MEC2405/CHE2164 Thermodynamics

Tutorial 9 Solutions

10-67 A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Part of the steam extracted from the
turbine at a relatively high pressure is used for process heating. The net power produced and the utilization
factor of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 38 . 670
kJ/kg 41 . 192 60 . 0 81 . 191
kJ/kg 0.60
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 600 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
MPa 0.6 @ 3
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= =
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
f
f
f
h h
w h h
P P w
h h

Mixing chamber:
3 3 2 2 4 4
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
0
h m h m h m h m h m
E E E E E
e e i i


+ = =
= = =



or,
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 47 . 318 57 . 6 90 . 311
kJ/kg 6.57
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 600 7000 /kg m 0.001026
/kg m 001026 . 0
kJ/kg 90 . 311
30
38 . 670 50 . 7 41 . 192 50 . 22
in II, 4 5
3
3
4 5 4 in II,
3
kJ/kg 90 . 311 @ 4
4
3 3 2 2
4
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
p
p
h f
w h h
P P w
m
h m h m
h
f

K kJ/kg 8000 . 6
kJ/kg 4 . 3411
C 500
MPa 7
6
6
6
6
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P

( )( ) kJ/kg 6 . 2153 1 . 2392 8201 . 0 81 . 191
8201 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 8000 . 6
kPa 10
kJ/kg 6 . 2774
MPa 6 . 0
8 8
8
8
6 8
8
7
6 7
7
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h
s s
P

Then,

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
kW 32,866 = = =
= + = + =
= + =
+ =
6 . 210 077 , 33
kW 210.6 kJ/kg 6.57 kg/s 30 kJ/kg 0.60 kg/s 22.5
kW 077 , 33 kJ/kg 6 . 2153 6 . 2774 kg/s 22.5 kJ/kg 6 . 2774 4 . 3411 kg/s 30
in p, out T, net
in pII, 4 in pI, 1 in p,
8 7 8 7 6 6 out T,
W W W
w m w m W
h h m h h m W

1
2
8
s
T
6
7
7 MPa
10 kPa
0.6 MPa
4
5
3
Q
out


Q
in


Q
proces


6
8
1
5
Turbine
Boiler
Condenser
Process
heater
P I P II
4 2
3
7
Also, ( ) ( )( ) kW 782 , 15 kJ/kg 38 . 670 6 . 2774 kg/s 7.5
3 7 7 process
= = = h h m Q

( ) ( )( ) kW 788 , 92 47 . 318 4 . 3411 kg/s 30
5 6 5 in
= = = h h m Q

and 52.4% =
+
=
+
=
788 , 92
782 , 15 866 , 32
in
process net
Q
Q W
u

11-13 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, the power input to the compressor, the
rate of heat rejection to the environment, and the COP are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
( )
( ) throttling kJ/kg 82 . 88
kJ/kg 82 . 88
liquid sat.
MPa 7 . 0
C 95 . 34 kJ/kg 50 . 273
MPa 7 . 0
K kJ/kg 94779 . 0
kJ/kg 97 . 236
vapor sat.
kPa 120
3 4
MPa 7 . 0 @ 3
3
2 2
1 2
2
kPa 120 @ 1
kPa 120 @ 1
1
=
= =
)
`
=
= =
)
`

=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
h h
h h
P
T h
s s
P
s s
h h
P
f
g
g

Then the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
the power input to the compressor are determined from
and
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kW 1.83
kW 7.41
= = =
= = =
kJ/kg 236.97 273.50 kg/s 0.05
kJ/kg 82 . 88 97 . 236 kg/s 0.05
1 2 in
4 1
h h m W
h h m Q
L

(b) The rate of heat rejection to the environment is determined from
kW 9.23 = + = + = 83 . 1 41 . 7
in
W Q Q
L H


(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,
4.06 = = =
kW 1.83
kW 7.41
COP
in
R
W
Q
L

11-17 A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The quality of
the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet, the refrigeration load, the COP of the refrigerator, and the theoretical
maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Q
H

Q
L

0.12
1
2
3
4
0.7 MPa
s
T

W
in



4s
Analysis (a) From refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
0.4795 =
)
`

=
=
= =
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
4
4
4
3 4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
kJ/kg 23 . 111
kPa 60
kJ/kg 23 . 111
kJ/kg 23 . 111
C 42
kPa 1200
kJ/kg 16 . 295
C 65
kPa 1200
kJ/kg 03 . 230
C 34
kPa 60
x
h
P
h h
h
T
P
h
T
P
h
T
P

Using saturated liquid enthalpy at the given
temperature, for water we have (Table A-4)

kJ/kg 94 . 108
kJ/kg 47 . 75
C 26 @ 2
C 18 @ 1
= =
= =

f w
f w
h h
h h

(b) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant may be determined from an energy balance on the compressor

kg/s 0455 . 0
g 75.47)kJ/k 94 kg/s)(108. (0.25 kJ/kg ) 23 . 111 16 . 295 (
) ( ) (
1 2 3 2
=
=
=
R
R
w w w R
m
m
h h m h h m

The waste heat transferred from the refrigerant, the compressor power input, and the refrigeration load are
kW 367 . 8 kJ/kg ) 23 . 111 16 kg/s)(295. 0455 . 0 ( ) (
3 2
= = = h h m Q
R H

kW 513 . 2 kW 0.450 kJ/kg ) 03 . 230 16 kg/s)(295. 0455 . 0 ( ) (
in 1 2 in
= = = Q h h m W
R

kW 5.404 = = = 450 . 0 513 . 2 367 . 8
in in
Q W Q Q
H L


(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined
from its definition
2.15 = = =
513 . 2
404 . 5
COP
in
L
W
Q

(d) The reversible COP of the refrigerator for the
same temperature limits is
063 . 5
1 ) 273 30 /( ) 273 18 (
1
1 /
1
COP
max
=
+ +
=

=
L H
T T

Then, the maximum refrigeration load becomes
kW 12.72 = = = kW) 513 . 2 )( 063 . 5 (
in max max L,
W COP Q



11-23 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the ideal vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle except for the compression process. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant, the condenser
pressure, and the COP of the refrigerator are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Q
H

Q
L


1
2
3
4

s
T


2
W
in




60 kPa
-34C
1
2
3
4
Q
H

42C
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
Expansion
valve
1.2 MPa
65C
Q
L

W
in

Water
18C
26C
Q
in

Analysis (a) (b) From the refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
kJ/kg 97 . 236
vap.) (sat. 1
kPa 120
kJ/kg 87 . 298
C 60
kPa 8 . 671
liq.) (sat. 0
kJ/kg 83 . 86
kJ/kg 83 . 86
30 . 0
kPa 120
1
1
4 1
2
2
2
3 2
3
3
3
4 3
4
4
4
=
)
`

=
= =
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
h
x
P P
h
T
P
P P
P
x
h
h h
h
x
P
kPa 671.8

The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is
determined from
kg/s 0.00727 =

=
kg 236.97)kJ/ (298.87
kW 45 . 0
1 2
in
h h
W
m

(c) The refrigeration load and the COP are
kW 091 . 1
kJ/kg ) 83 . 86 97 kg/s)(236. 0727 . 0 (
) (
4 1
=
=
= h h m Q
L

2.43 = = =
kW 0.45
kW 091 . 1
COP
in
L
W
Q

11-43 A heat pump operating on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as
the working fluid is considered. The COP and the rate of heat supplied to the evaporator are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11, A-12, and A-13),

) throttling ( kJ/kg 32 . 107
kJ/kg 32 . 107
liquid sat.
kPa 1000
kJ/kg 98 . 277
kPa 1000
K kJ/kg 93773 . 0
kJ/kg 46 . 244

vapor sat.
kPa 200
3 4
kPa 1000 @ 3
3
2
1 2
2
kPa 200 @ 1
kPa 200 @ 1
1
=
= =
)
`
=
=
)
`

=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
h h
h h
P
h
s s
P
s s
h h
P
f
g
g

The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is determined from
kg/s 0.179
kJ/kg ) 46 . 244 (277.98
kJ/s 6
) (
1 2
in
1 2 in
=

= =
h h
W
m h h m W

Then the rate of heat supplied to the evaporator is
kW 24.5 = = = kJ/kg ) 32 . 107 46 kg/s)(244. 179 . 0 ( ) (
4 1
h h m Q
L

Q
H

Q
L

200 kPa
1
2
3
4
1.0 MPa
s
T

W
in



4s
Q
H

Q
L

120 kPa
1
2
3
4

s
T

W
in



4s
.
Q
H

60C
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
Expansion
valve
120 kPa
x=0.3 Q
L

W
in

1
2
3
4
.
.
The COP of the heat pump is determined from its definition,
5.09 =

= =
46 . 244 98 . 277
32 . 107 98 . 277
COP
1 2
3 2
in
HP
h h
h h
w
q
H


11-47 An actual heat pump cycle with R-134a as the refrigerant is considered. The isentropic efficiency of
the compressor, the rate of heat supplied to the heated room, the COP of the heat pump, and the COP and
the rate of heat supplied to the heated room if this heat pump operated on the ideal vapor-compression cycle
between the same pressure limits are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The properties of refrigerant-134a are (Tables A-11 through A-13)

26 . 277
kPa 800
kJ/kg 9506 . 0
kJ/kg 87 . 247
C ) 4 09 . 10 (
kPa 200
C 09 . 10
kJ/kg 91 . 87
kJ/kg 91 . 87
C ) 3 06 . 29 (
kPa 750
C 06 . 29
kJ/kg 76 . 291
C 55
kPa 800
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
1
kPa sat@200
3 4
3
3
3
kPa sat@750 3
2
2
2
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

+ =
=
=
= =
=
)
`

=
=
= =
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
T
h h
h
T
P
T T
h
T
P

The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is
0.670 =

=
87 . 247 76 . 291
87 . 247 26 . 277
1 2
1 2
h h
h h
s
C

(b) The rate of heat supplied to the room is
kW 3.67 = = = kJ/kg ) 91 . 87 76 kg/s)(291. 018 . 0 ( ) (
3 2
h h m Q
H

(c) The power input and the COP are
kW 790 . 0 kJ/kg ) 87 . 247 76 kg/s)(291. 018 . 0 ( ) (
1 2 in
= = = h h m W

4.64 = = =
790 . 0
67 . 3
COP
in
W
Q
H

(d) The ideal vapor-compression cycle analysis of the cycle is as follows:

kJ/kg.K 9377 . 0
kJ/kg 46 . 244
kPa 200 @ 1
kPa 200 @ 1
= =
= =
g
g
s s
h h

kJ/kg 25 . 273
kPa 800
2
1 2
2
=
)
`

=
=
h
s s
P


3 4
kPa 800 @ 3
kJ/kg 47 . 95
h h
h h
f
=
= =

6.18 =

=
46 . 244 25 . 273
47 . 95 25 . 273
COP
1 2
3 2
h h
h h

kW 3.20 = = = kJ/kg ) 47 . 95 25 kg/s)(273. 018 . 0 ( ) (
3 2
h h m Q
H

Q
H

Q
L

0.2 MPa
1
2
3
4
0.8 MPa
s
T

W
in



4s
Q
Q
L


1
2
3
4

s
T


2
W
in




.
Q
H

750 kPa
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
Expansion
valve
800 kPa
55C
Q
L

W
in

1
2
3
4
.
.