ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS

Roof beam
Roof beam: RB 1 and RB2

BS 8110
Reference

Calculations

Output

Specification:
Self weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3
f cu = 30mm
f y = 460 N/mm2
Table 3.3

Fire resistance = 1 hours

Concrete exposure = mild
Cover = 25mm
Ceiling = 0.10KN/m2
Roof = 0.75 KN/m2
Tension = 12mm
Link = 8mm
f yv = 250 N/mm2

Case 1 : Adverse + adverse

2m

4m

Self weight of the concrete = 24 0.3 0.2

= 1.44KN/m
Dead load of roof + ceiling = (0.75 + 0.1 ) 1m width
= 0.85 KN/m
Live load = (0.5KN/m/m) 1m width
= 0.5 KN/m
Gk= 0.85 KN/m
Qk= 0.5 KN/m

Design load = 1.4Gk+1.6Qk

= 1.4( 1.44 + 0.85) + 1.6( 0.5)
= 4.00KN/m

Design load=
4.00kN/m

4 KN/m

2m

4m

i)
Fixed end moment
FEMAB = FEMCB = 0
(

FEMBA =

FEMBC = -

=-

)( )
(

= 2.00KN. m

)( )

= - 8.00KN.m

ii)
Stiffness factor for each member (K)
Kab = Kba =
=
= 1.5EI
Kbc = Kcb =

= 0.75EI

iii)
Joint stiffness factor ( K)
Kb = Kba + Kbc
= 1.5EI + 0.75EI
= 2.25EI
iv)

Distribution factor, DF =

DFab = 1
DFba =
DFbc =
DFcb = 1
v)

= o.67
= 0.33

Carry over
0.5

0.5

2m

4m

Calculations
vi)
Joint
a
Span
DF
FEM
Balance
Distribution
Carry over
Final
moment

Moment distribution table

COF
ab
1
0
0
0
0
0

b
ba
0.67
2.00
6.00
4.02
0
6.02

COF

c
cb
1
0
0
0
0
0

bc
0.33
-8.00
6.00
1.98
0
-6.02

For span RB1(A-B)

4 KN/m

6.02 KN

B (L)
8kN

4 KN/m
6.02 KN

B
2m

C
4m

Taking moment at BL
+ MB = 0
-2Vab + 8.00 6.02 = 0
VA = 0.99KN
VB (L) = 7.01 KN

VA = 0.99KN
VB (L) = 7.01 KN

Shear diagram
0.99
2-x

7.01

=
1.98 0.99

= 7.01
= 0.2475

For left hand side

Max. moment when V = 0
+ Mmax. - 0.99 ( 0.2475 ) +
Mmax. = 0.1225KN.m

=0

For right hand side

7.01KN

1.7525 m

+ Mmax + 6.02 + 7.01(

Mmax = 0.1225KN.m

) 1.7525 ( 7.01 ) = 0

Mmax. = 0.1225KN.m

For span RB2 ( B-C)

6.02KN.m
4 KN/m

4m

VB (R)

Vc

16 KN

Taking moment at BR
+ MB (R) = 0
-6.02 + 16(2) 4Vc = 0
Vc = 6.495 KN
VB (R) = 9.505 KN

Vc = 6.495 KN
VB (R) = 9.505 KN

9.505
4-x
x
6.495
=
38.02 9.505

= 6.495
= 2.376m

6.02 KN.

4 KN/m
Mmax
2.376 m

9.505

9.504 KN

+ Mmax + 6.02 + 9.504 (

Mmax = 5.273 KN.m

) 9.505 (2.376) = 0

4 KN/m
Mmax
1.624 m
6.496 KN

+ Mmax + 6.496 (
Mmax = 5.273 KN.m

6.495 KN

) + 6.495 (1.624) = 0

Mmax = 5.273 KN.m

Case 2 : For adverse + Beneficial

w = 4.00KN/m
Adverse

w = 2.29 KN/m
Beneficial

2m
A

4m
C

h = 300m
b = 200m
Self weight of the concrete = 24 0.3 0.2
= 1.44 KN/m

Gk = 0.85 KN/m
Qk =0.5 KN/m

Dead load of root + ceiling = (0.75 + 0.1) 1m width

= 0.85 KN/m
Live load = 0.5KN/m/m width
= 0.5 1 m
= 0.5 KN/m
Design load for span RB1( A B) ( adverse )
Design load = 1.4Gk+1.6Qk
= 1.4( 1.44 + 0.85) + 1.6( 0.5)
= 4.00KN/m
Design load for span RB2(B C) ( Beneficial )
Design load = 1.0 Gk + 0 Qk
= 1.0 Gk
= 1.0 ( 1.44 + 0.85 )
= 2.29 KN/m

4.00 KN/m

2.29 KN/m

A
2m

4m

i)
Fixed end moment
FEMAB = FEMCB = 0
FEMBA =
FEMBC = -

=-

)( )
(

= 2.00KN. m

)( )

= - 4.58KN. m

ii)
Stiffness factor for each member (K)
Kab = Kba =
=
= 1.5EI
Kbc = Kcb =

= 0.75EI

iii)
Joint stiffness factor ( K)
Kb = Kba + Kbc
= 1.5EI + 0.75EI
= 2.25EI
iv)

Distribution factor, DF =

DFab = 1
DFba =

= o.67

DFbc =

= 0.33

DFcb = 1
v)

Carry over
0.5

2m

0.5

4m

vi)

Moment distribution table

Joint
a
Span
DF
FEM
Balance
Distribution
Carry over
Final
moment

COF
ab
1
0
0
0
0
0

b
ba
0.67
2.00
2.58
1.729
0
3.729

COF c
bc
cb
0.33
1
-4.58
0
2.58
0
0.851
0
0
0
-3.729
0

For span RB1 (A B)

4 KN/m
Mmax
3.729 KN

2m

VA

8.00 KN

Taking moment at B1L

+ Mmax = 0
-VA(2) + 8.00 3.729 = 0
VA = 2.136 KN
VB(L) = 5.864 KN

BL
VB1(L)

VA = 2.136 KN
VB(L) = 5.864 KN

2.136
2 x = 1.4762m
x

5.864

=
4.272 2.316

= 5.864
= 0.534m

For left hand side

3.729 KN.m

Mmax
1.466 m
5.864 KN

5.864 KN
Max. moment
+ Mmax 2.136 ( 0.534 ) +
Mmax = 0.57 KN.m

=0

) 5.864 (1.466) + 3.729 = 0

+ Mmax + 5.864 (
Mmax = 0.57 KN.m
For span RB2(BR C)
3.729 KN.m

2.29 KN/m

BR
4m
VB (R)

9.16 KN

Vc

Mmax = 0.57 KN.m

Taking moment at BR
+ MB (R) = 0
3.729 9.16 (2) +Vc1 = 3.65 KN
VB (R) = 5.51 KN
5.51

VB (R) = 5.51 KN

4x
x

3.65

=
22.04 5.51

= 3.65
= 2.406m

Right hand side

2.29 KN/m
Mmax
1.594 m
3.65 KN

+ Mmax 3.65(
Mmax = 2.90 KN.m
Left hand side

3.65 KN

Mmax = 2.90 KN.m

) + 3.65 ( 1.594 ) = 0

3.729KNm

2.29 KN/m
Mmax
2.406 m

5.51 KN

5.51 KN

+ Mmax + 3.729 + (5.51)(

Mmax = 2.90 KN.m

) (5.51)(2.406) = 0

Case 3:For Beneficial + adverse

Beneficial

adverse

2m
A

4m
C

h = 300m
b = 200m
Self weight of the concrete = 24 0.3 0.2
= 1.44 KN/m
Dead load of root + ceiling = 0.75 + 0.1
= 0.85KN/m/m width
= 0.85 1m
= 0.85 KN/m
Live load = 0.5KN/m/m width
= 0.5 1 m
= 0.5 KN/m
Design load for span AB (Beneficial)
Design load = 1.0 Gk + 0 Qk
= 1.0 Gk
= 1.0 ( 1.44 + 0.85 )
= 2.29 KN/m
Design load for span BC (Adverse)
Design load = 1.4Gk+1.6Qk
= 1.4( 1.44 + 0.85) + 1.6( 0.5)
= 4.00KN/m

2.29 KN/m

4.00 KN/m

A
2m

4m

Gk=0.85 KN/m
Qk=0.5 KN/m

i)
Fixed end moment
FEMAB = FEMCB = 0
(

FEMBA =

FEMBC = -

=-

)( )
(

= 1.145 KN. m

)( )

= - 8.00 KN. m

ii)
Stiffness factor for each member (K)
Kab = Kba =
=
= 1.5EI
Kbc = Kcb =

= 0.75EI

iii)
Joint stiffness factor ( K)
Kb = Kba + Kbc
= 1.5EI + 0.75EI
= 2.25EI
iv)

Distribution factor, DF =

DFab = 1
DFba =

= o.67

DFbc =

= 0.33

DFcb = 1
vii)

Carry over
0.5

2m
A

0.5

4m
B

v)
Moment distribution table
Joint
a
COF
b
COF c
Span
ab
ba bc
cb
DF
1
0.67 0.33
1
FEM
0
1.145 -8.00
0
Balance
0
6.855 6.855
0
Distribution 0
4.593 2.262
0
Carry over 0
0 0
0
Final
0
5.738 -5.738
0
moment

For span RB1(A- BL)

5.738 KN
2.29 KN/m
M=0
2m

BL
VB1(L)

4.58 KN

VA

Taking moment at B1L = 0

+ MBL = 0
4.58(1) 2VA1 5.738 = 0
VA = -0.579 KN
VBL = 5.159 KN

VA = -0.579 KN
VBL = 5.159 KN

5.159

x
2-x
0.579

=
1.158 0.579 = 5.159
= 0.2018
Left Hand Side

2.29 KN/m
Mmax
0.2018 m
0.462 KN

0.579 KN

+ Mmax + 0.579(0.2018) + 0.462(

Mmax = - 0.163 KN.m

)=0

Right Hand Side

2.29 KN/m

5.738

Mmax
1.7982 m
4.118 KN

5.159 KN

) + 5.738 5.159(1.7982) = 0

+ Mmax + 4.118(
Mmax = - 0.163KN.m
For span RB2(BR C)
5.738 KN.m

4.0 KN/m

BR
4m
VB(R)

16 KN

Vc

Mmax = - 0.163 KN.m

Taking moment at C
+ MC = 0
16(2) + 5.738 4VB1(R) = 0
VB (R) = 9.435 KN
VC = 6.565 KN
9.435
4x
x

6.565
6.565

=
37.74 9.435
= 2.359 m

= 6.565

Left Hand Side

5.738 KN.m
4.0 KN/m
Mmax
2.359 m
9.436 KN

9.435

VB1(L)

) 9.435( 2.35 ) = 0

+ Mmax + 9.436(
Mmax = 5.39 KN.m
Right Hand Side

4 KN/m
Mmax
1.641 m
6.564 KN

6.565 KN

Mmax + 6.564 (
) 6.565 ( 1.641 ) = 0
Mmax = 5.39 KN.m
9.505
2.136
9.435
5.51
0.99
0.579
5.519

3.65
6.495

5.864

6.565

7.01
Shear force envelope diagram
6.02
5.738
3.729
2.90

0.1225
0.57

5.273
5.39

Moment force envelope diagram

Maximum shear diagram

Maximum moment diagram

Reinforced design
For sagging at B
Check
K=
=(

)(

)(

= 0.0147< 0.156 ok
Clause
3.4.4.4

z = 261[ 0.5 +

= 256.66 > 0.95d = (247.95) use 0.95d

=(

)(

)(

= 55.58
= 226

2T12, Asprov = 226mm2

For span A B Hogging

K < K( = 0.00139 ) ok
So the compression
reinforcement is not
required

Check
K=
=(

)(

)(

= 0.00139
Find z
Clause
3.4.4.4

z = d [ 0.5 +

>0.95d, so use 0.95d

= 261 [ 0.5 +

= 260.60mm > ( 0.95d = 247.95mm )

Find AS
M = 0.95fyAsz
=

)(

= 5.26
For span B C (Hogging)
Check
K=
=(

)(

= 0.0132

)(

AS prov = 226mm2
2T12

K < K( = 0.0129 ) ok
So the compression
reinforcement is not
required

Find z
Clause
3.4.4.4

z = d [ 0.5 +

>0.95d, so use 0.95d

= 261 [ 0.5 +

= 257.11mm > ( 0.95d = 247.95mm )

Find AS
M = 0.95fyAsz
=

)(

As prov = 226mm2
2T12

= 48.66

Table 3.25

Check max. & min. As

(
Min. As =
=
Max. As =

)(

) = 78mm2

(200)(300) = 2400mm2

As min = 78 mm2
As max = 2400 mm2

2T12

B1

A1

C1

Check deflection
For span A B ( Hogging )
( )basic = 26 ( For continues beam )
d = 261mm
=(

)(

= 0.04184
fs =
=
Table 3.10

)(
(

)
)

= 7.137
The modification factor for tension steel
= 0.55 +
(

= 0.55 +
= 4.707 > 2

MFT > 2, so use 2

( )

= 26
= 52

( )

Table 3.10

( )

>( )

ok

=(
)
= 7.663

For span B C
( )basic = 26 ( For continues beam )
d = 261mm
=(

)(

= 0.3956
fs =
(

)(
(

)
)

= 65.95 N/mm2
The modification factor for tension steel
= 0.55 +
(

= 0.55 +

= 3.1939 > 2
( )
= 26 2
= 52
( )
=(
)
= 15.33

Table 3.8

More than 2, use 2

( )
ok

Check shear
At support A
As prov = 226mm2
(
)
= ( )( )

ok

= 0.433 < 3
(

=( )
= 1.1126 > 1

ok

=
= 1.06

Vc =

=
= 0.5639 N/mm2

>( )

Table 3.7

0.5Vc >V, minimum

shear is provided

V=
=

)(

= 0.0409 N/mm2
0.5Vc = 0.282N/mm2
At support B
Take 9.05 KN to calculate the shear
V =
=

)(

= 0.182
0.5Vc > V
At support C
Take 6.565 KN to calculate the shear
V =
=

)(

= 0.126
0.5Vc > V
Hence, for the beam RB1 and RB2. Minimum link
should be provided in all beams of structural
importance, it will be satisfactory to omit them in
members of minor structural importance such as lintels
or where the maximum design shear stress is less than
half Vc.
Table 3.7

=
Let link = 8 mm
Area = 101 mm ( for 2 leg )
(
)
=
(
)
Sv = 299.84 mm
Max. spacing = 0.75d
= 195.75 mm
Hence use

R8@175mm c/c

Crack checking [ only consider tension reinforcement]

( )
( )
( )
Clear spacing =
= 110 mm
Clear spacing
300
= 7126.6 300
Actual spacing ( = 110mm )

So, we use max. 300

mm

max. Spacing

Use type deformation type 2 (460)

Use for round cross section with rip
Ka= 40( Tension)
Length of anchorge
L= Ka x bar size
L= 40 x 12 = 480mm

8mm
4T12
110mm

25mm

Roof Beam: RB3 and RB 4

REFERENCES: Figure 9 (Appendix)
BS 8110
Reference

Calculations
Specification:
Self weight of concrete = 24 KN/m3
f cu = 30mm

Table 3.15

f y = 460 N/mm2
Fire resistance = 1 hours
Concrete exposure = mild
Cover = 25mm
Ceiling = 0.10KN/m2
Roof = 0.75 KN/m2
Tension = 12mm

Output

Link = 8mm
f yv = 250 N/mm2
Estimation thickness of slab, h
Table 3.9

With refer to beam RB3

( ) = 20 ( For simply support)
d min =

(Assume, MF = 0.80)

=
= 250mm

Take d = 250mm,
Assume tension steel = 12mm
Link = 8mm
Cover = 25mm
h = 289mm
So, h = 300mm
b = 200mm

Loading
Self-weight of the concrete = 24 0.3 0.2 1.4
= 2.016KN/m
Dead load of roof + ceiling = 0.75 + 0.1
= 0.85KN/m/m width 1m
= 0.85 KN/m width
Live load = 0.5KN/m/m width

Design load = 1.4(0.85) + 1.6(0.5)

= 1.99KN/m/m width
Point load of roofing + ceiling = 1.99 3.5 1
= 6.965KN

6.965KN

6.965KN

6.965KN

8.064KN

1m

1m

1m

1m
VA2

VA1

Taking moment at Vab = 0

+

MA1 = 0,

-6.965(1) - 6.965(2) 6.965(3) + 4 VA2 2(8.064) =0

V A2 = 14.48KN
V A1 = 14.48KN

6.965KN

6.965KN

A1

6.965KN

8.064KN

A2
1m
14.48KN

1m

1m

1m
14.48KN

+ F y = 0; 14.48 2.016 - V aL = 0
V aL = 12.464KN
+ F y = 0; 14.48 2.016 6.695 V aR =0
V aR = 5.499KN
+ F y = 0; 14.48 4.032 6.695 V DL =0
V DL = 3.483KN
+ F y = 0; 14.48 4.032 6.965 6.965 - V DR = 0
V DR = -3.482KN
+ F y = 0; 14.48 6.048 6.695 6.695 - V CL =0
V CL = -5.498KN
+ F y = 0; 14.48 6.048 6.965(3) - V CR = 0
V CR = -12.463KN
+ F y = 0; 14.48 8.064 3(6.965) V A2L =0
V A2L = -14.48KN

Shear Diagram:

14.48
12.464
5.499
3.483

-3.482

-5.498
-14.48

Bending moment diagram

17.963

13.472

13.473

Hence maximum moment = 17.963 KNm

K ( = 0.156 ) -ok0.5
-okSo, the compression
reinforcement is not
required.
K

Check
K=
=(

)(

)(

= 0.0439
d = h 25 8 6
= 300 25 8 6
= 261 mm

Find z
z = d [ 0.5 +

= 261 [ 0.5 +

= 247.58 mm

0.95d = 247.95 mm

Find As :

A s prov = 226 mm2

2T12

M = 0,95 f y A s Z
A s req =
=

0.95d,
Use z = 247.58 mm

)(

= 166.03 mm2

Check max and min:

bh

Min As =

200 300
= 78 mm2

bh

Min As =

200 300
= 2400 mm2

Check deflection:

( ) basic = 20 ( for beam simply supported)

(

) actual =
=
= 15.326
d = 261 mm
(

) =

)(

= 1.318
f s=
=

)(
(

)
)

= 225.29 N/mm2
The modification factor for tension steel

As min = 78.0 mm2

As max = 2400 mm2
-ok-

= 0.55 +

= 0.55 +

= 1.4957 < 2

( ) all

( ) allowable = 20 1.4957

-ok-

( ) actual

= 29.914

( ) actual =

= 15.326

Check Shear:
As = 226mm2
-ok=

= 0.433 < 3

)=(

= 1.1126

-okOk for not greater than

40 N/mm2

)
1

=
= 1.06

vc=

= 0.5639 N/mm2
v=

V = 15.49 KN

)(

0.5Vc

= 0.2774 N/mm2
0.5Vc = 0.282 N/mm2
Note 1 : Minimum links should be provided in all
beams of structural importance, it will be
satisfactory to omit them in members of minor
structural importance such as lintels or where
the maximum design shear stress is less than
half Vc .
=
Assume link = 8mm,
Area = 101 mm2 ( for 2 legs )
=

S v = 299.84 mm
Hence, max spacing = 0.75 d
= 195.75mm

Apply the max R8 @175mm c/c

R8 @175mm c/c

Crack checking ( only consider tension reinforcement )

( )
( )
( )
Clear spacing =

= 110 mm
Clear spacing
(

300
)

300
-ok-

actual spacing max. spacing

110mm = 208.62mm

8 mm

25 mm

2T12

110 mm

Use type deformation type 2 (460)

Use for round cross section with rip
Ka= 40( Tension)
Length of anchorge
L= Ka x bar size
L= 40 x 12 = 480mm