Q. What do you mean by Skimming and Scanning?

By skimming we mean skimming over the surface of a piece of writing or glancing the rapidly through a text, to find out its general content , central idea or gist . We do this , for example when we want to find out whether a certain article is relevant to our own area of study of research , or when we glance over a page of study of a newspaper to see if there is anything word reading in detail, or when we leaf through a book to find out its subject matter. By Scanning we mean darting over much of a text to search for a specific item or piece of information that we wish to discover . This skill there fore also involbes the ability to reject on pass over irrelevant information . It is the kind of reading we do when , for example , we read through a biographical account to find out the date on which certain event happened or when we go through the table of contents in a book to see whether a certain aspect of a problem has been dealt with in the book or when we glance through the telephone directory looking for a persons telephone number , thats all about Scanning.

Q. Reading for Information structure:Every thing has a structure the chair the pen , the building even we , our selves in the same way written language ( a text ) has a structured , the way in which the writer has structured the information that he wants to pass on to us .

Q. Read the text below and prepare its information structure:In the twentieth ( 20th ) century one of our greatest problems is pollution in our cities . The air constantly being polluted from smoke , from factories and rural areas is polluted by uncollected garbage . Water is also polluted particularly as a result of unrated sweage. Also oil trankers often clean their tranks at sea and power station release hot water into rivers , which kills fish and plants .

Ans.
Pollution

Air

Water

Land

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

A more details information structure of the text is what ? Pollution

Air
Where : Smoke from factory , Emitted from motorvechiles , Hot water from power station , Oil from tranks , Unrated sewaye , Uncollected garbage ,

Water

Land

Q. Time and Tense :

Tense > Latin tempus > Time. 1. I write a letter . --> Verb write refers to Present tense . 2. I wrote a letter . --> Verb wrote refers to Past tense . 3. I shall write a letter . --> Verb shall write refers to Future tense .

Tense

Present :
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Past :

Future :

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

Present Tense : Simple Present :

I write a letter . You write a letter . He writes a letter . Sub - pre V. - obj

Formation :

Present Continuous :
I am writting a letter . You are writting a letter . He is writing a letter . Sub - beV. - pre V.+ing - obj

Formation :

Present Perfect :
I have written a letter . You have written a letter . He has written a letter . Sub have/has past part.V. - obj

Formation :

Present Perfect Continuous :

I have been writting a letter . You have been writting a letter . He has been writting a letter . Sub have/has + been pre.V.+ ing - obj

Formation :

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

Past Tense : Simple Past :

I wrote a letter . You wrote a letter . He wrote a letter . Sub - past V. - obj

Formation :

Past Continuous :
I was writting a letter . You were writting a letter . He was writing a letter . Sub past pert. of beV. - pre V.+ing - obj

Formation :

Past Perfect :
I had written a letter . You had written a letter .. He had written a letter . Sub had past part.V. - obj

Formation :

Past Perfect Continuous :

I had been writting a letter . You had been writting a letter . He had been writting a letter . Sub had + been pre.V.+ ing - obj

Formation :

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

Future Tense : Simple Future :

I shall write a letter . You will write a letter . He will write a letter . Sub sall/will-pre. V. - obj

Formation :

Future Continuous :
I sall be writting a letter . You will be writting a letter . He will be writing a letter . Sub shall/will+be- pre V.+ing - obj

Formation :

Future Perfect :
I sall have written a letter . You will have written a letter .. He will have written a letter . Sub shall/will+have past part.V. - obj

Formation :

Future Perfect Continuous :

I shall have been writting a letter . You will have been writting a letter . He will have been writting a letter . Sub shall/will+have + been pre.V.+ ing - obj

Formation :

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

Transformation of Sentences: Voice:

Mainly two kinds of voice that is a) Active Voice b) Passive Voice

Active Voice : A verb is in the active voice when its form shows that something is done to the person
or thing denoted by the subject does some things .

Passive Voice : A verb in the passive voice when its form shows that something is done to the person
or things denoted by subject .

Voice is that form of a verb we shows whether what is denoted by the subject does something or has something done to it.

Catch verb :
Simple Present: Active Voice I catch fish. You catch fish. He catches fish. Fish is caught by him. Fish is caught by you. Fish is caught by me . Passive Voice

Present continuous: Active Voice I am catching fish. You are catching fish. He is catching fish. Fish is being caught by him. Fish is being caught by you. Fish is being caught by me. Passive Voice

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

Present Parfect: Active Voice I have caught fish. You have caught fish. He has caught fish. Fish has caught by him. Fish has caught by you. Fish has caught by me. Passive Voice

Simple Past: Active Voice I caught fish. You caught fish. He caught fish. Fish was caught by him. Fish was caught by you. Fish was caught by me. Passive Voice

Past Continuous: Active Voice I was caught fish. You were caught fish. He was caught fish.. Fish was being caught by him. Fish was being caught by you. Fish was being caught by me. Passive Voice

Past Perfect: Active Voice I had caught fish. You had caught fish. He had caught fish. Fish had been caught by him. Fish had been caught by you. Fish had been caught by me. Passive Voice

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

Simple Future: Active Voice I shall catch fish. You will catch fish. He will catch fish. Fish will be caught by him. Fish will be caught by you. Fish will be caught by me. Passive Voice

Future Perfect: Active Voice I shall have caught fish. You will have caught fish. He will have caught fish. Fish will have been caught by him. Fish will have been caught by you. Fish will have been caught by me. Passive Voice

Retained Object:
I shall tell him these words. (Active Voice) These words will be told him by me. (Passive Voice)

From first Sentence him is Indirect Object and these words is Direct Object. From second sentence him is Retained Object.

Voice change of Inparative Sentence:

Active Voice Shut the door. Put up a tent. Have a tent put up. Help to the girl. The girl should be helped. Let a tent be put up. Let the door be shut. Passive Voice

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!

Quasi-passive Verb:
Active Voice Honey tastes sweet. Rice sells cheep. Rice is cheep when it is sold. Honey is sweet when it is tested. Passive Voice

Example:
Passive Voice The thief was arrested. Trespasser will be prosecuted. What cannot be cured must be endured. We must endure what we cannot cure. Someone will prosecute trespasser. Police arrested the thief. Active Voice

pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine. Get yours now!