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Reproduction in Plants R d i i Pl
Lecture 5
Reference Generalized life cycle of plants Flower Homology of flower parts Structure and function of flower parts Largest flower in the world Reproductive parts Homology of the stamen Homology of the carpel Advertising by flowers Mega- and micro-sporogenesis and gametogenesis Pollen grains Inflorescence Largest inflorescence in the world
Lecture 5 Topics
Pollination Double fertilization Fruit Fr it wall Fruit all Fruit classification systems By numbers of carpels and flowers By various criteria Kinds of fruits Seed S d Seed and embryo development S d parts Seed Seedling Fruit and seed dispersal Asexual reproduction Pando, largest plant in the world Why sexual and asexual reproduction?
Reference
Solomon, E.P., L.R. Berg and D.W. Martin. 2011. Biology. 9th ed. Chapter 37 p
Flower = The typical flower is a shoot of limited growth, with much shortened internodes, which bears typically , yp y these parts. These are, from the apex downwards, the: a. Essential organs
1) Carpels (collectively called the gynoecium) 2) Stamens (collectively called the androecium)
Flower
P l ( ll i l called the corolla) Petals (collectively ll d h ll ) Sepals (collectively called the calyx) Petals and sepals are collectively called the perianth; individual petals and sepals may be called perianth segments too l d l b ll d i th t
corresponds to petals
Flower
Determinate: growth stops g p after full development of the flower
Leafy Branch
Determinate or indeterminate: growth proceeds for a long period Modified or not One or more axillary buds are found per leaf axil Usually elongated between nodes Yes Alternate, spiral, opposite or whorled or combinations Present or absent Possible
Hawk moth
Flower of Rafflesia arnoldii, with blooms up to 1 m across l f ffl ld i h bl and 11 kg in weight! A charismatic species.
Stamens microsporophylls
microsporophylls
Fern sporophyll
Style
Stigma Stigma
leaf l f
ovules
Style
Ovary
Ancestral condition
Ovules
Advertising by Flowers
May have attractive colors / M h tt ti l patterns (especially in UV light) May be food sources Pollen Nectar in nectaries May have attractive odors May aid pollination by shape of flower May force pollinator to rub g against stamen May have shapes like animals mates form of mimicry May release pollen to the wind or water
UV
micropyle
The egg and the polar nuclei participate in double fertilization Pollen derived tube cell will enter through Pollen-derived micropyle Synergid cells die after a short time y g
The pattern (in the previous slide) is the Polygonum 8nucleate bipolar type, but there are at least 12 other types named after the genera in which they were first discovered (the other types not covered in this module)
Inflorescence 1
Inflorescence =
A shoot which bears two or more flowers and typically has the leaves on this shoot reduced to yp y bracts. The pedicel of each flower lies in the axil of a bract and commonly bears bracteoles, both of y , which may be absent. A solitary flower may also be considered an inflorescence.
Inflorescence 2
Inflorescence 3
Inflorescence 4
disc floret o et bud ray florets
disc florets
Talipot palm, Corypha umbraculifera, with inflorescences up to 8 m tall with class of 2005!
Pollination
Is first t to f tili ti I fi t step t fertilization Cross pollination: pollen from a different individual plant Self-pollination: pollen from the same flower or flowers of the same plant Can cause problems Wh t problems? What bl ? Many plants have mechanisms to prevent self-pollination Some plants are dioecious: separate sexes on different plants (opposite = monoecious = unisexual flowers on same plant) Many plants are self-incompatible owing to genetic makeup prevents i i k self-pollination Thus, reproduction only involves , p y mixing of genes from different individuals
pea
Double Fertilization 1
Pollen lands on stigma One of the pollen cells forms a pollen tube
grows down the style and enters the embryo sac through the micropyle
Ovule develops into a seed and ovary around seed, it develops into fruit
Suggest advantages of double fertilization
Move down the pollen tube cell One sperm cell reaches the egg, unites and fuses Second finds the 2 polar nuclei and they fuse to form triploid endosperm. f i l id d These two fusions are called double fertilization
Double Fertilization 2
Fruit
Fruit F i =
Ripened ovary or ovaries, sometimes associated with accessory parts such as the receptacle or perianth, generally containing one to many seeds inside
Fruit Wall
1. Easy or not to distinguish layers 2. 2 Layers of the fruit wall (pericarp) a. Epicarp (exocarp) b. b Mesocarp c. Endocarp
Fruit Types 1
1. 1 Based on the no of carpels and no of flowers the fruit is no. no. derived from 2. Types: yp
a. Simple fruit: single carpel or syncarpous ovary of a single flower b. Aggregate fruit: several ripened carpels from a single flower with an apocarpous gy p p gynoecium c. Multiple (composite) fruit: ripened ovaries of the flowers of one inflorescence (more than one flower) Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Fruit Types 2
1. Based on the following criteria:
a. a Fruit wall dryness or succulence (fleshiness) when ripe b. b Dehiscence or indehiscence of the ripe fruit c. Number of seeds per fruit d. d Number of carpels per fruit e. Position of the ovary that forms the fruits
2. 2 Fruit types
a.
Fruit Types 3
pappus
Dry when ripe i. Indehiscent (does not split) 1) Thin fruit wall a) Separate from seed coat i) Without pappus: achene ii) With pappus: cypsela b) Fused to seed coat: caryopsis 2) Thick and tough fruit wall: nut a) With cupule: acorn ) p ii. Dehiscent (splits) 1) Made of 1 carpel (1 locule + 1 point of seed attachment) a) Splits on 2 sides: legume ) p g b) Splits on 1 side only: follicle 2) Made of 2 carpels combined: capsule b. Fleshy when ripe i. With hard, bony endocarp: drupe ii. Without hard, bony endocarp 1) Combined with accessory tissues (receptacle): pome 2) Not combined with accessory tissues: berry a) With juice vesicles and segments: hesperidium b) Without juice vesicles and segments: pepo
Achene =
Fruit which is dry when ripe, one seeded, indehiscent ripe one-seeded and where the seed and the pericarp are fused only at the stalk of the ovule
carpel
Strawberry flower y
receptacle pedicel
Diagrammatic representation i i i of a flower with its sepals, petals, and stamens removed
Achene =
Fruit which is dry when ripe, one seeded, indehiscent ripe one-seeded and where the seed and the pericarp are fused only at the stalk of the ovule
Clematis sp.
1 achene
Strawberry St b (Fragaria ananassa)
seed
Cypsela =
Like the achene but is fused to the calyx (the fruit of members of the sunflower family [Asteraceae or Compositae]) with plumed tips which are the split calyx lobes y
Tridax procumbens
Nut N t=
Fruit with a dry, indehiscent wall, i d hi t ll developing from a syncarpous gynoecium but becoming oneseeded by abortion of all but one carpel. The exocarp is usually hard and th fruit may be d the f it b subtended by a cupule (called an acorn in such a case)
Lithocarpus sp. Li h
Capsule = p
Fruit with a dry, dehiscent wall, usually y two or more seeded, derived from a syncarpous gynoecium, i and dehiscing along the septa (septicidal capsule) or between them (loculicidal ( capsule)
pericarp septum
Follicle =
Like a legume except that it splits down one side rather than two
Legume =
Fruit with a dry, dehiscent dry wall, usually two or more seeded, derived from a single carpel, and dehiscing down two sides
Berry =
Fruit which is fleshy when ripe, with a fleshy pericarp right through
Tomato (Lycopersicon ( y p esculentum)
Berry types B t
Typical berry Hesperidium Pepo
Hesperidium =
Fruit which is a special case of the berry; the pericarp is rather thick, the fruit is partitioned and filled with juice p j vesicles
Orange (Citrus sinensis)
Pepo =
Fruit which is a special case of the p berry; the pericarp becomes leathery when ripe, and this fruit type i found only in the cucumber is f d l i h b family (Cucurbitaceae)
Drupe =
Fruit which is fleshy when ripe, with a distinct epicarp, mesocarp and bony endocarp, and th seed or seeds db d d the d d surrounded by the bony endocarp called a pyrene which may be more than one per drupe
Peach (Prunus persica)
Pome =
Fruit which is fleshy when ripe; derived from a combination of the thin, papery pericarp with the fleshy development of the hypanthium
2. 2 Fruit types
a.
Fruit Types 3
pappus
Dry when ripe i. Indehiscent (does not split) 1) Thin fruit wall a) Separate from seed coat i) Without pappus: achene ii) With pappus: cypsela b) Fused to seed coat: caryopsis 2) Thick and tough fruit wall: nut a) With cupule: acorn ) p ii. Dehiscent (splits) 1) Made of 1 carpel (1 locule + 1 point of seed attachment) a) Splits on 2 sides: legume ) p g b) Splits on 1 side only: follicle 2) Made of 2 carpels combined: capsule b. Fleshy when ripe i. With hard, bony endocarp: drupe ii. Without hard, bony endocarp 1) Combined with accessory tissues (receptacle): pome 2) Not combined with accessory tissues: berry a) With juice vesicles and segments: hesperidium b) Without juice vesicles and segments: pepo
The Seed
Seed = A matured, fertilised ovule
apical cell
zygote
basal cell
Seedcoat
1. Derived from the integument(s) of the ovule 2. Layers
a. Testa: outer seedcoat b. b Tegmen: inner seedcoat
Aril
1. Structure which grows from some part of the ovule or ovule stalk after fertilization and invests part of the whole of the seed 2. Often mucilaginous, gelatinous, or brightly coloured
Durian (Durio D i (D i zibethinus) Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) pp ) Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)
Endosperm
1. Food 1 F d storage tissue which i hi h develops from the primary endosperm nucleus (second d l ( d fertilization event) 2. Types of seeds
a. Endospermous or albuminous: with endosperm
i. Ruminate: with remains of the megasporangium in the endosperm Exendospermous seed Nutmeg seed
Embryo
1. Rudimentary plant which develops from the zygote (first fertilization event) 2. Parts of the embryo
Cotyledon(s) Axis Shoot apex ape Root
Perisperm
1. Persistent megasporangium which serves as 1 P i i hi h nutritive tissue instead of the endosperm 2. Primitive characteristic
Pepper
Pepper (Piper nigrum g
Double coconut, Lodoicea maldivica, with each drupe (containing 1 3 seeds) up to 27 k ! E h seed can be up to 50 cm long. Y will see d) kg! Each d b l You ill this tree at the Botanic Gardens.
Seedling
1. Seedling = Young plant Y l t which germinates from i t f the seed 2. Parts
a. b. c. d. e. Cotyledons Epicotyl Plumule Hypocotyl Radicle
milkweed
Cardamine
Asexual Reproduction
Suckers are above ground shoots that develop as h t th t d l adventitious buds on roots
Rhododendrons Some trees do this quaking aspen
Latin Pando I spread Pando, Populus tremuloides, quaking aspen 43 hectares in area 47,000 stems 6,000 metric tons 6 000 t i t Root suckers from one original individual growing into one massive forest of trees connected by their roots
1. Sexual a. V i ti in progeny Variation i b. Progeny can respond well to changes in environment c. Disadvantage is that costly, time-consuming method of reproduction d. Does not always automatically produce betteradapted individuals; can be wasteful in a sense 2. Asexual 2 A l a. If parent well-adapted, may work well b. b Allows simple rapid growth simple, c. If environment does not rapidly change, can be most effective form of reproduction p