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TN T175 European_Code13
012604
ADAPT FLOOR-Pro is in full compliance with the European code EC2. This Technical Note describes
the details of the code implementation in the software. The implementation is based on EC2 (ENV
1992-1-1)
The implementation follows the EC2 ‘s procedure of calculating a “Demand,” referred to as “design
values” for each design section, and a “Resistance,” for the same section, referred to as “design
capacity.” “Design value” and “design capacity” are generic terms that apply to displacements as well
as actions. These are the design terminologies used in ACI, and adopted in ADAPT literature. For
consistency, they are also used in this Technical Note. For each loading condition, or instance defined
in EC2, the design is achieved by making the resistance exceed the associated demand.
In the following, the values in square brackets “[ ]” are the factory set defaults of the program. They can
be changed by the user.
Concrete
• Cylinder strength at 28 days, as specified by user is used.
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Technical Note
• Bilinear stress/strain diagram with the horizontal branch at αfcd [α = 0.85], maximum strain
0.0035, limit of proportionality 0.00135
• Modulus of elasticity of concrete is automatically calculated and displayed by the program using
fck, the relationship (2.1-15) of the code. User is given the option to override the code value and
specify a user defined substitute.
Nonprestressed Steel
• Bilinear stress/strain diagram with the horizontal branch at (fyk)/ γs
• Modulus of elasticity is user defined [200000 MPa]
• No limit on tensile strain is imposed
Prestressing Steel
• Bilinear stress/strain diagram with the horizontal branch at (0.90fpk)/ γs
• Modulus of elasticity is user defined [190000 MPa]
• No limit on tensile strain is imposed
Material Factors
• Concrete γs = 1.50
• Nonprestressed steel γs = 1.15
• Prestressing steel γs = 1.15
For the European Code, the program automatically generates the following load combinations
and performs the associated design checks.
In addition to the above, the program has an option for “No code check” for conditions,
when a user is interested in the response of the floor system to a user defined loading,
as opposed to a code driven design check.
• No code check
The program’s automatically generated load cases and load combinations are listed below.
Except for the initial (transfer) condition, that is not explicitly given in the code, the remainder of
the combinations are based on EC2.
• Service (quasi-permanent)
1.00 x Self weight + 1.00 x Dead load + 0.30 x Live load + 1.00 x Prestressing
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Technical Note
• Service (frequent)
1.00 x Self weight + 1.00 x Dead load + 0.50 x Live load + 1.00 x Prestressing
• Strength
1.35 x Self weight + 1.35 x Dead load + 1.50 x Live load + 1.00 x Hyperstatic
• Initial (transfer)
1.00 x Self weight + 1.15 x Prestressing
The factors of the initial condition are based upon the common practice of engineers
in the USA.
• Plane sections remain plane. Strain compatibility is used to determine the actions on the
section.
• Maximum concrete strain in compression is limited to 0.0035 .
• Maximum value for the neutral axis “x” is determined based on concrete strength of the section
fcu .
• If a section is made up of more than one concrete material, the entire section is designed using
the concrete properties of lowest strength in that section
• For strands that cross a design section at an angle, the change in strain in the strand due to
flexing of the design section about its own axis is calculated from the following relationship:
o Change of strain in strand = (strain normal to the design section)*cos2θ , where θ is the
angle between the design section and a normal to it.
The strain in each strand is calculated separately, based on its angle with the design section
• Additional considerations for strain in prestressing steel
o If bonded, strain is calculated using the stress/strain curve and the angle of strand with
the design section
o If unbonded, the strain is calculated using the same procedure as bonded tendons, but
the calculated strain is adjusted as follows:
• The stress increase is reduced by the factor (Ls/LT)
• The stress increase is limited to (Ls/LT)100 MPa
• Stress in nonprestressed steel is based on stress-strain relationship assumed
• Trapezoidal concrete block is used with maximum stress equal to αfcd [α = 0.85]
• Depth of neutral axis is limited as given below:
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Technical Note
Serviceability Check
• For “frequent” load condition, the default stress limitations for combination of dead and live
loads under service condition are the code values. These, however, can be adjusted by the user
to user’s specific requirements.
o Concrete
Maximum compressive stress 0.60 fck. If stress at any location exceeds, the
program displays that location with a change in color (or broken lines for black
and white display), along with a note on the text output..
No limit on computed “hypothetical” maximum tensile stress
o Mild Steel
The maximum allowable stress (0.80 fyk ) given in the code is used. If the
calculated stress exceeds the allowable value, the program automatically adds
more steel to lower the calculated stress to the code specified limit.
o Prestressing steel
The maximum allowable stress under service condition (0.75 fyk) given in the
code is used. If this value exceeds, the program will display a message on the
screen indicating the affected tendon, and will request the user to modify the
selection.
• Stress limitations used for the “quasi-permanent” load combination are as follows:
o Concrete
Maximum compressive stress 0.45 fck . If stress at any location exceeds, the
program displays that location with a change in color (or broken lines for black
and white display), along with a note on the text output..
No limit on the computed “hypothetical) maximum tensile stress
o Mild Steel
None required – no check made
o Prestressing steel
None required - no check made
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Technical Note
Where
d = depth specified for mild steel. If no mild steel is required, the cover specified
by the user and the user’s choice of reinforcement is used to calculate “d”
bt = web thickness, or section width for rectangular sections
fpk is used in lieu of fyk , when section is prestressed.
o For the calculation of Єm , the values σs and σsr and Es are determined for the rebar
closest to the tension face. If no rebar exists, an infinitely small amount of rebar is
assumed.
o For k1, Φ, and ρr calculation, all rebar and bonded post-tensioning within the tension
zone of the section are considered.
o For effective tension area of concrete Ac,eff, one third of the area of concrete below the
neutral axis is used.
o Other parameters used are those specified in the code as follows:
• β = 1.7 cracks due to loading
• β1 = 1 for deformed bars
• β2 = 0.5 for sustained loads
• k1 = 0.8 for deformed bars
o No check is performed for the distribution of the calculated reinforcement on the section
o No check is performed for the 300 mm2 area of reinforcement noted in the code. User
should check the availability of this reinforcement or its equivalent.
Using the parameters, the program calculates the design crack width (wk) of each design
section. If the calculated value exceeds the allowable, reinforcement is added to that section, in
order to reduce the crack width to within the allowable value. The allowable crack width
depends on the “Exposure” classification. The “Exposure” classification is user defined.
Where,
VSd = design value; and
VRd = design resistance
Three resistance values are calculated and checked against the design values. These are:
Code formulas are used to calculate the above values. In using the code formulas, the following
considerations are observed.
V / bw d
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Technical Note
Punching Shear
In its first release of the European Code implementation, the program uses the ACI-318-2002
formulation for punching shear check. It leads to a more conservative design. Subsequent
releases will provide the option for design using EC2.
NOTATION