ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

PRESENTED BY
K.SRAVAN KUMAR REDDY 3rd year 09221AO425 kolasravan@gmail.com K.S.S.PHANEESWAR 3 rd year 09221A0423 phaneeswar.ka@gmail.com

Today, the hottest area of Artificial Intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in a number of

Abstract
This paper aims at presenting the concept of "Artificial Intelligence." It is the branch of with Computer making Science computers

disciplines such as voice recognition and natural language processing. Robotics incorporating artificial intelligence

interactions with laser, ultrasound, MRI scanning, are performing delicate brain surgery more accurately than by

concerned

behave like humans. It is the Science and Engineering machines, of making intelligent intelligent

traditional surgical approaches. A.I. was used in the investigation of Mars in July 1997. This paper reflects the potential impact of AI on our is lives. likely

especially

computer programs. It is the hot topic on many boards and software houses. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This paper briefly describes how

Artificial Intelligence

to continue to creep into our lives without us really noticing.

Artificial Intelligence works and the various techniques used in AI. It

Contents
Introduction Why Artificial Intelligence? Motivation

further describes the greatest advances that have occurred in the field of Medicine, Military, Expert Systems, Robotics and Natural Language

How does Artificial Intelligence work? Planning Pattern Recognition Ontology Robotics Artificial Life Epistemology

Processing. This paper deals with latest advances that have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue

Who uses Artificial Intelligence? Medicine Artificial Nose Military Game AI

defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.

Natural Language Processing Expert Systems

and applying them as algorithm in human friendly way. It is basically the ability of a machine to think for itself. It

Future of AI Technology Telephone Translator A Greater Use of Expert Systems Passing the Turing Test Research assistants

aims at getting computers to do tasks which require human intelligence. In short it can be described as: Simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate: *Recognizing a face. *Navigating a busy street. *Understanding what someone says.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence
Introduction:

Motivation...
Computers are fundamentally

well suited to performing mechanical computations, using fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform monotonous tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill suited to. For more complex problems, things humans, get more difficult. have Unlike trouble

computers

understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines finds solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such complex tasks.

characteristics from human intelligence,

How

does

Artificial

Pattern-Recognition-Vision: Its goal is to get a computer to recognize pictures so that it can recognize objects in its surroundings that would be helpful in robotics. Pattern-Recognition-Sound: It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a primary concern with companies that want to produce a new means in which a person interacts with a computer by talking.

Intelligence work?
Technology...
Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving specific problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and

improved to do so efficiently and reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into many branches. Some of the branches have been explained below:

Ontology: Ontology is the study of what objects are and what are they made

Planning:
Planning programs start with general facts about the world (especially facts about the effects of actions), facts about the particular situation and a statement of a goal. From these, they generate a strategy for achieving the goal. In the most common cases, the strategy is just the sequence of actions.

of. It is the study of kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences deal with various kinds of objects, and we study what these kinds are and what their basic properties are.

Robotics:

Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is getting a computer to recognize, make senses and recreate in what it sees and hears. The two major divisions of pattern recognition are machine vision and sound.

complex algorithms. Scientists use these models to test and experiment with a multitude of factors on the behavior of Robotics is the study of how to design, build, use, and work with robots. Robots are mechanical devices that can move and react to sensory input giving them some degree of autonomous control. Robots are widely used in the industrial sector performing high-precision jobs such as painting and wielding. They are used in laboratories for repetitive tasks in chemistry and biology, and in situations, which would be dangerous for humans such as cleaning toxic waste or defusing bombs. Three laws of robotics: 1. A robot may not injure or harm a human being or allow a human being to come to harm. 2. 2. A robot must follow the instructions given to it by a human being without violating Rule 1 3. 3. A robot must protect itself as long as such protection does not violate Rules 1 and 2. the systems.

Artificial

life:

From

robot

dreams to reality
It is a diverse field of research, but a common theme is testing out the fundamental principles of life by

building detailed working models. One of the most ambitious research goals is of the

artificial-life

construction of living systems out of non-living parts. Artificial life is a blanket term used to refer to human attempts at setting up systems with lifelike organisms properties possess, all such biological as self-

reproduction, homeostasis, adaptability, mutational variation, optimization of external states, and so on.

Epistemology:
Epistemology is a study of knowledge that is required for solving problems in the world.

Artificial life:
Artificial life is a field of scientific study that attempts to model living biological systems through

Who uses Artificial Intelligence?

Applications...
To be useful, a system has to be able to do more than just correctly perform some task.

computer does the rest.'...In tests on several hundred blood samples, some taken from women with ovarian cancer and others from healthy women, the test proved 'an astonishing' 100% accurate in detecting cancer, even at the earliest stages.

Artificial nose: -- Johan McDermott

Artificial Intelligence is helping people in every field to make better use of information to work harder not smarter. The potential applications of Artificial Intelligence are abundant. However, some of the applications of AI have been listed below: Scientists have endowed computers with eyes to see, thanks to digital cameras, and ears to hear, via microphones and sophisticated recognition software. Now they're taking computers further into the realm of the senses with the

development of an artificial nose.

E-NOSE

TO

SNIFF

OUT

HOSPITAL SUPERBUGS:
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the gas over an array of electrodes coated with different conducting

Medicine: NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS CANCER:

In one of the biggest advances in cancer research in years, scientists have

polymers. Each electrode reacts to particular substance by changing its electrical resistance in a the

characteristic way.

Combining

signals from all the electrodes gives a 'smell-print' of the chemicals in the mixture that neural network software built into the e-nose can learn to recognize. As a result, it can be detected from the smell alone that what the bacterial infections are.

developed a blood test that can detect cancer with greater than 90% accuracy. This artificial intelligence --already

tested for cancers of the breast, ovary, and lung--could one day be used to detect many types cancer. 'All that's needed is a single drop of blood 'The

Military:
A NEW MODEL OF ARMY SOLDIER ROLLS CLOSER TO THE

BATTLEFIELD: The American military is working on a new generation of soldier, far different from the army it has. 'They don't feel hungry,' said Gordon Johnson of the Joint Forces Command at the Pentagon. 'They are not afraid. They don't forget their orders. They don't care if the guy next to them has just been shot. Will they do a better job than humans? Yes.' The robot soldier is coming. The Pentagon predicts that robots will be a major fighting force in American It is a behemoth of a machine that pits 32-linked processor against its flesh-andblood opponents. Hydra's backers claim it can analyze 200 million chess moves in a second and project the game up to 40 moves ahead.

Natural Language processing:

military in less than a decade, hunting and killing enemies in combat. Robots are a crucial part of the Army's effort to rebuild itself as a 21st-century fighting force, and a $127 billion project called Future Combat Systems is the biggest military contract in American history. The goal of the Natural Language

Game AI: ONLY A PAWN IN its GAME:

Hydra is the latest chess supercomputer to lay down the gauntlet to the world's top players. Its architects say it is the greatest ever built, but don't expect it to rejoice in victory or get the post-match drinks in.

Processing (NLP) group is to design and build software that will analyze,

understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally, so that eventually you will be able to address your computer as though you were addressing another person.

This

goal

is

not

easy to

reach. means,

"Understanding"

language

among other things, knowing what concepts a word or phrase stands for and knowing how to link those concepts together in a meaningful way. It's ironic that natural language, the symbol system that is easiest for humans to learn and use, is hardest for a computer to master. Long after machines have proven

EXPERT SYSTEMS - MAKE A DIAGNOSIS:

Intuition may seem like a human trick, but machines can be pretty good at it too. Underlying a hunch are dozens of tiny, subconscious rules-truths we that have learned from experience. Add them up and you get instinct: a doctor's sense that a patient's stomach-ache might really be appendicitis, for

capable of inverting large matrices with speed and grace, they still fail to master the basics of our spoken and written languages.

example. Program those rules into a computer and you get an expert systemone of many that can screen lab tests, diagnose blood infections, and identify tumors on a mammogram.

Expert Systems:

Future of AI Technology:
The primary goal of expert systems research is to make expertise available to decision makers and technicians who need answers quickly. There is never enough expertise to go around--certainly it is not always available at the right place and the right time. Portable with computers loaded with in-depth Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely to creep into our lives without us really noticing. However, AI has spawned some useful applications like expert systems and game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is still to come as more research and improved

knowledge of specific subjects can bring decades worth of knowledge to a problem.

technology surfaces in the future. Here are a few applied innovations that AI promises in the future and the

technologies behind them.

Telephone Translators:
One of the common clichs when one talk about the future is how the world is shrinking every day. Distance used to be a barrier in travel and the invention of the airplane changed

A Greater Use of Expert Systems:

With such success as a diagnostic in medic and mechanics presently, expert systems will be more prevalent in other applications that require an

all that. Time used to be a factor in communication since the mail system took months to deliver a letter across the United States, but the telephone dissolved such of a hurdle. travel The and

expert with whom people can consult with. Need to identify the perfect pet for a friend? A pet expert system could ask some questions related to the person's personality so that it can conclude the types of animals that would be suited for them. What kinds of dishes can one make tonight with the food in the refrigerator? Input the foods into a cook expert system and find out. The

combinations

communications have brought whole nations together except now the last barrier in international relationship is language. This is where telephone translators will change all that. Essentially, a person from the United States says some things in English into his telephone. Almost

possibilities for expert systems are almost endless. If expert systems are designed and built correctly, users should be able to easily program their own expert and should make better decisions in their lives.

instantaneously, a computer intercepts the voice, translates what was said, and synthetically generate the appropriate Japanese words to the person on the other line. Of Course, the translator would need advanced voice recognition, natural language processing and

Passing the Turing Test:

The idea behind the test is that if a machine could make a person think he/she was interacting with an intelligent person; why not consider the machine intelligent in its own right? The

inference to extract what was meant by the English-speaker, and then synthesize a human-sounding in Japanese conversational

controversy over the Turing Test will probably continue into the future, but once a computer convincingly passes the test and becomes more and more

person's voice Japanese.

integrated with society, this test would be at least the best approximation of intelligence possible. 2. 1.

REFERENCES:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifi cial intelligence www.formal.stanford.edu/j mc/whatisai/ 3. www.learnartificialneuraln etworks.com/ai.html 4. www.webopedia.com/TER M/A/artificial_intelligenc e.html 5. www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/journal/00043702

Research Assistants:
The world is moving from the Industrial Age to the Information Age where the phrase "knowledge is power" is becoming a reality. With so much information out there, it has become harder and harder to find what is really relevant. This is where a research assistant powered by AI can help. Not only can the assistant understand what one is looking for, which requires natural language processing, it is smart enough to know where to look and compare what it finds to what it is looking for to see how relevant the information is, so the person doesn't have to do the 'dirty work.' Research assistants will be an important tool in the future by keeping the world of

information from exploding into an infinite chaos of unorganized facts and figures.