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KPP 02 : PRACTICAL AT CIRCUIT TOPIC CONTENTS Possible Introduction: In Malaysia, small motorcycles account for more than 68% of all traffic accidents. Approximately 3,000 motorcyclists are killed each year and 30,000 injured. The following steps will show you how to drive safely and responsibly so that you can keep yourself, your motorcycle and the people around you safe. 1. Inspecting the motorcycle before traveling. This first section concerns the Practical (Exam?) At The Circuit. Its important that you conduct a pre-trip inspection on the motorcycle that you are going to ride. Before starting up your motorcycle, inspect the following basic components: Petrol and tank cover Engine oil Tyres Chain Break Battery Clutch Both front and rear lamps Signal Lamp Horn And Side mirror Dont forget to remove any additional safety locks and chains. PLEASE ADD ANY SPECIFIC DETAILS CONCERNING THE ABOVE 2. Switching the engine on and off There are several steps you must take before starting up and switching off the engine. 1. Before starting up the engine, make sure that the fuel tap is on. Then put the motorcycle into neutral or free gear. Next, use your hand and foot to ensure the brake is functioning. In cool weather, you will need to use the choke. Then, switch on the engine. With certain models, you will need to step on the brake at the same time. Twist the throttle and listen for the correct engine ignition sound. Finally, check that all indicators

and meters are functioning. 2. Before switching off the engine, put the motorcycle into neutral or free gear and make sure the fuel tap is off. Then you may switch off the engine by turning the key to the off mode. Make sure that you are familiar with the entire instrument panel which comprises several components. They are the ignition switch, which switches the engine on and off and the petrol leveler, which measures the amount of available petrol. The speedometer measures the motorcycles speed while the tachometer measures the engine speed in rpm or revolutions per minute. The odometer measures the distance the motorcycle has covered overall and the trip meter tells you your current distance. Make sure you know all of the warning lamps including the neutral mode light, the left & right signal lamps, the high beam, the engine oil pressure lamp, engine temperature lamp and finally the anti-lock braking system, or ABS lamp. 4. Using the brake, clutch and throttle You must become familiar with the correct brake, clutch and throttle techniques. The front brake is always squeezed smoothly with your right hand to activate the front disc brake and the rear drum brake. Practice gripping the clutch firmly with the left hand and twisting the throttle with the correct technique. If your motorcycle has manual gears, put your motorcycle into the correct gear with the correct gear changing methods. Always position your feet correctly while changing gears.

3. Identifying the instrument panel

5. Using the gears

If your motorcycle has automatic gears, simply make sure your motorcycle is in the correct gear. 6. Safety routines It is important that you become familiar with all motorcycle safety routines. This means using your safety devices while riding, inspecting your motorcycle before riding, switching the engine on and off properly, using the proper methods to brake, twist the throttle, grip the clutch, and change gears and finally understanding all components of the instrument panel EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE 1. Emergency This second section concerns Emergency Assistance. assistance. In case of an emergency, survey the area and identify the crime or accident before you take any action. In case of fire, extinguishing the flames should be a priority. Use any available safety such as the life hammer to free trapped people. If safety devices are not available, a jack can be used.

You may need to call for help and so you should have available several emergency contact numbers. Remember to communicate calmly and clearly describing only the key points of the incident. While waiting for help, you can be of service by guiding victims and passers-by to keep the area of the incident safe. If help doesnt arrive, you can assist in treating an injured person by performing CPR if necessary, checking for bleeding using the DIE technique, and check for the possibility of broken or cracked bones. (You should avoid moving anyone seriously injured as this can cause greater damage, including paralysis.) VEHICLE CONTROLLING 1. Moving, This third section shows you how to control your vehicle. stopping and standing your To move the motorcycle, first balance your body. Remain seated motorcycle with your hands, elbows, knees and feet in their correct positions and release the stand. Ensure that road conditions are safe before moving. To stop your motorcycle, ensure that road conditions are safe and choose the safest place to stop. Use the correct brake and holding your left foot down, make sure the motorcycle comes to a full stop. Only then should you switch off the engine. To stand your motorcycle, use the proper techniques for either a double or single stand. To move your motorcycle forward while it is not running, you must stand on the motorcycles left side. Gripping both handle bars, make sure the gear is in neutral position. Then switch off the engine. Always keep your right hand ready to brake and carefully swerve the motorcycle to the left. If you want to move the motorcycle backward while it is not running, again, stand on the left side. Hold the handle bar with your left hand and the seat hanger with your right hand. Only when the gear is in the neutral position should you switch off the engine. Again, always keep your right hand ready to brake and then carefully swerve the motorcycle to the left. Making a figure-8 rotation requires concentration. Use a suitable gear, balance your body and motorcycle. Then twist the throttle and squeeze the brake correctly. It is very important to look in the direction you are headed toward. If you ride along a narrow bridge, first put the motorcycle in a low gear. Keep your body and motorcycle balanced and then twist the throttle and squeeze the brake correctly. Reduce your speed to 5 to 10 km/h.

2. Moving the motorcycle forward or backward while it is switched off

1. Making a figure-eight rotation 4. Riding along a narrow bridge

5. Riding between slalom poles.

6. Braking

Riding between slalom poles also requires that you put the motorcycle in a low gear. Again, balance your body and motorcycle and then twist the throttle and squeeze the brake correctly. As with the figure-8 rotation, keep your eyes in the direction you are headed towards. There are different techniques of stopping depending on the speed of the stop. To stop gradually, use front and rear brakes and engine brake correctly. Make sure to balance your body and motorcycle.

When making an emergency stop, however, you must quickly evaluate the weather conditions. Always reduce your speed to 3040 km/h before braking. Then, with your body and motorcycle balanced, use front and rear brakes correctly. 7. Riding on If you are riding on an unbalanced surface, keep your motorcycle in unbalanced surface a low gear. Balancing your body and motorcycle, control the clutch, brake and throttle and keep your speed at 5 10 km/h. 8. Riding along a On a straight road, you also need to balance your body and straight road motorcycle. Use a suitable gear and keep your motorcycles position controlled and your speed consistent. This is not only for your safety but is also a courtesy to vehicles you are sharing the road with. 9. Riding through a Approaching a junction also requires certain steps for your safety junction and as a courtesy to other vehicles sharing the road. Whether the junction is controlled by traffic signals, or uncontrolled you will need to slow and stop the motorcycle if required. Give both lamp and hand signals if you are turning. When stopping, make sure you do not go over the stoppage position. Then, while controlling the motorcycles position prepared to follow the traffic light signal. I HAVE COMBINED PARAGRAPHS FOR CONTROLLED AND NORMAL (UNCONTROLLED) JUNCTIONS AS INTRUCTIONS ARE IDENTICAL. Turning at a junction also requires certain steps for your safety and as a courtesy to other vehicles sharing the road. Whether the junction is controlled by traffic signals, or uncontrolled you will need to slow and stop the motorcycle if required. Give both lamp and hand signals if you are turning. When stopping, make sure you do not go over the stoppage position. Then, while controlling the motorcycles position prepared to follow the traffic light signal. If there are no traffic signals, give way to passing cars. I HAVE COMBINED PARAGRAPHS FOR CONTROLLED AND NORMAL (UNCONTROLLED) JUNCTIONS AS INTRUCTIONS ARE IDENTICAL. Always think before giving a signal and make sure you give the correct signal. Both hand and lamp signals must be given at the

10. Junction concerning

11. Giving lamp and hand signals.

12. Making a U turn 13. Braking during emergency 14. Riding at corner

right time and the right distance before the turn. Keep signaling for at least 5 to 10 seconds and dont forget to switch off your signal after moving. If you need to make a U-turn, check that road conditions are safe first. Then position your motorcycle correctly, signal, reduce your speed and put your motorcycle into a suitable gear. Make sure to keep balanced while making the u-turn. To brake in an emergency situation, first understand the situation ahead of you. Be aware of the road conditions, including weather conditions before you brake. Then keeping your body and motorcycle balanced stop carefully. When you are riding toward a corner, identify its proportions before you get there. How wide is the corner and how much room do you have to make the turn? Get into the correct lane well in advance. With your body balanced, use a suitable gear and speed to make the turn. Keeping your eyes on where you are going. This forth section concerns the Practical (Exam?) On The Road Its important that you conduct a pre-trip inspection on the motorcycle that you are going to ride. Before starting up your motorcycle, inspect the following basic components: Petrol and tank cover Engine oil Tyres Chain Break Battery Clutch Both front and rear lamps Signal Lamp Horn And Side mirror Dont forget to remove any additional safety locks and chains.

Practical at road 1.Inspecting the motorcycle before traveling

2. Safety routines before riding

Be familiar with all safety routines, such as how to use safety devices, before you ride. Know how to read the instrument panel and how to switch the engine on and off correctly. Be confident in all braking, throttle-twisting and gear changing methods, and dont forget to inspect your motorcycle before you ride. Be familiar with all safety routines, such as how to use safety devices, before you ride. Know how to read the instrument panel and how to switch the engine on and off correctly. Be confident in

3. Starting safety movement

4. Riding in an urban area.

all braking, throttle-twisting and gear changing methods, and dont forget to inspect your motorcycle before you ride. THIS SECTION IS IDENTICAL TO PARAGRAPH 2 ABOVE Riding in a town area requires great concentration. You must take your speed seriously. First, be aware of the road conditions including the weather conditions and the amount and speed of traffic. Choose your speed according to these road conditions and to the motorcycles capability. Always follow the speed limit, and give yourself lots of time to get into the right lane. Stay at a safe distance from the car in front of you. If you decide to overtake, safety is most important. Choose the right speed depending on road conditions and be aware of the effects of wind resistance before, during and after the overtake. Give yourself plenty of time to get back into the right lane. When riding toward a junction, slow down or stop, if required. Give both hand and lamp signals if you are turning. Make sure you are in the correct lane before the turn and make sure you do not stop past the stoppage line. Finally, be ready to move once the traffic signal changes. If there is no traffic signal, give way to passing vehicles. I HAVE COMBINED THE TWO JUNCTION PARAGRAPGHS AS THEY ARE ALMOST IDENTICAL.

5. Riding in a rural area

When riding in a rural area, there are many things to consider. First, be aware of the road conditions including the weather conditions, and the roads dimensions, curves and surface. Consider these factors as well as your motorcycles capability when choosing your speed. Remember there is often low visibility of on-coming traffic in rural areas so follow the speed limit, and give yourself lots of time to get into the right lane. Stay at a safe distance from the car in front of you. If you decide to overtake, safety is most important. Choose the right speed depending on road conditions and be aware of the effects of wind resistance before, while and after overtaking. Give yourself plenty of time to get back into the right lane. When riding toward a junction, slow down or stop, if required. Give both hand and lamp signals if you are turning. Make sure you are in the correct lane before the turn and make sure you do not stop past the stoppage line. Finally, be ready to move if there is a traffic signal. If there is no signal, give way to passing cars.

I HAVE COMBINED THE TWO JUNCTION PARAGRAPHS AS THEY ARE ALMOST IDENTICAL.. To change lanes safely, use all safety measures such as signaling well in advance and give way to all vehicles in the lane you are moving to. When you ride through school and housing areas it is very important that you drive safely and according to the law. This includes keeping under the speed limit and being ready to stop suddenly at all times. For your safety and the safety of others around you, make sure you always keep a safe distance between yourself and the vehicle in front of you. To avoid accidents, stay in your lane and keep your position and speed consistent with the vehicles around you. When you are riding near walkers, wheelchairs and other vehicles used by disabled people, take no risks. It is important for their peace of mind and safety to ride predictably and to always be ready to stop. If you do need to slow or stop the motorcycle, start by controlling your motorcycle position and speed and then safely apply the correct braking technique. Possible conclusion: By following all of these steps, you will minimize any chance of injury to yourself, your motorcycle, other vehicles and pedestrians. On top of that, youll make motorcycle riding a pleasurable and relaxing experience for everyone. Remember that approximately 3,000 motorcyclists are killed each year in Malaysia. Dont become the next statistic. Ride safely.

Statistics given in introduction from Advances in Transportation Studies an international Journal Section A 8 (2006)

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1 Road

Harnen1 R.S. Radin Umar1 S.V.Wong1 W.I.Wan Hashim2

Safety Research Center (RSRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 2 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia email : harnen@brawijaya.ac.id; radinumx@eng.upm.edu.my; wongsv@eng.upm.edu.my;

cewhwi@eng.usm.my