payments are payable annually or at shorter or longer periods, and whether the bonds, securities or obligations had been or will be issued or marketed, and the interest or other payment thereon paid, within or without the Philippines, if the interest or other payment is payable to a nonresident alien or to a citizen or resident of the Philippines. 2. Withholding of Creditable Tax RR 2-98 Under the creditable withholding tax system, taxes withheld on certain income payments are intended to equal or at least approximate the tax due of the payee on said income. The income recipient is still required to file an income tax return, to report the income and/or pay the difference between the tax withheld and the tax due on the income.

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Taxes withheld on income payments covered by the expanded withholding tax and compensation income are creditable in nature. RR 12-2001 The amounts subject to withholding tax under this paragraph shall include not only fees, but also per diems, allowances and any other form of income payments not subject to withholding tax on compensation.
In the case of professional entertainers, professional athletes, directors involved in movies, stage, radio, television and musical productions and other recipients of talent fees, the amounts subject to withholding tax shall also include amounts paid to them in consideration for the use of their names or pictures in print, broadcast, or other media or for public appearances, for purposes of advertisements or sales proportion. Furthermore, in order to determine the applicable tax rate (10% or 20%) to be applied/withheld by the withholding agent, every professional entertainer, professional athlete, director involved in movies, stage radio, television and musical productions and other recipients of talent fees shall annually disclose his gross incomes for the current year to the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), by submitting a notarized sworn declaration thereof, copy furnished all the current payors of the declaration duly stamped received by the BIR (Withholding Tax Division of the National Office). The disclosure should be filed on June 30 of each year or within fifteen (15) days after the end of the month the talent's income reaches P720,000, whichever comes earlier. In case his total gross income is less than P72,000 as June 30, he/she shall submit a second disclosure within fifteen (15) days after the end of the month that his/her gross income for the current year to date reaches P720,000. The initial disclosure after the effectivity or these Regulations shall be filed on or before September 30, 2001 or within fifteen (15) days after the effectivity of these Regulations, whichever comes later. In case of failure to submit the annual declaration/disclosure to the BIR, the payor shall withhold the tax at the rate of 20%. If an individual recipient receives talent fees in addition to salaries from the same payor, the said talent fees shall be considered as supplemental compensation and, thus, be subject to the withholding tax on compensation." 3. Return and Payment of Tax Sec. 58. Quarterly Returns and Payments of Taxes Withheld. - Taxes deducted and withheld under Section 57 by withholding agents shall be covered by a return and paid to, except in cases where the Commissioner otherwise permits, an authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the withholding agent has his legal residence or principal place of business, or where the withholding agent is a corporation, where the principal office is located. The taxes deducted and withheld by the withholding agent shall be held as a special fund in trust for the government until paid to the collecting officers. The return for final withholding tax shall be filed and the payment made within twenty-five (25) days from the close of each calendar quarter, while the return for creditable withholding taxes shall be filed and the payment made not later than the last day of the month following the close of the quarter during which withholding was made: Provided, That the Commissioner, with the approval of the Secretary of Finance, may require these withholding agents to pay or deposit the taxes deducted or withheld at more frequent intervals when necessary to protect the interest of the government. Statement of Income Payments Made and Taxes Withheld. - Every withholding agent required to deduct and withhold taxes under Section 57 shall furnish each recipient, in respect to his or its receipts during the calendar quarter or year, a written statement showing the income or other payments made by the withholding agent during such quarter or year, and the amount of the tax deducted and withheld therefrom, simultaneously upon payment at the request of the payee, but not later than the twentieth (20th) day following the close of the quarter in the case of corporate payee, or not later than March 1 of the following year in the case of individual payee for creditable withholding taxes. For final withholding taxes, the statement should be given to the payee on or before January 31 of the succeeding year.

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Annual Information Return. - Every withholding agent required to deduct and withhold taxes under Section 57 shall submit to the Commissioner an annual information return containing the list of payees and income payments, amount of taxes withheld from each payee and such other pertinent information as may be required by the Commissioner. In the case of final withholding taxes, the return shall be filed on or before January 31 of the succeeding year, and for creditable withholding taxes, not later than March 1 of the year following the year for which the annual report is being submitted. This return, if made and filed in accordance with the rules and regulations approved by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, shall be sufficient compliance with the requirements of Section 68 of the NIRC in respect to the income payments. The Commissioner may, by rules and regulations, grant to any withholding agent a reasonable extension of time to furnish and submit the return required in this Subsection. Income of Recipient. - Income upon which any creditable tax is required to be withheld at source under Section 57 shall be included in the return of its recipient but the excess of the amount of tax so withheld over the tax due on his return shall be refunded to him subject to the provisions of Section 204; if the income tax collected at source is less than the tax due on his return, the difference shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Section 56. All taxes withheld pursuant to the provisions of this Code and its implementing rules and regulations are hereby considered trust funds and shall be maintained in a separate account and not commingled with any other funds of the withholding agent. Registration with Register of Deeds. - No registration of any document transferring real property shall be effected by the Register of Deeds unless the Commissioner or his duly authorized representative has certified that such transfer has been reported, and the capital gains or creditable withholding tax, if any, has been paid: Provided, however, That the information as may be required by rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, shall be annotated by the Register of Deeds in the Transfer Certificate of Title or Condominium Certificate of Title: Provided, further, That in cases of transfer of property to a corporation, pursuant to a merger, consolidation or reorganization, and where the law allows deferred recognition of income in accordance with Section 40, the information as may be required by rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner, shall be annotated by the Register of Deeds at the back of the Transfer Certificate of Title or Condominium Certificate of Title of the real property involved: Provided, finally, That any violation of this provision by the Register of Deeds shall be subject to the penalties imposed under Section 269 of this Code.
C.
Withholding on Wages Sec. 78. Definitions. Wages - The term 'wages' means all remuneration (other than fees paid to a public official) for services performed by an employee for his employer, including the cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other than cash, except that such term shall not include remuneration paid: (1) (2) (3) (4) For agricultural labor paid entirely in products of the farm where the labor is performed, or For domestic service in a private home, or For casual labor not in the course of the employer's trade or business, or For services by a citizen or resident of the Philippines for a foreign government or an international organization.
If the remuneration paid by an employer to an employee for services performed during one-half (1/2) or more of any payroll period of not more than thirty-one (31) consecutive days constitutes wages, all the remuneration paid by such employer to such employee for such period shall be deemed to be wages; but if the remuneration paid by an employer to an employee for services performed during more than one -half (1/2) of any such payroll period does not constitute wages, then none of the remuneration paid by such employer to such employee for such period shall be deemed to be wages. Payroll Period - a period for which payment of wages is ordinarily made to the employee by his employer, and the term "miscellaneous payroll period" means a payroll period other than, a daily, weekly, biweekly, semi-monthly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, or annual period. Employee - any individual who is the recipient of wages and includes an officer, employee or elected official of the Government of the Philippines or any political subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof. The term "employee" also includes an officer of a corporation. Employer means the person for whom an individual performs or performed any service, of whatever nature, as the employee of such person, except that:

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(1) If the person for whom the individual performs or performed any service does not have control of the payment of the wages for such services, the term "employer" (except for the purpose of Subsection (A) means the person having control of the payment of such wages; and (2) In the case of a person paying wages on behalf of a nonresident alien individual, foreign partnership or foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the Philippines, the term "employer" (except for the purpose of Subsection (A) means such person. Sec. 79. Income Tax Collected at Source Requirement of Withholding - Every employer making payment of wages shall deduct and withhold upon such wages a tax determined in accordance with the rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner: Provided, however, That no withholding of a tax shall be required where the total compensation income of an individual does not exceed the statutory minimum wage, or five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) per month, whichever is higher. Tax Paid by Recipient - If the employer, in violation of the provisions of this Chapter, fails to deduct and withhold the tax as required under this Chapter, and thereafter the tax against which such tax may be credited is paid, the tax so required to be deducted and withheld shall not be collected from the employer; but this Subsection shall in no case relieve the employer from liability for any penalty or addition to the tax otherwise applicable in respect of such failure to deduct and withhold. Refunds or Credits (1) Employer. - When there has been an overpayment of tax under this Section, refund or credit shall be made to the employer only to the extent that the amount of such overpayment was not deducted and withheld hereunder by the employer. (2) Employees. -The amount deducted and withheld under this Chapter during any calendar year shall be allowed as a credit to the recipient of such income against the tax imposed under Section 24(A) of this Title. Refunds and credits in cases of excessive withholding shall be granted under rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, upon recommendation of the Commissioner. Any excess of the taxes withheld over the tax due from the taxpayer shall be returned or credited within three (3) months from the fifteenth (15th) day of April. Refunds or credits made after such time shall earn interest at the rate of six percent (6%) per annum, starting after the lapse of the three-month period to the date the refund of credit is made. Refunds shall be made upon warrants drawn by the Commissioner or by his duly authorized representative without the necessity of counter-signature by the Chairman, Commission on Audit or the latter's duly authorized representative as an exception to the requirement prescribed by Section 49, Chapter 8, Subtitle B, Title 1 of Book V of Executive Order No. 292, otherwise known as the Administrative Code of 1987. Personal Exemptions In General. - Unless otherwise provided by this Chapter, the personal and additional exemptions applicable under this Chapter shall be determined in accordance with the main provisions of this Title. Exemption Certificate. (a) When to File. - On or before the date of commencement of employment with an employer, the employee shall furnish the employer with a signed withholding exemption certificate relating to the personal and additional exemptions to which he is entitled. (b) Change of Status. - In case of change of status of an employee as a result of which he would be entitled to a lesser or greater amount of exemption, the employee shall, within ten (10) days from such change, file with the employer a new withholding exemption certificate reflecting the change. (c) Use of Certificates. - The certificates filed hereunder shall be used by the employer in the determination of the amount of taxes to be withheld. (d) Failure to Furnish Certificate. - Where an employee, in violation of this Chapter, either fails or refuses to file a withholding exemption certificate, the employer shall withhold the taxes prescribed under the schedule for zero exemption of the withholding tax table determined pursuant to Subsection (A) hereof. Withholding on Basis of Average Wages - The Commissioner may, under rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Finance, authorize employers to: (1) estimate the wages which will be paid to an employee in any quarter of the calendar year; (2) determine the amount to be deducted and withheld upon each payment of wages to such employee during such quarter as if the appropriate average of the wages so estimated constituted the actual wages paid; and

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(3) deduct and withhold upon any payment of wages to such employee during ;such quarter such amount as may be required to be deducted and withheld during such quarter without regard to this Subsection. Husband and Wife - When a husband and wife each are recipients of wages, whether from the same or from different employers, taxes to be withheld shall be determined on the following bases: (1) The husband shall be deemed the head of the family and proper claimant of the additional exemption in respect to any dependent children, unless he explicitly waives his right in favor of his wife in the withholding exemption certificate. (2) Taxes shall be withheld from the wages of the wife in accordance with the schedule for zero exemption of the withholding tax table prescribed in Subsection (D)(2)(d) hereof. Nonresident Aliens - Wages paid to nonresident alien individuals engaged in trade or business in the Philippines shall be subject to the provisions of this Chapter. Year-End Adjustment - On or before the end of the calendar year but prior to the payment of the compensation for the last payroll period, the employer shall determine the tax due from each employee on taxable compensation income for the entire taxable year in accordance with Section 24(A). The difference between the tax due from the employee for the entire year and the sum of taxes withheld from January to November shall either be withheld from his salary in December of the current calendar year or refunded to the employee not later than January 25 of the succeeding year. Sec. 79. Liability for Tax Employer - The employer shall be liable for the withholding and remittance of the correct amount of tax required to be deducted and withheld under this Chapter. If the employer fails to withhold and remit the correct amount of tax as required to be withheld under the provision of this Chapter, such tax shall be collected from the employer together with the penalties or additions to the tax otherwise applicable in respect to such failure to withhold and remit. Employee - Where an employee fails or refuses to file the withholding exemption certificate or willfully supplies false or inaccurate information thereunder, the tax otherwise required to be withheld by the employer shall be collected from him including penalties or additions to the tax from the due date of remittance until the date of payment. On the other hand, excess taxes withheld made by the employer due to: (1) failure or refusal to file the withholding exemption certificate; or (2) false and inaccurate information shall not be refunded to the employee but shall be forfeited in favor of the Government. Sec. 81. Filing of Return and Payment of Taxes Withheld Except as the Commissioner otherwise permits, taxes deducted and withheld by the employer on wages of employees shall be covered by a return and paid to an authorized agent bank; Collection Agent, or the duly authorized Treasurer of the city or municipality where the employer has his legal residence or principal place of business, or in case the employer is a corporation, where the principal office is located. The return shall be filed and the payment made within twenty-five (25) days from the close of each calendar quarter: Provided, however, That the Commissioner may, with the approval of the Secretary of Finance, require the employers to pay or deposit the taxes deducted and withheld at more frequent intervals, in cases where such requirement is deemed necessary to protect the interest of the Government. The taxes deducted and withheld by employers shall be held in a special fund in trust for the Government until the same are paid to the said collecting officers.

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I. Basic Concepts in Income Taxation

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I. Basic Concepts in Income Taxation

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BASIC CONCEPTS IN INCOME TAXATION

I. BASIC CONCEPTS IN INCOME TAXATION

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GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS Tax I

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS

Special Classes of Individuals Estates and Trusts Corporations

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Unutilized amount GSP

(higher of ) GSP or FMV = Taxable portion

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10,000 30,000 70,000 140,000 250,000 500,000

10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 32%

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P8,000 P8,000 P8,000 P8,000 P8,000 P8,000

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E. Summary of Tax Bases and Tax Rates QUICK GLANCE

GIW 20% Final Withholding Tax

Passive Income from domestic sources, subject to Final Tax

GIW 10% Final Withholding Tax

GIW 7.5% Final Withholding Tax EXEMPT

Legend: GIW Gross Income within the Philippines

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Less: Operating Expenses Net Operating Income

Add Incidental Income: Rent Income xxx xxx xxx Pxxx

Less: Allowable deductions Net Taxable Income

Interest Income Gain on Sale of Property Net Income

The excess MCIT over NT carry-forward is shown below:

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From Year 4 From Year 5 From Year 7

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G. Special Types of Corporations

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Summary of Tax Bases and Rates of Special Corporations

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10% 25% 4.5% 7.5%

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All sources 35% Normal Tax

GIW - 20% Final Tax GIW - 20% Final Tax

35% of Gross Income

GIW - 7.5% Final Tax

Sale of Shares (traded in a domestic stock exchange)

YES YES YES YES, if closelyheld corporation NO

YES YES YES NO YES

YES, but based on Gross Income NO NO NO Not Applicable

TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS [Sec. 33 of NIRC]

TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS [Sec. 33 of the NIRC]

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TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS

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TAXATION OF FRINGE BENEFITS

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