2011 TenthInternational Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems 2011 10th International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems

A Self-Congurable New Generation Children Tracking System Based on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Consisting of Android Mobile Terminals
Yuichiro MORI, Hideharu KOJIMA, Eitaro KOHNO, Shinji INOUE, Tomoyuki OHTA, and Yoshiaki KAKUDA Graduate School of Information Sciences Hiroshima City University Hiroshima, Japan {mori@nsw.info.,kojima@nsw.info., kouno@, shnj-496@, ohta@,kakuda@}hiroshima-cu.ac.jp Atsushi ITO Technology Development Center KDDI R&D Laboratories Inc. Tokyo, Japan at-itou@kddi.com

AbstractHiroshima City Children Tracking System is a safety support system for children based on ad hoc network technologies. Field experiments have been conducted in cooperation with an elementary school in Hiroshima. In this paper, we propose a new generation children tracking system which is based on experiences and ndings of the eld experiments for Hiroshima City Children Tracking System. Our proposed system consists of Android terminals which has Wireless LAN device and Bluetooth device with the ad hoc communication function. Our system manages groups of Android terminals using Autonomous Clustering technique. In this paper, we show the system requirements for our children tracking system and describe the implementation features to satisfy the system requirements. Finally, we provide some preliminary implemented results for our proposed system. Keywords-Ad Hoc Network; Autonomous Clustering; Android; Mesh Network;

In addition, we adopt a mesh network using wireless LAN instead of the cell phone network. Since, we have implemented some functions for the new generation children tracking system. We describe implementation issues and some preliminary experimental results. II. F EATURES FOR S YSTEM R EQUIREMENTS This section describe how the new generation children tracking system meets the system requirements in the previous section. For Requirement (1), we use Android[3] mobile terminals. Existing mobile terminals cannot install application easily, while Android mobile terminals can install application without rein on. Therefore, we are able to implement and get functions smoothly. For Requirements (2) and (3), we adopt Autonomous Clustering technique[4]. When children walk to and from school, either children form some groups or each child moves separately. To efciently manage various mobility of children, we apply Autonomous Clustering technique to smooth collection of children information. For Requirement (4), we make use of Secret Sharing Scheme[5][6][7]. This method can increase system security by distributing information to multiple routes to prevent eavesdropping. For Requirement (5), we construct a mesh network, which is cheaper than the mobile cell phone network. As described above, we combine Android mobile terminals, Autonomous Clustering technique, and other techniques to congure the proposed new generation children tracking system that satises the system requirements. III. C HILDREN T RACKING S YSTEM The new generation children tracking system consists of tags which collect information of children group, Android mobile terminals which each child holds, and the server which stores children tracking information. We show the outline of this system in Figure 1. A collection of tags (that is, computers with wireless LAN) construct a mesh network. The tag is xed, and it is used for collection of the position information. The children group information when children
343 347 339

I. I NTRODUCTION Hiroshima City Children Tracking System[1][2] using ad hoc network technology is supported by Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, and eld experiments for the real elementary school have been performed for future possibilities of businesses. Hiroshima City Children Tracking adopts a mobile cell phone network and MANET. Based on the experiences and ndings of the eld experiments, we propose a new generation children tracking system. The system has the following ve requirements. 1) Easy to implement and add functions 2) Able to manage many children efciently 3) Adaptive for mobility of children who walk to and from school 4) Secure against suspicious individuals 5) Low cost To satisfy the above requirements, the proposed new generation children tracking system adopts Bluetooth communication function between Android mobile terminals, and collects children information using Autonomous Clustering technique.
978-0-7695-4349-9/11 $26.00 2011 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ISADS.2011.51

Figure 1.

Children tracking system using Android mobile terminals

walk to and from school is collected using Autonomous Clustering technique. The collected tracking information in this system contain the position and time information of Android mobile terminals. The tag creates tracking information as follows. When a certain group G passes near tag T, tag T requests group member information to the representative of the group. The representative sends group member information (that is, information of Android mobile terminals which belong to group G). The tag T which received the group member information adds its own position and time information to it. Herewith, tag T creates the tracking information on the existing group G near tag T on the received time. Tag T sends this information to the server through the mesh network. The Autonomous Clustering technique is effective for collecting information on children when children group walk to and from school. Since only the representative communicates to the tags, collision is hard to occur for communication with the tag, even when the number of mobile terminals is large. A. Behavior of mobile terminals 1) Construction of cluster: A group of children, each of which has an Android mobile terminal, constructs a cluster using Autonomous Clustering technique. Hereinafter, group and cluster are interchangeably used. Each Android mobile terminal has a unique ID. When Android mobile terminal with the youngest ID changes its role to a clusterhead that manages cluster. Other Android mobile terminals change their roles to cluster members. An Android mobile terminal which is a neighbor of different clusters change its role to a gateway. The clusterhead periodically broadcasts control messages within the cluster and collects information on cluster members in the cluster. The information is managed by the clusterhead. The cluster member information is delivered by multi-hop communication using Bluetooth. 2) Communication with mesh network: A collection of tags constructs a mesh network. Each tag periodically sends request messages of cluster member information to the
344 348 340

krowteN hseM gaT lanimret diordnA revreS T g aT gniretsulC suomonotuA gnisu nerdlihc no noitamrofni fo noitcelloC G puorG

clusterhead. A clusterhead which received them sends cluster member information to the tag which sent them. B. Behavior of mesh network 1) Acquisition of the tracking information: A collection of tags is located along school routes where children walk to and from school. A position information is installed in each tag, and each tag acquires a tracking information that combines the position information and cluster member information provided by communication between the tag and the clusterheads. 2) Communication for management server: The tracking information is transferred to a server through the mesh network. Communication in the mesh network uses the wireless LAN. IV. I MPLEMENTATION A. Hardware and software for implementation The Android mobile terminal is Google Dev Phone 1 and 2. The operating system for the terminal is Android 2.1 (Eclair). We develop mobile ad hoc network software using Java programming language and SDK for Android 2.1. B. Functions for implementation So far, we have implemented a communication software to construct a mobile ad hoc network by Bluetooth for the children tracking system. We took care of security in communication between each pair of mobile terminals using Bluetooth. When a mobile terminal communicates with another mobile terminal, it is necessary to establish dynamic pairing of such two mobile terminals before their communication occurs. The dynamic pairing enables two mobile terminals to communicate with each other while preventing interference by another mobile terminals. The mobile terminal sends a pairing request with password called PIN to the other terminal which wants to perform dynamic pairing. The terminal which received the pairing request sends PIN to the terminal which sent the pairing request. If both PINs are correct, the requested dynamic pairing is admitted, both mobile terminals can safely communicate with each other. As a result, any persons who do not know the password cannot perform the dynamic pairing. This scheme prevent malicious persons to eavesdrop communication between mobile terminals. Therefore, the communication between the Android mobile terminals has high security. In addition, multi-hop communication is required to use the mobile ad hoc network technique and Autonomous clustering technique. To realize it, we have implemented a function for multi-hop communication to be executed after performing the dynamic pairing between Android mobile terminals.

Figure 3.

Turn-around time in the network of the hierarchy structure

V. P RELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS A. Experimental purpose and procedures The purpose of the experiments is to measure the turnaround time it takes to broadcast a packet by multi-hop communication to all mobile terminals in the whole network. We set that dynamic pairing has been established between neighboring mobile terminals. Then, we start to broadcast a packet from one of the mobile terminals and check whether a packet reaches all mobile terminals in the whole network by multi-hop communication. Finally, we measure turn-around time until a packet arrives at all mobile terminals. The topology of the network is a hierarchical structure as shown in Figure 2.

communications can be concurrently carried out. The experimental results show that broadcasting is efcient for the hierarchical network. VI. S UMMARY In this paper, we have showed requirements for new generation children tracking system and system features to meet the requirements. Using Autonomous Clustering technique, the proposed new generation children tracking system can adapt to various mobility of children by adjusting the cluster. The current implemented system almost satises requirements (1), (2) and (3). Through preliminary experiments, we have conrmed that a collection of Android mobile terminals can constitute a mobile ad hoc network by dynamic pairing and multi-hop communication. We are under development of the Autonomous Clustering technique and the mesh networks with high security to meet requirements (4) and (5). ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research is supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan under Grant-in-Aid for Scientic Research (B) (No.21300028). This research is also supported by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan under Early-concept Grants for Exploratory Research on New-generation Network (No.1459). In addition, we thank Dr. Junichi Takahashi of Sony Corporation for their supports as research cooperators in the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan under Grant-in-Aid for Scientic Research (B). R EFERENCES
[1] Yoshiaki Kakuda, Tomoyuki Ohta, Shinji Inoue, Eitaro Kohno, and Yusuke Akiyama, Performance improvement of hiroshima city children tracking system by correction of
345 349 341

Figure 2.

The network of the hierarchy structure

B. Experimental results Figure 3 shows the turn-around time for the network of the hierarchy structure. It takes about one second. Although communication using Bluetooth is one-on-one, if communication between neighboring mobile terminals is not interfered by the other communication between neighboring mobile terminals, these

)emit( tnemerusaem eht fo semit fo rebmun 9 1 7 1 51 31 1 1 9 7 5 3 1

3.1

T u r 1.1 n a r o u n 51.1 d t mi 2.1 e ( s e c

50.1

52.1 )

1) Multi-hop communication function: It is necessary for the clusterhead to broadcast messages to all cluster members using multi-hop communication to maintain the cluster. In other words, it is necessary for each Android mobile terminal to relay packets to its neighboring mobile terminal. We have implemented the multi-hop communication function to Android mobile terminals. 2) Dynamic pairing function: When two mobile terminals communicate with each other by Bluetooth, it is necessary to establish dynamic pairing before communication between them. However, the mobile terminal is currently hand-operated, and we must set it up by ourselves. It is because the Android mobile terminal has not any ability to automatically discover other neighboring mobile terminals, and a limited detectable time is not suitable to consecutively execute the mobile ad hoc network consisting of Android mobile terminals. In order to remove the above difculty, we have developed a function for the automatic dynamic pairing in Android mobile terminals.

wrong registrations on school routes, Proc. 9th IEEE International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS 2009), Athens, Greece, pp.261-265, 2009. [2] Atsushi Ito, Yoshiaki Kakuda, Tomoyuki Ohta and Shinji Inoue, New safety support system for children on school routes using mobile ad hoc networks, IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol.E94-B, no.1, 2011, to appear. [3] Android Developers http://developer.android.com/index.html [4] Tomoyuki Ohta, Shinji Inoue, Yoshiaki Kakuda, and Kenji Ishida, An adaptive multihop clustering scheme for ad hoc networks with high mobility, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences (Special Issue on Multidimensional Mobile Information Networks), vol.E86-A, no.7, pp.1689-1697, 2003. [5] Eitaro Kohno, Tomoyuki Ohta, and Yoshiaki Kakuda, Secure decentralized data transfer against node capture attacks for wireless sensor networks, Proc. 9th IEEE International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS 2009), Athens, Greece, pp.35-40, 2009. [6] A.Shamir, How to share a secret, Commun. ACM, vol.22, no.11, pp.612-613, 1979. [7] E.D.Karnin, J.W.Greene, and M.E.Hellman, On secreat sharing systems, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.IT-29, no.1, pp.35-41, 1983.

346 350 342