Clear areas, and dikes for combustible-product storage tanks must be incorporated to protect costly plant investment and

reduce insurance rates. Plant Expansion. Expansion Must always be kept in mind. The question of multiplying the number of units or increasing the size of the prevailing unit or units merits more study than it can be given here. Suffice it to say that one must exercise engineering judgment; that as a penalty for bad judgment, scrapping of present serviceable equipment constitutes but one phase, for shutdown due to remodeling may involve a greater loss of money than that due to rejected equipment. Nevertheless, the cost of change must sometimes be borne, for the economies of larger units may, in the end, make replacement imperative. Floor space. Floor space may or may not be amajor factor in the design of a particular plant. The value of land may be a considerable item. The engineer should, however, follow the rule of practicing economy of floor space, consistent with good housekeeping in the plant and with proper consideration given to line flow of materials, acces to equipment, space to permit working on parts of equipment that need frequent servicing, and safety and comfort of the operators. Utilities Servicing. The distribution of gas, air, water, steam, power, and electricity is not always a major item, inasmuch as the flexibility of distribution of these services permits designing to meet almost any condition. But a little regard for the proper placement of each of these services, practicing good design, aids in ease of operation, orderliness, and reduction in costs of maintenance. No pipes should be laid on the floor or between the floor and the 7-ft level, where the operator must pass or work. Chaotic arrangement of piping invites chaotic operation of the plant. The flexibility of standard pipe fittings and power-transmission mechanisms renders this problem one of minor difficulty. Building. After a complete study of quantitative factors, the selection of the building or buildings must be considered. Standard factory buildings are to be desired, but, if none can be found satisfactory to handle the space and process requirements of the chemical engineer, then a competent architect should be consulted to design a building around the process-not a beautiful structure into which a process must fit. It is fundamental in chemical engineering industries that

the buildings should be built around the process, instead of the process being made to fit buildings of conventional design. In many cases only the control area requires housing, with the process equipment erected outdoors. This is know as outdodr construction, and such layouts should be consired for many types of plants.

4. adequate spur facilities a. loading and unloading facilities for initial plant construction and subsequent operations. b. Rack station for liquid handling c. Storage space for full and empty cars d. Space for cleaning and car repairs. Major Provisions road planning for multipurpose service are : 1. A means of interplant movement for road traffic, both pedestrian and vehicular 2. Heavier and wider roads for large scale traffic 3. Routing of heavy traffic outside the operational areas. 4. Roadways for access to initial construction, maintenance, and repair points 5. Roadways to isolated points, storage, tanks, and safety equipment, such as fire hydrants.