Professional Documents
Culture Documents
References
1. Norvelle, F.D. Fluid Power Control Systems, Prentice Hall, 2000. 2. Fitch, E.C. and Hong I.T. Hydraulic Component Design and Selection, BarDyne, Stillwater, OK, 2001. 3. Cundiff, J.S. Fluid Power Circuits and Controls, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002. 4. Merritt, H.E. Hydraulic Control Systems, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1967. 5. Fluid Power Design Engineers Handbook, Parker Hannifin Company (various editions).
Voltsamp
System Overview
Rpm- Pump torque Flowpress. sion line
Rpmtorque or force
Coupling mechanism
The system consists of a series of transformation of power variables Power is either converted to another useful form or waste heat Impedance is modified (unit force/unit flow) Power is controlled Function is achieved
Rpmtorque or force
Load
Pressure relief valve 4-way, 3 position valve filter Fixed displacement pump Fluid tank or reservoir
Proportional Valve
Orifice Model
Q ! Cd Ao 2 (p V
p2, q2
p1, q1
!C
x!x (p ! (p
C x 2 2 p s (p
p0
ps
p0 x
ps xq1 !C ! K1 ; 2 x(p
x!x (p ! (p
! K2 ! 0
p2, q2 p 1, q 1
q1 ! K1 x K 2 (p ! K1 x ! Ay
Change in density
Net area Ap
If truly incompressible:
Specification of flow without a response in pressure brings a causality problem For example, if the piston has mass, and flow can change instantaneously, infinite force is required for infinite acceleration Need to account for change of density and compliance of walls of cylinder and tubes
More useful here is an effective bulk modulus that includes expansion of the walls and compression of entrapped gasses
F dM ! q dt ; dp ! VV
q dt
1 1 d ( M / V ) 1 1 xM M xV 2 ! ! F eff V dp V V xp V xp
Using this to solve for the change in pressure
F eff dp ! VV
dM ! k M dt ! k q dt
dv/dt
With compliance and/or compressibility combined into a factor k And with moving mass m q k dt p A /m dv/dt
Proportional control
May be negligible
pressure (stress)
Stress
Thin-walled tubes (t<0.1D) Thick-walled tubes (t>0.1D)
Guidelines
Fluid speed Strengths Factors of safety (light service: 2.5, general: 3.15, heavy: 4-5 or more)
LV (p ! f D 2 Dh
Q A
or
! 4 x (flow section diameter)/(section perimeter) V ! fluid mass density Q ! flow rate A ! flow section area VuDh NR ! Q u ! fluid velocity
Orifice Model
Q ! Cd Ao 2 (p V
Rod is constrained by cylinder at two points Constrained by load at one point Diameter must resist buckling Theory of composite swaged column applies Composite column fully extended is A-B-E shown below consisting of 2 segments
A-B segment buckles as if loaded by force F on a column A-B-C B-E segment buckles as if loaded by F on DBE Require tangency at B
(conduits or cylinders)
Thin walled cylinders (open, or where only circumferential hoop stress is significant) (Barlow) Thick walled cylinders
Brittle materials (based on max normal stress) use Lames formula Ductile (based on max strain theory)
Open end (no axial stress) (Birnie) Closed end (cylinder bears axial stress) (Clavarino)
Stress formulas
Barlow' s formula (thin, open) Clavarino's formula (closed, thick, ductile) PDi t! 2 sd D s (1 2R ) P Di ! inside diameter
t!
2
i
1 sd (1 R ) P
d
! tan Lb F Eb I b
64 I b Dr ! ! diameter of rod T The first equation may be solved iteratively then solve for Dr
Pressure Specifications
Nominal pressure = expected operating Design pressure = Nominal Proof pressure (for test) = 2x Design Burst pressure (expect failure) = 4x Design