Chp 24 & 25 2010

46. Why is the number of links in a food chain limited to only four or five trophic levels ? A The food chain reaches the carry capacity B High amount of energy is lost at every trophic level. C There are different modes of nutrition among organisms. D There are different organisms that occupy different tropic levels. 47. An example of biome is a A pond B stream C mountain

2009 48. Which is the correct sequence of living components according to an ascending order ? A Population, community , organism, biome, ecosystem. B Population, community, organism, ecosystem, biome. C Organism , population, community , ecosystem, biome. D Organism , community, population, ecosystem , biome. 49. The energy flow in an ecosystem is A the energy used by the decomposers B the energy used by all the organisms at every trophic level. C the energy which is transferred from the producers to the consumers. D the light energy which is converted to chemical energy by the producers. 50. In an investigation to estimate the population size of a species of beetle by capture-recapture method, the lower surface of the beetles is marked with a small spot of paint. Which is the reason why a beetle is not marked on its back ? A The paint will be more visible on the lower surface of the beetle. B The paint will make the beetle more noticeable to the predators. C The paint will damage the epidermis of the beetle. D The paint will hinder the movement of the beetle. 2008
47 Which organism does not contribute to the primary productivity of an ecosystem? A Cyanobacteria B Purple bacteria C Saprotrophic bacteria D Chemosynthetic bacteria 48 The carrying capacity is defined as A the maximum population growth rate under ideal conditions B the change in the population size per individual per unit time C the maximum population size that can be supported by an ecosystem D the members of a species that live in an ecosystem and have the potential to reproduce

D tropical rain forest

48. Which statements are true about the Lamarcks theory of evolution ? I An isolated organism may lead to the formation of new species II A new organ will develop according to an organismss specific needs III Individuals that best adapt to their environment will have selective advantages. IV All that is acquired in an organisms life time may be transmitted to the offspring during reproduction. A I & II B I & III C II & IV D III & IV 49. The results obtained by students to determine the frequency of Ischaemum sp. Using quadrat sampling technique in an open area are shown in the table below. Quadrat/1m2 1 2 3 4 5 Ischaemum sp 7 3 5 7 What is the frequency of Ischaemum sp ? A 22% B 44% C 80% D 100% 50. Ah Chong wanted to estimate the number of catfish in his pond. He captured 25 catfish, marked them with a non-toxic dye and released them. After one week , he recaptured 60 catfish of which 50 were unmarked. What is the best estimate of the number of catfish in his pond ? A 60 B 85 C 120 D 150

49 All ecosystems are dependent on energy input because A producers have a greater biomass than consumers B carnivores have a greater biomass than producers C decomposers process the greatest amount of energy in an ecosystem D energy transformation results in partial loss of usable energy to the environment 50 In a study of a population of tiger prawns, the mean mass is 12.3 g and the standard deviation is 1.2 g. Which conclusions can be made about the population? I 68% of the population have masses of 12.3 g 14.7 g. II 68% of the population have masses of 11.1 g 13.5 g. III 95% of the population have masses of 12.3 g 14.7 g. IV 95% of the population have masses of 9.9 g 14.7 g. A I and III C II and III B I and IV D II and IV

region and 4 of them marks. Estimate the population size of the squirrels in that forest. A 160 B 200 C 500 D 2000 C 3. Which of the following are true of an ecosystem ? I Phytoplanktons are producers. II The last consumer obtains the highest energy. III Ecosystem is an open system with input and output energies. IV Heterotrophs include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers and detritivores. A I & II B III & IV C I, III & IV D II, III & IV

4. Which of the following energy flows in an ecosystem involves the transfer of the greatest amount of energy ? A Plant Herbivore B Plant Decomposer C Herbivore Carnivore D Carnivore Decomposer 2006 4. The graph below shows the rate of growth of an animal population against the population

2007 Which statement is not true of r-selected species ? A The body size is small B The development period to achieve maturity is short. C It involves parental care. D The lifespan is short. 2005 1. Carrying capacity of a population is A the number of individuals in a population. B the population size when the mortality rate is more than the natality rate . C the population size when the natality rate is more than the mortality rate D the population size of a species which can be supported by resources available in a habitat.

Which of the following is true of the population at point X ? A k strategy action B Maximum rate of natality C Minimum rate of mortality D Carrying capacity of the population. 5. All ecosystems are dependent on energy input because

2. A total of 50 squirrels were caught from a forest, marked and released. A few days later 40 squirrels were caught from the same

A the carnivores have a greater biomass than the producers do B the producers have a greater biomass than the consumers do. C the decomposers process the greatest amount of energy in an ecosystem D the energy transformation results in loss of the usable energy to the environment. 6. A total of 72 wood mice are caught from a parkland, marked and released back into their original habitat. After 5 days , 85 wood mice are caught from the same parkland, and 8 of them have been marked. Estimate the size of the wood mice population in the parkland. A 165 B 576 C 680 D 765 2004 7. Which of the following statements explain natality ? I The number of birth per thousand individuals in the population in a year. II The number of mortality per thousand individuals in the population in a year . III The number of eggs produced in a reproductive cycle. IV The number of offspring produced by the individual female per unit time. A I & II B II & IV C I, III & IV D II, III & IV. 2003 8. Which statements about a community are true ? I It encompasses biotic and abiotic factors. II It comprises various species living together in a habitat. III It comprises organisms of the same morphological characteristics. IV Its members are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile progeny. A II only B I & II only C I & IV only D III & IV only. 9. The graph below shows the survivorship curves for 3 species of animals. Which of the following are correct for the characteristics of the animals and their survivorship curves ? Characteristic curves I Growth rate is high (c) II Energy for reproduction is high (a) III Growth rate is the lowest (a) IV Care for offspring is minimum (b) A I & II B I & III C II & IV D III & IV

10. A quadrat frame of size 50cm x 50cm was used to determine the density of a species X in area P dan Q. The results obtained are as follows Quadrat number Area P Area Q 1 20 12 2 0 0 3 14 4 4 16 6 5 6 4 6 10 2 7 10 0 8 18 10 9 0 2 10 6 0

What is the density, in units per square meter, of species X in the two areas ?

A B C D

P 5 10 40 400

Q 2 4 16 160

A I & II

B IV & V

C I, II & III

D III, IV & V.

14. Energy reductions occur at any one level of energy flow in an ecosystem because the energy is I not assimilated II decomposed by saprophytes III lost during respiration IV converted into storage substances. A II & III B II & IV C I, II & III D I, III & IV.

2002 11. The tropical rain forest in Malaysia is an example of the most complex ecosystem. Unfortunately, the forest is upset by activities such as logging whose consequences are species extinction and damage to the ecosystem. Which of the steps below could be applied to overcome the problem ? I Stop discarding effluents into rivers. II Replanting mangroves trees III Reassessing the activities of converting lowlands forests into agricultural areas/ IV Reducing logging wastage V Managing forests efficiently A II & III B I, IV & V C III, IV & V D I, II IV & V.

15. For the purpose of extracting some earth organisms, the following method can be used : The earth sample is stirred in a mixture of 25% salt solution and a little benzene. The organisms that float on the surface of the solution are then collected using a brush. This method is suitable for exracting I mites II spiders III earth leech IV trunk bugs A I only B II & III C I, II & IV D I, III & IV

16. A quadrat with a measurement of 50 cm x 50 cm is used to ascertain the density of a type of herbaceous plant in a farming area. The bar chart below shows the results of the experiment

12. The maximum number of individuals in a population that could be supported by natural sources in an environment is called A survival B biotic potential C carrying capacity D population growth 2001 13. Which of the following are correct about the term niche ? I The trophic level of an organism in its community. II The functions of an organism in the form of energy flow and nutrient cycle. III The method of how an organism makes use of its environment in order to live. IV A group of plants and animals living naturally in an environment. V An ecological unit built from the relationships among the organisms in the community and the relationships between the organisms and the environment.

From the bar chart above, the density of the herbaceous plants per square metre farm is A 16 B 20 C 80 D 160 2000 17. The factors that influence the organisms lives due to the soil condition is A Physical B edaphic C biotic D abiotic 18. The graph below shows the concept of niche in an ecosystem

20. The age structures in in population of organisms in an ecosystem can be shown by I Population distribution II population size III natality rate IV mortality rate A I & III B II & IV C I, II & III D II, III & IV

1999 21. In an ecology project, a student picked a sample of millipedes in a compost mass and found them in 40 quadrats selected at random. Area of each quadrat = 10 cm2 . Total millipedes found = 52 What is the density of millipedes per square meter for that compost mass ? A 130 B 520 C 1300 D 5200 22. A plant sampling is done in an area which covers 2500 m2 . The number of plants in 25 quadrats with the area of 1 m2 is as shown in the table. What happens in the shaded area ? A species 1 is eliminated from its habitat. B species 2 is eliminated from its habitat C Both species are eliminated from their respective habitats. D Both species require the same sources . 19. The success of the organisms in the ecosystem can be shown by I population distribution II population size III prey-predator relationship IV the position of trophic level in the ecosystem. A I & II B I & III C I & IV D II & IV Number of plants in each quadrat 4 6 4 5 4 6 7 5 4 1 8 3 8 9 7

5 6 7 2 3

5 6 3 2 5

What is the total number of plants in area of 10,000 m2 ? A 5 B 125 C 500 D 50,000

23. An organism that has a very high biotic potential usually A has a long life cycle B has a short life cycle C does not show breeding behaviour D has a small number of progeny 24. Which of the following are characterisitics of organisms that use the K strategy to control the size and distribution of its population? I show high competitive strength II show high efficiency in utillising resources III Have a large number of progeny IV Have a long life cycle A I, II & III B I, II & IV C I & III D II & IV 25. Which of the following combinations is true ? More of r strategy More of k strategy A Dog Man B Bear Mouse C Cactus Grass D Tiger Rabbit [A] 26. In an experiment to determine the % volume of air in the soil, the following data were obtained. The volume of soil used = 50 cm3 . The level of water after adding soil into the measuring cylinder = 130 cm3 The level of water only = 100 cm3. What is the % volume of air in the soil ? A 10% B 20% C 30% D 40% 27. A student investigating soil components weighed a sample which was heated earlier at 100 C for 2 days and the results obtained were as follows : Weight of crucible = 30g Weight of crucible + soil sample = 130 g

Weight of crucible + soil sample after heating = 110g Which of the following is the main reason for the loss of weight ? A Occupation by soil microorganisms B Soil air diffusing out into the atmosphere C The burning of the soil humus amount. D The loss of water from the soil. 28. The Tullgren funnel is very suitable for the isolation of A nematodes B rotifers C soil beetles D protozoa 29. Which of the following characterisics of soil organisms reduces the efficiency of isolation of these organisms using the Tullgren funnel ? A Attraction to water vapour B Negative response to light C small size D Negative response to gravity. 30. Which is the most suitable method to estimate the fish population in a pond ? A Direct counting B Capture recapture C Quadrat D Line transect 31. Which are the assumption in the capture-recapture method of population size estimation ? I Any death or birth does not affect the estimation . II The sampling is made randomly. III Marked individual mixed evenly with the general population. IV The total caught with mark must not be equal to those unmarked in the recapture. A I & III B I, II, III C I, II & IV D II, III & IV. 32. If there are 4000 beetles in a field , 300 are caught , marked and released. What is the number marked if 280 of them are caught again ? A 21 B 28 C 30 D 35 33. Which explains best the reason for food chain to be short ? A The producers only make use of 1% of the sunlight to convert into chemical energy . B The % energy transferred in each trophic level is low.

C As food chain gets longer, there are less organisms in each trophic level. D As food chain gets longer , the organisms get bigger. 34. Community refer to A All members of a species in an ecosystem B All food webs in an ecosystem C All species of plants and animals of a habitat. D All species of plants and animals of an ecosystem. 35. Which is a correct ecological definition for niche ? A The physical environment including the habitat where an organism lives. B The biotic environment of a species in its habitat. C The part which a species plays in the community in which it lives. D Those requirements unique to a species for which interspecies competition occurs 36. Two species of birds are living on the same tree; one feeds on the nectar and the other feeds on the fruits. Each of these species occupies A the same niche in a different habitat. B a different niche in the same habitat. C the same habitat in a different ecosystem. D a different habitat in the same ecosystem 37. Which is the process represented by V, W , X , Y and Z in the phosphorus cycle ? 1998

Plants X W Dissolved phosphates Y V V Deep sedimentation V A Erosion B Geological upsurge C Dissolving

Animal s

Shallow sedimentation Z

W X Active Decaying transport Diffusion Decaying

Y Excretion

Z Geological upsurge Respiration Erosion Geological upsurge Erosion

Active transport D Sendimentation Osmosis

Excretion Decaying Excretion Decaying

38. Which play an important role in the sulphur cycle ? 2002 I Nitrosomonas II Desulphovibrio III Thiobacillus A I only B III only C II & III D I, II & III

39. What is the % of energy made available for human from the original sunlight ? 1998

Input from sun 1,600,000kJ m-2 Y-1 N2 Energy available for producers 600,000 kJ m-2 Y-1 S Energy produced by producers 1228 kJ m-2 Y-1 NO2 Energy available for human 69 kJ m-2 Y-1

T V

Humus animals Plants

NH3

A 4.0%

B 0.4%

C 0.04%

D 0.004%

40. The rate of absorption of light energy measured in a forest is 8800 kJ m-2 day-1 . Only 1% of this energy is converted into net primary production. 10% of the net production at trophic is transferred to the next trophic level. What is the amount of energy entering the secondary consumers ? A 88 kJ m-2 day-1 B 8.8 kJ m-2 day-1 C 0.88 kJ m-2 day-1 D 0.088 kJ m-2 day-1 41. Which is the level where the greatest amount of energy flows through in most ecosystems ? A Decomposers B Herbivores C Carnivores D Secondary consumers 42. The diagram below is a simple representation of the nitrogen cycle.

To which processes do the letters S, T ,U and V refer ? S T U A Denitrification N2 Fixation Nitrification B N2 Fixation N2 Fixation Denitrification C N2 Fixation Denitrification Nitrification D Denitrification N2 Fixation Nitrification

V N2 Fixation Nitrification N2 Fixation N2 Fixation

43. Which one of the following is a correct ecological definition of a niche ? A the habitat in which a particular species lives. B the physical environment of a species in its habitat. C the biotic environment of a species in its habitat. D the part which a species plays in the community in which it lives. 44. The diagram represents the flow of energy through a food chain. Figures are in kJ m-2 y-1 . X and Y represent energy values.

What % of the solar energy is converted to net primary productivity ? A 0.1% B 0.5% C 1.0% D 5.0% 45. The total product or biomass of an organism is determined by the nutrients or resources that exist in minimum concentrations as compared to other resources that are needed. Which of the following correctly explains the above statement ? A Hardy-Weinberg law B Gause Law C Liebig Law D Shelford Law.

46. The diagram below shows the phosphorus cycle.

Sedimentation Decomposition Erosion A B C D X X Y Z Y W Z W W Y X Y

Absorption & assimilation Z Z W X