CRUZ, HEIDY V.

5CHEB

Problem A1 A Study of Bernoullis Theorem I. Abstract The Bernoulli Equation states that the total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is a constant along the flow path. An increase in the speed of the fluid means a decrease in its pressure, and an increase in cross-sectional area means a decrease in its fluid velocity. The experiment aims to determine the validity of the Bernoullis Theorem on the flow of water in a venturi tube by comparing the theoretical total head and the observed total head at a given flow rate and to determine the range of its validity. The Theorem was proved by using the Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus. The different manometer levels were read at a given flow rate for four trials. The velocity of the fluid as the cross-sectional area increases was plotted, and showed a decreasing behaviour. The error between the theoretical total head and the observed total head was computed in order to quantify the validity of the Bernoullis Theorem which showed that the Theorem is valid to both type of flows. Objectives 1. To determine the validity of the Bernoullis Theorem on the flow of water in a tapering circular duct by comparing the theoretical total head and the observed total head at a given flow rate. 2. To determine the range of validity of the Bernoulli Theorem using water flowing at different flow rates. References Munson, B. R., Young, D.F., and Okiishi, T.H., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. McCabe, W. L., Smith, J.C., and Harriott, P. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, 2005. IV. Equipment/Materials Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus 1L Beaker Stopwatch

II.

III.

CRUZ, HEIDY V. 5CHEB

Figure 1 The Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration Apparatus

Figure 2 Top View of the Bernoulli Apparatus V. Theory The Bernoulli Equation is a very powerful equation used in fluid mechanics. Originally formulated by Daniel Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is a constant along the flow path. An increase in the speed of the fluid means a decrease in its pressure. The Bernoulli equation is mathematically stated below:

CRUZ, HEIDY V. 5CHEB

1 P u 2 z constant along a streamline 2

Bernoullis equation is applicable to streamline, steady, inviscid and incompressible flow. Its principle applies in nozzles, where fluid velocity increases as the tube diameter is reduced. It is also the working principle behind venturi and orifice meters. VI. Operating Conditions and Procedures 1. The flow rate that gave the largest convenient difference on manometer levels was determined by adjusting both the inlet and flow control valve. Three trials were conducted to determine the flow rate using a 1L beaker and a stopwatch. 2. The hypodermic probe was inserted to the venturi tube, placing it to the location of the respective tubes. The parallel distance from the end of the tube was measured. 3. The scale readings of the manometer level of the corresponding tubes were noted. 4. The procedure was conducted in four trials for different combination of valve openings. Operating Condition: Constant flow rate of the feed should be ensured during the experiment. Always check that the other faucets in the laboratory will not be opened in the middle of the experiment for it will affect the readings. VII. Data and Results The summary of the data collected during the experiments are presented below. Table 1 shows the probe distance from the end of the duct at the different corresponding tubes. Table 1 Probe Distance at Different Corresponding Tubes Tube No. Probe Distance (mm) 1 78.5 2 71.0 3 68.0 4 65.0 5 57.0 6 6.0

Table 2 shows the different measured flow rates per trial. The flow rates vary per trial due to external factors.

CRUZ, HEIDY V. 5CHEB

Table 2 Summary of Flow Rates Trial Flow Rate (L/s) 1 0.0429 2 0.0389 3 0.0368 4 0.0322

Table 3 Scale Readings of Manometer and Probe Manometer Levels at Different Trials Manometer Level Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trial 1 130 132 131 134 138 143 Trial 2 125 128 128 130 133 136 Trial 3 119.5 123 123 125 129 133 Trial 4 118 119.5 120 122 124.5 127 Probe Manometer Level Trial 1 145 144 144 144 144 144 Trial 2 139 139 139 139.5 138 138 Trial 3 134 134 134 134 134 134 Trial 4 128 128 128 128 128 128

Table 3 shows the summary of the manometer readings of the four trials conducted during the experiment. VIII. Treatment of Results All the data that will be used for the sample calculations is from tube no.1 and trial 4. This is because the flow rate and readings in the last trial is the most consistent and free from external flow rate disturbances. Table 4 shows the cross-sectional area of the tube computed as

2 d 4

Where A is the cross-sectional area and d is the diameter.

CRUZ, HEIDY V. 5CHEB

Table 4 Cross-Sectional Area per Tube Tube No. Diameter (mm) Crosssectional area (mm2) 1 10.0 75.40 2 10.6 88.25 3 11.3 100.29 4 12.4 120.76 5 14.6 167.41 6 25.0 490.87

From the obtained values from the experiment, the velocity of the fluid can be determined by the formula,

q A

Where v is the velocity; q is the flowrate; and A is the cross-sectional area. For tube 1, A=78.50 mm2 or 7.85x10-5 m2; the volumetric flow rate for trial 4 is 0.0322 L/s or 3.22x10-5 m3/s. Substituting the values to the formula,

m3 s v 5 2 7.850 x10 m m v 0.4099 s 3.22 x105

From the Bernoulli equation,

1 P u 2 z constant along a streamline 2

1 2 the second term, v , is the velocity head of the fluid. Where is the density in 2 kg/m3 and v is the computed fluid velocity. The fluid inside the manometer is water having the density of 1000 kg/m3. The fluid velocity in tube 1 in the 4th trial is 0.4099 m/s. Substituting the values in the equation,

velocity head

1 kg m (1000 3 )(0.4099 )2 2 m s kg kg 0.084 = 84 m s2 mm s 2

CRUZ, HEIDY V. 5CHEB

The theoretical total head is computed by adding the velocity head and the measured static head (manometer reading). Theoretical total head = measured static head + velocity head For tube 1, trial 4, Theoretical total head = 118 + 0.084 = 118.084 kg m-1s-2 The experimental theoretical head is the probe manometer level in tube 7. The probe manometer reading should be near the computed theoretical total head. Table 5 shows the theoretical and experimental total head obtained in the fourth and best trial conducted. Table 5 Percent Error Between Theoretical and Experimental Total Head Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Theoretical Total Head Probe Manometer Level 118.084 119.5666 120.0516 122.0355 124.5185 127.0022 128 128 128 128 128 128 Percent Error 8.39 7.05 6.62 4.89 2.79 0.78

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Analysis of Data The calculations shown in the Treatment of Results shows that the Bernoulli equation is applicable for the system, in any kind of flow rate. Four trials of different flow rate were conducted and the results of the trials agree to the theoretical value with a minimal percent error as seen in Table 6 below. However, as seen on the Table, the percent error between the theoretical and experimental values decreases as the flow becomes divergent.

CRUZ, HEIDY V. 5CHEB

Table 6 Percent Error Between Theoretical and Experimental Total Head in all Trials % error Tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trial 1 11.41 8.99 9.85 7.41 4.32 0.70 Trial 2 11.09 8.51 8.53 7.26 3.74 1.47 Trial 3 12.03 8.87 8.88 7.16 3.86 0.75 Trial 4 8.39 7.05 6.62 4.89 2.79 0.78

Figure 3 shows the behaviour of the fluid velocity as the cross-sectional area of the tube increases. The velocity of the fluid decreases as the area increases. This proves the Bernoulli Theory that the velocity is dependent in the cross-sectional area or the diameter of the tube. This is why the Bernoulli theory is applied on nozzles, where the diameter of the tip is decreasing to increase the fluid flow.

0.45 0.4 0.35 Fluid Velocity 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 100 200 300 Cross-Sectional Area 400 500 600

Figure 3 Fluid Velocity vs Cross-Sectional Area

CRUZ, HEIDY V. 5CHEB

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Answers to Questions 1. Do the computed heads agree with the total head probe? If they differ, what are the reasons? The computed head and total head probe value differ. The reasons can be attributed to lack of accuracy in reading and the changing flow rate whenever another group would open another faucet. Also the flow rate varies because there is a leak in the inlet pipe. The change in flow rate lowers the manometer levels, thus causes differences in the readings. 2. Comment on the validity of the Bernoulli equation for the system tested for (a)convergent flow (b)divergent flow The Bernoulli equation is valid for both convergent and divergent flow as shown in the calculations. Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations The experiment proved the validity of Bernoullis Theorem on the flow of water in a venturi tube. It gave a minimal percent error when the theoretical total head was compared using the observed total head at a given flow rate. The Bernoullis theorem showed the increasing velocity of the fluid as the cross-sectional area decreases.

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