The Global Business of Traditional Herbal Medicine, Rosemary

By: Adelia Arif 05120090005

Universitas Pelita Harapan

Karawaci 2011
Table of content Preface I. Background A. The Essential of Business B. Herbalism C. Purpose of study case D. Problem of the study case II. The global Business of Traditional Herbal medicine, in regards to Rosemary III. The Description of chemical composition in Rosemary A. Rosemary definition and origin B. Side effects, precautions, interactions C. Extraction D. Chemical Composition i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. IV. Conclusion A. In Chemistrys view B. In Laws view References Linalool Resin Phenolic acid a-Pinene b-Pinene Borneol Camphor Camphene Eucalyptol Limonene Bornyl Acetate Tannins Flavones and flavonoid Glycosides Volatile oil

Preface This paper is to accomplish the assignment according to Chemistry class in short semester 2010-2011. In this paper is related to both laws perspective and chemistry perspective, regarding the global business of traditional herbal medicine, which would be focusing in Rosemary products. The laws perspective includes the ethic of business law, and pharmacy, and chemistrys perspective includes origin of rosemary, the basic chemical compositions, description and images of the composition. Chapter 1 serves as a background to the global business that revolve around traditional herbal medicine (includes supplements, botanicals, fruits, and especially oil). Then, it would be divided to the purpose of this study case, and the problem of the study case. Chapter 2 Explains the Global business of traditional herbal medicine as general information, and the details around the world. Chapter 3 concerns about the example of the recent global business, one of them were Rosemary. This chapter provides information about Rosemary and its chemical compositions. Chapter 4 pulls the conclusion in 2 parts: chemistrys view and laws view. The conclusion of this paper discusses partly in Rosemary. May this paper helps readers about general information of global business of traditional herbal medicine, especially in Rosemary.

I. Background A. The essential of Business The business world not only related toward an entrepreneur and other businessman, but it has relation by national to international. Of course in this topic, to achieve business ethics required a transparent conversation between all the people involve, including businessmen, government, society, even the international society, so that there is ethic that they all had one in mind (not just going as what they wanted per person). In a perfect competitive free market, companies are free to do anything in business without any intervention or pressure from any party to obtain the maximum benefit. In order to obtain maximum profit, then each company must produce the desired by consumers and must do so in an efficient manner. Should be applied in business ethics by showing that the ethics governing all human activity is intentional, and because the business is a deliberate human activities, ethics should also play a role in the business. Another opinion holds that the business activities, as well as other human activities can not be run unless the people involved in the business and surrounding communities adhere to minimum ethical standards. Business is a cooperative activity whose existence is required it for ethical behavior. Experts often joked, that business ethics is a contradiction in terms because there is a conflict between ethics and personal interests that profit-oriented. When there is a conflict between ethics and profits, businesses prefer to profit rather than ethics. The changes in the world's trading insisted to fix the business ethic so that the world economic system could change for better. In business world, not uncommon to legal all method to achieve a purpose, even an action that barely a criminal action to achieve a goal. The existence of business is to meet the needs of the community. Business is not only relation with people or legal entities, such as suppliers, buyers, distributors and others. In order to be one with the society, business existed in the

community, therefore accepted the norms in the community as well. Business relation system and society that can not be separated bring certain ethics into its business activities, directly or indirectly. By mapping the pattern of relationships in the business as it can be seen that the principles of business ethics embodied in a pattern of relationships that are interactive. This relationship not only within one country but includes a variety of countries integrated in world trade relations that nuance has now changed. Changes in the nuances of world development that requires immediate fixing business ethics. Because the legal conditions surrounding the business world too far behind the growth and development in the economic field. Interwoven business relationship with other parties associated is so complex. Consequently, when the rapidly moving business world, there are those left behind and disadvantaged, because the device laws and rules of business have not been getting the attention of balance.

B. Herbalism Traditional herbal medicine is included in in herbalism. Herbalism is based on relationship, between plant and human, plant and planet, human and planet. Using herbs in the healing process means taking part in an ecological cycle.1

C. Purpose of the study case This study case purpose it to give general knowledge about global business of traditional herbal medicine. In laws perspective, it would actually comes with the definition of business and its existence, while in chemistrys perspective, it would provide with some general composition of the materials of the product, regarding to Rosemarys products of traditional herbal medicine.

D. Problem of the study case This cases problem could be sum to 2 questions: 1. What is the relation between business ethic and traditional herbal medicine? 2. What is the influence/effect of traditional herbal medicine in the global business?
1

David Hoffman, Holistic herbal, pg 6

II. The global Business of Traditional Herbal medicine, Rosemary The herbal medicine that is been talking about is potentially in a current global consumer interest, which would involve in natural and functional foods. Some of the latest opportunities included exploring botanical alternatives to animal-sourced ingredients, such as omega 3 acids from fish, artificial additives such as preservatives or colorings. Other growth sectors include cosmeceutical and the emerging category of beauty foods. For example in Indonesia, the health food supplements market in Indonesia grew 509% between 2002 and 2005. For the near future, sales prospects look good, with steady growth projected in the range of 15% to 25% over the next two years. The market for dietary supplements (excluding traditional Indonesian herbs or jamu) was estimated to be $260 million in 2006, exhibiting a growth rate of 25%.Imports account for over 80% of the Indonesian supplement market, about 60% of which are U.S. products. Of special interest are products related to weight loss and appearance, chronic disease like hypertension and osteoporosis, stamina, sexual health and vitamins.

In Europe, the traditional herbal medicinal products is assumed to have a positive impact on the market, because it allows access to the market via a simplified registration procedure without having to carry out unnecessary safety and efficacy assessments. On the supplement side, a new directive has come into effect. Many pharmacologically active herbs will probably need to be registered as herbal medicinal products. Medicinal products made from substances known as "Herbal Medicinal Products", despite being completely 'natural', may still be dangerous for patients. This is why they are covered by pharmaceutical legislation, which aims to protect public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy and quality of medicinal products. However many traditional herbal medicinal products have a long tradition of use but will still be subject to the same registration procedure. 2 In 2004 a simplified registration procedure was introduced by Directive 2004/24/EC(now 'the Directive) to bypass the formal pharmaceutical procedures and to ensure that registration of traditional herbal medicines is simpler and less costly. The new Directive inserted provisions relating to herbal medicines into the existing Directive 2001/83/EC, which generally covers the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. The simplified registration procedure introduced by the Directive aims to safeguard public health, but while removing the differences and uncertainties about the status of traditional herbal medicinal products that existed in the past, while at the same time facilitate free movement through harmonized rules in this area. However it
2

http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/pharma/herbal

does not apply to alternative therapies and does not ban any specific substances, practitioners, books or plants. On the supplement side, a new directive has come into effect. It is still not clear which herbs and botanicals will be able to remain on the market as supplements, so it is difficult to make predictions on successful future supplement ingredients at this time. However, many pharmacologically active herbs will probably need to be registered as herbal medicinal products. The herbs and botanicals market, as it applies to the dietary supplement, selfmedication and functional food segments, is driven by consumer demographics and health concerns. Broadly speaking, these trends include anti-aging, weight control, joint and bone health, digestion / immunity, cardiovascular health/ diabetes, cognition/memory, female/ male health and the growing wellness and beauty trends. Another trend benefiting the herbs and botanicals market is the natural and exotic ingredients trend, which is taking off in functional foods, as well as medicinal products.3 For example, there could be failure in the product, because of disorders 4, and even the herbal medicine could be called worse than the placebo. According to a&r estimates, the global market for herbal remedies across all segments (excluding soy, algae and fiber) currently brings in about $83 billion. Depending on the segment, growth is steady, ranging between 3% and 12%. Herbal dietary supplements ($11 billion) and herbal functional foods ($14 billion) make up over a third of the market. The global herbal pharmaceutical industry (including drugs from herbal precursors and registered herbal medicine) contributes $44 billion. Herbal beauty products make up the remaining $14 billion of the market. In the global cosmetics market, herbal ingredients are estimated to have a 6% share of the market, and are exhibiting the strongest growth, between 8% and 12 %. In 2006, the top three herbs featured globally in medicines, supplements and functional foods were ginseng, ginkgo and noni. Table 1 shows the sales for these and other popular herbs worldwide.
3

Argument from By Dr. Joerg Gruenwald, President of Analyze & Realize AG (A&G) in Berlin, Germany (look at the reference)
4

http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=616395

Among preferred botanicals used in cosmeceuticals are grape seed, bilberry, acerola, baobab, turmeric, ginkgo biloba, white and green tea, red clover, soy, tomato, comfrey, papaya, rosemary, wheat, evening primrose oil, sweet potatoes, carrots, olives, flax, aloe vera, coffee plant, centella asiatica, avocado and passion fruit. When the international harmonization of herbal regulations is more settled, and definitions of herbal supplements, herbal drugs and herbal food ingredients are clear, another growth phase of the complete category will take place. Regardless of what happens, however, new products and concepts based on solid science will be the winning strategy for international success going forward.

III.The description of chemical composition of Rosemary A. Rosemary definition and origin Rosemary is a shrubby perennial (Rosmarinus officinalis) of the family Labiatae (mint family). This aromatic perennial evergreen shrub has a grayish green appearance. The plant appears as a shrub with small evergreen leaves, which are dark, green above, whitish and glandular underneath. The upright varieties grow as a shrub to be up to 5-feet tall and 2 to 3-feet across. The thick, leathery leaves resemble needles, with a dark green upper surface and powdery white, hairy underside. It has tiny blue, white or pink hooded flowers that grow in clusters of two to three per branch. The small, pale blue, pink or white flowers grow in clusters of two or three along branches. The herb is aromatic with a characteristic taste and smell.

B. Side effects, precautions, interactions Rosemary is generally considered safe when taken in recommended doses. Extremely

large dose could cause serious side effects, including coma, spasm, vomiting, inflammation of the digestive tract, uterine bleeding, kidney irritation, swelling in the lungs, and possibly death. Internal intake of the herb and oil should be avoided during pregnancy because the oil may act as an abortifacient People with aspirin sensitivities should avoid the use of rosemary. People with high blood pressure, epilepsy or diverticulosis, chronic ulcers, or colitis, should not take rosemary internally for medicinal purposes.

C. Extraction Rosemary oil is extracted from the fresh flowering tops by steam distillation. It yields 1.0 - 2.0 %.

D. Chemical Composition The main chemical components of rosemary oil are a-pinene, b-pinene, camphor, bornyl acetate, camphene, 1,8-cineole and limonene. The active constituents of rosemary include a volatile oil (borneol, camphene, camphor, cineole, limonene, linalool), flavonoids, resin, tannins, phenolic acids (rosmarinic) and terpenoids. i. Linalool

Linalool is a naturally occurring terpene alcohol chemical found in many flowers and spice plants with many commercial applications, the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent (floral, with a touch of spiciness). It has other names such as -linalool, linalyl alcohol, linaloyl oxide, p-linalool, alloocimenol, and 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-6-ol.
Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Density Melting point Boiling point Solubility in water C10H18O 154.25 g/mol 0.858 0.868 g/cm3 < -20 C 198 199 C 1.589 g/l

ii. Resin

Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous trees. It is valued for its chemical properties and associated uses, such as the production of varnishes, adhesives, and food glazing agents; as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis; and as constituents of incense and perfume. The term also encompasses synthetic substances of similar properties, as well as shellacs of insects of the super family Coccoidea. Resins have a very long history that was documented in ancient Greece by Theophrastus, in ancient Rome by Pliny the Elder, and especially in the resins known as frankincense and myrrh, originating from ancient Egypt.[1] These were highly prized substances, and required as incense in some religious rites. Other liquid compounds found in plants or exuded by plants, such as sap, latex, or mucilage, are sometimes confused with resin, but are not chemically the same. Saps, in particular, serve a nutritive function that resins do not. There is no consensus on why plants secrete resins. However, resins consist primarily of secondary metabolites or compounds that apparently play no role in the primary physiology of a plant. While some scientists view resins only as waste products, their protective benefits to the plant are widely documented. The toxic resinous compounds may confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens; while the volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors such as parasitoids or predators of the herbivores that attack the plant. The word "resin" has been applied in the modern world to nearly any component of a liquid that will set into a hard lacquer orenamel-like finish. An example is nail polish, a modern product, which contains resins, that are organic compounds, but not classical plant resins. Certain "casting resins" and synthetic resins (such as epoxy resin) have also been given the name "resin" because they solidify in the same way as (some) plant resins, but synthetic resins are liquid monomers of thermo setting plastics, and do not derive from

plants.
iii. Phenolic acid

Phenolic acids (phenolcarboxylic acids) are a type of organic compounds. Included in that class are substances containing a phenolic ring and an organic carboxylic acid function (C6-C1 skeleton). Different categories are made of monohydroxybenzoic acids (paraben, methyl paraben, propyl paraben), dihydroxybenzoic acids (gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid),trihydroxybenzoic acids (gallic acid, phloroglucinol carboxylic acid). This type of phenolic acids (especially gallic acid) is a component of hydrolysable tannins. Syringic acid, eudesmic acid or salicylic acid are other phenolic acids. Phenolic acid can be found in many plant species. Their content in dried fruits can be high.
iv. a-Pinene

-Pinene (alpha-Pinene) is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene. It is an alkene and it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Both enantiomers are known in nature; 1S,5S- or ()--pinene is more common in European pines, whereas the 1R,5R- or (+)--isomer is more common in North America. The racemic mixture is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil.

Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Appearance Density Melting point Boiling point Solubility in water Chiral rotation[]D C10H16 136.23 g/mol Clear, colourless liquid 0.858 g/mL (liquid at 20C) -64 C, 209 K, -83 F 155 C, 428 K, 311 F Very low 50.7 (1S,5S-Pinene)

v. b-Pinene beta-Pinene (-pinene) is a colorless liquid, soluble in alcohol, but not water. It has a woody-green pine-like smell. It occurs naturally in rosemary, parsley, dill, basil, yarrow, androse. It is also a major constituent of hop aroma and flavor.

Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Appearance Density vi. Borneol

C10H16 136.234 g mol-1 colourless liquid 0.872 g/mL

Borneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an endoposition. Borneol is easily oxidized to the ketone yielding camphor. One historical name for borneol is Borneo camphor, which explains the name. Borneol can be synthesized by reduction of camphor by the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction. The same reduction but then fast and irreversible with sodium borohydride gives isoborneol as the kinetically controlled reaction product. Borneol exists as two enantiomers that have two different CAS numbers. Naturally occurring d-(+)-borneol isoptically active. It can be found in several species of Artemisia, Dipterocarpaceae, Blumea balsamifera andKaempferia galanga. Borneol is used in traditional Chinese medicine as moxa (moxibustion). An early description is found in the Bencao Gangmu. Borneol is a component of many essential oils, and it is a natural insect repellent. Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Density Melting point C10H18O 154.25 g mol1 1.011 g/cm3 @ 20 C 208 C, 481 K, 406 F

Boiling point

213 C

vii. Camphor Camphor is a waxy, white or transparent solid with a strong, aromatic odor.[3] It is a terpenoid with the chemical formulaC10H16O. It is found in wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia (particularly in Borneo and Taiwan) and also of Dryobalanops aromatica, a giant of the Bornean forests. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis. Dried rosemary leaves, (Rosmarinus officinalis), in the mint family, contain up to 20% camphor. It can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India), as an embalming fluid, for medicinal purposes, and in religious ceremonies. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil. Norcamphor is a camphor derivative with the three-methyl groups replaced by hydrogen. Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Exact mass Appearance Density Melting point C10H16O 152.23 g mol1 152.120115134 g mol-1 White, translucent crystals 0.990 g cm-3 175-177 C, 448-450 K, 347-351 F Boiling point 204 C, 477 K, 399 F

Solubility in water 1.2 g dm-3 Solubility in acetone ~2500 g dm-3 Solubility in acetic ~2000 g dm-3 acid Solubility in diethyl ~2000 g dm-3 ether Solubility inchloroform ~1000 g dm-3

Solubility in ethanol log P Vapor pressure Chiral rotation []D

~1000 g dm-3 2.089 4 mmHg (at 70 C) +44.1

viii. Camphene Camphene is bicyclic monoterpene. It is nearly insoluble in water, but very soluble in common organic solvents. It volatilizes readily at room temperature and has a pungent smell. It is a minor constituent of many essential oils such asturpentine, cypress oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, neroli, ginger oil, and valerian. It is produced industrially by catalytic isomerization of the more common alpha-pinene. Camphene is used in the preparation of fragrances and as a food additive for flavoring. Its mid19th century use as a fuel for lamps was limited by its explosiveness.

Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Density Melting point Boiling point C10H16 136.24 g/mol 0.842 g/cm3 45-46 C 159 C, 432 K, 318 F

ix. Eucalyptol Eucalyptol is a natural organic compound, which is a colorless liquid. It is a cyclic ether and a monoterpenoid. Eucalyptol is also known by a variety of synonyms: 1,8-cineol, 1,8-cineole, limonene oxide, cajeputol, 1,8-epoxy-p-menthane, 1,8-oxido-p-menthane, eucalyptol, eucalyptole, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, cineol, cineole. In 1870, F.S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name eucalyptol to the dominant portion of Eucalyptus globulus oil.[1]Eucalyptus oil, the generic collective name for oils from the Eucalyptus genus, should not be confused with the chemical eucalyptol. Properties

Molecular formula Molar mass Density Melting point Boiling point

C10H18O 154.249 g/mol 0.9225 g/cm3 1.5 C (274.6 K) 176177 C (449450 K)

x. Limonene

Limonene is a colourless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene. The more common D isomer posesses a strong smell of oranges. It is used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewably based solvent in cleaning products. Limonene takes its name from the lemon, as the rind of the lemon, like other citrus fruits, contains considerable amounts of this compound, which contributes to their odor. Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains D-limonene ((+)-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer (CAS number 598927-5, EINECS number 227-813-5). Racemic limonene is known as dipentene. D-Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.

Properties Molecular formula Molar mass Density Melting point Boiling point C10H16 136.24 g/mol 0.8411 g/cm -74.35 C, 199 K, -102 F 176 C, 449 K, 349 F

xi. Bornyl Acetate5 Formula: C12H20O2 Molecular weight: 196.2860

http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C76493

xii. Tannins Tannins in herbs cause an astringent action. They act on proteins and some other chemicals and form a protective layer on the skin and the mucous membranes. Thus they can for instance bind the tissue of the gut and reduce diarrhea or internal bleeding. Externally they are useful in the treatment of burns, for sealing wounds and to reduce inflammation. Tannins help in infections of the eye (Conjunctivitis), mouth, vagina, cervix and rectum.6

xiii. Flavones and flavonoid Glycosides One of the most common groups of plant constituents in herbs is the flavons and the flavonoid glycosides. They are known to have a wide range of activities from anti-spasmodic and diuretic to circulatory and cardiac stimulants. Some for instance, like rutin, hesperidin and the bio-flavonoid vitamin P, reduce permeability and fragility of the capillaries and so help the body to strengthen the circulatory system and to lower the blood pressure. Buckwheat is a good example of a useful herb for such problems. The bio-flavoids are also essential for complete absorption of vitamin C and occur in nature wherever vitamin C is present. Anther flavonoid, present in Milk Thistle, is responsible for its action in aiding the liver.7

xiv. Volatile oil Most of the volatile foils are based on simple molecules like isoprene or isopentane, which can combine in many different ways to form trepans, containing multiples of the basic 5-carbon molecules, sometimes with slight variations, making up the volatile oils. We can find the volatile oils in the aromatic plants, such as Peppermint, or Thyme, where different oils - sometimes up to 50 or more combine to give the plan its particular smell. Depending on the combination of oils the smell will vary and even be slightly different within the same species, depending on the concentrations of oils. By extracting these oils, the so-called essential or aromatic oils are produced, which
6

Hoffmann, 137 Hoffmann, 138

can be used therapeutically, but which also are used to a large extent for the production of perfumes.

IV. Conclusion A. In Chemistrys view Regardless of what happens, however, new products and concepts based on solid science will be the winning strategy for international success going forward is the main statement from the explanation in global business. The relation of traditional herbal medicine is more toward the technology to contain the traditional herbal medicine, which is to keep it natural. There are various factors that might also influence the herbal medicine, for example the natures source, the cleanness of air and the environment that keeps the herbs and the kinds to be fresh all the time. Chemicals manufactured products could be decreased, since the traditional herbals made more results (in long terms context). Therefore, the herbal medicine, which can be proof by the science, will be the key of the global market in the future.

B. In Laws view The influence of traditional herbal medicine in free market gives a lot of chance in

positive and/or negative purpose to use. In this era, a lot of medias and advertisement reacted to these kind of global things, it could be a market trick to make the society to be pulled inside to their products, or is it something else? Based on the economic law, then, if its included into the primary needs in society, or secondary (at least), it would be satisfying for the global business to get success. In Indonesia's regulation about the law on prohibition of practice of monopoly and unfair business competition, chapter 1: 1. Practice of monopoly is the concentration of economic power by one or more business resulting domination of products and/or goods marketing and/or services, particularly giving rise to unfair competition and may harm public interest. 2. Concentration of economic power is a domination of a relevant market by one or more entrepreneur so it can determine the prices of goods and/or services In Indonesia's regulation about Consumer Protection, a consumer protection is all the effort that ensures the certainty of law to provide protection to consumer (from any harm in community), and consumers are any people that uses goods and/or services that are available in community, both for its own sake, the family, other people or other creatures that aren't for sale. The use of this regulation is in verse 3, several of them are: (1) raising awareness, abilities and independence of consumers to protect self; (2) raising the dignity of consumers by avoiding negative use of the goods and/or services access; and (3), enhance the empowerment of consumers in selecting, determining and demanding their rights as consumers. First, the regulation improves the society to be more aware of the mass product(s) in the community, as well as in internationally (imported goods). The second, is how the society could gain better living in the community and third, as a consumer, they have right to know the use, the effect and side effect, and the defect or not of the goods.

References Book(s) Hoffmann, David. Holistic Herbal. London: Thorsons, 2002.

Articles(s) Esoteric Oils CC and salamander Concepts (Pty) Ltd. Rosemary Essential Oils Information. Esoteric Oils (1998): web. 29 Jun 2011. <http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/rosemary.htm#Chemical %20composition>

Gordon, Serena. St. John Wort Doesnt work for ADHD. Healing Well. HealingWell.com LLC, 2008. Web. 5 Jul 20011.

<http://news.healingwell.com/index.php?p=news1&id=616395>

Maximillian. Obat Bahan Alam Suram. Pharmacy Business; an overview of pharmacy related and healthcare industry (2008): Web. 30 Jun 2011. <http://bisnisfarmasi.wordpress.com/2008/08/17/obat-bahan-alam-suram/#more-226>

Quercetin. Quercetin. 2011 University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC), 2009. Web. 29 Jun 2011. <http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/quercetin000322.htm>

Rosemary. Rosemary, Herbal Supplement | Health Benefits, Dosage, Side Effects. Witamin Supplement Guide, 2006. Web. 29 Jun 2011. <http://www.vitaminssupplements.org/herbal-supplements/rosemary.php>

Tjahono, Mazda. Etika Bisnis Industri farmasi Dalam Praktek Bebas dan Kasus Bristol Myers Squibb. Industry Business Ethics (2011): Web. 30 Jun 2011. <http://mazda4education.wordpress.com/2011/01/22/etika-bisnis-industri-farmasidalam-praktik-bebas-dan-kasus-bristol-myers-squibb/

Traditional Herbal Medicinal products. Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products EU Business Legal, Business and Economic news from Europe and EU. Eu Business ltd. 2011. Web. 6 Jul 2011. <http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/pharma/herbal>

Regulation(s): UU Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1999, tentang Larangan Praktek monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. UU Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999, tentang Perlindungan Konsumen.