A Study of Electric Power Quality using Storage System in Distributed Generation

Kazuto YUKITA
Department of Electrical Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology Toyota, JAPAN Email: yukita@aitech.ac.jp

Katsuhiro ICHIYANAGI
Department of Electrical Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology Toyota, JAPAN Email: itiya@aitech.ac.jp

Yasuyuki GOTO
Department of Electrical Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology Toyota, JAPAN Email: ygoto@aitech.ac.jp
Abstract This paper describes a method to improve the power quality of a distributed generation (DG) power system. The proposed method uses a power storage system with DG. Here, DG is assumed the renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and fuel cells (FC), etc. The effect to use the storage battery is shown by the following two experiments. One case is the examination of a power transmission simulator. Another case is an experiment in a small-scale actual system. The electric power quality (frequency, voltage) is observed, when the storage battery have been introduced or not. In case of a power transmission simulator, the frequency control is executed using two methods; a power demand estimation method and a proportion control method that uses frequency deviation. The control of the storage battery is executed by using these controls. Another case is an examination for a real power system, which is the 12th pavilion of Aichi Institute of Technology (AIT). In this pavilion, photovoltaic generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and storage batteries have been introduced. And the electric power is supplied by these sources. The electric power qualities in two cases were compared. One case is the storage battery is introduced. Another case is without the storage battery. The storage battery executes the control that maintains the voltage in the power system. As a result, it has been understood that the electric power quality has improved, when the storage battery is introduced. Keywords- distributed generation; photovoltaic; power quality; storage system;
This study was supported by Develpoment of the Next-Generation Power Supply System by Microgrid Introduction, the Hi-Tech Research Center Project for Private Universities by MEXT in fiscal 2006.

Kenichi HIROSE
Research and Development Headquarters NTT Facilities, INC. Tokyo, JAPAN Email: hirose36@ntt-f.co.jp I. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, micro electric power systems such as photovoltaic generation systems, wind generators and microgas turbines, etc., have increased with the deregulation and liberalization of the power market. Under such circumstances the environment surrounding the electric power industry has become ever more complicated and providing high-quality power in a stable manner has become an important topic due to progress by the information technology (IT) industry in Japan [1,2]. This paper proposes a method to improve the power quality for distributed generation (DG) with power storage system. Here, DG is assumed to include photovoltaic generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and fuel cells (FC), etc. The effect to use the storage battery is shown by the following two experiments. One case is an examination using a power transmission simulator. The system is composed of a synchronous generator, an induction generator, an inverter and a storage battery. Then, the examination of frequency control was executed with these devices. In the storage battery, the frequency control is executed. The frequency control was performed using two methods; a power demand estimation method and a proportion control method that uses the frequency deviation [3]. Another case is an experiment in a small-scale actual power system. The system is the 12th pavilion of Aichi

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Institute of Technology (AIT). In this pavilion, photovoltaic generation (PV), wind power generation (WG) and storage batteries have been introduced. And the electric power is supplied by these sources. The electric power qualities (frequency, voltage, etc) in the following two cases were compared. One case is the storage battery is introduced. Another case is without the storage battery. As a result, it has been understood that the electric power quality has improved when the storage battery is introduced. II. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

TABLE I.

GENERATOR CONSTANTS.
G WG

Rated output Rated voltage Frequency Inertia constant M

3kVA 220V 60Hz 0.2 sec

1.5kVA 220V 60Hz 0.1sec

A. Model System Fig. 1 shows the model system used in this investigation. The model system is composed of a synchronous generator, an induction generator, an inverter and a storage battery. A miniature diesel power plant is represented by G in Fig. 1. A miniature wind power generator is represented by WG. The functions of AVR of synchronous generator were used in the experiments. The parameters of generators are shown in Table I. Transmission lines were simulated by resistors and coils. The combined length of the lines from synchronous generator to the load terminal is 1.5 km. The distance parameters for the transmission lines are shown in Fig. 1.
State load. 1kW LOAD

B. Time Sequence Fig. 2 shows the time sequence and output pattern of the WG system. A triangular wave output pattern was assumed for the WG system. The load was 1 kW in a regular value, and the load of 1 kW was increased after 5.0 seconds from the start of the simulation.

III.

FREQENCY CONTROL METHOD

In this paper, frequency control was performed using two different methods. One method is the power demand estimation . The other method used is proportion control that uses the frequency deviation [3]. A. Power Demand Estimation Method Until now, the load frequency control (LFC) system controls the frequency deviation to become zero when a disturbance is generated. However, it is not required that the frequency deviation is always controlled to be zero for fluctuating load. The load fluctuation quantity of self-area was estimated by the load estimation mechanism of Eqn. (1). rti(kd) = (1/2)[(-M/Tdk)( fi(kd) - f i(kd - l)) + Pti(kd-1) + Pwgi(kd- l) - Di fi(kd - 1) + Pbti(kd- l) + Ptiei(kd- 1)]+ (1 / 2)ri(kd - 1) (1) Here, rti(k) is used to synchronize the sampling period as shown in Eqn. (2), and is used as the signal for the output-set point control. rti(k) = rti(kd/nd) (2)

1.5km

G
1kW 4kW

INV.

WG
1kW

L O A D
Fluctuating load 1kW

Figure 1.

Model System.

Output of WG

1kW

Here, kd and nd are the integral number. B. Proportion control using frequency deviation Proportional control using frequency variation and tieline power deviation was performed as shown in Eqn. (3).
0 5.0 Load Change 10 finish

Ut(k) = ( fi(k)+ Ptie(k))*Kpi Here, Kpi is a proportion constant.

(3)

Simulation start

Figure 2. Time sequence and output pattern for WG.

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IV.

SIMULATION RESULT

The simulation is carried out according to the time sequence shown in Fig. 2. The response characteristics of frequency variation for the case of each type of control are shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3(a) shows the case for the power demand estimation method, Fig. 3(b) shows the case for proportion control using frequency deviation, and Fig. 3(c) shows the case for no-control. Comparison of these characteristics shows the best result for power demand estimation used, before the load fluctuated. After load fluctuated, a similar characteristics are shown. However, the result for proportion control is a good with a little convergence.

Fig. 4 shows the output characteristics for each generator and the tie-line power flow. In Fig. 4(a), for the power demand estimation method, it is shown that the output value from the storage battery follows in respect of the tie-line power flow. However, the tie line power flow has deviated from the regulation value in other characteristic. Therefore, the power demand estimation method shows the best result from the three types of frequency control. These results indicate that the introduction of a storage battery into a DG system can greatly contribute to the maintenance of the electric power quality.

(a) Demand estimation method (a) Demand estimation method

Pload
Generation(kW) Output Generation(kW )

P PDG Ptieline
times(s)

(b) Proportion control (b) Proportion control

(c) No control (without storage battery)

(c) No control (without storage battery) Figure 4. Output characteristics for each generator

Figure 3. Characteristics of frequency deviation. and the tie-line power flow.

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V.

REAL SYSTEM OBSERVATIONS

Following experimental examination using a small generator and simulator, the electric power quality in a real micro-grid system set up at the AIT was observed. The power system is composed of a diesel generator, photovoltaic generation, wind power generation and a storage battery. Fig. 5 shows images of the AIT, indicating the various components of the power system. Fig. 6 shows a schematic of the power system. A. Photovoltaic generation The photovoltaic generation has 60 solar panels and a ratings capacity of 10 kW, and uses a power conditioning system.

B. Wind Generation Two types of wind power generation have been introduced at AIT. The 10 kW system has a 4 m length of braid and is 15 m high, with four sheet wind vanes. The 2 kW system has a 2 m length of braid and is 9 m high, with four sheet wind vanes. C. Storage System The capacity of the converter of the storage battery is 50 kVA. Moreover, the storage battery is assumed to have an electric charge of 200 Ah. VI. OBSERVATION RESULT AND EXAMINATION

This experiment was executed for the two following conditions. 1) When only the DG systems are used. 2) When both the DG systems and the storage battery are used. The items observed were the frequency change and the voltage change. The observational equipment used was an electric power quality analyzer (Model 3196, Hioki). Fig. 6 shows the observational point in the system. The part of the load in building has been allotted as a load in this system. Fig.7, Fig.8 and Fig.9 show the frequency change, the voltage change, and the characteristics of the load change, respectively.
60.10 60.08 60.06

Frequency[Hz]

60.04 60.02 60.00 59.98 59.96 59.94 59.92 59.90 8:30 8:45 9:00 9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45

Figure 5.

Images of power generation components at AIT.

12th pavilion 12th pavilion

10kW PV

DEG

10kW Wind Generator

2kW Wind Generator

MAX 60.089Hz MIN 59.921Hz AVERAGE 59.997Hz

(a) Without Storage Battery

DC/AC DC/AC DC/AC

time

Tr

AC/DC 50kVA Battery 200

Load

Figure 6. . Schematic of the power system.

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