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Designing a Lighting Control System

LTGCONAPPS_1204

Design guide introduction

Introduction
Lighting design and engineering professionals are increasingly turning to lighting controls in their work and with good reason. Mandatory energy codes are requiring lighting control in new construction. Beyond code compliance, effective lighting control saves energy, reduces operating costs, and helps maintain a safe and productive environment for occupants. When well designed and appropriately installed, lighting controls also provide convenience for occupants and enhance individual productivity. Designing an optimal lighting control system may often incorporate several types of controls as well as different control strategies, to achieve an integrated, total-facility approach. In this design guide, well consider the steps involved in doing just that. In addition to this general guide about designing a lighting control system, youll find specialized design guides for Watt Stopper product lines: occupancy sensors lighting control panels daylighting controls DALI dimming controls HID controls

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Designing the lighting control system

Design steps
The basic design process for a lighting control project includes: 1. Identify application needs 2. Determine proper control strategy (ies) 3. Select appropriate product(s) for the application 4. Layout, specify and document the lighting controls 5. Install and commission the lighting controls Watt Stopper/Legrands application experts are available for design support and assistance on any lighting control question. Call our technical support at 800.879.8585.

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Step 1 - Identifying application needs

Application needs
The starting point for any project is the need to understand the motivation, reasons, and characteristics of the application involved. These include: Energy code compliance requirements With energy code compliance becoming mandatory nationwide, this may often be the primary driver behind the need for lighting control. Among the most common code requirements are: Individual space control Automatic shutoff Bi-level control Exterior lighting control Display lighting control Energy savings Many building owners and facility managers want to reduce operating costs by minimizing energy expenses as much as possible while ensuring the comfort and safety of facility occupants. Satisfying sustainability initiatives Building owners may have criteria for efficient design, or wish to pursue sustainability initiatives such as LEED certification. Occupant convenience and preference Ensuring occupants have convenient and accessible personal control over local lighting enhances occupant satisfaction and productivity. Safety and security Ensure that facility lighting always serves the paramount concern of the safety and security of occupants and visitors. Maintenance and administration Providing the facilities management staff with the necessary controls and tools to effectively manage the facility.

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Step 2 - Appropriate control strategies

Control strategies
At this point, designers should select the appropriate control strategy that best fits with the applications needs. Since most buildings contain numerous spaces housing different activities, multiple strategies may be desirable to meet the specific needs of all the different space types. Some applications may need only a single product implementing a simple strategy, such as a time switch providing timed ON/OFF control. In other applications, designers may combine several control methods. For instance, office spaces may benefit from time-based ON/OFF control during regular work hours, supplemented by occupancy-based control after hours. These basic control strategies can be implemented singly or combined as appropriate for the application: Automated shutoff A basic requirement for lighting energy efficiency and energy code compliance, turning lighting off when it is not needed is a primary control strategy. The same devices used to shut lighting off may also provide users with the ability to turn lighting on. Individual space control This involves ON/OFF lighting control in individual spaces, and is usually a base requirement for energy code compliance. Usually control devices must be located so that lighting controlled is visible from the devices installed location. If lighting is not visible from that location, the device usually must have some type of annunciation (i.e., pilot light) that indicates lighting status (ON/OFF). Reduced level lighting control (also referred to as bi-level switching) When it is desirable or required by energy codes, spaces may contain controls to manually reduce lighting levels uniformly. This can be accomplished by turning off individual lamps within a luminaire, turning off alternating luminaires, or dimming all luminaires to reduced levels.

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Step 2 - Appropriate control strategies (cont.)

Control strategies
Exterior lighting control Ensuring lighting is on whenever it is dark outside and off when there is sufficient daylight or the area is no longer occupied. Exterior lighting control is generally broken down into two primary categories of lighting: 1. Exterior security night lights = all lighting that turns on at dusk and remains on all night until dawn when sufficient daylight returns. 2. General exterior lighting = lighting that is on when it is dark and turns off subsequently during the night time when the area is no longer occupied or in use.

Daylighting control Reducing or eliminating electric lighting when there is an adequate contribution of daylight within a space.

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Step 3 - Selecting control products

These general guidelines can help designers match up the best product for achieving a specific control strategy.

Automated shutoff

Control Strategy: Automated shutoff Appropriate products for implementing this strategy are occupancy sensors, relay panel-based time clocks, and time switches.

Control device: Occupancy sensors How device works: Detects space vacancy for automated shutoff. Recommended applications: Locations with intermittent occupancy and activity Private offices, conference rooms, restrooms, break rooms, some open offices

Control device: Lighting control panel with time clock How device works: From a lighting control relay panel, the time clock turns lighting off according to a programmed schedule. Recommended applications: Applications where it is desirable to keep lighting on during hours of normal business or space usage. Lobbies, corridors, public spaces, retail sales floor, some open offices.

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Step 3 - Selecting control products (cont.)

Automated shutoff (cont.)
Control Device: Time switch How Device Works: Wall switches turn on manually and then turn off automatically after a preset interval. Recommended applications: Spaces with infrequent activities or where occupancy sensors may not be able to perform consistently Store rooms, mechanical and electrical rooms, supply closets, janitorial spaces.

Control Device: Building system such as security, card access, or building automation How Device Works: Interlock or interface between building system and control signals lighting control to turn lighting off Recommended applications: Areas where it is desirable to keep lighting on during normal business hours or space usage Where space schedules vary widely, i.e., multi-purpose rooms, community centers, gymnasiums

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Step 3 - Selecting control products (cont.)

Individual space control
Control Strategy: Individual Space control Appropriate products for implementing this strategy are manual switches and occupancy sensors.

Control Device: Manual switches These are available in a variety of types and technologies: Line voltage switches (i.e., AS-100) control power directly to fixtures. Low voltage or dataline switches (i.e., multi-button low voltage switch, dataline switch) signal occupancy sensors or lighting control relay panels to turn lighting off Wall switch occupancy sensors (WA, WS, WI, WN) combine occupancy based shutoff with manual ON/OFF control Time switch (TS-400) combines timed shutoff with manual ON/OFF Telephone control module enables a standard telephone to signal a lighting control relay panel to turn lighting off How Device Works: Manual switches work in conjunction with shutoff, daylighting and other control strategies.

Control Device: Occupancy sensors Recommended applications: All interior building spaces (limited exceptions outlined in code provisions)

Some energy codes (i.e., ASHRAE 90.1-1999, 90.1-2001) accept occupancy sensors for use as individual space control devices.

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Step 3 - Selecting control products (cont.)

Reduced lighting level control
Control Strategy: Reduced lighting level (bi-level) control Appropriate products for implementing this strategy are manual switches, occupancy sensors, dimming controls, and high/low controls for HID fixtures.

Control Device: Manual switches Line voltage switches: A switch for each lighting level (typically two switches) turns power off to selected lamps or luminaires. Low voltage switches: These switches (i.e., dataline switch, momentary switch, and multi-button low voltage switches) turn off relays in a lighting control panel or distributed controller to achieve reduced level lighting.

Control Device: Occupancy sensors Wall switch sensor with two relay outputs (WA-300, WI-300) and two independent switches offers control for two different lighting levels simultaneously.

Control Device: Dimming controls A low voltage switch signals a dimming controller (LC-100) or a line voltage dimmer (WD dimming occupancy sensor) to reduce lighting. An ezDALI dimming control system can be programmed to dim up to four different lighting groups to achieve bi-level control.

Control Device: High/Low controls External control device (i.e., sensor, panel, etc.) signals high/low controller (DM-100) on HID fixtures to reduce light levels Recommended applications: All interior building spaces excepting corridors, restrooms

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Step 3 - Selecting control products (cont.)

Daylighting control
Daylighting control Appropriate products for implementing this strategy are manual switches, automatic switching controllers, line voltage wall mounted dimmers, and automatic dimming controls. How Devices Work: The basic functionality is the same with automatic daylighting controls. A photocell component measures daylight levels, transmits the data to the control component, which then switches or dims lighting.

Control Device: Manual switches Occupants use line or low voltage switches to turn off electric lighting when daylight levels are sufficient.

Control Device: Automatic switching controllers Photocell and control device (LS-100; LCO with LS-290C photocell) turn lighting off when daylight contribution is adequate.

Control Device: Line voltage wall mounted dimmers (WD) or low voltage switches signal dimming controllers (LC-100) to dim electric lighting when daylight is sufficient.

Control Device: Automatic dimming controllers Dimmable ballasts and automatic dimming daylighting controls (LS-301; LCD with LS-290C photocell). Recommended applications: Interior building spaces with architectural design elements (i.e., windows, skylights, etc.) that permit adequate daylight.

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Step 3 - Selecting control products (cont.)

Exterior lighting control
Exterior lighting control Appropriate products for implementing this strategy are relay panels with astronomic clock and/or photocells, and occupancy sensors.

Control Device: Relay panels with photocells How Device Works: There are a number of different ways these devices may be used: Photocell ON/OFF control: Use an exterior photocell (EM-24A2) with a lighting control panel (LP8, LI) for automated ON/OFF of exterior lighting at dusk and dawn. Photocell automatically adjusts for seasonal sunrise/sunset changes as well as transient changes in light conditions Astronomic clock ON/OFF control: Panel-based astronomic clocks (LP8, LI) turn exterior lighting ON/OFF based on calculated seasonal sunrise/sunset changes. Photocell ON/OFF + time scheduled control: Combining panel-based time scheduling with the light/dark sensing capability of a photocell allows efficient exterior lighting control. Astronomic ON/OFF + time scheduled control: Combining panel-based time scheduling with the sunrise/sunset prediction of astronomic control enables automatic ON at calculated sunset with OFF later when premises are vacated. Occupancy sensor + photocell control: Combining occupancy-based and photosensitive control turns lighting when occupancy is detected and it is dark. Recommended applications: All building, parking lot, site, signage, walkway exterior lighting.

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Step 4 - Layout, specification & documentation

Layout, specify and document
Once the product selection is complete, the designer will lay out the control devices on the general lighting plan drawings. Different lighting control products require specific design details. For instance, with occupancy sensors, plans should include placement location of individual sensors as well as the coverage area of each. For switches, plans should indicate location and control assignment. For daylighting controls, plans should include photocell placement as well as the desired footcandle settings for each covered area.
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When lighting control panels are used, designers should prepare riser diagrams and control schedules. This documentation will assist the designer in preparing a specification that unifies the entire plan.

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This panel schedule was generated automatically by WinControl Designer. It includes details about the assignment between circuits, switches, relays or contactors, and channels, lists of circuits the panel controls, and descriptions of loads being controlled.

This single-line riser diagram was generated automatically by WinControl Designer. It includes each panels name and general location relative to other panels and devices, type of wire and number of conductors between panels and devices, and other important system information.

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Step 5 - Installation and commissioning

Install and commission
During the installation and commissioning phase of a lighting control project, designers should provide installation notes and details on drawings. When necessary, they can refer to Watt Stopper application and design materials for detailed design information. The success of any project can depend in large part on the commissioning. Ideally, this process should be a collaborative one among the project engineer, product manufacturer, contractor, and facility owner/operator. To encourage this, engineers should specify commissioning requirements in some detail in the project specifications. For instance, specifying the product manufacturer perform a site start-up and user training is a good way of ensuring the products were installed and commissioned as intended. In some jurisdictions (such as California when the new provisions of Title 24 become effective in October 2005), code provisions require a formal acceptance and certification component to ensure controls are operating as required.

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Additional resources
Additional Watt Stopper resources
Numerous resources are available to assist designers throughout the course of a lighting control project. Watt Stopper District Managers and Representatives are always available for assistance. Toll-free technical support is available at 800.879.8585. In addition, refer to the following resources for design and application guidance: Best Practice Guides Schools Office Buildings www.wattstopper.com Product-specific design and application information and examples in this binder.

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