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Study Guide for Exam 4 MMG 301 Fall 2011

Human-Microbial Interactions [Lecture 29] Vocabulary: pathogen, pathogenicity, Propionibacterium acnes, virulence, gnotobiotic, infection, normal flora, bacterial interference, disease, immunocompromised host resident flora, transient flora Concepts: what is the most common tissue type for microbial colonization; what areas of the body is this found what are the three main types of host-microbe interactions review two enzymes found in saliva that protect against microbial infections; how do they do that review the two major microbial diseases of the oral cavity; what is dextransucrase how does the stomach protect against entry of pathogenic microbes; how does Helicobacter survive what type of microbe makes the large intestine an anaerobic environment; what are some beneficial effects of intestinal microbes what condition prevents pathogenesis of the vagina by microbes review opportunistic, accidental, obligate pathogens and major points of adherence, invasion, colonization Infections and Virulence [Lecture 30] Vocabulary: virulence factor, adherence proteins, hyaluronidase, collagenase, coagulase, streptokinase, elastase, leukocidins, hemolysins, endogenous pyrogens, Limulus amebocyte assay, exotoxins, A-B toxin, enterotoxins, LD50 Concepts: review opportunistic, accidental, obligate pathogens and major points of adherence, invasion, colonization; review each of the given examples of virulence factors involved in adherence, invasion and colonization what are bacteremia and septicemia what are the three common types of exotoxins how can virulence of a particular pathogen be measured review the mode of action of A-B toxins of tetanus, botulism, cholera, and Shiga toxin; why is there a large fluid loss in cholera; what are spastic paralysis and flaccid paralysis what is the mode of action of diphtheria toxin; how does the A fragment inhibit ribosomes what are endotoxins and how can they be detected review the non-immune defense mechanisms against infections Epidemiology/Public Health [Lecture 31] Vocabulary: prevalence, incidence, common source epidemic, outbreak, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, mortality, carrier, reservoirs, zoonosis, vectors, fomites, vehicles, nosocomial infections Concepts: review the stages of disease process: infection, incubation, acute, decline how is morbidity calculated what is herd immunity and how does is work what are differences between common source and host-to-host epidemics how was epidemiology important for finding the source of the 1854 cholera epidemic in London what 5 measures are used to control the spread of infectious diseases what is a reportable disease what are the most common sites of nosocomial infections what are HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA; what is invasive MRSA; why is MRSA a concern what is Clostridium difficile; what does it cause, how is it prevented

Study Guide for Exam 4 MMG 301 Fall 2011


what are MDR-TB and XDR-TB review the factors are responsible for the rise in emerging diseases

Person-to-Person Diseases I [Lecture 32] Vocabulary: DPT vaccine, sequelae, superantigen, pneumonia, bacteremia Concepts: Bacterial pathogens Streptococcus pyogenes: where does it infect, what is hemolysis, know the diseases stated in class; what is necrotizing faciitis; what is impetigo o review different types of diseases caused by group A and group B strep o what are the sequelae of Strep infections Corynebacterium diphtheriae: what is the disease and where does it colonize/infect; what is a pseudomembrane Bordetella pertussis: what is the medical and common names for the disease, what is filamentous hemagglutinin and how does it aid the bacterium, how does pertusis exotoxin work Mycobacterium tuberculosis: how is it transmitted; what host cells does it initially infect; what is the skin test for TB exposure Streptococcus pneumoniae: what are the two common diseases it causes Neisseria meningitidis: meningitis, many are carriers, where does it colonize/infect, eventually into blood and meninges (layer surrounding brain); vaccine available; what other two bacteria most commonly cause bacterial meningitis Legionnairs disease: review pathogen, where is it found in the environment; other disease it causes Viral pathogens Influenza virus: what tissues are infected, how does it cause annual epidemics, how does segmented genome result in antigenic shift; what is asian bird flu why are people concerned about this virus Common cold: Rhinovirus, Coronavirus; what viruses are more common in children what is the viral cause and symptoms of measles, mumps, and rubella; what is the MMR vaccine varicella-zoster virus: what type of virus and what are the diseases, what can virus cause later in life Person-to-Person Diseases II [Lecture 33] Vocabulary: abscess, protein A, otidis media, pyogenic, opportunistic pathogens, accidental hosts, cirrhosis, abscess Concepts: Diseases: review Centers for Disease Control Category A priority biological agents: smallpox (variola virus, what are symptoms; how was it eradicated); viral hemorrhagic fevers- review the viruses (dont memorize dates); Anthrax; plague; Tularemia review the pathogens, transmission modes, symptoms; Bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus direct contact infections; what are the common infection sites; what is toxic shock syndrome Bacillus anthracis: what is the disease; what are the three types of infections; how are spores involved Helicobacter pylori: what disease does it cause; what is urease how is it a virulence factor Yersinia pestis what are bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic forms of plague Neisseria gonorrhoeae: what disease; how is it transmitted, why is antibiotic resistance a problem

Study Guide for Exam 4 MMG 301 Fall 2011


Treponema pallidum: syphilis, sexually transmitted; what is a cancre; what are the three stages; consequences of untreated infection Chlamydia trachomatis: most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in US, review intracellular life cycle, what is endocytosis; what diseases does it cause Viral pathogens Herpes: what is the virus; what do HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause review the HIV life cycle; how are CD4, CCR5, and gp120 involved; review the eukaryotic opportunistic pathogens often seen in AIDS patients How are hepatitis A, B, and C transmitted; how common is Hepatitis A; how many worldwide infections with Hepatitis B Vector, Soilborne Diseases [Lecture 34] Vocabulary: polymicrobial disease, Negri bodies, aflatoxins, zoonoses Concepts: rabies: how is it transmitted, long latency, how is it treated by post-exposure vaccination hantavirus: related to hemorrhagic fever viruses, what is mode of transmission, what is the disease and what organ is mainly affected Review Rickettsial diseases; how are they each transmitted; connect the pathogen to its disease: Rocky Mountain spotted fever; Ehrlichiosis; Typhus; Q-fever Borrelia burgdorferi what is the disease; how is it transmitted; what happens if left untreated what pathogens cause malaria; how is vector control helpful review the soil bacterial pathogens mentioned in the lecture review the two major mycoses caused by soilborne fungi; what organ is affected in primary infection; what are aflatoxins Food Preservation and Foodborne Diseases [Lecture 35] Vocabulary: GRAS, enterotoxins, Pascalization, enterohemorrhagic, verotoxin, psychrotolerant Concepts: review the methods used for food preservation discussed in class Vibrio cholerae,: how is cholera spread Giardia and Cryptosporidium: what do they cause; how are they transmitted; can survive chlorination procedures know differences between food infection and food poisoning Legionnaires disease; what is the pathogen; how transmitted, what organ is infected lungs; what is Pontiac fever Food poisoning: review the facts about Staph. aureus, Clostridium prefringens, and C. botulinum Foodborne pathogens: review the information for Salmonellosis, Campylobacteriosis, Rotavirus, Listeriosis review the types of pathogenic E. coli discussed in class: STEC, ETEC what is Norovirus, how is it transmitted, what are symptoms what is pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; what is it used for; what is PulseNet Immunology and Host Defense Mechanisms [Lecture 36] Vocabulary: antigen, phagocyte, leukocyte, neutrophil, macrophage, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, pattern recognition molecules, T-cell receptors, natural immunity, active immunity, passive immunity, artificial immunity, epithelium, humoral immunity Concepts: What are the differences between adaptive and innate immunity?

Study Guide for Exam 4 MMG 301 Fall 2011


What aspect of foreign cells is recognized by phagocytes? What happens when the foreign cells are detected? Where are T-cells produced and where do they mature? What is necessary for them to recognize a presented antigen? Describe the two subtypes of T-cells; what does each do What are the major classes of antibodies? How are they differentiated? What component of the immunoglobin binds the antigen? Describe the structure of IgG. What immunogenic materials are used for preparation of vaccines? Describe the methods used to produce the seasonal flu vaccine. What are superantigens and what do they do?

Diagnostic Microbiology [Lecture 37] Vocabulary: bacteremia, septicemia, bacteriuria, purulent, abscess, selective medium, differential medium, BSL, titer, Kirby-Bauer test, polyclonal antibodies, hybridoma, serology, hemagglutination, serotyping, probe, Western blot, membrane filter assay, dipstick assay Concepts: review the common sources of clinical specimens what are MIC, disk diffusion assay, and Etest used for how are they performed what is the Mantoux skin test; how is it interpreted what are monoclonal antibodies; how are they produced and why are they useful for diagnostics and research how are antibodies useful in neutralization, precipitation, and agglutination reactions what are direct and indirect agglutination reactions; what is an immunodiffusion assay what are direct and indirect ELISA used for; what are the steps used for the direct ELISA what is an immunoblot; what are the basics of how it is performed how is PCR used in diagnostics; what two methods are used to monitor the production of PCR products how do they work

Remember to review any Microbes in the News and Assigned Reading links in the lecture folders.

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