SMSains Muzaffar Syah

6.1

What is waves?

Process of transferring _______ from one location to another which is produced by an ___________ or ____________ motion.

How do waves transfer energy?

When energy is transferred by a wave from a vibrating source to a distant receiver, there is no _________ of matter between the two points. When a stone is dropped into a pond, ________ waves are produced. The direction of propagation of the water waves is from ______ to ____. The cork represents the water particles. The cork does not move together with the wave, instead it moves _____ and _________ about its initial position. Waves transfer energy as they move along the water particles. However, the waves do not carry the water particles along with them.

What is A Transverse Wave? A transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is ____________ to the direction of propagation of the wave. Example: _______________________

What is Longitudinal Waves? A longitudinal wave is a wave which the vibration of particles in the medium is ______________ the direction of propagation of the wave. The slinky spring moves backwards and forwards to produce a longitudinal wave. The particles of the medium (spring) move ___________ to the direction of the wave. The wave that travels along the spring consists of a series of ___________ and ____________.

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

Activity 1: To observe a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave using a slinky spring.

1. Hold one end of a slinky spring and give a sharp push at the other end of the spring backward and forward. Observe the movement of the spring. (a) Sketch the longitudinal wave produce by the slinky spring.

(b) Label the parts of compression and rarefaction of the spring and the wavelength of the wave produced. (c) Show the direction of the vibration of the coloured thread and the direction of propagation of the wave (movement of the spring. (d) The coloured thread which represents a particle of the medium vibrate _________ to the propagation of the wave. (e) The wave that travels along the spring consists of a series of ____________ and ____________ (f) The _____________ is the distance between two successive rarefraction or two successive compression 2. Use the same slinky spring move the other end of the spring side ways. Observe the movement of the spring. (a) Sketch the transverse wave produced by the slinky spring.

(b) Label the wavelength of the wave produced. (c) Show the direction of the vibration of the coloured thread and the direction of propagation of the wave (movement of the spring.

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

(d) The vibration of the coloured thread is ____________ to the direction of the propagation of the wave. Conclusion A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the vibration of the medium is _______________to the direction of the propagation of wave. A transverse wave is produced when the vibration of the medium is ________________ to the direction of the propagation of wave.

What is a ripple tank? The phenomenon of water waves can be investigated using a ripple tank. The water waves are produced by a __________ bar on the water surface. The tank is leveled so that the ________ of water in the tank is uniform to ensure water waves propagate with ___________ speed.

How the dark and bright bands are formed on the screen? The water acts as a _______ to produce a pattern of ________ and _________ regions on a piece of white paper placed under the tank when light passes through it. Water waves have crests and troughs. A crest is the highest position of the wave acts as a ________ lens, whereas a trough is the lowest position acts as a __________ lens. Light rays from the lamp on top will focus onto the white screen below. The _________ lines correspond to the crests, and the _______ lines correspond to the troughs.

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

What is meant by a wavefront? Lines joining all the points of the ______ phase are called wavefronts. The wavefronts of a transverse wave and longitudinal wave are _____________to the direction of propagation of the waves.

Two types of wavefronts: 1. __________wavefronts 2. ____________ wavefronts

Describing Waves Vibration/Oscillation : The movement from one extreme position to the other and back to the same position.

__________________: The maximum displacement from its equilibrium position. SI unit: meter, m __________________: The time taken for an oscillation to complete one cycle. SI unit is second (s) __________________: The number of waves produced in one second. SI unit is Hertz (Hz) __________________: The distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs or the distance between two successive compressions or two successive rarefactions in a sound wave.

__________________:The measurement of how fast a crest is moving from a fixed point. SI unit is ms .
-1

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

Displacement-time graph and Displacement-distance graph for a wave. The motion of an oscillating spring can be plotted on a displacement against time graph.

O is called the _____________ position. a is the __________. T is the ___________ of the oscillation. Displacement against distance graph Displacement of a particle against distance measured along the wave

a = ___________.

= ____________

Relationship between frequency and wavelength

At constant speed, when the frequency increases, the wavelength will __________. Frequency is ____________ proportional to wavelength. The relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

Speed = distance time For one complete oscillation, the distance traveled is the wavelength of the wave. The time taken to travel such distance is period. So, Speed = wavelength Period Since period = 1 __ . Frequency , therefore speed = ________ x _________

Exersise 1

1. (a) The wavelength of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter ________ (b) The amplitude of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter ________ 2. Indicate the interval which represents one full wavelength.

Answer: ___________

2. What is the frequency of water waves with the wavelength of 4.0 cm and traveling at a speed -1 of 1.6 cm s ? 3. Measure the wavelength and calculate the speed of the wave. The frequency of the wave is 50 Hz.

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

4. If the speed of light is 3.0 x 10 m s , what is the frequency of light with the wavelength of 8.0 -7 x 10 m?

-1

5.

From the graph, calculate: (a) Amplitude

(b)

Period

(c) frequency

6. A graph shows a wave produce by a slinky spring vibrating at frequency 8 Hz. What is: (a) amplitude

(b) wavelength

(c) wave speed

7. Which of the graphs has a higher frequency?

A Damping in an Oscillating System

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

What is damping?

Damping is the decrease in the _________ of an oscillating system when its energy is lost as _______ energy. The amplitude of an oscillating system will gradually decrease and become zero when the oscillation stops. 1. External damping of the system is the loss of energy to overcome ________ forces or air resistance. 2. Internal damping is the loss of energy due to the compression and extension of the molecules in the system.

What causes damping?

Sketch a graph to show damping

Resonance in an oscillating system __________ Force Force oscillation __________ frequency Resonance

To enable an oscillating system to go on conticously, an external force must

be applied to the system.

The external force supplies __________ to the system. Such a motion is

called a forced oscillation

The frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the action of an

external force is called the natural frequency.

Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a __________

equivalent to its natural frequency by an external force. The resonating system oscillates at its maximum ___________.

Experiment in Bartons pendulum

The frequency of a simple pendulum depends on the __________ of the

pendulum.

How does resonance

In Bartons pendulum experiment, there are many pendulums tied to the rope.
Two of the pendulum are of the same length

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

occur in the two pendulum of equal length?

When pendulum B oscillates, all the other pendulums are forced to oscillate. But pendulum D oscillates with the largest __________, ie, pendulum D
resonates Pendulum B and pendulum D are of the _______ length. Frequency B ______ Frequency D Therefore, pendulum B causes pendulum D to oscillate at its natural frequency.

Good effects of resonance

Bad effects of resonance

1. The tuner in a radio or television enables us to select the programmes we are interested. The circuit in the tuner is adjusted until resonance is achieved, at the frequency transmitted by a particular station selected. Hence a strong electrical signal is produced. 2. The loudness of music produced by musical instruments such as the trumpet and flute is the result of resonance in the air. 3. A bridge can collapse when the amplitude of its vibration increases as a result of resonance.

Do Experiment 1.2 Practical Book page 4 to study the damping effect in a vibrating system Do Experiment 1.3 Practical Book page 6 to study resonance Bartons Pendulum

How does a guitar work? When the guitar string is plucked, the string will start to _________ and produce distinct sounds. The guitar string is attached to the sound box of the guitar. The vibrating string forces ______ particles inside the box to vibrate at the same natural ___________ as the string. The sound box _________ with the string and sets more air particles to vibrate thus producing loud sound.

TUTORIAL 6.1
1. A simple pendulum is oscillating through 3 different positions, A, B and C.

2. The diagram shows the displacementdistance graph for a wave at a given instant. The amplitude of the water waves varies with distance from their starting point.

One complete oscillation is from A. A to B B. A to C C. A to C and C to B D. A to C and C to A

Which symbols represent the amplitude and the wavelength? 3. Diagram 1 below shows the cross section of water waves.

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

C. P and S D. Q and T 6. Diagram below shows a load being oscillated on a spring. Which of the following statements is true about the water waves? (2006) A. T and U have the same phase B. Wave energy is transferred from position S to U C. The wave length is the distance between S and U D. The particle at U oscillates in a direction parallel to the direction of the wave propagation 4. Diagram 5 shows two situations where a ball floats and moves on the surface of the water. Based on the diagram, which of the following displacement-time graphs represents oscillation of the load from P to Q and back to O? (2007)

The direction of the movement of the ball is .. (2006) A. parallel to the direction of the wave propagation B. perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation C. the same as the direction of the wave propagation D. the opposite to the direction of the wave propagation. 5. The diagram shows a waves traveling in the sea.

7. Calculate the frequency of the given wave below

Which two points are one wavelength apart? A. P and R B. Q and S

A. 8 Hz. B. 4 Hz. C. 12 Hz

D. 1/8 Hz E. Hz

10

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

11. Which of the following shows the relationship between period and frequency of a wave.

8. Based on the given diagram above calculate the wavelength. A. 4 cm B. 8 cm C. 10 cm D. 15 cm E. 20 cm 9. The diagram shows a wavefront pattern produces by a dipper vibrating at a frequency of 12 Hz in a ripple tank.

12. Based on the graph given above, what is the amplitude of the wave?.

What is the speed of the waves? (2005) -1 A. 2 cms

B. 8 cms-1
C. 12 cms -1 D. 18 cms -1 E. 36 cms
-1

10. Diagram below shows a wave pattern on water.

A. B. C. D. E.

5m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m

13. The diagram shows the displacement-time graph of an oscillating system.

Wavelength is the distance between the points (2007) A. P and Q B. P and R C. Q and S D. R and S

The system which produces this graph is having a A. perpertual oscillation B. forced oscillation C. damped oscillation D. resonance

11

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

14. Which of the following quantity decreases when a system under goes damping? A. amplitude. B. Velocity. C. Wave length. D. Frequency 15. The graphs show the cross-sections of water waves. Which wave has the greatest energy? (2005)

16. Which graph represents a wave with amplitude of 4.0 cm and period of 0.05 s? (2004)

16.

A system has a natural frequency of oscillation equals to f. An external force is supplying energy to the system to perpetuate the oscillations of the system. Resonance will occur in this system if energy is supplied to the system if energy is supplied to the system at a frequency equal to (A) f (B) (C)

2f f

17.

2
f (D) 2

A dipper produces plane waves at the rate of x waves per second in a ripple tank. The wavelength of the plane wave is cm. What is the wavelength of the plane wave if the dipper produces 2x waves per second? A. B. 2 C.

1 2

D.

1 4

12

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

18. A boy on a swing which has a period of 2 s. It is allowed to swing until it stops.

(b) Give one example of transverse wave.

(c) Find (i) Amplitude

(ii) Wavelength

Which of the following graphs shows the oscillation of the swing?

(d) If the frequency is 25 Hz, find the wave speed.

2. The diagram shows a tuning fork which produced a longitudinal wave.

(a) Why does sound wave is a longitudinal wave? Structure Questions 1. The diagram shows a displacement distance graph of a transverse wave motion.

(b) Mark on the diagram (i) with a letter C which represents a point of compression. (ii) With a letter R which represents a point of rarefaction. (iii) With a letter which represents the wavelength (c) From the graph, find (i) Amplitude (ii) wavelength

(a) On the graph, label: (i) direction of the vibration of the particles medium (ii) direction of the propagation of the wave.

(d) If the speed of the sound wave is 330 -1 ms , find its frequency.

13

SMSains Muzaffar Syah

3.

Diagram shows a simple pendulum which consists of a bob of mass 40.0 g at the end of a light inelastic string of length 20.0 cm. The pendulum makes 20 complete oscillations in 5.0 s.

(g) State the form of energy when the pendulum (i) at B (ii) at C

(a) By using the letters A,B and C in the diagram above state the (i) (ii) equilibrium position the meaning of period

(b) What is the frequency of the oscillations of the pendulum ?

(d) What happens to the frequency of the oscillations of the pendulum when the length of the pendulum is 80.0 cm ?

(e) After a while the pendulum stops to oscillate . (i) Explain why?

(f)

Plot a graph displacement time to show why the pendulum stops to oscillate.

14