blu3496X_IF.

qxd

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 1

B&W CONFIRMINGS

Important Formulas
Chapter 3 Data Description

Chapter 5 Discrete Probability Distributions

X
Mean for individual data: X 
n


Mean for grouped data: X 

 f Xm
n

Expectation: E(X)  [X  P(X)]

X 2  [X 2n]
n1

 f X m2  [ f Xm  2n]
n1

Range rule of thumb: s 

range
4

n

Chapter 6 The Normal Distribution



Chapter 4 Probability and Counting Rules

Addition rule 1 (mutually exclusive events):
P(A or B)  P(A)  P(B)
Addition rule 2 (events not mutually exclusive):
P(A or B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A and B)
Multiplication rule 1 (independent events):
P(A and B)  P(A)  P(B)
Multiplication rule 2 (dependent events):

X
XX
or

s
Mean of sample means: mX  m

Standard error of the mean: sX 
n

X
Central limit theorem formula: z 
 n
Standard score z 

Chapter 7 Confidence Intervals and

Sample Size
z confidence interval for means:


X  z 2

P(A and B)  P(A)  P(B  A)

Conditional probability: PB  A 

n!
pX q nX
 X !X!
Mean for binomial distribution: m  n  p
Variance and standard deviation for the binomial
distribution: s2  n  p  q
s  n p q
Binomial probability: PX 

Standard deviation for grouped data:

s

s2  [X 2  P(X)]  m2
s  [X 2 PX ]  m2

Standard deviation for a sample:

s

Mean for a probability distribution: m  [X  P(X)]

Variance and standard deviation for a probability
distribution:

P A and B
P A

Complementary events: P(E )  1  P(E)

 n 

X  z   n 


t confidence interval for means:



X  t 2

 s n 

X  t   s n 


z 2 
E
maximum error of estimate

Fundamental counting rule: Total number of outcomes

of a sequence when each event has a different
number of possibilities: k 1  k 2  k 3    k n

Sample size for means: n 

Permutation rule: Number of permutations of n objects

n!
taking r at a time is n Pr 
n  r !

Confidence interval for a proportion:

Combination rule: Number of combinations of r objects

n!
selected from n objects is n Cr 
 n  r  !r!

p  z  2 

p q

p
p  z  2
n

where E is the

p q
n

blu3496X_IF.qxd

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 2

B&W CONFIRMINGS
Sample size for a proportion: n  p q

 E 
z 2

t test for comparing two means (independent samples,

variances not equal):


X
and
q  1  p
n
Confidence interval for variance:
p 

where

n

t

 n  1  s2
 1 s2

2
 right
 2left

 1 s2

 2right

n

 X2  1   2

s21 s22

n1 n2

(d.f.  the smaller of n 1  1 or n2  1)

Formula for the confidence interval for difference of
two means (small independent samples, variance
unequal):

Confidence interval for standard deviation:

n

 X1

 1 s2
 2left

 X1

 X2  t  2

Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing

s21 s22

1   2
n1 n2


X
s n

for s unknown and n 30

t

t test: t 

X
sn

for n
30 (d.f.  n  1)
p  p
pqn

z test for proportions: z 

 X1

 n1

n

(d.f.  n  1)

 X1

 X2  t  2

 X1

 21  22

n1
n2

 X2  t  2


X2 

 z 2

 n1

 1 s21  n2  1 s22


n1  n2  2

 n1

 1 s21  n 2  1 s22

 n1  n 2  2 

t

Formula for the confidence interval for difference of two

means (large samples):

 X1

 21  22


1   2
n1
n2


1
1

n1 n2

1
1

n1 n2

1
1

n1 n 2

and d.f.  n1  n2  2.
t test for comparing two means for dependent samples:

 X2   1   2

1   2

z test for comparing two means (independent samples):

z

 1 s21  n2  1 s22

 n1  n2  2 

Formula for the confidence interval for difference of two

means (small independent samples, variances equal):

 1 s 2
2

Chapter 9 Testing the Difference between

Two Means, Two Variances,
and Two Proportions


 X2  1   2

(d.f.  n1  n2  2)

Chi-square test for a single variance:  2 

 X1

s21 s22

n1 n2

(d.f.  smaller of n1  1 and n2  1)

t test for comparing two means (independent samples,
variances equal):

z

X1  X2  t  2

X
z test: z 
for any value n. If n
30,
 n
population must be normally distributed.

X1  X2  z  2

 21
n1

 22
n2

Note: s21 and s22 can be used when n1 30 and n2 30.

s2
F test for comparing two variances: F  12
s2
where s 21 is the larger variance and
d.f.N.  n1  1, d.f.D.  n2  1

sD 

D  D
sD n

where

D

D
n

D 2  [D 2n]
n1

 d.f.

 n  1

and

Formula for confidence interval for the mean of the

difference for dependent samples:
SD
S


D
D  t 2 D
n
n
(d.f.  n  1)


D  t 2

blu3496X_IF.qxd

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 3

B&W CONFIRMINGS
Standard error of estimate:

z test for comparing two proportions:

z

 p1

 p 2    p1  p2

where

1
1
pq

n1 n2
__

sest 

Prediction interval for y:

X
p 1  1
n1

y  t  2 sest

X
p2  2
n2

y
y  t  2s est

Formula for the confidence interval for the difference of

two proportions:
 p2   z 2

p 1 q1 p 2 q2


p1  p2
n1
n2

 p1  p 2   z  2

p 1 q1 p 2 q2

n1
n2

Chapter 10 Correlation and Regression

Correlation coefficient:
r

y2  a y  b xy
n2

X  X2
p 1
n1  n2
_

q1p

 p1

nxy   xy
[nx2   x 2][n y2   y 2]

t test for correlation coefficient: t  r

(d.f.  n  2)

n2
1  r2

The regression line equation: y  a  bx

n x  X  2
1
1 
n n x 2  x 2

(d.f.  n  2)

Chapter 11 Chi-Square and Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA)
Chi-square test for goodness of fit:
 E 2
E
(d.f.  no. of categories  1)
x2  a

O

Chi-square test for independence and homogeneity of

proportions:
 E 2
E
[d.f.  (rows  1)(col.  1)]

x2  a

O

ANOVA test: F 

X
sB2
where
XGM 
sW2
N
where
N  n1  n2      nk
where
k  number of groups

 xxy
 x 2
nxy  xy
b
nx 2   x 2

d.f.N.  k  1
d.f.D.  N  k
sB2 

niXi  XGM  2
k1

explained variation
Coefficient of determination: r 
total variation

sW2 

ni  1 s2i
ni  1

where a 

 y  x2 

nx2

1
n x  X 2
1 
n n x2  x 2

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 4

B&W CONFIRMINGS
Procedure Table

Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems (Traditional Method)

STEP 1

State the hypotheses, and identify the claim.

STEP 2

Find the critical value(s) from the appropriate table in Appendix C.

STEP 3

Compute the test value.

STEP 4

Make the decision to reject or not reject the null hypothesis.

STEP 5

Summarize the results.

Procedure Table

Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems (P-value Method)

STEP 1

State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

STEP 2

Compute the test value.

STEP 3

Find the P-value.

STEP 4

Make the decision.

STEP 5

Summarize the results.

ISBN 978-0-07-331781-6
MHID 0-07-331781-0

blu3496X_IF.qxd

blu3496X_IF.qxd

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 5

B&W CONFIRMINGS
Table E

The Standard Normal Distribution

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

.0000
.0398
.0793
.1179
.1554

.0040
.0438
.0832
.1217
.1591

.0080
.0478
.0871
.1255
.1628

.0120
.0517
.0910
.1293
.1664

.0160
.0557
.0948
.1331
.1700

.0199
.0596
.0987
.1368
.1736

.0239
.0636
.1026
.1406
.1772

.0279
.0675
.1064
.1443
.1808

.0319
.0714
.1103
.1480
.1844

.0359
.0753
.1141
.1517
.1879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

.1915
.2257
.2580
.2881
.3159

.1950
.2291
.2611
.2910
.3186

.1985
.2324
.2642
.2939
.3212

.2019
.2357
.2673
.2967
.3238

.2054
.2389
.2704
.2995
.3264

.2088
.2422
.2734
.3023
.3289

.2123
.2454
.2764
.3051
.3315

.2157
.2486
.2794
.3078
.3340

.2190
.2517
.2823
.3106
.3365

.2224
.2549
.2852
.3133
.3389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

.3413
.3643
.3849
.4032
.4192

.3438
.3665
.3869
.4049
.4207

.3461
.3686
.3888
.4066
.4222

.3485
.3708
.3907
.4082
.4236

.3508
.3729
.3925
.4099
.4251

.3531
.3749
.3944
.4115
.4265

.3554
.3770
.3962
.4131
.4279

.3577
.3790
.3980
.4147
.4292

.3599
.3810
.3997
.4162
.4306

.3621
.3830
.4015
.4177
.4319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.4332
.4452
.4554
.4641
.4713

.4345
.4463
.4564
.4649
.4719

.4357
.4474
.4573
.4656
.4726

.4370
.4484
.4582
.4664
.4732

.4382
.4495
.4591
.4671
.4738

.4394
.4505
.4599
.4678
.4744

.4406
.4515
.4608
.4686
.4750

.4418
.4525
.4616
.4693
.4756

.4429
.4535
.4625
.4699
.4761

.4441
.4545
.4633
.4706
.4767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.4772
.4821
.4861
.4893
.4918

.4778
.4826
.4864
.4896
.4920

.4783
.4830
.4868
.4898
.4922

.4788
.4834
.4871
.4901
.4925

.4793
.4838
.4875
.4904
.4927

.4798
.4842
.4878
.4906
.4929

.4803
.4846
.4881
.4909
.4931

.4808
.4850
.4884
.4911
.4932

.4812
.4854
.4887
.4913
.4934

.4817
.4857
.4890
.4916
.4936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

.4938
.4953
.4965
.4974
.4981
.4987

.4940
.4955
.4966
.4975
.4982
.4987

.4941
.4956
.4967
.4976
.4982
.4987

.4943
.4957
.4968
.4977
.4983
.4988

.4945
.4959
.4969
.4977
.4984
.4988

.4946
.4960
.4970
.4978
.4984
.4989

.4948
.4961
.4971
.4979
.4985
.4989

.4949
.4962
.4972
.4979
.4985
.4989

.4951
.4963
.4973
.4980
.4986
.4990

.4952
.4964
.4974
.4981
.4986
.4990

Note: Use 0.4999 for z values above 3.09.

Area given
in table

Source: Frederick Mosteller and Robert E. K. Rourke, Sturdy Statistics, Table A1 (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley,
1973). Reprinted with permission of the copyright owners.

blu3496X_IF.qxd

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 6

B&W CONFIRMINGS
Table F

The t Distribution
Confidence
intervals

50%

80%

90%

95%

98%

99%

One tail, A

0.25

0.10

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

Two tails, A

0.50

0.20

0.10

0.05

0.02

0.01

1
2
3
4
5

1.000
.816
.765
.741
.727

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

6
7
8
9
10

.718
.711
.706
.703
.700

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

11
12
13
14
15

.697
.695
.694
.692
.691

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

16
17
18
19
20

.690
.689
.688
.688
.687

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

21
22
23
24
25

.686
.686
.685
.685
.684

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

26
27
28
(z) 

.684
.684
.683
.674

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.282a

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.645b

2.056
2.052
2.048
1.960

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.326c

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.576d

d.f.

This value has been rounded to 1.28 in the textbook.

This value has been rounded to 1.65 in the textbook.
c
This value has been rounded to 2.33 in the textbook.
d
This value has been rounded to 2.58 in the textbook.
b

Source: Adapted from W. H. Beyer, Handbook of Tables for Probability

and Statistics, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1986.
Reprinted with permission.

Two tails

One tail
Area

Area

2
t

Area

2
t

blu3496X_IF.qxd

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 7

B&W CONFIRMINGS
Table G

The Chi-Square Distribution

A

Degrees of
freedom

0.995

0.99

0.975

0.95

0.90

0.10

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.010
0.072
0.207
0.412
0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156
2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601
5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434
8.034
8.643
9.262
9.886
10.520
11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787
20.707
27.991
35.534
43.275
51.172
59.196
67.328

0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554
0.872
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558
3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229
5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260
8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524
12.198
12.879
13.565
14.257
14.954
22.164
29.707
37.485
45.442
53.540
61.754
70.065

0.001
0.051
0.216
0.484
0.831
1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247
3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262
6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591
10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120
13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791
24.433
32.357
40.482
48.758
57.153
65.647
74.222

0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145
1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940
4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261
7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851
11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611
15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493
26.509
34.764
43.188
51.739
60.391
69.126
77.929

0.016
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610
2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865
5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547
9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443
13.240
14.042
14.848
15.659
16.473
17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599
29.051
37.689
46.459
55.329
64.278
73.291
82.358

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236
10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987
17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307
23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412
29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382
35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256
51.805
63.167
74.397
85.527
96.578
107.565
118.498

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.071
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307
19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410
32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773
55.758
67.505
79.082
90.531
101.879
113.145
124.342

5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.833
14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483
21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488
28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170
35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646
41.923
43.194
44.461
45.722
46.979
59.342
71.420
83.298
95.023
106.629
118.136
129.561

6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209
24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566
38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892
63.691
76.154
88.379
100.425
112.329
124.116
135.807

7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750
18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188
26.757
28.299
29.819
31.319
32.801
34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997
41.401
42.796
44.181
45.559
46.928
48.290
49.645
50.993
52.336
53.672
66.766
79.490
91.952
104.215
116.321
128.299
140.169

Source: Triola, ELEMENTARY STATISTICS, p. 737 Table A-4, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2001 Pearson
Education, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison Wesley.
All rights reserved.
Area
2

blu3496X_IF.qxd

7/21/06

08:21 PM

Page 8

B&W CONFIRMINGS
Table I

Critical Values for PPMC

Reject H0: r  0 if the absolute value of r is greater than

the value given in the table. The values are for a two-tailed
test; d.f.  n  2.
d.f

A  0.05

A  0.01

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.999
0.950
0.878
0.811
0.754
0.707
0.666
0.632
0.602
0.576
0.553
0.532
0.514
0.497
0.482
0.468
0.456
0.444
0.433
0.423
0.381
0.349
0.325
0.304
0.288
0.273
0.250
0.232
0.217
0.205
0.195

0.999
0.999
0.959
0.917
0.875
0.834
0.798
0.765
0.735
0.708
0.684
0.661
0.641
0.623
0.606
0.590
0.575
0.561
0.549
0.537
0.487
0.449
0.418
0.393
0.372
0.354
0.325
0.302
0.283
0.267
0.254

Source: From Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1 (1962), p. 138.

Reprinted with permission.