Psych 150 Final Review

Psychodynamic Approach
Psychologists Started with Frued Built upon by Jung and Adler o Main Idea Looked at the unconscious mind Id--basic, desires, hedonistic vs. Superego-perfectionist regulated by the ego Pretty comprehensive Broad enough to cover it all aspects of personality Phenomenological Approach--SELF o Psychologists Carl Rogers person-centered psychotherapy theory Rogers attempts to put a therapist in closer contact with a person by o
listening to the person's report of their recent subjective experiences, especially emotions of which the person is not fully aware. For example, in relationships the problem at hand is often not based around what actually happened, but instead is based around the perceptions and feelings of each individual in the relationship.

Gordon Allport Cardinal and Central traits Secondary Dispositions Focuses on what they are feeling right now Also very comprehensive

Main Idea

Trait Theory o Psychologists Walter Mischel Eysenck Costa and McRae Big 5 o Main Idea Most of the time trait theorists look at personality in the present, instead of focusing on the past like freaky freud Biological Approach
o History of The Biological Approach * The Voyage of the Beagle (1805 - 1836) - Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection through observing animals while travelling the world.

* Darwin (1859) publishes "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection". 1,250 copies were printed, most of which sold the first day. * Jane Goodall (1957) began her study of primates in Africa, discovering that chimps have behaviors similar to all the human cultures on the planet. * Edward Wilson (1975) published his book, "Sociobiology" which brought together evolutionary perspective to the psychology. * The birth of Evolutionary Psychology begins with the publication of an essay "The Psychological Foundations of Culture" by Tooby and Cosmides

Main Idea 1. Comparative method: different species of animal can be studied and compared. This can help in the search to understand human behaviour. 2. Physiology: how the nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and/or function can affect behaviour. For example, we could ask how prescribed drugs to treat depression affect behaviour through their interaction with the nervous system. 3. Investigation of inheritance: what an animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance (genetics). For example, we might want to know whether high intelligence is inherited from one generation to the next. Each of these biological aspects, the comparative, the physiological and the genetic, can help explain human behaviour.

Behaviorist o William James and the behaviorists Edward Thorndike, Clark Hull, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner. Watson and Skinner Trying to understand behavior not just on moment to moment basis but also how it indicates personality o More scientific approach to psychology when compared with the former Phenom & Psychodynamic Cognitive Perspective (DID NOT TRY TO ADRESS Everything) o Psychologists Albert Ellis

Most of our emotional and cognitive disturbances are based upon our interpretations of the world Rational Emotive Theory o ABC Activation Belief Consequence Cognitive Approach Psychologists o Kelly Like Freud, Rogers, Jung, etc, examined the whole person (through clinical experiences, NOT PUSSY ASS CASE STUDIES) Somehow began doing clinical work in Kansas, where he concluded that social factors had a much greater impact on disorders than libidinal forces Tried to understand the person as a whole Constructive alternativism all theories can be altered, are probably of merit, and each hold their own individual value (there is no inherent truth in theory or perception) Range of convenience the scope that a theory of personality can cover Focus of convenience - the particular points where a theory of personality is of great value Note: this implies that we should tinker with personality theories, not be forced to commit to or choose particular ones Note: Kelly also applied the constructive alternativism theory to our perceptions of the world People are not the product of incentives and reactions Theyre not the product of internal desires and needs Instead, they are strategists trying to better understand and interact with the world on a regular basis Motivational theories can be divided into two types, push theories and pull theories. Under push theories, we find such terms as drive, motive, or even stimulus. Pull theories use such constructs as purpose, value, or need. In terms of a well-known metaphor, these are the pitchfork theories on one hand and the carrot o

theories on the other. But our theory is neither of these. Since we prefer to look to the nature of the animal himself, ours is probably best called the jackass theory. Superordinate constructs self chosen goals that one pursues Subordonate constructs behaviors, activities and goals that one is drawn to pursue due to superordinate constructs Note: this theory references both the concepts of free will and determinism, while also stressing that interpretation and society play a large role in personality CONSTRUCTS Constructs are created automatically, without conscious intent Constructs are a direct result of our attempts to make sense of the world and predict future outcomes Constructs are formed only through similarity poles two elements must be perceived as similar to each other Contrast poles a third element must be perceived as different from the two similar elements Examples: conservative versus liberal, dark versus bright, nice versus mean Note: assessing details of constructs often results in grey areas and changes in constructs The constructs used indicate aspects of ones personality ----------------------------------------------------------- Constructs USED WHEN CONVENIENT TO SITUATION Example, youd consider your construct of extravert/introvert when youre at a party, but you probably wouldnt consider your construct of republican/democrat when youre at the grocery store looking for a check out clerk Core constructs constructs that are often accessed and are difficult to change Peripheral constructs constructs that can easily be altered, and are not often accessed Note: core constructs are usually related to superordinate constructs, which, in addition to being applied to basic motives, are also sometimes applied to construct hierarchies METHODOLOGY Role Construct REperetory TEST Role Title List: List people that play important roles in your life Elicitation of Constructs: Describe the constructs that these individuals possess

Person: three people from the list are chosen randomly and one is asked to describe which two are alike, which is dissimilar, and why; this is done multiple times Note: the Rep test is intended to reveal a persons individual constructs about the world, and in turn, reveal personality By the way, this test takes a long time to administer

o ONE MAJOR SHORTCOMING DID NOT CONSIDER SOCIAL FACTORS Social Cognition Psychologist o Albert Bandura He thought that most things about us are a result of our past and what weve learned from other individuals.lin Modeling Bandura thought that all of our behavior comes from seeing and copying the behavior of others, Bo Bo Doll Primed subjects (violence video) mimicked the behavior just for the reason of learning, which was the reinforcement Non primed did not Results of this study caused Bandura to propose that our personality comes from modeling the individuals around us.

Main Idea o the study of how people think about themselves and their social world. o social cognition, which builds off Kellys work. We can make sense of your personality by how you try to fit into your social environment. Cognitive Revolution Big Ideas o Categorization (grouping, prototypes) o Mental associations o Apply these ideas to social information Memory Networks: o Constructs/schemas are nodes that are connected to each other through activation networks in the mind. o Excitatory links happen when one construct always makes one think of another. o Inhibitory links happen one construct always suppresses another construct.