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Chapter 10
Statistical Inferences about Two Populations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The general focus of Chapter 10 is on testing hypotheses and constructing confidence
intervals about parameters from two populations, thereby enabling you to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Test hypotheses and construct confidence intervals about the difference in two
population means using the z statistic.
Test hypotheses and establish confidence intervals about the difference in two
population means using the t statistic.
Test hypotheses and construct confidence intervals about the difference in two
related populations.
Test hypotheses and construct confidence intervals about the difference in two
population proportions.
Test hypotheses and construct confidence intervals about two population
variances.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
10.1 Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals about the Difference in Two Means
using the z Statistic (Population Variances Known)
Hypothesis Testing
Confidence Intervals
Using the Computer to Test Hypotheses about the Difference in Two
Population Means Using the z Test
10.2 Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals about the Difference in Two Means:
Independent Samples and Population Variances Unknown
Hypothesis Testing
Using the Computer to Test Hypotheses and Construct Confidence
Intervals about the Difference in Two Population Means Using the t
Test
Confidence Intervals
10.3
10.4
10.5
KEY TERMS
Dependent Samples
F Distribution
F Value
Independent Samples
Matched-Pairs Test
Related Measures
Sample 1
x 1 = 51.3
s12 = 52
n1 = 31
a)
Ho:
Ha:
Sample 2
x 2 = 53.2
s22 = 60
n2 = 32
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 < 0
+ 2
n1
n2
z =
z.10 = -1.28
=
= -1.01
Since the observed z = -1.01 > zc = -1.28, the decision is to fail to reject
the null hypothesis.
b)
zc =
1 2
+
n1
n2
( x 1 x 2 ) c (0)
-1.28 =
(x1-
c)
52 60
+
31 32
) = -2.41
2 c
10.2
Sample 1
n1 = 32
x 1 = 70.4
1 = 5.76
Sample 2
n2 = 31
x 2 = 68.7
2 = 6.1
z.05 = 1.645
2
( x1 x 2 ) z 1 + 2
n1
n2
(70.4) 68.7) + 1.645
5.76 2 6.12
+
32
31
1.7 2.46
-.76 < 1 - 2 < 4.16
10.3
a)
Sample 1
Sample 2
= 88.23
1 = 22.74
n1 = 30
= 81.2
2 = 26.65
n2 = 30
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
For two-tail test, use /2 = .01
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
z =
+ 2
n1
n2
z.01 = + 2.33
= 5.48
Since the observed z = 5.48 > z.01 = 2.33, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
b) ( x1 x 2 ) z 1 + 2
n1
n2
(88.23 81.2) + 2.33
22 .74
26 .65
+
30
30
7.03 + 2.99
4.04 <
< 10.02
This supports the decision made in a) to reject the null hypothesis because
zero is not in the interval.
10.4
Computers/electronics
Food/Beverage
= 1.96
1 = 1.0188
n1 = 50
x
= 3.02
2 = .9180
n2 = 50
x
Ho:
Ha:
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 0
z =
1 2
+
n1
n2
2
z.005 = 2.575
(1.96 3.02) (0)
1.0188 0.9180
+
50
50
= -5.39
Since the observed z = -5.39 < zc = -2.575, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.5
A
n1 = 40
x 1 = 5.3
12 = 1.99
B
n2 = 37
x 2 = 6.5
22 = 2.36
z.025 = 1.96
2
( x1 x 2 ) z 1 + 2
n1
n2
(5.3 6.5) + 1.96
1.99
2.36
+
40
37
-1.86 <
-1.2 .66
< -.54
The results indicate that we are 95% confident that, on average, Plumber B does
between 0.54 and 1.86 more jobs per day than Plumber A. Since zero does not lie
in this interval, we are confident that there is a difference between Plumber A and
Plumber B.
10.6
Managers
n1 = 35
x 1 = 1.84
1 = .38
Specialty
n2 = 41
x 2 = 1.99
2 = .51
z.01 = 2.33
2
( x1 x 2 ) z 1 + 2
n1
n2
(1.84 - 1.99) 2.33
.38 2 .512
+
35
41
-.15 .2384
-.3884 < 1 - 2 < .0884
Point Estimate = -.15
Hypothesis Test:
1) Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
2
1 2
+
n1
n2
2) z =
3) = .02
4) For a two-tailed test, z.01 = + 2.33. If the observed z value is greater than 2.33
or less than -2.33, then the decision will be to reject the null hypothesis.
5) Data given above
(1.84 1.99 ) (0)
6) z =
(. 38 ) 2 (. 51) 2
+
35
41
= -1.47
7) Since z = -1.47 > z.01 = -2.33, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
8) There is no significant difference in the hourly rates of the two groups.
10.7
1996
x 1 = 190
1 = 18.50
n1 = 51
2006
x 2 = 198
2 = 15.60
n2 = 47
= .01
H0: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 < 0
For a one-tailed test,
z.01 = -2.33
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
z =
1 2
+
n1
n2
2
= -2.32
Since the observed z = -2.32 > z.01 = -2.33, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.8
Seattle
Atlanta
n1 = 31
x 1 = 2.64
12 = .03
n2 = 31
x 2 = 2.36
22 = .015
z.005 = 2.575
2
( x1 x 2 ) z 1 + 2
n1
n2
.03 .015
+
31
31
(2.64-2.36) 2.575
.18 <
.28 .10
< .38
Between $ .18 and $ .38 difference with Seattle being more expensive.
10.9
Canon
x 1 = 5.8
1 = 1.7
n1 = 36
Ho:
Ha:
Pioneer
x 2 = 5.0
2 = 1.4
n2 = 45
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 0
z =
1 2
+
n1
n2
z.025 = 1.96
(5.8 5.0) (0)
(1.7) 2 (1.4)
+
36
45
= 2.27
Since the observed z = 2.27 > zc = 1.96, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.10
A
= 8.05
1 = 1.36
n1 = 50
x
B
= 7.26
2 = 1.06
n2 = 38
x
Ho:
Ha:
10
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 > 0
1 2
+
n1
n2
2
z =
z.10 = 1.28
=
= 3.06
Since the observed z = 3.06 > zc = 1.28, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.11 Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 < 0
= .01
df = 8 + 11 - 2 = 17
Sample 1
n1 = 8
x 1 = 24.56
s12 = 12.4
Sample 2
n2 = 11
x 2 = 26.42
s22 = 15.8
( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1)
n1 + n 2 2
1
1
+
n1 n 2
-1.05
Since the observed t = -1.05 > t.01,19 = -2.567, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
10.12 a)
11
=.10
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
df = 20 + 20 - 2 = 38
Sample 1
n1 = 20
x 1 = 118
s1 = 23.9
Sample 2
n2 = 20
x 2 = 113
s2 = 21.6
/2 = .05
( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
2
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1)
n1 + n 2 2
t =
1
1
+
n1 n 2
1
1
+
20 20
= 0.69
Since the observed t = 0.69 < t.05,38 = 1.697, the decision is to fail to reject
the null hypothesis.
b)
s (n 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
( x1 x 2 ) t 1 1
+
=
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
(118 113) + 1.697
5 + 12.224
-7.224 <
< 17.224
1
1
+
20 20
10.13
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 > 0
12
= .05
df = n1 + n2 - 2 = 10 + 10 - 2 = 18
Sample 1
n1 = 10
x 1 = 45.38
s1 = 2.357
Sample 2
n2 = 10
x 2 = 40.49
s2 = 2.355
( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
t =
= 4.64
Since the observed t = 4.64 > t.05,18 = 1.734, the decision is to reject the
null hypothesis.
10.14
=.01
df = 18 + 18 - 2 = 34
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
Sample 1
n1 = 18
x 1 = 5.333
s12 = 12
Sample 2
n2 = 18
x 2 = 9.444
s22 = 2.026
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t =
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
(5.333 9.444 ) (0)
12 (17 ) + (2.026 )17 1
1
+
18 +18 2
18 18
= -4.66
Since the observed t = -4.66 < t.005,34 = -2.75, reject the null hypothesis.
b)
13
s (n 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
( x1 x 2 ) t 1 1
+
=
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
(5.333 9.444) + 2.457
1
1
+
18 18
-4.111 + 2.1689
-6.2799 <
10.15
Peoria
n1 = 21
x1 = 116,900
s1 = 2,300
< -1.9421
Evansville
n2 = 26
x 2 = 114,000
s2 = 1,750
( x1 x 2 ) t
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
=
+
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
2,900 + 994.62
1905.38 <
df = 21 + 26 2
< 3894.62
1
1
+
21 26
14
= .10
df = 12 + 12 - 2 = 22
10.16 Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
Co-op
n1 = 12
x 1 = $15.645
s1 = $1.093
Interns
n2 = 12
x 2 = $15.439
s2 = $0.958
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
t =
= 0.49
Since the observed t = 0.49 < t.05,22 = 1.717, the decision is to fail reject the null
hypothesis.
90% Confidence Interval:
2
t.05,22 = 1.717
2
s (n 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
( x1 x 2 ) t 1 1
+
=
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
(15.645 15.439) + 1.717
0.206 + 0.7204
-0.5144 <
< 0.9264
15
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 > 0
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
2)
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
3) = .01
4) For a one-tailed test and df = 8 + 9 - 2 = 15, t.01,15 = 2.602. If the observed
value of t is greater than 2.602, the decision is to reject the null hypothesis.
5) Boston
n1 = 8
x 1 = 47
s1 = 3
Dallas
n2 = 9
x 2 = 44
s2 = 3
(47 44 ) (0)
6)
t =
7(3) 2 + 8(3) 2
15
1 1
+
8 9
= 2.06
7) Since t = 2.06 < t.01,15 = 2.602, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
8) There is no significant difference in rental rates between Boston and Dallas.
10.18
nm = 22
x m = 112
sm = 11
nno = 20
x no = 122
sno = 12
df = nm + nno - 2 = 22 + 20 - 2 = 40
For a 98% Confidence Interval, /2 = .01 and
2
t.01,40 = 2.423
s (n 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
( x1 x 2 ) t 1 1
+
=
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
(112 122) + 2.423
1
1
+
22 20
16
-10 8.60
-$18.60 < 1 - 2 < -$1.40
Point Estimate = -$10
10.19
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
df = n1 + n2 - 2 = 11 + 11 - 2 = 20
Toronto
n1 = 11
x 1 = $67,381.82
s1 = $2,067.28
Mexico City
n2 = 11
x 2 = $63,481.82
s2 = $1,594.25
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
t =
= 4.95
Since the observed t = 4.95 > t.005,20 = 2.845, the decision is to Reject the null
hypothesis.
10.20
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 > 0
df = n1 + n2 - 2 = 9 + 10 - 2 = 17
Men
n1 = 9
x 1 = $110.92
s1 = $28.79
Women
n2 = 10
x 2 = $75.48
s2 = $30.51
17
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
1. 9 0 2 7 . 45 ) 8 ( 0 )
(1
t =
( 2 . 78 ) 9 ( 8 ) + ( 3 . 50 ) 12 ( 9 )
9 + 1 0 2
2
1
1 = 2.60
+
9 1 0
Since the observed t = 2.60 > t.01,17 = 2.567, the decision is to Reject the null
hypothesis.
10.21 Ho: D = 0
Ha: D > 0
Sample 1
38
27
30
41
36
38
33
35
44
n=9
Sample 2
22
28
21
38
38
26
19
31
35
d
=7.11
d
16
-1
9
3
-2
12
14
4
9
sd=6.45
= .01
df = n - 1 = 9 - 1 = 8
For one-tail test and = .01,
t =
d D 7.11 0
=
sd
6.45 = 3.31
9
n
Since the observed t = 3.31 > t.01,8 = 2.896, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.22 Ho:
Ha:
Before
107
99
110
113
96
98
100
102
107
109
104
99
101
18
D=0
D 0
After
102
98
100
108
89
101
99
102
105
110
102
96
100
n = 13
d = 2.5385
df = n - 1 = 13 - 1 = 12
d
5
1
10
5
7
-3
1
0
2
-1
2
3
1
sd=3.4789
= .05
d D 2.5385 0
=
3.4789
t = sd
= 2.63
13
n
Since the observed t = 2.63 > t.025,12 = 2.179, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.23 n = 22
= 40.56
19
sd = 26.58
sd
n
40.56 (2.518)
26 .58
22
40.56 14.27
26.29 < D < 54.83
10.24
Before
32
28
35
32
26
25
37
16
35
After
40
25
36
32
29
31
39
30
31
d
-8
3
-1
0
-3
-6
-2
-14
4
d = -3
n=9
df = n - 1 = 9 - 1 = 8
sd = 5.6347
= .025
t.05,8 = 1.86
sd
n
t = -3 + (1.86) 5.6347
= -3 3.49
Cost
Resale
Atlanta
Boston
Des Moines
Kansas City
Louisville
Portland
Raleigh-Durham
Reno
Ridgewood
San Francisco
Tulsa
20427
27255
22115
23256
21887
24255
19852
23624
25885
28999
20836
= 1302.82
sd = 4938.22
= .01
d t
sd
n
/2 = .005
25163
24625
12600
24588
19267
20150
22500
16667
26875
35333
16292
20
-4736
2630
9515
-1332
2620
4105
-2648
6957
- 990
-6334
4544
n = 11,
df = 10
t.005,10= 3.169
4938 .22
11
= 1302.82 + 3.169
= 1302.82 + 4718.42
10.26 Ho:
Ha:
D=0
D<0
Before
2
4
1
3
4
2
2
3
1
n=9
After
4
5
3
3
3
5
6
4
5
d
=-1.778
d
-2
-1
-2
0
1
-3
-4
-1
-4
sd=1.716
= .05
df = n - 1 = 9 - 1 = 8
t =
21
d D 1.778 0
=
sd
1.716
= -3.11
9
n
Since the observed t = -3.11 < t.05,8 = -1.86, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.27
Before
255
230
290
242
300
250
215
230
225
219
236
n = 11
After
197
225
215
215
240
235
190
240
200
203
223
d
= 28.09
d
58
5
75
27
60
15
25
-10
25
16
13
sd=25.813
df = n - 1 = 11 - 1 = 10
sd
n
= 28.09 21.51
10.28 H0: D = 0
Ha: D > 0
n = 27
df = 27 1 = 26
22
= 3.17
sd = 5
Since the observed t = 3.86 > t.01,26 = 2.479, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.29 n = 21
= 75
sd = 30
df = 21 - 1 = 20
sd
n
75 + 1.725
30
21
= 75 11.29
10.30 Ho:
Ha:
n = 15
D=0
D 0
d
= -2.85
sd = 1.9
= .01
df = 15 - 1 = 14
= -5.81
Since the observed t = -5.81 < t.005,14 = -2.977, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.31 a)
Sample 1
Sample 2
n1 = 368
x1 = 175
p 1 =
p=
23
n2 = 405
x2 = 182
x1 175
=
= .476
n1 368
p 2 =
x 2 182
=
= .449
n2 405
Ho: p1 - p2 = 0
Ha: p1 - p2 0
For two-tail, /2 = .025 and z.025 = 1.96
z=
( p 1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
p q +
n1 n
368 405
Since the observed z = 0.75 < zc = 1.96, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
b)
p=
Ho:
Ha:
Sample 1
1 = .38
p
n1 = 649
Sample 2
2 = .25
p
n2 = 558
p1 - p2 = 0
p1 - p2 > 0
( p 1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
p q +
n1 n
z.10 = 1.28
(. 38 .25 ) (0)
1 = 4.83
1
(. 32 )(. 68 )
+
649 558
Since the observed z = 4.83 > zc = 1.28, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.32
a)
n1 = 85
n2 = 90
= .75
= .67
24
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
(. 75 )(. 25 ) (. 67 )(. 33 )
+
= .08 .11
85
90
n1 = 1100
n2 = 1300
= .19
= .17
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
(. 19 )(. 81 ) (. 17 )(. 83 )
+
= .02 .03
1100
1300
n1 = 430
p 1 =
n2 = 399
x1 275
=
= .64
n1 430
x1 = 275
p 2 =
x2 = 275
x 2 275
=
= .69
n 2 399
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
(. 64 )(. 36 ) (. 69 )(. 31 )
+
430
399
= -.05 .047
d)
n1 = 1500
p 1 =
n2 = 1500
x1 = 1050
x1 1050
=
= .70
n1 1500
p 2 =
25
x2 = 1100
x 2 1100
=
= .733
n2 1500
( p 1 p 2 ) z
10.33 H0: pm - pw = 0
Ha: pm - pw < 0
nm = 374
z=
nw = 481
= .59
= .70
z.05 = -1.645
(. 59 .70 ) (0)
1
1
(. 652 )(. 348 )
+
374 481
= -3.35
Since the observed z = -3.35 < z.05 = -1.645, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.34 n1 = 210
1 = .24
p
n2 = 176
26
2 = .35
p
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
(. 24 )(. 76 ) (. 35 )(. 65 )
+
= -.11 + .0765
210
176
Ho:
Ha:
Banks
2 = .56
n2 = 89
n1 p 1 + n2 p 2 56 (.48 ) + 89 (.56 )
=
= .529
n1 + n 2
56 + 89
p1 - p2 = 0
p1 - p2 0
( p 1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
p q +
n1 n
(. 48 .56 ) (0)
1
1
(. 529 )(. 471 )
+
56 89
-0.94
Since the observed z = -0.94 > zc = -1.28, the decision is to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.36
A
n1 = 35
x1 = 5
p 1 =
27
B
n2 = 35
x2 = 7
x1
5
=
= .14
n1 35
p 2 =
x2
7
=
n 2 35
= .20
z.01 = 2.33
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
( p 1 p 2 ) z
(. 14 )(. 86 ) (. 20 )(. 80 )
+
35
35
= -.06 .21
10.37 H0: p1 p2 = 0
Ha: p1 p2 0
= .10
= .09
= .06
Z =
n1 = 780
n2 = 915
z.05 = + 1.645
(. 09 .06 ) (0)
1
1
(. 0738 )(. 9262 )
+
780 915
= 2.35
Since the observed z = 2.35 > z.05 = 1.645, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.38 n1 = 850
n2 = 910
= .60
28
= .52
( p 1 p 2 ) z
(. 60 )(. 40 ) (. 52 )(. 48 )
+
= .08 + .046
850
910
10.39 H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
=
<
= .01
2
2
2
2
dfnum = 12 - 1 = 11
n1 = 10
s12 = 562
2
n2 = 12
s2 = 1013
dfdenom = 10 - 1 = 9
s2
s1
1013
= 1.80
562
Since the observed F = 1.80 < F.01,10,9 = 5.26, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
10.40 H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
= 22
22
dfnum = 5 - 1 = 4
= .05
F =
s2
s1 = 4.68
s2 = 2.78
dfdenom = 19 - 1 = 18
s1
n1 = 5
n2 = 19
F.025,4,18 = 3.61
F.95,18,4 = .277
(4.68) 2
= 2.83
(2.78) 2
Since the observed F = 2.83 < F.025,4,18 = 3.61, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
10.41
City 1
City 2
3.43
3.40
3.39
3.32
3.39
3.38
3.34
3.38
3.38
3.28
3.33
3.42
3.39
3.30
3.46
3.39
3.36
3.44
3.37
3.38
n1 = 10
df1 = 9
n2 = 10
df2 = 9
s12 = .0018989
s22 = .0023378
H0:
Ha:
= .10 /2 = .05
2
1
2
1
= 22
22
29
s1
s2
.0018989
= 0.81
.0023378
Since the observed F = 0.81 is greater than the lower tail critical value of 0.314
and less than the upper tail critical value of 3.18, the decision is to fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
30
s1
s2
3) = .01
4) df1 = 12
F.005,12,10 = 5.66
F.995,10,12 = .177
If the observed value is greater than 5.66 or less than .177, the decision will be
to reject the null hypothesis.
5) s12 = 393.4
s22 = 702.7
393 .4
= 0.56
702 .7
6) F =
10.43 H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
= 22
> 22
dfnum = 12 - 1 = 11
= .05
n1 = 12
s1 = 7.52
n2 = 15 s2 = 6.08
dfdenom = 15 - 1 = 14
s1
s2
(7.52) 2
=
= 1.53
(6.08) 2
Since the observed F = 1.53 < F.05,10,14 = 2.60, the decision is to fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
10.44 H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
= 22
22
= .01
dfnum = 15 - 1 = 14
F =
s2
s12 = 91.5
s22 = 67.3
dfdenom = 15 - 1 = 14
s1
n1 = 15
n2 = 15
31
91.5
= 1.36
67.3
Since the observed F = 1.36 < F.005,12,14 = 4.43 and > F.995,14,12 = .226, the decision is
to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
10.45 Ho:
Ha:
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 0
Sample 2
x 2 = 142.5
2 = 8.92
n2 = 39
( x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
z =
+ 2
n1
n2
= -2.38
Since the observed value of z = -2.38 is less than the critical value of z = -1.645,
the decision is to reject the null hypothesis. There is a significant difference in
the means of the two populations.
10.46 Sample 1
x 1 = 34.9
12 = 2.97
n1 = 34
32
Sample 2
x 2 = 27.6
22 = 3.50
n2 = 31
s
s
( x1 x 2 ) z 1 + 2
n1 n2
(34.9 27.6) + 2.33
6.26 <
2.97 3.50
+
34
31
= 7.3 + 1.04
< 8.34
10.47 Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 > 0
Sample 1
x 1= 2.06
s12 = .176
n1 = 12
Sample 2
x 2 = 1.93
s22 = .143
n2 = 15
= .05
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
(2.06 1.93 ) (0)
t =
= 0.85
Since the observed value of t = 0.85 is less than the critical value of t = 1.708, the
decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis. The mean for population one is
not significantly greater than the mean for population two.
10.48
Sample 1
x 1 = 74.6
s12 = 10.5
n1 = 18
33
Sample 2
x 2 = 70.9
s22 = 11.4
n2 = 19
s (n 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
( x1 x 2 ) t 1 1
+
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
(74.6 70.9) + 2.042
1
1
+
18 19
3.7 + 2.22
1.48 <
= .01
10.49 Ho: D = 0
Ha: D < 0
n = 21
< 5.92
df = 20
= -1.16
sd = 1.01
The critical t.01,20 = -2.528. If the observed t is less than -2.528, then the decision
will be to reject the null hypothesis.
d D 1.16 0
=
1.01
t = sd
21
n
= -5.26
Since the observed value of t = -5.26 is less than the critical t value of -2.528, the
decision is to reject the null hypothesis. The population difference is less
than zero.
10.50
Respondent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Before
47
33
38
50
39
27
35
46
41
After
63
35
36
56
44
29
32
54
47
34
d
-16
-2
2
-6
-5
-2
3
-8
-6
= -4.44
sd = 5.703
df = 8
For a 99% Confidence Level, /2 = .005 and t8,.005 = 3.355
d
d t
sd
= -4.44 + 3.355
5.703
9
= -4.44 + 6.38
= .05
/2 = .025
z.025 = + 1.96
10.51 Ho: p1 - p2 = 0
Ha: p1 - p2 0
If the observed value of z is greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96, then the decision
will be to reject the null hypothesis.
Sample 1
x1 = 345
n1 = 783
p=
x1 + x 2 345 + 421
=
= .4562
n1 + n 2 783 + 896
p 1 =
z=
Sample 2
x2 = 421
n2 = 896
x1 345
=
= .4406
n1 783
( p 1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
p q +
n1 n
p 2 =
x 2 421
=
= .4699
n 2 896
783 896
Since the observed value of z = -1.20 is greater than -1.96, the decision is to fail to
reject the null hypothesis. There is no significant difference.
10.52 Sample 1
n1 = 409
1 = .71
p
35
Sample 2
n2 = 378
2 = .67
p
z.005 = 2.575
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
(. 71 )(. 29 ) (. 67 )(. 33 )
+
= .04 .085
409
378
10.53 H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
= 22
22
= .05
n1 = 8
n2 = 10
s12 = 46
s22 = 37
dfnum = 8 - 1 = 7
dfdenom = 10 - 1 = 9
The critical F values are:
F.025,7,9 = 4.20 F.975,9,7 = .238
If the observed value of F is greater than 4.20 or less than .238, then the decision
will be to reject the null hypothesis.
F =
s1
s2
46
= 1.24
37
Since the observed F = 1.24 is less than F.025,7,9 =4.20 and greater than
F.975,9,7 = .238, the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is no
significant difference in the variances of the two populations.
10.54
Term
= $75,000
st = $22,000
nt = 27
x
36
Whole Life
x w = $45,000
sw = $15,500
nw = 29
df = 27 + 29 - 2 = 54
For a 95% Confidence Level, /2 = .025 and t.025,50 = 2.009 (used df=50)
2
( x1 x 2 ) t
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
1
1
+
27 29
30,000 10,160.11
19,839.89 < 1 - 2 < 40,160.11
10.55
Morning
43
51
37
24
47
44
50
55
46
n=9
Afternoon
41
49
44
32
46
42
47
51
49
d
= -0.444
d
2
2
-7
-8
1
2
3
4
-3
sd =4.447
sd
n
= -0.444 2.757
df = 9 - 1 = 8
10.56 Marketing
n1 = 400
x1 = 220
37
Accountants
n2 = 450
x2 = 216
Ho: p1 - p2 = 0
Ha: p1 - p2 > 0
= .01
p=
z=
220
= .55
400
2 =
p
216
= .48
450
x1 + x 2 220 + 216
=
= .513
n1 + n 2 400 + 450
( p 1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
p q +
n1 n
(. 55 .48 ) (0)
1 = 2.04
1
(. 513 )(. 487 )
+
400 450
Since the observed z = 2.04 is less than z.01 = 2.33, the decision is to fail to reject
the null hypothesis. There is no significant difference between marketing
managers and accountants in the proportion who keep track of obligations in
their head.
10.57
Accounting
n1 = 16
x 1 = 26,400
s1 = 1,200
H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
Data Entry
n2 = 14
x 2 = 25,800
s2 = 1,050
= 22
22
= .05
and /2 = .025
dfnum = 16 1 = 15
dfdenom = 14 1 = 13
F =
s1
s2
1,440,000
= 1.31
1,102,500
Since the observed F = 1.31 is less than F.025,15,13 = 3.05 and greater than
F.975,15,13 = 0.33, the decision is to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
10.58
Men
Women
n1 = 60
x 1 = 631
1 = 100
n2 = 41
x 2 = 848
2 = 100
38
s
s
( x1 x 2 ) z 1 + 2
n1 n2
(631 848) + 1.96
100 2 100 2
+
60
41
= -217 39.7
10.59 Ho:
Ha:
= .01
df = 20 + 24 - 2 = 42
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 0
Detroit
n1 = 20
x 1 = 17.53
s1 = 3.2
Charlotte
n2 = 24
x 2 = 14.89
s2 = 2.7
For two-tail test, /2 = .005 and the critical t.005,40 = 2.704 (used df=40)
( x1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
2
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
t =
1
1
+
20 24
= 2.97
Since the observed t = 2.97 > t.005,40 = 2.704, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.60
With Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
= 38.4
1 = 9.8
n1 = 35
Ho:
Ha:
39
= 23.1
2 = 7.4
n2 = 35
x
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 > 0
z =
+ 2
n1
n2
2
= 7.37
Since the observed z = 7.37 > z.01 = 2.33, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.61
Specialty
n1 = 350
1 = .75
p
Discount
n2 = 500
2 = .52
p
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
(. 75 )(. 25 ) (. 52 )(. 48 )
+
350
500
= .23 .053
10.62 H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
= 22
22
dfnum = 6
= .01
n1 = 8
n2 = 7
s12 = 72,909
s22 = 129,569
dfdenom = 7
s1
s2
40
129,569
= 1.78
72,909
Since F = 1.78 < F.005,6,7 = 9.16 but also > F.995,7,6 = .11, the decision is to fail to
reject the null hypothesis. There is no difference in the variances of the shifts.
10.63
Name Brand
54
55
59
53
54
61
51
53
n=8
Store Brand
49
50
52
51
50
56
47
49
= 4.5
sd=1.414
sd
n
4.5 + 1.895
1.414
8
= 4.5 .947
d
5
5
7
2
4
5
4
4
df = 8 - 1 = 7
t.05,7 = 1.895
10.64 Ho:
Ha:
41
= .01
df = 23 + 19 - 2 = 40
1 - 2 = 0
1 - 2 < 0
Wisconsin
n1 = 23
x 1 = 69.652
s12 = 9.9644
Tennessee
n2 = 19
x 2 = 71.7368
s22 = 4.6491
t =
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
(69 .652 71 .7368 ) (0)
(9.9644 )( 22 ) + ( 4.6491 )(18 ) 1
1
+
40
23 19
= -2.44
Since the observed t = -2.44 < t.01,40 = -2.423, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.65
Wednesday
71
56
75
68
74
n=5
Ho: D = 0
Ha: D > 0
Friday
53
47
52
55
58
= 15.8
sd = 5.263
d
18
9
23
13
16
df = 5 - 1 = 4
= .05
Since the observed t = 6.71 > t.05,4 = 2.132, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
= .05
10.66 Ho: p1 - p2 = 0
Ha: p1 - p2 0
Machine 1
x1 = 38
n1 = 191
p 1 =
Machine 2
x2 = 21
n2 = 202
x1
38
=
= .199
n1 191
p 2 =
x2
21
=
= .104
n2 202
p=
42
( p 1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
p q +
n1 n
z.025 = 1.96
191 202
Since the observed z = 2.64 > zc = 1.96, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.67 Construction
n1 = 338
x1 = 297
p 1 =
Telephone Repair
n2 = 281
x2 = 192
x1 297
=
= .879
n1 338
p 2 =
x 2 192
=
= .683
n2 281
p 1 q1 p 2 q 2
+
n1
n2
10.68
Aerospace
n1 = 33
x 1 = 12.4
1 = 2.9
43
Automobile
n2 = 35
x 2 = 4.6
2 = 1.8
( x1 x 2 ) z
1 2
+
n1
n2
( 2.9) 2 (1.8) 2
+
33
35
= 7.8 1.52
10.69
Discount
x 1 = $47.20
1 = $12.45
n1 = 60
Specialty
x 2 = $27.40
2 = $9.82
n2 = 40
= .01
Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
z =
+ 2
n1
n2
= 8.86
Since the observed z = 8.86 > zc = 2.575, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
10.70
Before
12
7
10
16
8
n=5
After
8
3
8
9
5
d
= 4.0
sd = 1.8708
44
d
4
4
2
7
3
df = 5 - 1 = 4
= .01
Ho: D = 0
Ha: D > 0
d D
4.0 0
=
sd
1.8708 = 4.78
5
n
Since the observed t = 4.78 > t.01,4 = 3.747, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
= .01
df = 10 + 6 - 2 = 14
10.71 Ho: 1 - 2 = 0
Ha: 1 - 2 0
A
n1 = 10
x 1 = 18.3
s12 = 17.122
B___
n2 = 6
x 2 = 9.667
s22 = 7.467
t =
t =
s1 (n1 1) + s 2 (n 2 1) 1
1
+
n1 + n 2 2
n1 n 2
(18 .3 9.667 ) (0)
(17 .122 )( 9) + (7.467 )( 5) 1
1
+
14
10 6
4.52
Since the observed t = 4.52 > t.005,14 = 2.977, the decision is to reject the null
hypothesis.
45
10.72 A t test was used to test to determine if Hong Kong has significantly different
rates than Mumbai. Let group 1 be Hong Kong.
Ho:
1 - 2 = 0
Ha:
1 - 2 0
n1 = 19
n2 = 23
s1 = 12.9
s2 = 13.9
= 130.4
x 2 = 128.4
98% C.I. and /2 = .01
t = 0.48 with a p-value of .634 which is not significant at of .05. There is not
enough evidence in these data to declare that there is a difference in the average
rental rates of the two cities.
10.73 H0: D = 0
Ha: D 0
This is a related measures before and after study. Fourteen people were involved
in the study. Before the treatment, the sample mean was 4.357 and after the
treatment, the mean was 5.214. The higher number after the treatment indicates
that subjects were more likely to blow the whistle after having been through the
treatment. The observed t value was 3.12 which was more extreme than twotailed table t value of + 2.16 and as a result, the researcher rejects the null
hypothesis. This is underscored by a p-value of .0081 which is less than = .05.
The study concludes that there is a significantly higher likelihood of blowing the
whistle after the treatment.
10.74 The point estimates from the sample data indicate that in the northern city the
market share is .31078 and in the southern city the market share is .27013. The
point estimate for the difference in the two proportions of market share are .
04065. Since the 99% confidence interval ranges from -.03936 to +.12067 and
zero is in the interval, any hypothesis testing decision based on this interval would
result in failure to reject the null hypothesis. Alpha is .01 with a two-tailed test.
This is underscored by an observed z value of 1.31 which has an associated pvalue of .191 which, of course, is not significant for any of the usual values of .
46
10.75 A test of differences of the variances of the populations of the two machines is
being computed. The hypotheses are:
H0:
Ha:
2
1
2
1
=
>
2
2
2
2
Twenty-six pipes were measured for sample one and twenty-eight pipes were
measured for sample two. The observed F = 2.0575 is significant at = .05 for a
one-tailed test since the associated p-value is .034787. The variance of pipe
lengths for machine 1 is significantly greater than the variance of pipe lengths for
machine 2.