Classification of the internal combustion engines :

There are several ways to distinguish between different engines.

By the number of cylinders:

Monocilindric engines, which only have one cylinder Poli-cylinder engines, which have two or more, and are the most common and used types of engines. By the position of the cylinders: Engines could be in line-type, in V form, boxer form (opposite), in round form (in star)
4 cylinder engine

Monocylindric engine

8 cylinders in V disposition

4 cylinders in line disposition

By the explosion or combustion system:

The diesel engine, which is a four-strike combustion engine , invented by R. Diesel, which is characterized by a high compression ratio. The engine diesel is robust, simple and economical. Diesel engines or combustion are characterized by heavy oils used as fuel oil (diesel, or fuel oil) It is an internal combustion engine endothermic.

Just as gasoline engines produce their power with a mixture of fuel, which ignites a spark plug, the diesel engine works by compressing air that produces enough heat to ignite the fuel. The ignition is caused by spontaneous ignition of the mixture under high pressure and temperature. Diesel engines are based on a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four phases: adiabatic compression of the motor fluid, energy absorption at a constant volume, adiabatic expansion and energy transfer at constant volume. Diesel engines have no carburetor. In a gasoline engine, gasoline-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder from the carburetor by downward movement of the piston. This happens every time the intake valve opens and when the piston goes up the valve closes. By the piston to TDC, the compressed gas is ignited by an electric spark. The diesel engine does not absorb the fuel as a gasoline engine, absorbs only air through a step not strangled, that is, completely open all the time. The intake valve closes when the engine piston rises and compresses the air as

the piston goes up as gasoline engines, but with a much higher pressure, the normally 22:1, whereas in most gasoline engine is only 9:1.

Principles of operation of the Diesel cycle engine two-stroke and four stroke.
Two-stroke diesel engine (2t): The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine in which fuel heat energy is converted into work within the engine cylinder. In the diesel engine, air is compressed in the cylinder, then once the air is compressed, is injected into the cylinder fuel load and the heat of compression causes ignition. In the two-stroke engine, the intake and exhaust occur during a portion of the compression stroke and combustion respectively. In contrast, a fourstroke engine requires four piston strokes to complete one cycle of operation, therefore, over half of its operation, the four-stroke engine serves only as an air pump. The major components of a two-stroke spark ignition engine are the:

Cylinder: A cylindrical vessel in which a piston makes an up and down motion. Piston: A cylindrical component making an up and down movement in the cylinder. Combustion chamber: A portion above the cylinder in which the combustion of the fuel-air mixture takes place. Intake and exhaust ports: An intake port allows the fresh fuel-air mixture to enter the combustion chamber and an exhaust port discharges the products of combustion. Crankshaft: A shaft which converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotary motion. Connecting rod: A rod which connects the piston with the crankshaft. Spark plug: An ignition-source located at the cylinder head that is used to initiate the combustion process

The unit is equipped with a blower to force air into the cylinders to expel the exhaust gases and provide fresh air to the cylinders for combustion. The wall of the cylinder contains a row of lights that are above the piston when it is in the lower part of his career. These ports support the blower air in the cylinder as soon as the edge of the piston uncovers the ports. The unidirectional flow of air to the exhaust valves produces a sweeping effect, leaving the clean air filled cylinders when the piston comes to cover the intake ports. As the piston continues its upward stroke, the exhaust valves are closed and the fresh air charge is subject to compression.

Shortly before the piston reaches its highest position, the amount of fuel required is injected into the combustion chamber by the fuel injector and the explosion occurs. The intense heat generated during compression of the air high up immediately injected fuel. The combustion continues until all the fuel burn injected. The resulting pressure forces the piston down in the explosion stroke. The exhaust valves are opened again when the piston is about half of its downward stroke, allowing the exhaust gases passes into the exhaust manifold. Then the piston in its downward stroke exposes the intake port and the cylinder is refilled with clean air. This entire combustion cycle is completed in each cylinder per crankshaft revolution, in other words, in two stages, which is why it is called a "two-stroke cycle,"

Otto cycle graphic

Four-stroke diesel engine (4t): The four-stroke diesel engine has a structure similar to the Otto cycle engines, except for certain characteristics. The piston develops four alternative careers while the crankshaft rotates 720 . As the Otto cycle engine performs the filling and evacuation of gases through two valves on the cylinder head, whose opening and closing movement is synchronized with the crankshaft through the distribution system by the camshaft. The operation of this motor-cycle is as follows: First Half: Admission In this first time the piston makes its first race or displacement from top dead center to bottom dead center, breathing only the air in the atmosphere, properly purified through filters. The air passes through the manifold and the intake valve, which is supposed to open instantly and remains open, in order to fill the entire volume of the cylinder. During this time, the crankpin of the crankshaft rotates 180 . Upon arrival at the PMI is assumed that the intake valve closes instantly. - Second Half: Compression In the second half and with both valves fully closed the piston compresses the air at high pressure, leaving only fitted in the combustion chamber. The crankpin of the crankshaft rotates another 180 and complete the first round of the shaft. - Third Time: Work At the end of compression with the piston at TDC fuel is injected inside the cylinder, in an amount that is regulated by the injection pump. As the pressure inside the cylinder is very high, so that fuel can enter, the injection should be performed at a pressure much higher, between 150 and 300 atmospheres. The fuel, which is due to the high injection pressure finally comes powdered, ignited in contact with hot air, the combustion of it. It then raises the internal temperature, pressure, duration of the injection or application of heat is assumed constant, and then performed the expansion and displacement of the piston to the PMI. During this time, or working stroke, the piston makes his third tour and the crankpin of the crankshaft rotates another 180 degrees.

Fourth Time: Escape During this quarter long been assumed that the exhaust valve opens instantly remain open.The piston, during its travel upward into the atmosphere drives the remaining gas that have not emerged, making the sweep of burnt gases released outside. The crankshaft crankpin made another 180 degree turn, completing the two rounds of the drive shaft corresponding to the duty cycle.

Fuel injection systems of gasoline fuelled engines:

Electronically-controlled carburetor: [An electronically controlled carburetor for an internal combustion engine for a vehicle has a variable venturi for varying the venturi crosssection and concurrently varying the amount of air metered into the venturi in response to the engine demands an air flow sensor for sensing the displacement of the variable venturi and producing related electrical signals in response to changes in air flow through the venturi, a main fuel nozzle for discharging metered fuel into the venturi, a fuel flow sensor for sensing pressure differential of fuel across a main fuel jet communicating with the main fuel nozzle and for producing related electrical signals in response to changes in fuel flow through the main fuel jet, an air bleed controlling actuator for controlling the amount of air to be bled into the main fuel nozzle, and a control circuit responsive to the output signals from the air flow sensor and the fuel flow sensor for driving the air bleed controlling actuator. With this arrangement, the amount of air bleed may be controlled so as to set the ratio of air-to-fuel at an arbitrary fixed value at all times]

Single point injection systems: The single point injection system injects fuel at the throttle body (the same location where a carburetor introduced fuel). The induction mixture passes through the intake runners like a carburetor system, and is thus labelled a "wet manifold system". Fuel pressure is usually specified to be in the area of 10-15 psi. The justification for single-point injection was low cost. Many of the carburetor's supporting components could be reused such as the air

cleaner, intake manifold, and fuel line routing. This postponed the redesign and tooling costs of these components.

Multipoint injection systems: Multi point fuel injection or MPFI uses several injectors, normally respective to the number of engine cylinders and placed in the inlet port of each cylinder. It is to be noted that fuel spaying is taking place outside of the cylinder at the correct time according to the piston position inside the cylinder. There will be electronic control unit or ECU which will be receiving feedback from several sensors like engine speed sensor, fly wheel position sensor, vehicle speed sensor, atmospheric temp. sensor, accelerator pedal position sensor intake airflow sensor. This ECU will control the correct amount of fuel to be injected and the proper time at which the fuel will be injected at any speed and load condition. This will ensure maximum power output at minimum fuel.

Jetronic is a trade name of an fuel injection technology for automotive petrol engines, developed and marketed by the Bosch company. Bosch licensed the concept to many automobile manufacturers. There are several variations of the technology offering technological development and refinement.: 1. K-Jetronic: Mechanical fuel injection. The 'K' stands for German: "Kontinuierlich", meaning continuous. This is different from pulsed injection systems, in that the fuel flows continuously from all injectors, while the fuel pump pressurises the fuel up to approximately 5 bar (72.5 psi). The air that is taken in is also weighed - to determine the amount of fuel to inject. Commonly called 'Continuous Injection System' (CIS) in the USA 2. KE-Jetronic: Electronically controlled mechanical fuel injection. The engine control unit (ECU) may be either analog or digital, and the system may or may not have closed-loop lambda control. Commonly known as 'CIS-E' in the USA.

3. LH-Jetronic: Digital fuel injection. The 'LH' stands for German: "Luftmasse-Hitzdraht" - the hotwire anemometer technology used to determine the mass of air into the engine. This air mass meter is called HLM2 (HitzdrahtLuftMassenmesser 2) by Bosch. The LH-Jetronic was mostly used

by Scandinavian car manufacturers, and by sports and luxury cars produced in small quantities. The most common variants are LH 2.2, which uses an Intel 8049 (MCS-48) microcontroller, and usually a 4 kB programme memory, and LH 2.4, which uses a Siemens 80535 microcontroller (a variant of Intel's 8051/MCS-51 architecture) and 32 kB programme memory based on the 27C256 chip. LH-Jetronic 2.4 has adaptive lambda control, and support for a variety of advanced features; including fuel enrichment based on exhaust gas temperature. Some later (post-1995) versions contain hardware support for first generation diagnostics according to ISO 9141 and immobiliser functions.

Diesel fuel injection pumps and governors:

In-line fuel injection pumps: A metering pump is a pump used to pump liquids at adjustable flow rates which are precise when averaged over time. Delivery of fluids in precise adjustable flow rates is sometimes called metering. The term "metering pump" is based on the application or use rather than the exact kind of pump used, although a couple types of pumps are far more suitable than most other types of pumps. Many metering pumps are rated to be able to pump into a high discharge pressure. They are typically made to meter at flow rates which are practically constant (when averaged over time) within a wide range of discharge (outlet) pressure. Manufacturers provide each of their models of metering pumps with a maximum discharge pressure rating against which each model is guaranteed to be able to pump against.

A metering pump for diesel and additives

Earlier diesel pumps used an in-line layout with a series of cam-operated injection cylinders in a line, rather like a miniature inline engine. The pistons have a constant stroke volume, and injection volume (ie, throttling) is controlled by rotating the cylinders against a cut-off port that aligns with a helical slot in the cylinder. When all the cylinders are rotated at once, they simultaneously vary their injection volume to produce more or less power from the engine. Inline pumps still find favour on large multi-cylinder engines such as those on trucks, construction plant, static engines and agricultural vehicles.

For use on cars and light trucks, the rotary pump or distributor pump was developed. In distributor-type fuel-injection pumps system two or more plungers serve all the cylinders of the engine, and the fuel is injected to each cylinder in turn by a distributor. Two main types of pump in use are the rotary and axial plunger distributor pumps. Rotary types distributor pump are those in which the plungers reciprocate in the head of the distributor rotor while revolving around its axis, similar to the Lucas and Standyne units. Whereas in the axial plunger type distributor pump, the pumping plunger is coaxial with the drive shaft and, rotating with it, serves also as the distributor, similar to the Bosch VE series.

Distributor system of fuel injection