DTU

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: To Perform the OP-AMP as a Inverting or Non inverting amplifier.
ISSUE NO. :
DEPTT. :

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU-ECE 02

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 1 of 4

REV. DATE :

REV. NO. : 00 LABORATORY : LINER INTEGRETER CIRCUIT LAB

ECE
SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

Aim: To Perform the OP-AMP as a Inverting or Non inverting amplifier. Appratus Required: OP_AMP IC-741, Resistor, CRO, CRO probes, Function generator, power supply. Theory: An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. It can be amplify ac as well as dc signals. It can perform various mathematical functions like addition, subtraction. Multipication, division. Inetegration, differentiation.etc.. IC 741 Operational amplifier is a 8 pin dual-in line package IC. The pin detail of IC 741 is shown in the following figure.

The pin details are:

Pin no1 : Off-set null balance Pin no 2 : Inverting input Pin no 3 : Non - inverting input Pin no 4 : Negative supply Pin no 5 : Off - set null balance Pin no 6 : Output Pin no 7 : Positive supply Pin no 8 : No connection

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LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: Perform the OP-AMP as an Inverting or Non inverting amplifier.
ISSUE NO. :
DEPTT. :

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU -ECE 02

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 2 of 4

REV. DATE :

REV. NO. : 00 LABORATORY : LINER INTEGRETER CIRCUIT LAB OP-AMP AS INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

ECE
SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

An inverting amplifier uses negative feedback to invert and amplify a voltage. The Rin,Rf resistor network allows some of the output signal to be returned to the input. Since the output is 180 out of phase, this amount is effectively subtracted from the input, thereby reducing the input into the operational amplifier. This reduces the overall gain of the amplifier and is dubbed negative feedback

Zin = Rin (because V is a virtual ground)

A third resistor, of value , added between the noninverting input and ground, while not necessary, minimizes errors due to input bias currents.
[3]

The gain of the amplifier is determined by the ratio of Rf to Rin. That is:

Figure1: OP-AMP as a Inverting Amplifier

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DTU

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: To Perform the OP-AMP as a Inverting or Non inverting amplifier.
ISSUE NO. :
DEPTT. :

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU-ECE 02

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 3 of 3

REV. DATE :

REV. NO. : 00 LABORATORY : LINER INTEGRETER CIRCUIT LAB

ECE
SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

OP-AMP AS A NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER: Amplifies a voltage (multiplies by a constant greater than 1)

Input impedance o The input impedance is at least the impedance between non-inverting ( + ) and inverting ( ) inputs, which is typically 1 M to 10 T, plus the impedance of the path from the inverting ( ) input to ground (i.e., R1 in parallel with R2). o Because negative feedback ensures that the non-inverting and inverting inputs match, the input impedance is actually much higher.

Figure2: Op-AMP as a Non Inverting amplifier Procedure: 1) 2) 3) 4) Make the connection on breadboard according to the circuit diagram. Apply a sin wave at the input through the function generator. Take the output from the 6th pin and observe it on CRO. Compare input and output at the CRO

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DTU

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: To Perform the OP-AMP as a Inverting or Non inverting amplifier.
ISSUE NO. :

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU-ECE 01

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 4 of 4

REV. DATE :

DEPTT. : ECE REV. NO. : 00 LABORATORY : LINER INTEGRETER CIRCUIT LAB

SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

Precautions: 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. Make all the connections neat and clean. Connecting leads should be checked. Power supply should be constant. Make sure that power supply should be switched OFF.

Result: The waveforms of the OP-Amp as a inverting and Non Inverting Amplifier are verified.

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DTU

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE To Perform the OP-Amp as a Integrator and Differentiator. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE : DEPTT. : ECE SEMESTER : PAGE : 1 of 3 CIRCUIT LAB 1st and 2nd

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU-ECE 02 (b) REV. DATE : REV. NO. :00 LABORATORY :

LINER INTEGRETER

AIM: To Perform the Experiment using OP-Amp as a Integrator and Differentiator. APPRATUS REQUIRED: generator, Power Supply. OP_AMP IC-741, Resistor, CRO,CRO probes, Function

THEORY: An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. It can be amplify ac as well as dc signals. It can perform various mathematical functions like addition, substraction. Multipication, division. Inetegration, differentiation.etc.. IC 741 Operational amplifier is a 8 pin dual-in line package IC. OP-AMP AS A INTEGRATOR: The circuit diagram is shown below:

Figure1: OP-AMP as a Integrator

Integrates the (inverted) signal over time

(where Vin and Vout are functions of time, Vinitial is the output voltage of the integrator at time t = 0.)

Note that this can also be viewed as a low-pass electronic filter. It is a filter with a single pole at DC (i.e., where = 0) and gain.

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LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: To Perform the OP-Amp as a Integrator and Differentiator.
ISSUE NO. :

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU-ECE 01 (b)

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 2 of 3

REV. DATE :

DEPTT. : ECE REV. NO. : 00 LABORATORY : LINER INTEGRETER CIRCUIT LAB

SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

OP-AMP AS DIFFERENTIATOR: The circuit diagram is as shown below:

Figure2: OP-AMP as a Differentiator Differentiates the (inverted) signal over time.

Note that this can also be viewed as a high-pass electronic filter. It is a filter with a single zero at DC (i.e., where = 0) and gain. The high pass characteristics of a differentiating amplifier can lead to unstable behavior when the circuit is used in an analog servo loop. For this reason the system function would be re-formulated to use integrators.

Procedure: 1) 2) 3) 4) Make the connection on breadboard according to the circuit diagram. Apply a sin wave at the input through the function generator. Take the output from the 6th pin and observe it on CRO. Compare input and output at the CRO.

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DTU

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: To Perform the OP-Amp as a Integrator and Differentiator.
ISSUE NO. :
DEPTT. :

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU-ECE 01 (b)

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 3 of 3

REV. DATE :

REV. NO. : 00 LABORATORY : LINER INTEGRETER CIRCUIT LAB Precautions: 4.

ECE
SEMESTER : 6th

1. Make all the connections neat and clean. 2. Connecting leads should be checked. 3. Power supply should be constant. 4. Make sure that power supply should be switched OFF.

Result: OP-AMP has been studied as an Integrator and Differentiator and various Waveform have been traced and observed.

APPROVED BY: PREPARED BY:

EXPERIMENT TITLE: To Study the high pass filter Configuration of an OP-Amp and draw its frequency curve. EXPERIMENT NO. : DTU ECE 02 ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE : DEPTT. : ECE REV. NO. : 00 LABORATORY : LINER INTEGRETER CIRCUIT LAB

DTU

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET

REV. DATE :

SEMESTER : 6th

PAGE :

AIM: To Study the high pass filter Configuration of an OP-Amp and draw its frequency curve. APPRATUS REQUIRED: Supply. OP_AMP IC-741, Resistor, CRO,CRO probes, Function generator, Power

THEORY: An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. It can be amplify ac as well as dc signals. It can perform various mathematical functions like addition, substraction. Multipication, division. Inetegration, differentiation.etc.. IC 741 Operational amplifier is a 8 pin dual-in line package IC.

OP-Amp as a high pass Filter: RC high pass filter is a frequency selection circuit. The filter allow
signal with a frequency higher than a particular frequency to pass through and blocks the rest. The gain of an RC high pass filter is expressed as : 2 1/2

|Vo/Vi|=A/ {1+(fL/f) }

It f >> fL , |Vo/Vi| = A/2 If f = fL , |Vo/Vi| =A/

The frequency fL is called the 3-db frequency. All frequencies beyond this are considered in pass band. LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: To Study the high pass filter Configuration of an OPAmp and draw its frequency curve.
APPROVED BY:

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DTU
REV. DATE :

EXPERIMENT PREPARED BY: NO. : DTU ECE 02

ISSUE NO. :

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 2 of 3

REV. NO. : 00

DEPTT. :

ECE
SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

LABORATORY : BEET LAB

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. 2. Set Vcc=+12v and Vcc = - 12v. 3. Give the op-amp an input and observe the output in CRO. 4. Vary the input frequency and note the variation in corresponding output.

Result:
The frequency response of the high pass filter was plotted and following results were obtained.

(i) 3-db frequency , theoretical = Hz

(ii) % error = %

Precautions: 1. Make all the connections neat and clean. 2. Connecting leads should be checked. 3. Power supply should be constant. 4. Make sure that power supply should be switched OFF. Result: OP-AMP has been studied as an Integrator and Differentiator and various Waveforms have been traced and observed.

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DTU

LABORATORY DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET 1. EXPERIMENT TITLE: To design a RC low pass filter and study its frequency response & plots its graph
ISSUE NO. : 00

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-08

ISSUE DATE : PAGE : 3 of 3

REV. DATE :
LABORATORY : BEET LAB

REV. NO. :

DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm. SEMESTER : 6th

1. AIM: To design a RC low pass filter and study its frequency response & plots its graph.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: Supply.

OP_AMP IC-741, Resistor, CRO,CRO probes, Function generator, Power

THEORY: An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. It can be amplify ac as well as dc signals. It can perform various mathematical functions like addition, substraction. Multipication, division. Inetegration, differentiation.etc.. IC 741 Operational amplifier is a 8 pin dual-in line package IC.

OP-Amp as a Low pass Filter: Counterpart of the high pass filter, a low pass filter allows
frequencies less than a particular frequency to pass through and blocks the rest.

The gain of the RC low pass filter is experiments; Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. 2. Set Vcc=+12v and Vcc = - 12v. 3. Give the op-amp an input and observe the output in CRO. 4. Vary the input frequency and note the variation in corresponding output.

Result:
The frequency response of the high pass filter was plotted and following results were obtained.

(i) 3-db frequency , theoretical = Hz

(ii) % error = %

PREPARED BY:

DTU

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE. To design a RC low pass filter and study its frequency response & plots its graph.
ISSUE NO. : 00

APPROVED BY:

LABORATORY MANUAL

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-05(b)

ISSUE DATE : PAGE :1 of 4

REV. DATE :
LABORATORY : BEET LAB

REV. NO. :

DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm. SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

Precautions: 1. Make all the connections neat and clean. 2. Connecting leads should be checked. 3. Power supply should be constant. 4. Make sure that power supply should be switched OFF.

Result: The input and output Characteristics of a CE configuration have been plotted and studied.

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EXPERIMENT TITLE: To study the Half wave and full wave rectifier with and without filter and calculate its ripple factor and PIV rating. EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-05(b) ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE :

NCC E

LABORATORY N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET

The average and root-mean-square output voltages of an ideal single phase full wave rectifier can be REV. DATE : REV. NO. : DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm. calculated as: LABORATORY : BEET LAB SEMESTER : 1st PAGE :2 of 4
and 2nd

Ripple Factor: Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component in the output. Where:
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY:

Vdc,Vav N.C.COLLEGE factor - the average orOF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY MANUAL Ripple DC output voltage, Vp - the peak value of half wave, PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET Vrms the root-mean-square NCCE -2. EXPERIMENT TITLE: value of output voltage. : To study astable multiviberator using 741-IC. = ~ 3.14159
EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-05(b) ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE DATE : Ripple Factor DEPTT. : Electronic and Comm. REV. DATE : REV. NO. : Full Wave factor for aA full-waveRectifier convertsby whole of the input waveform to one of rectifier is given the The ripple Rectifier: Full Wave 00 LABORATORY : BEET LAB constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both SEMESTER : !st PAGE :3 OF 4 and 2nd polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required instead of the one needed for halfwave rectification. (See semiconductors, diode). Four diodes arranged this way are called a diode bridge.

PROCEDURE: 1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2) Apply the input signal at the input terminals. Observe the output waveform on the CRO. 3) Calculate, PIV and ripple factor using the above formulas. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Make all the connections neat and clean. 2.Connectiong leads should be checked. 3.Power supply should be constant. PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: 4. Make sure that power supply should be switched while making the connections. RESULT: Waveforms of Half wave and full wave rectifier are observed and PIV and ripple factor N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT LABORATORY has been calculated.

NCC E

MANUAL

PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET

EXPERIMENT TITLE:

Design half substractor and full subtractor in VHDL.

ISSUE NO. : 00
DEPTT. : ECE SEMESTER :1st and 2nd

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-05(b)

ISSUE DATE : PAGE :4 OF 4

REV. DATE :
LABORATORY : BEET LAB

REV. NO. : 00

PREPARED BY:

APPROVED BY:

NCC E

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: Generalized use of CRO and Multimeter.
ISSUE NO. : 00
DEPTT. : ECE SEMESTER :

N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI-ECE-05(a)

ISSUE DATE : PAGE :1 OF 3

REV. DATE :
LABORATORY : BEET LAB

REV. NO. : 00

AIM: Generalized use of CRO and Multimeter. APPRATUS REQUIRED: CRO , Digital multimeter. THEORY: An oscilloscope (also known as a scope, CRO, DSO or, an O-scope) is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis). Although an oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change, or change slowly. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can show distortion, the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two related signals.
Front panel controls Focus control This control adjusts CRT focus to obtain the sharpest, most-detailed trace. In practice, focus needs to be adjusted slightly when observing quite-different signals, which means that it needs to be an external control. Flat-panel displays do not need a focus control; their sharpness is always optimum. Intensity control This adjusts trace brightness. Slow traces on CRT oscilloscopes need less, and fast ones, especially if not often repeated, require more. On flat panels, however, trace brightness is essentially independent of sweep speed, because the internal signal processing effectively synthesizes the display from the digitized data. Horizontal sensitivity control This control is found only on more elaborate oscilloscopes; it offers adjustable sensitivity for external horizontal inputs.
PREPARED BY:N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT APPROVED BY: Horizontal sensitivity control

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET This control is found only on more elaborate oscilloscopes; it offers adjustable sensitivity for external EXPERIMENT TITLE: : Generalized use of CRO and Multimeter horizontal inputs.

NCC E

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI- ECE-05(a)

ISSUE NO. : 00
DEPTT. : ECE

Vertical position REV. DATE : control The vertical position control LABORATORY : BEET LAB

ISSUE DATE :

moves the whole displayed trace up and down. It is used 1st set the no-input OF SEMESTER : to PAGE :2 and 2nd trace exactly on the center line of the graticule, but also permits offsetting vertically by a limited amount. 3 With direct coupling, adjustment of this control can compensate for a limited DC component of an input. Horizontal position control

REV. NO. : 00

The horizontal position control moves the display sidewise. It usually sets the left end of the trace at the left edge of the graticule, but it can displace the whole trace when desired. This control also moves the X-Y mode traces sidewise in some instruments, and can compensate for a limited DC component as for vertical position.

DIGITAL MULTIMETER:
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuitsanalog multimeters and digital multimeters(often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.) Modern multimeters are often digital due to their accuracy, durability and extra features. In a digital multimeter the signal under test is converted to a voltage and an amplifier with electronically controlled gain preconditions the signal. A digital multimeter displays the quantity measured as a number, which eliminates parallax errors. Modern digital multimeters may have an embedded computer, which provides a wealth of convenience features. Measurement enhancements available include: Auto-ranging, which selects the correct range for the quantity under test so that the most significant digits.. For example, a four-digit multimeter would automatically select an appropriate range to display 1.234 instead of 0.012, or overloading. Auto-ranging meters usually include a facility to 'freeze' the meter to a particular range, because a measurement that causes frequent range changes is distracting to the user. Other factors being equal, an auto-ranging meter will have more circuitry LABORATORY PREPARED BY:N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT APPROVED BY: than an equivalent, non-auto-ranging meter, and so will be more costly, but will be more convenient MANUAL to use. PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET Auto-polarity for direct-current readings, shows if the applied voltage is positive (agrees with meter EXPERIMENT TITLE: Generalized use of CRO and Multimeter lead labels) or negative (opposite polarity to meter leads). Sample and hold, which will latch EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-ECE WI-05(a) the most recent reading for examination after DATE : ISSUE NO. : 00 ISSUE the instrument is removed from the circuit under test. DEPTT. : ECE REV. DATE : REV. NO. : Current-limited tests for voltage drop across semiconductor junctions. While not a replacement for a 00 transistor tester, this facilitates testing diodes and a variety of transistor types. A graphic LABORATORY : BEET LAB SEMESTER : PAGE and also representation of the quantity under test, as a bar graph. This makes go/no-go testing easy, :3 OF 3 allows spotting of fast-moving trends. A low-bandwidth oscilloscope.

NCC E

RESULT: CRO and Digital Multimeter Have been studied

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LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET EXPERIMENT TITLE: : To determine the Av and Ai of the RC coupled CE transistor Amplifier.
ISSUE NO. : 00

N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI- 08

ISSUE DATE :

REV. DATE :

REV. NO. : 00

DEPTT. : ECE

LABORATORY : BEET LAB

SEMESTER : 1st and 2nd

PAGE :1 OF 2

AIM: To determine the Av and Ai of the RC coupled CE transistor Amplifier. APPRATUS REQUIRED: RC coupled CE transistor amplifier kit, Connecting Leads, function generator, CRO and CRO probes. THEORY: It was stated that almost every electronic device contains at least one stage of amplification. Many devices contain several stages of amplification and therefore several amplifiers. Stages of amplification are added when a single stage will not provide the required amount of amplification. For example, if a single stage of amplification will provide a maximum gain of 100 and the desired gain from the device is 1000, two stages of amplification will be required. The two stages might have gains of 10 and 100, 20 and 50, or 25 and 40. (The overall gain is the product of the individual stages-10 X 100 = 20 X 50 = 25 X 40 = 1000.) The most commonly used coupling in amplifiers is RC coupling. An RC-coupling network is shown in figure 1

Figure1: RC Coupled Amplifier

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N.C.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ISRANA, PANIPAT

APPROVED BY:

NCC E

LABORATORY MANUAL PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT INSTRUCTION SHEET

ISSUE NO. : 00

EXPERIMENT TITLE

EXPERIMENT NO. : NCCE-WI- 08

ISSUE DATE :

REV. DATE :

REV. NO. : 00

DEPTT. : ECE

LABORATORY : BEET LAB

SEMESTER : 6th

PAGE :2 OF 2

The network of R1, R2, and C1 enclosed in the dashed lines of the figure is the coupling network. R1 acts as a load resistor for Q1 (the first stage) and develops the output signal of that stage. The capacitor, C1, "blocks" the dc of Q1's collector, but "passes" the ac output signal. R2 develops this passed, or coupled, to the second stage. This arrangement allows the coupling of the signal while it isolates the biasing of each stage. This solves many of the problems associated with direct coupling. RC coupling does have a few disadvantages. The resistors use dc power and so the amplifier has low efficiency. The capacitor tends to limit the low-Frequency response of the amplifier and the amplifying device itself limits the high-Frequency response. For audio amplifiers this is usually not a problem; techniques for overcoming these frequency limitations will be covered later in this module. The capacitive reactance (XC) is determined by the following formula:

For RC coupled amplifier the current and voltage gail is given by: Ai= IOUT/IIN Current Gain: Voltage Gain Av= VOUt/VIN PROCEDURE: 1) Make the connection as per shown in figure 1. 2) Switch ON the power supply 3) Measure the output voltage and calculate the voltage gain. 4) measure the current passing through the load and calculate its current gain. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Make all the connections neat and clean. . 2.Connectiong leads should be checked 3.Power supply should be constant. 4. Make sure that power supply should be switched while making the connections. RESULT: The voltage and current Gain is calculated and waveform is obtained on the CRO.

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