1) LORENTZ CONDITION: To define the divergence of A, which is independent of its curl.

In order to simplify,

which is known as the Lorentz condition. Where, e is Electric Scalar Potential

2) RADIATION MECHANISM: (i) If a charge is not moving, current is not created and there is no radiation. (ii) If the charge is moving with a uniform velocity: (a) There is no radiation if the wire is straight, and infinite in extent. (b) There is radiation if the wire is curved, bent, discontinuous, terminated or truncated. (c) If charge is oscillating in a time-motion, it radiates even if the wire is straight.

3) (i) HALF-POWER BEAMWIDTH(HPBW): The HPBW is defined as: in a plane containing the direction of the maximum of a beam, the angle between the 2 directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half the maximum value of the beam. It is otherwise called as 3db beamwidth. It is 50% of the maximum radiation. (ii) BAND WIDTH: The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified standard. (iii) BEAMWIDTH BETWEEN FIRST NULLS: The BWFN is defined as the angle between the first nulls. BWFN is taken by drawing a tangent to the radiation pattern.

4) Calculate the directivity of an isotropic antenna in dB. D= For an isotrpic antenna, A= 4 D=1 DdB=10 = 10 DdB= 0dB

5) Calculate the maximum effective aperture of an antenna which is operating ta a wavelength of 2m and has directivity of 100. D= 100; = 2m Aem = Do = Aem = 31.83 m. Sq.

6) RETARDED VECTOR POTENTIAL: A= F= ds ds dv dv

A(x,y,z)= F(x,y,z)=

7) FRAUNHOFER: Far-field(Fraunhofer) region is defined as that region of the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna. FRESNEL: Radiating near-field(Fresnel) region is defined as that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-field region and the far-field region where in radiation fields predominate and where in the angular field distribution is independent upon the distance from the antenna.

8) A dipole of length 3cm is placed in free space to radiate at 1GHz. Find the radiation resistance. L= 3cm; f= 1GHz Rr= 20| |^2 = = = 0.3

Rr = 20^2(3/0.3) = 1.973 k

9) Comparison of Halfwave and Quarterwave. HALFWAVE DIPOLE: (i) Simplest antenna and is frequently employed as an element of a more complex directional system. Eg: Antenna Arrays (ii) Symmetrical antenna in which the 2 ends are at equal potential relative to mid point. (iii) Dipole is fed at the centre having maximum current at the centre. (iv) Maximum radiation in the plane normal to the axis. (v) Rrad = 73.08 QUARTERWAVE MONOPOLE: (i) It is perpendicular to the plane which is usually assumed to be infinite and perfectly conducting. (ii) It is fed by a coaxial cable connected to its base. (iii) The field produced in the region above the ground plane due to the with its image is the same as the field due to dipole. (iv) The monopole radiates only half as much power as the dipole with the same current. (v) Rrad = 36.54 monopole

10) Mention the application of balanced to unbalanced transformer.

11) What are the characteristics of an antenna whose efficiency equals unity?