Lab 2:Numerical lab:Pipe flow and channel flow results

Sara Al Hanaei 10/27/2011

100031923

Introduction
This lab was extraordinary different, specifically in the learning aspect. In this lab there was a chance to learn something new the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). A direct numerical simulation (DNS) is a simulation in the dynamics of fluids in which the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically obtained by the absence of turbulence model. This means that the whole range of temporal scales of the turbulence must be re-obtained [1].

Procedure:
In this lab the goal was to investigate the pipe and channel flow results. The given data in the lab of the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) was obtained from [1]. The data needed was already in the PCs. Next, we have used it in Microsoft Office Excel in order to plot the results in diagrams to analyze the drawing of the given flow data. Analyzing these diagrams helped in commenting and gaining the learning value and this was the beauty of this report.

Results:
As a start these were the data mentioned in the procedure section previously.

Q1. Compute the Laminar stress for a working fluid air at 20C & 1 atm pressure

du/dy D

r/D

These are the results used in the plotted function f(x) above.

Given in class that the laminar stress is T= (nu) x du/dy

Q2. Compute the constant k from the reference data. How does it compare with the theoretical value?

r/D

The given theoretical value =0.41 by Dr. Yacine in class [3]. U+=1/k ln (y+) + B K = (u+ -B)/(ln(y+)) =0.41 [3] ( B= 5)

Here the Kappa value we got was different = 3.27 This was by plotting the average function in f(x) and picking any of the values of y+ and u+

Q3. Obtain velocity profile for water working fluid at temperature 20 C & 1 atm pressure and pipe diameter D=0.1 m The velocity profile is U and U= (U+)Ut Since Ut= Re / D Re # of water =360 & nu at the given temperature and pressure =1.005 x 10^-6 --- substituting back in Ut we get =3.6 x10^-3 Then, the velocity profile is U= U+ 3.6 x10^-3

Q4. Obtain velocity profile for Air working fluid at temperature 20 C & 1 atm pressure and pipe diameter D=0.1 m. Comment on both profiles obtained for water and air. Doing the same calculations that was done in Q3 for Air but with nu=1.5 x 10^-5 at given temperature and pressure. U= U+ 0.054

Air

Water

Comment: As seen obviously from both graphs that air has a higher velocity than water which may lead us to some assumption that gases have higher velocity than liquids this could be related to atoms arrangement of both states Q5. Plot the Reynolds stresses and comment.

Uz * Ur

Ur * Ur

Ua * Ua

For this velocity profile as shown in the graphs (in polar coordinates) above we can see that the z axis has the lowest value. Putting in mind that Reynolds stresses is an illustration for the momentum flux in the 3D axises (x, y and z) [4] Q6. Plot the dimensionless mean velocity profiles for both Reynolds numbers and cases available in the same (Ln(x)-Y graph) and comment. Water

Air

Comment: As seen from the two natural logarithmic functions that they are increasing and not decreasing, this means that these velocities are directly proportional to Reynolds number (makes sense).

Q7. Add on the same graph the wall layer law and the logarithmic law. Comment. For the wall layer law we should pick a value of y+ close to the wall Y+ 5 [given]

For the logarithmic law we should pick a value of y+ further from the wall Y+

[given]

The wall Layer law calculates the dimensionless mean velocities near the wall, whereas, the logarithmic wall calculates it far but not in a perpendicular distance.

Q8. Additional to the previous graphs we have the: Buffer layer [given]

Then combining the three graphs we will get:

Conclusion:
1) The numerical method requires more accuracy than any other method. 2) Navior-Stokes equations can be re-obtained numerically, which can help in analyzing turbulent flows visually by graphs. 3) Excel can be a powerful tool in graphing regarding of its simpleness. 4) Gases have higher velocity profile than liquids. 5) Reynolds number is an illustration for momentum flux in 3D. 6) The wall layer law is used to find the velocity profile in the inner layer, While, the buffer layer law is used for finding the velocity in the overlap layer and the logarithmic law for the outer layer. [4]

References:
[1] http://www.thtlab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_numerical_simulation [3] Comments in class by Dr. Yacine Addad

[4] Note: Some questions were solved with the help of the lab instructor Mr. Mohammed Abdul Majid Siddiqi.

*Drawings were done by group work, however, comments and the report structure is individual work done by myself.