Anza, ca.

Yardstick Southeast

6500-5000 B.C.:A
for the Europe Study of

Cultural Neolithic

MarlJa rutas elm

.. _.

Universityof Californiaat Los Angeles

Thesite of Anzais of majorimportance virtue its geographical by of positionin thecentralBalkans(FIG. 1)andits unique stratigraphy. excavations Anza The at haveyieldeda variety typesof information addto ourunderstanding the of that of earlystagesof the [Pottery] Neolithic periodJ thesucceeding of Starcevo NeolithiccultureJ of theformation the Fincacivilization. and of Introduction. Macedonia, geographicallymidway between the Aegean Sea and the drainagebasinof the Danuberiver,also mediatedculturally betweenthese important termini.The essential factor for culturaltransmissionwas precisely this strategicgeographical location. The informationobtainedfrom archaeological researchin Macedoniais thereforerelevantnot only to the immediate zone of investigation,but it also carries implicationsfor the entire Balkan peninsulaand for the restof CentralEuropeas well. Macedoniais geographically definedas that territorydrainedby the rivers Vardarand Haliakmonand theirtributaries. inherentconnectionsarewith Its the continentalland massof the Balkansratherthan with the maritimepeninsula of Greece.l Access to the interiorfrom the coast begins some 20 miles southwestof Thessaloniki, the ThermaicGulf wherethe Vardardischarges on into the Gulf slightly north of the Haliakmon,and proceedsby way of the Haliakmon,along the tributaries the rivers,into the lowlandsbetweenthe of rivers and their valleys. At the southern end the narrow defiles which characterize Vardarwere probablyless often used for ingress. Progress the northwardtoward this major waterwayis markedby the present towns of Edessaand Prilepon the way to the areaof Titov Velesand Skopjeon the Vardar. The BregalnicaRiver, whichjoins the Vardarjust south of Titov Veles, drainsthe districtof OvEePoljeto the northeastandprovidestransiteastward. Neolithic mounds and later Roman roads mark these very ancient routes. Thereis also archaeological evidencethat the upperMoravaservedas a direct connection between Macedoniaand the area to the north and west that is drainedby the DanubeRiversystem.On the northeastMacedoniais separated from Bulgariaby the steep watershedof the ThracianMountains,a natural boundary betweenThraceand the centralBalkansthatwas alwaysutilized. The presentinvestigationconcernsthe region called OvEePolje, a shallow basin approximately sq. km. in diameter,that was once partof a neogenic 150 lake bottomin the centralportionof YugoslavMacedonia. The site name Anza is derivedfrom that of the near-byvillageAnzabegovo (Amzibegovo),which lies 1.5 km. to the north and is 2 km. from the railway
1. N.G.L. Hammond,A History f Macedonia I: Historical Geography and Prehistory, (Oxford 1972).

Ses Mediterrsnesn

Figure 1. Map of Central Balkans (outlined), surrounding neolithic cultures, ca. 6300-5300 s.c.,and major sites.

Yardstick/Gimbutas 28 Anza,a Cultural unit of Sv. station at OvLePolje. The village belongs to the administrative Nikole, 10 km. northof the excavatedsite. The railroadwhichgoes fromTitov Veles to Stip cuts throughthe southernsectionof the site, and the discoveryof to Anza is referred in the earlierliterature the site is due to this circumstance. on as Barutnica,after the Eleld which it is located. The excavationis situated some 34 km. east of Titov Velesand 18km.westof Stip(FIG. 2).
withindicaFigure2. Mapof Macedonia neolithicsites(+). tion of excavated

explorationof Barutnica(Anza) was carriedout in archaeological The Elrst 1960by the ArchaeologicalMuseumof Skopje,directedby two campaignsin Josip KoroNecof LjubljanaUniversity and SarYoSarYoskiof the Skopje squareswereopened,with an excavatedsurfaceof At Museum.2 this time Elve 58 sq.m. Thesesquaresareindicatedon the site plan by dottedlines(FIG. 3). The excavationof 1969-70was on a muchlargerscalethan that of 1960.The operating campaignwas a joint effort of Yugoslav and AmericanpersonnelS independently for two seasons in the field. There were two Principal of MilutinGaraNanin the Universityof Belgradeand the author Investigators: for (for the AmericanUCLA excavation).The Yugoslavstaff was responsible
ArchPreg 2 (1960)44-46;P. KoroNec, Anzabegovo," and 2. J. KoroNec S. Sartoski,4'Barutnica, Beograd1972). Jugoslavije, DruNtvo Barutnica, Neolitska Naselba (ArheoloNko

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 29 of Vol.

I I w X | | n

-o

-__L

_9

_m

theexcavation ninesquares, 5 x 5 m. at thecenter themound, of each of north of thewooded zone(FIG. 3, A-L). TheAmerican excavated squares staff 24 (FIG. 3, I-XXIV, TP [TEST PITS] 1-4), the majority centrally locatedand the others radially distributed orderto explore extentof settlement in the boundaries at different periods habitation of (FIGS.4,5).3 Thetechniques objectives theAmerican Yugoslav and of and teams wereentirely distinctand different. The resultsof the Yugoslaveffort are being published Mulutin by GaraNanin, Sarlo Sarloski,andVojislav Sanevwho is the Director the NationalMuseum Stip.4 present of at The contents concern solelytheresults theAmerican of investigation.5 "American" The squares were
3. The information fig. 5 is basedon materialfromexcavation, in surfacecollection,and studyof the railroad trenchprofile. 4. See M. Garasanin, "Barutnica, Anzabegovo," ArchPreg (1969)15-19; M. Garasanin, 11 and V. Sanev,D. Simoska,and B. Kitanovski,Predistoriski Kulturi Makedonija vo (NarodenMuzej,Stip 1971),which includesin the Neolithic catalogue(passim)items from Anza. 5. The supervision fieldactivities undertaken Gene Sterudin 1969andGeoffreySayerin of was by 1970,both of UCLA at that time. The diggingresponsibilities weresharedby PeterBanksof the

Figure 3. Site plan. Prepared by Georgi Dalev.

\*

30 Anzala Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas

l-gwv

fX>

rP 1-

wFsrwrs
ANZA I (y} A44 N- J (tntdde)
F^ t (1}

- 9 E3

o
/ '

5
\

10
\

IS

20

.'

RoMAN
STE#

ts

.
ll /e

rPI

'ssX

Xf

/3

-SM
v
-

j 4N
Z t

Mcos/=X -

x-r $G31Q 1: 1000

l_

SCd/Qw/ :1OO 30 40 S

,oX {.v
Y

22+
nSwos

Figure 4. The distribution of American excavated squares with indication of cultural strata.

excavated both by arbitrarylevel and by natural unit according to the demands of soil and features. Provenanceis herein indicated by Squarein Roman numeralsand Unitin arabicnumerals.All excavatedsoil (exceptfrom test pits) was sieved,and from certainsquareswas consistently flotated.Many minisculefindssuchas seedsand beadswerethus retrieved. Full-length reports on geology, vegetation, domesticatedplants, fauna, ceramictechnology,flintknapping,quantitativeanalysesof pottery and flint tools, as well as typologiesand cataloguesof findswill appearin a monograph entitled Neolithic Macedoniaas ReJlectedby the Excavationat Anza, Ovee The presentinterimreportwill integratein summary information the of variousaspectsand fieldsof study.
Polje.6

University of California at Davis, Joan Carpenter and Judith Rasson of tJCLA, Dr. Margaret Weide of California State at Long Beach, and Serge Cleuziou and Jean Demoule of Paris University. The field laboratory was under the care of Anne Sterud (1969) and Renita Mock (1970), both of tJCLA. Excavated materials were studied by the Principal Investigator as well as by Mrs. E. Gardner, Miss R. Mock, Mr. B. Smoor, Mr. M. Winn, and Mr. D. Shimabuku in the Naroden Muzej of Stip in 1971. The field project of 1969 and 1970 and post-excavation research in 1971 were made possible by the Foreign Currency Program of the Smithsonian Institution, the grant equally apportioned to the YugoslaYian and American contingents. Additional funds were granted by the Samuel H. Kress Foundation for photography and drawing, and by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for the study of chronology. It is my pleasant duty to express thanks and appreciation for the assistance. 6. Special studies to be published in the forthcoming monograph were conducted by the following

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 31 of Vol.

OtherNeolithicSites in Macedonia. In the plain of Macedonia,north and east of the lower Haliakmon,many prehistoricsites are known from surfacecollectionsor soundings,but only in two localitieshave settlements a neolithicage been dug on a largerscale. In of 1961-63,an Early Neolithic site was excavatedat Nea Nikomedeia, on the recently-drained of Yiannitsanear Verroia.'The culturalremainsof the lake EarlyNeolithic period from this site are relatedto those of the earliestvillage at Anza and provide a connecting link between Thessaly and Yugoslav Macedonia.Servia,anotherneolithicsite of GreekMacedoniaon the southern bank of the Haliakmon,was excavatedin 19308 1971.9 Middleand Late and A
scholarsand institutions: geology, Dr. David Weide,Universityof Nevada;palaeobotany, Dr. Hans-Jurgen Beug, Dr. Eberhard Gruger(Instituteof Palynology,University Gottingen)and of Dr. Jane M. Renfrew(Southhampton); palaeozoology,Dr. Sandor Bokonyi (Archaeological Institute, Budapest);palaeodemography and physical anthropology, Dr. Janos Nemeskeri (Instituteof Population Studies,Budapest); radiocarbon dating,Dr. HansSuess(UCSD) and Dr. Rainer Berger(UCLA); thermoluminescence dating, Dr. M. Aitken (OxfordUniversity).The followinggraduatestudentsof UCLA took part in analyzing excavatedmaterials: the Ernestine Elster (flint technology);ElizabethGardner(pottery technology);Renita Mock (quantitative analysisof Anza I-IIIpottery); LindaMount-Williams (analysisof Anza IV pottery); CharlesA. Schwarz (animalbones);andBertSmoor(polishedstoneandbonetools). 7. R.J. Rodden,A.D. Western, E.H. Willis,et al., "Excavations the EarlyNeolithicSiteat Nea at Nikomedeia,Greek Macedonia(1961 season),"ProcPs 28 (1962)267-288;"RecentDiscoveries from Prehistoric Macedonia,an InterimReport,"Balkan Studies 5 (1964) 109-124; "An Early NeolithicVillagein Greece," ScientlficAmerican 212(1965)82-92. 8. W.A. Heurtley,Prehistoric Macedonia (Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress 1939). 9. G. Ridleyand K. Rhomiopoulou, "Prehistoric Settlement Servia,W. Macedonia, of Excavation 1971," AAA5 (1972)27-29.

Figure5. Distribution AnzaI, II-III,IV of settlements

32 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas Neolithic stratiE1ed havingintimateconnectionswith the Sesklo and Late site Neolithic culturesof Greece,Serviamust be considereda northernoutpost of the Thessalian Neolithicculture. In western Macedonia rich neolithic deposits were uncoveredduring the excavations of 1953-54 in Porodin at Bitola.l This site yielded materials parallelto Anza Ib and Anza II. Unfortunately, ecology of the site was not the investigatedand its precisechronologicaland stratigraphical position is only vaguelyknown. On the Vardarat Skopje,the only site excavated(and that on a small scale) was at Zelenikovo.It yieldedtwo strata:one of the neolithicperiodcontaining culturalremainsof CentralBalkanStartevocharacter parallelto those of the Anza II settlement,and one belongingto the chalcolithic,includingmaterials of Vinta character.ll Two sites in the OvEePolje,VrBnik Rug Bair,revealeda stratiElcation and of neolithicand chalcolithicdepositsalmost identicalwith that of Anza. VrBnik, located 11 km. north of Stip at the villageof Tarinci,was exploredin 1958by O. and M. Garasanin.'2Rug Bair, 6 km. west of Sv. Nikole and 16 km. northwestof Anza, was soundedby Mr. SarzoSarzoskiin 1960,and in 1970by our American-Yugoslav teams. The reportwill be publishedby the Yugoslav staff. The existenceof three neolithic-chalcolithic sites includingculturallayers from the same periodsreflectsthe extent of the temporaland spatialoccupation of the OvEePolje.We now know that in the periodbetween6500and 5000 B.C. settlementof the area was relativelydense. After the EarlyVinta period (ca.5100/5000B.C.) until the reoccupationduringthe Roman period, there is no indicationof humansettlement any duration. of General Classification Cultural of Remains. The radiocarbon datesand the stratigraphic typologicalevidencepermit and a chronological divisionas follows.l3 Anza I. ca. 6500-6000B.C. (in dendrochronologically recalibrated dates):a Macedonian variantof the EarlyNeolithicof the CentralBalkans. Anza II-III. 6000-5450 B.C.: Middle Neolithic of the Central Balkans (Startevoculture).
10. M. Grbic, P. Matkic, S. Nadj, D. Simoska,and B. Stalio, Porodin. Kasno neolitski naselVena
tumbi k kod Bitole (Bitolj1960).

11. Radoslav Galovic, "Zelenikovo,eine neolithischeSiedlung bei Skoplje (Makedonien),"

RGKomm43-44(1962-63) 11-25.

12. Milutin Garasanin,"Fouilles archeologiquesa Taranci-'Vrsnik'," Zbornik na Stipskiot Naroden Muzej I (gtip 1958); M. and D. Garasanin,"Iskopavanja Tarincimana Iokalitetu u 'Vrsnik' kaj selo Tarinci," Zbrnek na Stipskiot Naroden Muzej, Vo1. II (Recueil du Musee National de Stip [1960-61 7-40. ]) 13. Thanks to the gracious cooperationof the Universityof CaliforniaRadiocarbonDating Laboratories San Diego and Los Angeleswe arein possession 21 dates;see TableI. The disat of tribution datesis illustrated fig. 6. Datesarefromcharcoal of in samples fromstratigraphically and controlledexcavationunits,exceptUCLA 1705B and C whichare fromsheepbonesand derive fromthe squaresexcavated the Yugoslavstaff.The majority the datesare fromSquareVII; by of cf.fig.8. The LJ analyseswere supervised Hans Suess, assistedby Linda Mount-Williams by (LJ=La Jolla, Universityof California,San Diego). This work was made possibleby a grantfrom the National ScienceFoundation.The UCLA dates(fromYugoslavexcavatedsquares)weresupervised by Rainer Bergerassistedby Reiner Protsch.Other abbreviations Tables I-IV are P in (University Pennsylvania of Laboratory); ("smallcontainer," sc underone liter:lessexact).

Journalof Field Archaeology/Vol. 1, 1974 33

CAARB8ON A N Z A

A N ZA

TRUE AGE

BP
5900

BC
C 5 100

C 6100

5200

Zi
r-

--.

5300

6300 C 6500 C 6700 C 5800 5 700 5500

6 900 C 7 100 C 7300 C 7500 6 300 6100 6 000

dates. of Figure6. Distribution radiocarbon

Yardstick/Gimbutas 34 Anza,a Cultural datesfromAnza. Table 1. Radiocarbon

Anza Periods Provenance VIII,55 XX, 190 VII, 87 V62 L- 19 VII, 191 L-20 VII, 117 VII, 177 VII, 213 & 215 VII, 124 VII, 122 VII, 156 VIIs253 VIIs251 VII, 240 VII, 188 VII,256 V, 107 VII,257 V, 111 Laboratory Number LJ2411,sc LJ2329 LJ2178 LJ2185 UCLA 1705B LJ2345 UCLA 1705C LJ2344,sc LJ2338 LJ2405 LJ2351 LJ2337 LJ2409 LJ2333 LJ2342 LJ2339 LJ2341 LJ2332 LJ3032 LJ2330/31 LJ2181 Uncorrected Dates Radiocarbon Before1950A.C. (5568Half Life) 6070+200 BP 6290i80BP 7050i 150 6510i100BP 6540i120BP 6600i 110BP 6700i80BP 7000i300 BP 6800i150 BP 6940i80 BP 7060i80BP 7080i60BP 6850i50BP 6840+100BP 7100i80 BP 7120i70 BP 7230i170BP 7110i120 BP 7160i50 7170i50 7270i140 TrueAge Based onTree-Ring Calibration ca. 5100 B.C.

Datessjc. 4120:t200s.c. 4340:t80s.c. 5100:t150 4560:t100R.c. 4590+120s.c. 4650:t110s.c. 4750:t80s.c. 5050+300s.c. 4870+15OB.C. 5050+85s.c. 5110+80s.c. 5200+75s.c. 4900+50s.c. 4890i100s.c. 5150i80B.C. 5170+80s.c. 5280+170s.c. 5160i120s.c. 5210i50 5220i50 5320i140

IV

ca.5500 B.C.

III

ca. 5800 B.C.

II

ca.6000 B.C.

Ib

ca. 6200 B.C.

Ia

of AnzaIV. 5450-5300B.C.:Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic the CentralBalkans culture).l4 (EarlyRlinta betweenthe variousphasesof Anza andthe sites southand The synchronism north of Macedonia based on radiocarbon dates and supported by and typologicalevidenceis shown in the following three tables stratigraphic
II, (TABLES III,andIV).ls

Dating. Thermoluminescent in for M.J. Aitkenand J. Huxtableof the ResearchLaboratory Archaeology TL dating. on the Oxfordfurnished followinginformation Of the fourteensherds(all from SquareXIII, ANZA Ib layer), four were TL rejectedas beingtoo small and six as havingunsatisfactory characteristics. four were:6830B.C., 6730 B.C., 6530 B.C. for the remaining The dates obtained techniquewas used.l6 and6390B.C. The fine-grain
14. Only small traces of copper discovered. 15. Lepenski Vir I and II in the Danube Iron Gate region are parallel to the Anza l-lll phases and hence cannot be considered to be of pre-Startevo age. Cf. the 14Cdates and the chronological classiElcation of the Lepenski Vir materials in Dragoslav Srejovic, "Europe's First Monumental Sculpture: New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir," New Aspects of Antiquity, ed. M. Wheeler (London 1972). A neolithic culture, analogous to Anza I, extended as far north as Transylvania as indicated by the stratigraphy and the typological comparisons of Gura Baciului and Donja Branjevina (undates are not available). fortunately 14C 16. D.W. Zimmerman, 'SThermoluminescentdating using Elnegrains from pottery," A rchaeometry 13:1 (1971)29-52.

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 35 of Vol. TableII. Radiocarbon datesfromthe sites of northern Greece(Thessalyand Macedonia)comparedto Anza periods.
Anza Periods IV Northern Greece: Cultures Dimini Sites Radiocarbon Dates No dates equivalent to early Vinta in Thessaly or Macedonia (but are known from KNOSSOS, CRETE: STRATUM Vl and V and SALIAGOS on ANTIPAROS ISLAND) SESKLO P 1672:6504i85BP(4554 P1675:6694i87BP(4744 P1677:6741i163BP(4791
B.C.) B.C.) B.C.)

III

Late Sesklo

II

EarlySesklo

ACHILLEION

P2130:7084i91BP(5134B.c.) P2125:6964i87BP(5014 B.C.) P2124:7086i85BP(5136 B.C.) UCLA 1882 A: 6930i155BP(4980 LJ 2941:6930i50BP(4980 B.C. ) LJ 2943:7020i100BP(5070 B.C.) LJ 2942:7200i50BP(5220 B.C. ) P 2117:7273i76BP(5323 B.C.) P2121:7107i85BP(5157 B.C.) P2122:7181i85BP(5231 B.C.) UCLA 1882B:7260i155BP(5310

B.C. )

Earliest Sesklo

ACHILLEION

B.C. )

I Proto-Sesklo and Early Pottery P 2118:7471i77BP(5521 B.C.) P 2120:7342i68BP(5392 B.C.) UCLA 1896 A: 7460i175BP(5510 NEA NIKOMEDEIA P 1203 A: 7281i74BP(5331 B.C. ) SESKLO P 1680:7300i93BP(5350 B.C. ) P1678:7422i78BP(5477 B.C.) ACHILLEION

B.C. )

TableIII. Chronological tableof CentralBalkanand Djerdap(DanubeIronGate) sites. Radiocarbon Dates beforepresentand

B.C. From 6800 to 6400/6300 BP (4850-4450/4350 B.C.)

Tentative true age (corrected 14C dates)

5500 B.C.

Anza

OtherNeolithiccentralBalkan and Danubiansites

Obre IA, G. Tuzla Vl in Bosnia Kotacpart, SE Hungary Deszk, SE Hungary Starcevo IIb, near Belgrade Let, II-III, Perieni in Moldavia ()ura Baciului III, in Transylvania Gladnice Ib, near Pristina Tecic, central Yugoslavia Let,I, Transylvania Starcevo IIa at Belgrade Divostin, central Yugoslavia Crnokalacka Bara near Nis Gladnice Ia near Pristina Donja Branjevina II, NW Yugoslavia Gura Baciului II, Transylvania Donja Branjevina I, in Transylvania Gura Baciului I, NW Yugoslavia

Lepenski (LV) Vir and Padina

Padina B-3 LV II, Houses IX, XXXII

III

From 7100/7000 to 6800 BP (5150/50504850 B.C)

5800 B.C.

II

Padina B-a and 2 LV I b-d: Houses I, 9,37

From 7360+ 100 BP (5140 B.C.) to 7100 BP

(5150 B.C.)

6000 B.C. I 6400-6200 B.C.

b LV Ia: House 36 a

Yardstick/Gimbutas 36 Anza,a Cultural

TableIV. Listof EarlyVinta, ButmirI, and KaranovoIII siteswith radiocarbondates equivalentto Anza IV. SITE
OBRE II OBREII OBRE II OBRE II OBRE II PLOVDIV (Jasatepe) MEDVEDNJAK MEDVEDNJAK STAROSELO VINtA PREDIONICA SITAGROI SITAGROI SITAGROI KARANOVO

CULTURE
BUTMIR I BUTMIR I BUTMIR I BUTMIR I BUTMIR I KARANOVO III VINtA VINtA VINtA VINtA Bl VINtA KARANOVOIII KARANOVO III KARANOVOIII KARANOVOIII

LABORATORY
LJ 2327 UCLA 1605A Bln 792 G r N 5683 Bln 639 Bln 338 LJ2523 Bln480 LJ 2521 GrN 1546 Bln435 Bln778 Bln 648 Bln778 Bln 158

14 C DATES TRUE AGE DATES 14C B.C. BEFOREPRESENT

6020i150 6020i60 6075i100 6110+ 65 6175 i 80 6080 i 80 6100+ 100 6050 i 100 6100 + 100 6190 i 60 6270+ 100 6030 i 150 6265 i 75 6425 i 100 6360+ 100

4070 4070 4125 4160 4225 4130 4150 4100 4150 4240 4330 4080 4315 4475 4410 -

4950 4950 4970 5000 5060 4970 5000 4840 5000 5100 5320 4960 5320 5450 5400

for This degreeof scatteris reasonable materialof the samedate, but we are reluctantto regardthe average(ca. 6600 B.C.) as definitivefor the level.This is of characteristics the other sherds,whichmay be becauseof the unsatisfactory influencingthese four to a smallextent,makingthe TL date more recentthan the truedate by a few hundredyears.The datesobtainedfor four sherdswhich but had poor TL characteristics, for whichit was in fact possibleto calculatea result,were:5880 B.C., 5300 B.C., 4600 B.C., and 3100B.C. Thereis no question they are quotedto as of suggestingthat these ought to be regarded significant; which is a stronger interferenceby the adverse characteristicl7 illustrate thoughtto affect the first four quoted to only a smalldegree.Hencethereis a need to treat the average with caution and reserve.However, as indicated above, the truedate for the level is likelyto be less recentthanthe TL date. It is to be noted that this is in conflict with the calibrateddate of ca. 6000 B.C. dating. However,on accountof the unsatisfactory obtainedfrom radiocarbon of TL characteristics the samplesfrom this site, thereis no basis for questionresults. ing the radiocarbon Stratigraphy. into The majorsoil unitsweremappedand incorporated the isometricstruc17. "Anomalous fading," see A.G. Wintle, "Anomalous Fading of Thermoluminescence in Mineral Samples," Nature 254 ( 1973) 143-144.

Vol. Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 37 of turalproElle D. Weide,expeditiongeologist(FIG. 7). by The fact that the chronologyof Anza I, II, and III is dated on the basis of analysesof samplesobtainedfrom SquareVII makesit necessary radiocarbon of to presentthe stratigraphy excavationunits in some detail.This is shownin (FIG.8). the idealizedproElle
Square VII.

In 1970,excavationof this squarewas resumedat the depthof 3 m. Sinceit (FIG. 8: II was noted that the culturelayersslantedfrom northeastto northwest and III), the 1969 excavating method of horizontal levels of 10 cm. was abandoned and the square was thereafter excavated in natural levels or "units."
Anza Ia. The of ca. down lay to earliest 3.90 4.57 cultural (in the m. remains of the square and were 4.20 in a brown gravelly silt layer part of the This dug

at a depth square) horizon into were this

middle the

of the datum soil.

square) point, A large

m. (in the eastern referred to

below above

(hereafter pit

as BDP). had 248, in unit been

immediately soil.

virgin

of Anza units

Ib phase 236-238,

earliest The the

In spite

of this date

disturbance, from the

excavation charcoal Table sample I.

257-260 257 has

intact.

radiocarbon 7170+50

collected

produced

date

BP (5220+50

B.C.): see
recovered and,

Anza from ca.

Ib. The 3.00

deposits m. down

of this to

phase

were m.

in the eastern including the

section depth of

of the the

square pit, this

3.90-4.20

BDP

Figure 7. Major soil relationships of the Anza site. Based on excavated Squares 11, V, VII, K, XXI, and Test Pits 1-4.

38 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas

Figure8. Idealized profileof Square VII below3 m. BDPandlocationof Anza I-IIIexcavation.

layerreachedsterileground.Radiocarbon datesfromunits 256, 251, 240, and 188very consistentlyindicatea singletime horizon,i.e., the end of the 7th millennium The B.C. date for VII, 253 (6890+100 BP) seems to be too low; the "probe"diggingmay have confusedhereAnza Ib withAnza II deposits. AnzaII. The Anza II layerof brownclayeysilt cut into Ib and Ia deposits.At the bottom, the depositsof Anza II wereabout a meterthickandincludedmanysmallpits and charcoallensesof earlierand laterphases.Unit 156, a smallpit ca. 0.30 m. deep, contained charcoalwhich producedthe date (6850+50 BP). Since it was a pit dug into a somewhat earlier Anza II deposit, we may surmisethat the beginningof Anza II antedatesunit 156.The radiocarbon date fromunit 177 whichwas also a smallpit dug next to, and partiallyinto, pit 156, quite consistentlyproduceda laterdate (6800+150 BP). The span of Anza II was probablyabout2QO years.The radiocarbon datedunits 124 177, 213, 215 yieldedthe richestnumberof diagnosticmaterialsof the Anza II phase. Anza III. Anza III deposits overlayAnza II in a yellow-to-brown Excavation silt. units 117 to 124forma transition zone betweenthe two phases,as the potterytypology indicates. tJnits 90 to 112, above the units shown in Figure 8, containedAnza III materialsexcept whereseveralVinta or Anza IV pits had been dug into the Anza III deposits.The radiocarbon date obtainedfromthe samplefromunit 191(6660+110BP) suggestsa periodabout200 yearslaterthanthat of Anza II. The samplecomesfromthe Anza III pit dug into the Anza II and Ib deposits. Square V.

SquareV was equallyimportantfor the study of neolithicremainss parin ticularof the Anza I period.In this squaremost of the botanicalsampleswere recovered,and the best examplesof Anza I pottery came to light. Figure9 showsthe proElle the east scarpof SquareV, and Figure10presents sumof the maryof stratigraphy the wholesquarewith an indicationof excavationunits of (culturallevels), disturbedareas(Roman walls and pits), and post holes. The square was 3 x 3 m. and was dug to 4.60 m. depth. Modern and Roman materials (trenches, pits, and walls)mixedwith Anza 111 materials the upper in deposits overlay Anza II, Ib, and Ia layers. A huge Roman pit had unfortunatelybeendugin the middleof this squaredownto the Anza Ib layer.

Vol. of Journal FieldArchaeology/ 1, 1974 39

sSe:

8s\1o 1

w fl-: w-: :E:: 2Bt

\&

5
^

Stones

t"""2 4

S/2

1::: l 10

HR = House R u bble

Figure 9. Stratigraphy in Square V: profile of east scarp. Key: 1) Sterile, light, fine-grained sandy silt. 2) Moderately loose medium to dark-brown gravelly silt. 3) Moderately compact light-gray sandy silt with charcoal bits. 4) Very loose grayish fine gravelly silt; disturbed. 5) Fine-grained yellow silt alternating with layers including charcoal bits: a-d. 6) Charcoal lens. 7) Moderately compact fine-grained medium-brown silt. 8) Moderately compact to loose fine-grained orange silt with large bits of house rubble. 9) Moderately compact yellow-gray clayey silt. 10) Moderately compact fine-grained yellow-brown to brown silt.

-** ....

*** * **---*-*- ... -0 e .- X X @

@ebe

@*

X @

*e

40 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas

Anza Ia. Soil 2, containingthe earliestculturalremains(Anza Ia), was a brown gravellysilt from ca. 3.60-4.60m. BDP. It overlaythe sterilesandysilt layer.Compact yellow lenses, probablytracesof severalhabitations,were intermittently depositedin this layer.Its bottomwas unevenand composedof verydarkandheavysoil. Most finds and carbonizedwood pieces came from here. ExcavationUnits 64 to 128, with the exceptionof pits and post holesfromthe upperlayers,belongto thisperiod. Anza Ib. Soil 5, of yellowishsilt, extendedfrom ca. 3.00-3.60m. BDP. Priorto its depositiona considerable disturbance, represented a loose gravellysilt layer,was eviby dent (FIG. 9: 4). In the profileof the westernwall of the square(not illustrated here)it was associatedwith a large fire-hardened feature.In the southernpart of the square,post holes and deep pits of Anza Ib weredug into Soil 2 of Anza Ia (FIG. 10). In the southern partof the square,burnthouserubblelay directlyaboveSoil 2. Severalbuildingperiods
PROFILE OF SQUARE Y

Figure 10. Idealized profile of Square V. Summary of units.

I DEALIZED

...6-** * .. . *-@ *.. * * @b * e e * e @ * @@

.
* * * e @ @ 0 * # * X X

t t
% X . z e

. *

.- X . -

. . - . .

. -

. -

. -

. .

- . -

.. - .

0 s
@ @ . . @ * * * @ . . @ @ * * @ @ . * X @ * * . . | e

200

@ * . . *

@ * * . - * . *

. . - - . . - . . - - . - - 6 @.
. . . . . . . .

. . X
* *

':

:'

T77i

** *w- *.----*-::*-:
. . .

;-.*
* S

*.---:-.
*

* .

. *

. *

@ . @

WF*:00-0:s

0-

C00:S

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 41 of Vol.

are likely duringthe span of Anza Ib since this yellow silt layerwas interspersed with houserubble,charcoal,and ashes.Units 50 to 58 containeddiagnosticE1nds Anza Ib. of AnzaII. A layerof brownsilt with charcoallenses(FIG. 9: 6) overlayyellowSoil 5. It was of uneventhicknessat a depthof 2.75-3.10m. On top of this horizonwas a 10cm. thick depositof burnthouse rubble(FIG. 9: 7). In the southernpart of this square,post holes of Anza II had been dug into the layerof Anza Ib (Soil 5). Units 20-33belongto this periodand represent laterpartof Anza II. the Anza III. Soil 8, a layer of clayey silt, may represent anotherbuildingperiodwith depositionof Anza III materials. The brownsilt layer(Soil 9), from2.11-2.50m. depth in the easternportionof the squareanddownto 2.80m. in its south-western corner,was much disturbedby Roman walls and pits. Throughoutthis layer finds of Anza III character wereencountered.
Square 2.11 modern The horizons of Anza by m. V contained BDP, pits cultural of II; the the and and is a plow trenches. deposits pre-Vinta one or of Square two V represent Ia; at two of least or three III, seven habitation Ib; with two and no Early zone Vinta disturbed, (Anza as IV) materials. above, Soil by 10, from Roman 1.62and

mentioned

culture: two

of Anza horizons

of Anza mixed

disturbed remains

Anza

topped Three pit unit Ia of

architectural dates 62, down and V,

of the

Roman obtained deep the

period. from pit second Square starting and V: one in third the from Level Anza a 7,

radiocarbon Anza and (V, III (V,

(TABLE were I)
with 19, to Level unit

connected

a 1 m. 62);

21, layer

going 107,

from

III).

Chronology Architectural of Remains.

Architectural stratigraphy architecture center The of the and in remains chronology detail was will be of a special discussed the site. task As of here only as they are related the excavating to study the of previously the Yugoslav mentioned, team

in the

mound. of the architectural traditions at Anza is as follows.

sequence

AnzaI. Mud-brick architecture. AnzaII andIII. Houses8-10 m. long and 4 m. wide built of timberuprightsdaubed withclay. Stonefoundations also found(Squares, XI, XII, XVIII). are I, AnzaIV. Split-plank wallsdaubedthicklywith chaff-tempered as muchas 15-20 mud cm. thick. Floorsof tampedearth.The sizeof houseswas 8 x 3 or 4 m.
The only area bricks disturbed bricks sherds of mud where of remains plano-convex by represent and bricks. Ib. later pits of mud shape and bricks were the wall the have found been observed was silt of the Square that II

I. Unbaked was house. much The

in a yellow foundation

layer Anza

stone

a collapsed figurines The The of

(FIG. lOa).
II period mud-brick with the II utmost excavation by timber Figure Yugoslav deposits were found architecture care, but season. houses 1 1 shows squares were built of above the

Diagnostic fallen wall

Anza of the

chronology wall was

is thus was not

established removed Mud-brick thin, of der post the round holes

as Anza because

uncovered of extending in Anza close uncovered IV (Early in were

of the architecture

impossibility was posts a long replaced

(D.

ca.

15 cm.) and M.

standing wall) Anza activity

together. in the Vinta)

rows unmuch but in lime

(a corner of Roman or six

direction by X five

Garasanin. and modern

disturbed Square

all

excavated by

squares, superimposed

habitation

horizons

revealed

42 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas

Figure lOa. Anza Ib, ca. 6000 s.c.,Square 1. Contours of plano-convex bricks are discernible in a fallen wall which is the earliest example of mud brick architecture in Europe.

Figure 11. Remains of Anza II houses built of timber uprights.

plaster floors. An idealized stratigraphyof this square (1969 season) is illustratedin Figure 12. Threesuperimposed house floors were uncovered,and anotherearlierfloor was excavatedbelow these. The uppermostfloor was madeof lime plasterand had evidentlybeen twice replastered. This latest, uppermostfloor was hardpackedand flat. Overthis floor, a burnedwall shows evidenceof wattle-anddaub construction,as well as split planks(up to 2.5 cm. thick by 15 cm. wide) alternating with beamstuds.On the exteriorthe timberwas daubedwiththick, chaff-tempered mud in which impressionsof grain husks and strawhad been

75 \

[ LEVEL /////////////

==--- l $,,

/>>j*j

1l 3

Superimposed 1 _

Northwest Quad BDP CM 85

Northeast Quad

{1969)

SoutheastQuad

So

SURFACE LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 \ \\\\K\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\ \ \\X\ Fallen Wall Scatter walling of andCeramic

g5 105 115 125

155 162 Pit

LEVEL 7 LEVEL 8 LEVEL 9

l l |Nga l
unexcalvated
4

',g,Xft&,i,N,,$\g^XW F Earliest l
Pit unexcavated

Pit

jPitllPiltl

_Fallen ll/all

H//g/SSt//zat m

Disturbed / Area

14

---=-=v

Figure12. Stratigraphyof Square X ( 1969 season)showing superposition of three Anzafloors.

44 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas petrifiedwhen the structure burned.A final coat of clay silt had been applied over the mud to create a smooth surface.The wall had burnedall the way through,probablyas a resultof smouldering over a periodof time.The second replastered floor also had a hardcompactsurface.The firstof the threefloors was not as hard-fired the uppertwo, but it was the most extensive,covering as an areaof at least42 sq. m. The earliestfloor had not beenburnedandwas of a differenttexturethan the laterfloors. It was 2 cm. thick,grayishin color, compact, with small pebbles and sherdsembedded.It consistedof tampedearth and organicmaterial.House rubbleabove the floor was porous and not hardfired.

Ecology. Climate. The informationabout the climatewas obtainedfrom the analysisof wood samplesand the patternof soils. Unfortunately, analysisof pollen samples the by E. Grugerrevealeda high degreeof oxidationwithin the upper3-4 m. of soil, and recovery identifiable of pollenhas provedextremely difficult. The resultsof the analysisof wood samplesdone by H.J. Beugis givenbelow in TableV. Conceivably,the charcoalrangefor the variousperiods-shows somethingof the changingvegetational coverduringneolithicsettlement. Thus,the diversity of charcoalfromAnza Ia variesfromthat of the laterperiods.The amountsof Juniperus hereare conspicuously low, and those of Quercus quitehigh. In spite of the relativelyinferiornumberof specimensin Anza Ia, more woody plant genera have been establishedin this time than in other periods. One may assumethe charcoalrange from Ia is representative the then still extensive of primordial vegetationsituation;that in the courseof settlement, Juniperlls, being most affectedby man,accelerated replacement the forest. the of Basedon the majorsoil relationships illustrated Figure7 the following as in tentativesequenceof ;;soil-forming" events is proposedby Weide to account for most of the non-cultural variationsamongthe soils of the Anza site. 1) With upliftand deformation the soft lacustrine of sediments that formthe base of the site, intense and widespreadmechanicaldisintegrationof the siltstonesand fine-grained sandstonesproduceda uniformand relatively thick blanketof sandymaterialacrossthe uplandmarginsof the ancientlake. TableV. Distributionof charcoalfinds fromthe periodsAnza I-IV lal
Specimen Juniperus Pinus Quercus Ulmus Castanea Ligustrum Evonymus Fraxinus ct Platanus Salix Total 9 3 12 7 1 2 2 % 25.0 8.3 33.4 19.5 2.8 5.5 5.5 Specimen 65 1

Ia2
% 98.5 1.5 Specimen 271 46 4 2

Ibl
% 83.3 14.3 1.2 0.6 Specimen 74 4 1

Ib2
% 93.6 5. 1 1.3 Specimen 92 2 12 1

II
% 85.3 1.9 11.1 0.9 Specimen 33 19 8

111
% 61.6 35. 1 Specimen 6

IV
% 85.8

Total

2 1 1 36 66 325 0.3 0.3 79 1 108 0.9 54

3.8

14.2

550 5 93 14 3 2 2 3 1
2

Vol. Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 45 of 2) This surfacedepositwas subjectto localizedfluvialerosionthat produced gullies and concentrated coarse debris in channels and other shallow topographic depressions. 3) During initial phases of occupation (Anza I), chemical weatheringof sands and silts, plus the addition of culturaldebris, led to the formationof local pockets of clay-richsoils. In general,however,the soils associatedwith the earliestphases of occupationare less modifiedthan the later soils which overliethem. 4) Continued occupation, coupled with perhaps slightly more humid the climaticconditions,intensiEled productionof clay-richsoils from the underlyingsands and silts. During periods of intensivelocal runoff small lenwere formedon the soil ticulardepositsof coarsergravel and rock fragments surface. Usually such deposits were scattered or quickly buried. The soil formedduringthis phasewould correspondwith the unit of darkgray-brown, heavyclay soil withgravellenses(Anza II). 5) Minor environmentalchanges are indicated by the deposition of soil gravelaredepositedat the expenseof clay. unitswheresandand Elne 6) At some point in time afterthe formationof the above soil unit, deposition of the light-brownclay-siltloams began underconditionsof continuous occupation(Anza III and IV). The verticaltransitionwithinthis unit in the and form of coarsesands and gravelsthroughzones whereclay predominates into the upper silt dominatedareas indicatesthe possibilityof a gradual though continueddeclinein availablemoisturethroughoutthe generalregion of centralMacedonia. 7) Conditionsof aridityare indicatedby the presenceof a fairly high carsandysilt horizon. bonatecontentin the light-brown 8) Reoccupationof the Anza site duringRomantimes appearsto have been horizon. of responsible the destruction at leastpartof the carbonate-rich for for the uniformdepthof the disrupted 9) Modernfarmingpracticesaccount of ploughzone, while the ratherlow rainfallregimenow characteristic interior now formingin the to be reflectedin the vertisolstructures Macedoniaappears are and upper 1 m. of soil. Calciumcarbonateprecipitation accumulation also process(or havebeen activein the immediate pedogenetic a partof the current past as shownby the carbonatecoatingsof most of the potterysherdsthat date to Romantimes). Pollen studiesfromcentraland westernEuropeansites have shown that the Europeanclimateseemsto havechangedquiteoften duringpost-glacialtimes. of The comparison the data on climaticconditionselsewherein Europeas outwith the evidencefor climatichistoryand chronologyat Anlined by Frenzell8 za, as outlinedabove,givesthe followingpicture(TABLEVl): TableVI. Tentativeclimatichistory.
Anza periods Anza IV Anza III Anza II Anza Ib Anza Ia True Age B.C. (approx.) 5450 - 4850 5750 - 5450 6050 - 5750 ca. 6200 - 6050 6500 - ca.6200 Climatic Condition warm and/or dry cool and/or mist cooling and/or wetter warm and/or dry cool and/or wet

Transitionon the Northern 18. B. Frenzel, "ClimaticChanges in the Atlantic/Sub-Boreal Proceedings of the Interntional Symposium on World Climate Hemisphere: BotanicalEvidence," Society1966)108,fig.4. 8000-OBC(London- RoyalMeteorological

Yardstick/Gimbutas 46 Anza,a Cultural The Elvesequential climatic changes apparentlydid not severely affect and at agriculture Anza; we cannot concludefrom stratigraphy the radiocarfor any lengthof time durabandoned bon datesthat the site was temporarily ing the overall period of occupation.The abandonmentof the site after the to EarlyVincaperiod(AnzaIV) appears havetakenplaceat the onset of a 400year period markedby generallywarm and/or dry conditions.PerhapsAnza At was then unsuitablefor agriculture. the sametime othersites at Ovce Polje, abandoned.Vincasites of a laterage arefound Rug Bairand Vrsnik,also were to the north in the Morava and Danube basins of centralYugoslavia,a forested area of rolling hills. The modern climate representsperhaps the duringthe that could haveoccurred warmestand driestof the climaticpatterns of the Ovce Polje. neolithichabitation Plants. Cultivated The seeds from Anza were analysedby Jane M. Renfrew.The identified speciesare given in TableVII: TableVII. Seedsfoundat Anza 1969and 1970. VII, 122is a pit of Anza III perioddug into II and datefromits Ib layers. The 14C bottomis of Anza II age. Arabic indicatenumberof numerals seeds. XXX = chiefcomponent; X frequent; = XX = moderately present.
Species Ia Ib (VII,122) large deposit XX XX XXX X X X X X X X X 1 X X X X 10 1 1 II III IV

wheat Emmer Einkornwheat Wheatspikeletforks Clubwheat Six-rowbarley Barleyrachis Grassseed Oat Lentil Pea Vetch Apple cherry Cornelian Wildgrape Hazelnut Fat hen Blackbindweed Knotgrass Dock bladderwort Greater

40 S 15 12 1 2 3

30 3 26 4

2 2 1 2

20 23 19 2

4 3 1

7 2

by Since all this materialwas recovered flotationand most of it occurredin very small quantitiesin each sample,it is likelythat we have a fairlyrepresentative collection of informationabout the developmentof crop husbandry aroundthis site in the earlyand laterneolithicperiods.It appearsthat emmer wheat,supportedby smalleramountsof einkorn(untilthe increasein this crop in Anza IV) and hulled six-row barley,was the basic mainstayof the cereal Europeand the Near East. crops as it was also in other areasof southeastern The hexaploidclub wheatappearsin the Ia deposit,but not later.Peasand lenthe tils represent pulsecrops.It is clearthat wild fruitsweregatheredin season to supplementthe food supply. of Accordingto Jane Renfrewthe appearance the hexaploidwheatis most the interesting; closelyrelatedforms,breadwheatand clubwheat,do not haoe of a wild form and arise as a result of hybridization a tetraploidwheat and another (unknown)species which contributedthe D genome. They seem to

Journal FieldArchaeology/ 1, 1974 47 of Vol. have been particularly frequentin neolithicdepositsof the southernBalkans, occurring only occasionallyin the Near East,Anatolia,and Crete.Thistype of wheatis muchbettersuitedto bakingpurposesthan einkornor emmer,which lack gluten in their flour and so cannot be baked into anythinglighterthan biscuits.
Domestic Animals.

Of ca. 45,000animalbones, 19,185specimens wereidentifiedby S. Bokonyi. The E1ve domesticspecies(cattle, sheep, goat, pig, dog) are in overwhelming majority,of which 10 percentare wild. The 15-17wild species(aurochs,red deer, wild swine, badger, brown bear, wolf, fox, a small carnivore,beaver, brownhare,a smallrodent,2-4 birds, 1-2 tortoises)represent under6 percent. No fish boneswererecovered (TABLES VIII-IX). Throughout the four Anza periods caprovines are the most frequent domesticspecies,followedby cattle,pig, and dog respectively. the courseof In occupationcaprovinenumbersgraduallydecreased,while pig and cattle increased,exceptfor a recessionin PeriodIII. Wild aurochswerethe most common wild species,followedby reddeer,brownhare,and wild swine.In general, the faunalassemblage resembles that of neolithicGreece;the domesticfaunais similarto that of the Koroscultureof southeastern Hungaryand northeastern Yugoslavia. The domestic cattle were large or medium-sized.Individualstransitional betweendomesticand wild cattleattestto some local domestication. sheep The were small animalsof a primitivetype, the males heavilyhorned,the females hornless or with small rudimentary horns. Goats were heavily horned and

TableVIII.Neolithicvertebrate faunaof Anza:numberof specimens. Period I spec.

cattle sheep/goat pig dog dom. animals aurochs red deer roe deer wild swine badger brownbear wolf fox carnivore beaver brown hare rodent birds tortoise wild animals Total 115 938 99 5 1157 15 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 12 41 1198

Period II spec.
101 543 74 10 728 9 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 22 750

Period III spec.

89 995 115 28 1227 2 3 11 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 8 0 8 35 75 1302

Period IV spec.
496 2067 351 36 2950 22 21 0 5 1 0 1 2 0 0 5 1 0 60 118 3068

Total spec.
801 4543 639 79 6062 48 33 13 18 1 1 1 3 0 1 18 1 9 109 256 6318

%
9.60 78.30 8.26 0.42 96.58

So
13.47 72.40 9.87 1.33 97.07

%
6.84 76.42 8.83 2.15 94.24

%
16.17 67.40 11.44 1.17 96.18

From A1mixed together layers spec. spec.

1605 9557 1308 80 12550 113 51 5 27 0 1 2 6 4 0 42 0 10 56 317 12867 2406 14100 1947 159 18612 161 84 18 45 1 2 3 9 4 1 60 1 19 165 573 19185

\ j t

) 3.42
t

2.93

5.76

3.82

1 /

Yardstick/Gimbutas 48 Anza,a Cultural

faunaof Anza:numberof individuals. TableIX. Neolithicvertebrate Period I ind.

cattle sheep/goat pig dog dom. animals aurochs reddeer roe deer wildswine badger brownbear wolf fox carnivore beaver brownhare rodent birds tortoise wildanimals Total 12 80 8 2 102 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 11 113

Period II So
10.62 70.80 7.08 1.77 90.27

Period III ind.

10 85 11 5 111 2 2 3 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 3 3 20 131

Period IV ind.
48 161 32 7 248 5 4 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 4 21 269

Total ind.
82 375 58 17 532 12 10 4 7 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 4 10 60 592

ind.
12 49 7 3 71 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 8 79

So
15.19 62.03 8.86 3.80 89.88

SZo
7.63 64.89 8.40 3.82 84.74

%
17.84 59.85 11.90 2.60 92.19

1
j t )

\ j

9.73

10.12

l 1 1

1 ) 15.26 l 1 1

7.81

largerthan sheep. Pigs were small;therewas no evidenceof local domestication. Dogs weresmall,or less often medium-sized. The wild animals,aurochs,wild swine,red deer,and roe deerweregenerally smallto mediumin size;badgerand fox large;brownharesmall.Cattle,goats, sheepand pig at a juvenile aurochs,red deer,and harewerekilledat maturity; or sub-adultstage. Sources. In the attempt to locate as many source areas as possible for the raw from of used in the construction neolithictools, the stone implements materials as the excavationwerefirstclassiEled to composition. Four basic categories were established. These included 1) grinding implementsused in the preparationof cereal crops, 2) polished stone tools, 3) Over300 tools from lithicartifacts. chippedstone objects,and4) miscellaneous these categories were examined and catalogued on the basis of their macroscopicpetrologyby Weide.The resultsof his researchare presentedin the followingtables(TABLES X-XII). It is apparentthat the majority(81So)of the stone implementswere composed either of andesite (a partiallyvesicularextrusiveigneous rock) or a medium to fine-grainedwell-cementedsandstone. Of the chipped stone arsilicatematerial tifacts, well over 50Sowere eitherquartzor cryptocrystalline fromvolcanicrocks.Groundstone objects,on the otherhand,werealmostenrocks. metamorphic fine-grained tirelyderivedfromdense,extremely of sourceareasof the specificrocks,geologicalreconnaissance To determine possible outcrops was done during the course of general field mapping. Investigationof availablematerialwas based on the fact that the bulk of the

I, of Journal FieldArchaeology/Vol. 1974 49 TableX. GrindingImplements.

Rocktype Andesite (mediumto finegrained) Sandstone Basalt Quartzlatite (undifferentiated) Metamorphic (finegrained) Limestone Quartzite TOTAL No. 16 26 4 2 2 1 1 52 % 31 50 8 3.5 3.5 2 2 100

TableXI. ChippedStone.
Sq. Sq. Sq.

Rocktype jasper translucent Yellow-brown Quartz opaquejasper Yellow-red rockfragments Miscellaneous Chertbreccia Chalcedony & Opalite(hydrated non-hydrated) TOTAL

XI 25 29 9 17 7 5 6

XIV 8 18 6 9 1 5 4

XVII 18 39 16 26 1 2 4

No. 51 86 31 52 9 12 14 255

% 20 34 12 20 3.5 5 5.5 100

TableXII. GroundStoneComposition.
felsite Recrystallized hornfels Lime-silicate Serpentinite meta-basalt Fine-grained Flint gabbro Fine-grained Talcschist(steatite) Jadeite Jasper

stone objects recovered from the Anza site are of three forms of cryporderof importance: silicatematerial.These are, in approximate tocrystalline 1) a cryptocrystallinerock derived from an extrusive volcanic terrain jasper);2) quartzand/or chalcedony;and 3) hydratedand non(technically hydratedopalites. along Jasper,in cobbleto bouldersize angularblocks,is sparselydistributed stream courses throughout the north and northeast OvEe Polje. In all volcanicslyingnortheastof Sv. Nikole are the probability outcropsof Tertiary the original source area of the jasper. The Geological Map of Yugoslavial9 600 shows an area of such volcanicsextendingover approximately sq. km. in this region.Colors rangefrom a light golden brownto opaqueblack.Colorin up light(seenin specimens to 1.5cm. thick)is a cleargoldenyellow transmitted excavationsoften retaina to clear brown.Fragmentsfrom the archaeological white to light-yellowweatheredcortex. This cortex is also common on the larger blocks recoveredfrom stream channels. Other varieties of volcanicform and a yellow-brown derivedjasper include a dark-redsemi-granular opaque form which was apparentlydistributedat random throughoutthe in tremendously Anza IV. Of culturaldeposit.Selectionfor redjasperincreases
19. 1953, 1:500,000.

50 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas all redjasperpiecesexamined,8 370 fromAnza I contexts;16<37o Anza II are from and III;and fully76<37o Anza IV. from Quartz(with its amorphouscounterpart,chalcedony)constitutesa major component of the local streamgravels and is common both as culturaland non-cultural materialwithinthe Anza site. The form which predominates a is milky-to-white amorphousor cryptocrystalline quartzwith numerousinternal fractures. This high degreeof internalstrainingis evidentin the abundance of randomfractureson workedpieces. Pebblesand cobblesof similarquartzare locally quite common as skeletalmaterialin the soils of the low hills and rolling uplandsthat formthe marginof the basin. Opalites and hydrated opalites form approximately 15So of the cryptocrystallinechipped stone tools. It is most probablethat this materialwas originallyderivedfromthe rhyoliticportionof the Tertiary volcanicsnortheast of Sv. Nikole that supplied the jasper, andesites, and basalts used in the manufacture grindingtools. Nodules of opalite were probablyobtainedas of alluvial debrisin local streamchannelsand from lenses of cobbles contained withinthe olderstreamterraces. Grindingstones of volcanic rock probablyhad their source in the region northeastof Sv. Nikole. Underthe presenterosionregime,volcaniccobblesof a size suitablefor artifactmanufacture not foundin the vicinityof the Anza are site. In the presentparticle-size gradientalong the channelof the Sv. Nikole River,such cobblesdo not occursouth of the town of Sv. Nikole, over 14 km. distant. Well-cementedsandstones, however, similar in lithology to those forming50 percentof the Anza grindingstones, are foundin outcropless than 4 km. to the south. No speciElc quarrieswere located. It is interesting note to that, assumingstreamdirectionswere the same duringthe Neolithic as today, natural stream transportcould not have carriedlarge cobbles of this wellcementedsandstonenorthward the vicinityof the Anza site. to The last categoryof material be considered to consistsof the rocksutilizedin the manufacture polished stone axes and other groundtools. Two source of areas are possible for this material.First, small pools of jadeite and serpentinite are numerousin the basic, ultrabasic,and metamorphic rocks along the north and northeastflanks of Bogoslav Mountain.Althoughin situ outcrops of this materialare generallymaskedby soil and colluvium,roundedclasts up to 20 cm. in lengthmay be foundalong streamcoursesand erosiongullies.The second majorsource,especiallyfor the isexotic"rock types such as quartzite, felsite, and fine-grainedlimestone,may be the small lenses of conglomeratic materialthat occur both in the Tertiarymarinesection and, to a lesserdegree in the coarsersand units of the PesirovoFormation.At the presenttime it is impossibleto determine originalsourceareaof theseclasts. the Polished StoneTools. Forty-three polished tools were recovered, including reconstructible fragments.Theirtemporaldistributionis as follows:3, Anza I; 1, Anza II; 4, Anza III; 27, Anza IV. Their stratigraphic and chronologicalplacementis quite unequivocal.The very large numericalincreasein Anza IV suggestsincreasedand variedactivity. The stone implements classiEled axes, adzes,picks,andhammerheads. are as They are madeof "greenstone," mineralcompositeof mainlyserpentine a and jadeitewith intrusionsof asbestos,whichis abundant the slopesof ttwe on nearby BogoslavMountain.A few of the smalltools are of purejade, little pods of whichoccurin thejadeite.The color of greenstonerunsthe gamutof shadesof

1,1974 51 JournalofFieldArchaeology/Vol. green,fromalmostwhiteto almostblack.At timesthe rock is veined,mottled, of or spottedin beautifulcombinations patternsand contrasts. 2-5 miniature, cm. long;and large,5-10cm. The axes fall into two categories: in long. Smallaxes appearin Anza I, increasing numberin Anza II-IIIand IV. The wedge shape with roundedor pointed butt, with slight variationsin size and thickness,is constantthroughoutthe threephasesfor the small axes (FIG. 13).There is, however, a trend toward the reductionof width in the crosssection. The same is true of the chisels:the earlierare almost round in crosssection, the laterones are thin and flat. The chisel-likesmallertools and those The of somewhatlargersize tend to be parallel-sided. largeaxes and axe adzes, of consistentlywider at the cuttingedge than at the butt end, are reminiscent of the so-called "shoelast axes." Picks exhibit considerablesrariation size. Lengthsare from 3.0 cm. to 8.4 cm.; widths are from 1.5 cm. to 5.1 cm. In cross-sectionat maximumwidth the size rangesfrom 0.35 cm. to 5.0 cm. The earlierpicksaremoreroundedthanthe later. show greatvarietyin size and shape,particularThe largerstone implements and Somearerounded,othersrectangular almostcompletely in cross-section. ly flat. the In addition to the criteriasuggestedby Semeonov,20 characteristically flat back of the adze was taken into considerationfor purposesof typology. Otherfeaturesto whichattentionwas directedwereas follows.
area,in most casesonly on the back,but in a (the 1) The "cuttingplatform" Rattened few isolatedinstancesalso on the front)of an axe, adze,or chisel.Thisarea,endingat the sharpedge of the tool, was found to varygreatly.In some instancesit was under 0.5 cm. in width,in othersover2 cm. of to Thiscan be ascribed the resharpening the tool. It is equallyplausi2) Assymetry. and ble thatthe formof the tool is intentional thatthis featureis relatedto function. 3) Absenceof the platforms.Many of the Anza IV tools, especiallythe largeones, roundedtowardsthe cutting at show no cuttingplatforms all;the backsaregradually edge,withouta traceof dividingline. grooves. intentional bearseemingly 4) Grooves.Someof the implements

McPherron,in excavatingthe site of Divostin in Yugoslavia, has found evidencethat axes were sawed out of the solid rock with the help of abrasives processit would have and water. Just before the end of this time-consuming beeneasy to breakoff the axe-likeshape,leavinga rough,scar-likeareaon one side.2lOn the other hand, the possibilityis not excludedthat the groovesare connectedwith some hafting device. Although there is as yet no evidenceof that Europe,it is inconceivable axesor adzes haftingfromsites in southeastern stone axeswerefoundonly in could have otherwisebeenput to use. Perforated the Anza IV period. used and of The techniques micro-analysis micro-photography by Semeonov small axes (see Note 20) were appliedby B. Smoor to the few wedge-shaped results(the largeaxes and adzescould not be takenout of with quitesurprising Yugoslavia).Underthe microscopethe frontsof all these axes show extremely to fine parallelstriationsperpendicular the cuttingedge(FIG. 14). Figure14:3of Anza IV shows additionalstriationson the left side at an angleof 45. According to the findings of Semeonov and Kantman this would indicate the of characteristics an adze. However,when we look at the wear patternof the
20. "An axe is recognized by its symmetrical proElle,an adze or hoe by its assymetry, and a chisel (London 1970). Teehnology by its small size." S.A. Semeonov, Prehistorie (Belgrade 1974). 21. A. McPherron and D. Srejovic, Divostin

fl

1 1
1,,, 1 l

j i
/

f'

:A
2

Figure 13. Wedge-shaped,greenstone axes.Anza11. Vll, 159. I) FromSquare Vll, 216. 2) FromSquare

X4

52 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas

backs thesetools,in eachcasethewear of pattern different. is In summary, sincenone of the wearpatterns conforms the S;typical'' to characteristicseither axeor anadze,it wouldseemthatallof thesamples of an wereS;multiple-purposes' serving themanufacture vessels contools, for of and tainers, the cutting for downof smalltrees,andforthe smoothing planks. of Theymayhavebeenusedforother purposes well. as Bone Tools. Sixtybonetoolswerefoundat Anza.Thetypology divides artifacts the into fourcategories: needles; awls; spatulae; others. and The spatulae an interesting are feature Anza.In AnzaI thereis onlya of single fragment, which couldalsohavebeena polisher. (Bone pottery polishers are deElnitely presentin Anza III, and in Anza IV they are abundant.) Although mostof theAnzaspatulae fragmentary, example comwere one was plete(FIG. 15) andmanymoreof thetypeareknown related in sites;it is not therefore difElcult reconstruct spatulae to the fragments. all casesthe thin In blade-like has beenpreserved. spatulae tip The couldhavehad several functionss suchaspigment mixers simply small or as spoons.

g\4

tj

,X,,;_

-t

Figure 14. Wedge-shaped axes as examined under microscope. Anza II (1,4), Anza III (2,5,6), Anza IV (3). I) Extremely fine striations running at 45 angle angle from left, and a small section of striations running from the right, all covering the cutting platform which in this unique case is double. 2) Fine parallel striations on the back, perpendicular to the cutting edge. Another series of fine striations perpendicular to the left side of the axe higher up. 3) The pattern is similar to that of (4): a series of striations starting on the left side and perpendicular to that side, gradually vanishing towards the center of the axe. 4) A series of fine striations on the back, starting on the left and perpendicular to this side, gradually fading out towards the middle of the axe. The cutting platform shows no striations. 5) Small jade tool with diagonal striations forming a cross pattern on the front. On the back, however, the striations are perpendicular to the axis of the tool. 6) A chisel, the back of which is unfortunately chipped off, with a series of striations running at an angle of 45 from left to right.

The truncated-globe, are quite frequent.

red- or brown-burnished, cylindrical Tall slender jars with is the most commonshape in I| neck occur. -I

2|

!! I |I _ I | -

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 53 of Vol. Severalobjectswere unique:a violin-shapedobject,the functionof whichis problematic,especiallyin view of the small perforation;and the perforated caputof a bovid femurwhose function,becauseof its fragmentary state, is difficult to determine.On the whole, the bone tools are similarto those found in sites of the same chronology,especiallyat VrBnik Rug Bair, sites close to and

: >;k S:

Sunsnwrv PotteryTypologyandTechnolocyof Colorfulvases probablymade especiallyfor religiousceremoniesand other vessels found in the earliest culturallayer are of fine quality. By no means "primitive," they are undoubtedlythe productof a long technicaltradition.It is not germane at this point to bring up the problem of earlier prototypes-these have not been found in the Vardarregion; possibly they will appearas a result of futureexplorations.We are confident,nevertheless, that the earliestAnza pottery is autochthonous.Admittedlyit is relatedin quality and form to that of the "EarlyCeramic"(Fruhkeramikum) stage in Thessaly and early Nea Nikomedeia, as well as to that of Hacilar IX-VI in Central Anatolia. But we do not infer from this fact that the Anza potteryis imported from those areas. At this stage, the Anza ceramicstyle alreadyhas its own "Macedonian" character. Thereare threecategoriesof wares accordingto quality:very fine, medium thick,and coarse. The finest pots are maroon-slippedand red-burnished; they are extremely thin-walled,of well-fired clay almost without temper. The bonding of the maroon iron oxide slip to the orange clay body has not workedwell, and the slip peels off easily. The maroon-slippedcategoryincludeselegantjars with body flared at the base (FIG. 16:2), and open straightwalled bowls (FIG 16:1). The red-burnished are globularwith gracefullyswungprofile(FIG.16:3,5). jars Vesselformsarerounded,withoutlip or carination. A smallamountof medium-fine wareis decoratedand seemsto represent an initialstage of painting.Thesepots arethickerthanthe maroon-slipped redor burnished; clay is tempered the with grit or pebblesand has a dark-brown core. The surfaceis orange-slipped, with designs, includingtriangles,curvedlines, ovals, and net pattern,overpainted white. in The medium-coarse ware is brown-slipped pink-buffburnished. or Jarsand bowls have flaringrims (FIG. 16:6,7). Globularjars with a flat or concave base and two string-holelugs at body center appear(FIG. 16:4). Thickerpots have appliedcrescentlugs. Ring bases of jars are commonin the earliesthorizonof this phase. A distinctiveform is the quatrefoilbase dividedinto four sections with an excisedV in each (FIG. 17). The coarse ware is unslipped salmon-pinkor buff. The clay is coarsely tempered withgrit, and the vesselsarepoorlyfired.
A nza Ib.

Globularjars and open bowls remainthe basic categoriesof shapesas in la. the fine ware category.Necks and rims, varyingin height and degreeof flare, Medium-thick buff or pink-buffburnished with two solid or string-hole jars lugs seem to have become popular (FIG. 18). The perforationof the lug is

| _

_ i8il | l l | l 311

Figure 15. Bone spatula from Anza II, SquareA.

54 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas

Figure 16. Group of Anza Ia pots (reconstructed). 1) Maroon-slipped from Square V, 97. 2) Maroon-slipped from Square V, 92. 3) Red burnished from Square V, 109. 4) Buff from Square V, 125. 5) Red burnished from Square V, 125. 6-7) Buff from Square VII, 259.

b
Figure 17. Quatrefoil base of Anza Ia pot, divided into four sections with excised V in each (from Square V, 82). a) ProSlle. b) Bottom.

O
.

J
.

3F
.

Figure18.AnzaIb pink-buff burnished withperforated (Square 36) andlugof another (Square 1,222). jar lugs V, jar Vl

Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol. 1, 1974 55

as perforated in Hacilar,central usuallyhorizontal,but some lugs arevertically stabbing,and inimpressions, with finger-tip wareis decorated Turkey.Coarse flat, and quatrefoil bases continue from Anza Ia. Miniature cisions. Ring, base. cupssometimeshavea quatrefoil Painted vases are thin-walled,the fabric usually without temper. Vessels burnished.Paintedorwere paintedwith iron oxide pigments,and afterward is namentation most commonlywhiteon a groundof red, brown,or black(the painton a the blackbackground resultof intentionalsmoking).An orange-red of is background also found. Characteristic this phasearewhirl cream-slipped leavesand buds,and rowsof dots atpatternsmadeof triangles,geometricized tachedto whitelines,probablyabstractplantdesigns(FIG. 19). Symbolicdesign also includedeggs and moon crescents.So far there are no close analogiesin either Greece, Yugoslavia, or Bulgaria, for this surprisingly rich and aestheticallypleasing painted pottery. It representsa local ceramicdevelopmentwhichreacheda climaxin the periodfollowingAnza Ia.
A nza 11.

Changesin shapes,colors,and designsbetweenAnza Ib and II aremarked. bowls, highly burstraight-walled Fine ware of burnishedmaroon-slipped black ware with jars on a raised foot, and well-burnished red-slipped nished or everted lip continue in the tradition of Anza I, but the almost profiled mirror-likesheen of the vessels exhibits progress in the technique of burnishing. The use of a new manganesepigment initiates a new decorative vases. This mode persists painting on orange-slipped style: chocolate-brown (FIG. startof the Vinta (Anza IV) period;the designsare curvilinear until the the symbolic elements of the earlier period, such as triangles,con20) but secutive dots and lines, and the net pattern, continue in the repertoire. Exclusiveto Anza II was also paintingin red-on-redor on maroon (FIG. 21), brown-on-red, or red-on-brown, and occasionally brown-on-cream.The fabricof the coarseclay with vegetabletempercontrastswith the untempered verythin vasesof Anza Ib. The shapes of globularand oval pink-buffand gray coarsewaresare more variedthan in earlierphases.Thoughbases are uniformlyflat, necksare cylindrical, sharplyeverted,or with an outwardflare at the rim (FIG. 22). A great variety of techniqueswere also employed in the plastic decoration of the vessels: streaking,incising, stabbing, shell impressing,pinching with finger nails, stamping. Decoration is confined to the portion below the neck, and either covers the entire body or only the lower part. A style of decoration accomplishedby thick but randomsmearingwith heavy called "Barbotine," gray slip, is commonon large,yellow-slipped jars and bowls(FIG. 23).

:;

A nza 111.

Thereis no abruptchangeof style betweenAnza II and III. Fine and coarse vasesare and vesselscontinuethe sametraditions.Maroon-slipped red-slipped prominentin the fine warecategory,whichis outstandingfor its quality.Even open bowlscontinue. usuallystraight-walled the shapesof the maroon-slipped, slippedfooted vases are decoratedwith brownpaintas in Anza II. Orange-red The painteddesign is more tectonicthan in Anza II; convergingverticallines are paintedlengthwisefromtop to foot, or alternatewith thick lines or lenses. Around the rim there is a simple or indentedband, a row of crosses or net or design, or a band of garlands(FIG. 24). Slightlybiconicalblack-burnished

b
Figure 19. Painted designs of Anza Ib. a) Whirl pattern composed of triangles painted white on black burnish. b) White designs painted on red or brown.

XA@
Figure 20. Vases with painted design in chocolate-brown on background of orange-slip (reconstructions). Anza II (Squares I, VII).

f-*

s x . o

Figure21. Vasewithdesignpaintedred on maroon-slip. AnzaII (Square VII, 127).

a

\\
c

:x

Figure23. Fragment of large pot with "Barbotine"decoration. Anza II (Square VII,204).

Figure22. Anza II. a) Sharply everted rim fromSquare VII, 145. Medium-coarse warewith outward flaring rims: b) from SquareVII, 209; c) from Square VII, 149.

'

8 -

Figure Anza III. Brown-on-orange 24. painted (reconstructions). jars a) From Square VII, 98. b) From Square VIII, 18; XIX, 225. c) From Square XVIII, 141.

Vol. Archaeology/ I, 1974 57 of Journal Field

pots are present.Beadedand slightlyout-turnedand sharply maroon-slipped evertedrims are as frequentas duringAnza II. The impressed,stamped,and barbotinedecorationof mediumand coarse jars utilitywarescontinuefromAnza II. The largepots areglobular withcylinout-turned,or somewhatinverted drical neck and open bowls with straight, and burnished to yellow-slipped pinkish-buff rim.They rangefrombrown-and have jars, usuallygray,unslippedvarieties.The largestorage dark-gray grayor aroundthe middle(FIG. 25). a raisedridgewith fingertip impressions
Anza IV.

by Anza IV is characterized great quantitiesof Dark Wares:gray-blackand or burnished black-slipped hardfired,as well as by a muchgreatervariety of shapes and handles than during the previous periods. Flat and rounded plates, a variety of biconical vessels, carinated dishes, zoomorphic or orvases, and high-footedvases or "fruitstands"are now leading nithomorphic formsin the finewarecategory(FIGS. 26-32). Channelledand black-toppedvases (the black tops of dishes or biconical vesselswere obtainedthroughintentionalsmokingof the upperpartsof pots) representa new style of decoration.The new decorativetechniquescoincide with the appearanceof button handles in the earliesthabitationlevel of the EarlyVinta settlementat Anza, i.e., Anza IVa (FIG. 33). These featureshave parallelsin the East BalkanKaranovocultureand seem to be borrowedfrom uniqueduringIVb and stylistically the east. Handlesand lugs are imaginative
(FIGS. 28, 30-32).

V, Figure25. AnzaIII:Square 6. Fragjar mentof largegraystorage withfingeron tip impressions raisedridgearound middle.

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..

Spoutedand perforatedvases (sieves or lamps)are also innovations.Three are or four-leggedcult vessels incisedwith ideogramsor conceptualdesigns22 typical of the EarlyVinta complex,but in shape recallthe KaranovoIII and IV cult vessels(FIG. 34). with Karanovo The changesin ceramicart at this time, which corresponds III in central Bulgaria,are noticeable all over the central Balkan area and Anza IV pottery has close analogiesin a series of Early Northern Greece.23 Vinta sites in Macedoniaand Serbia.An "easternshock" cannot be denied. with the period from Anza III to Anza IV is synchronous The transformation of remarkableincrease of population and the expansion of Karanovo III elements from central Bulgaria(the Marica valley) to the Danube valley in southernRumania,hithertooccupiedby the Startevo(Cris)people, and south of the Rhodope Mountainsinto Greek Macedoniaand Thrace. A wave of influencesreachedthe centralBalkansat the same time. We Karanovo-based emphasizethe word influences since Anza IV materialsdo not furnishus with substantialevidenceof such complete culturalchange as to imply an ethnic on shift. The changeseems to be the effect of new inspiration local traditions. in the ceramics. So, at least,it is reflected Alongside the "exotic" features in Anza IV ceramic art such as button whichwe considerto and handlesand decorationby channelling black-topping conbe borrowingsfrom easternneighbors,other elementsof pottery-making start in Anza tinued from the Anza III period. The "Vinta type" blackwares brown, as well as coarse brown pottery, continue III. Fine and medium-Elne
22. I.e., various combinations of Vs, chevrons, three lines, groups of parallel lines, net, and checkerboard patterns. 23. Cf. Arapi, upperlayer:H. Hauptmann and B. Milogtic, "Die Funde der fruhen Dimini-Zeit aus der Arapi-Magula, Thessalien," Beitrage zur ur- und fShgeschichtlichenArchaologiedes 9 (Bonn:Rudolf Habelt 1969) pls. II and 17. Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes

(,

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t a . ?'"

b
Figure26. AnzaIVdishes,flat androunded. a) Coarseware (IX, 55; I, 6, 9, 10). b) Fine, burnishedand decoratedwith on channeling interiorand black-topping (I, 10;X, 4; VII,66:X, 27).

58 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas

Figure 27. Anza IV. Carinated bowls with decorations of channeling and applied bosses. 1) Square XX, 10. 2) Square XXIV, 7. 3) Square I, 18. 4) Square XXIII, 16.

A//)lolL-|tZ
3

Figure 28. Anza IVb. Vessels with long handles and narrowed mouths. 1) Square Vlll, 32. 2) Square VII, 83. 3) Square XV, 9. 4) Square X, 13. 5) Square XIV, 15.

3 cm

X cS

Figure 29. Anza IV, flne ware. Brown footed vessel from Square X, 17.

from Anza III to the end of Anza IV. Biconical bowls and footed vessels, shapes which clearly dominatethroughoutthe Vinca civilization,have their beginningsin Anza III. Painting techniques also continue from Anza III. Whiteslip and red-on-white paintingis new, thoughseeminglya local innovation. The very frequentrepresentation the BirdGoddess face on the cylinof drical neck of vases during Anza IV has its roots in Anza III. The Bird Goddess continuesto be the most prominentdivinityat Anza, as reflectedby the miniature sculptures portrayinga Bird Goddess, the most numerous among the representations gods in both the Starcevo(Anza II and III) and of the EarlyVinca(Anza IV) periods. The studyof potteryand figurinesdoes not supportthe hypothesisof an immigrationof the Vinca people from the east, i.e., from Anatolia, as has been presumedfor the last 30 yearsby a numberof archaeologists. strorXg The *mpact from the East BalkanKaranovocivilizationis nevertheless indicatedby manyfeaturesin the ceramicart, and its implications cannotbe overlooked.

{-}

Figure 30. Anza IVb. Brown dish, ornithomorphic protomes from Square X, 179. Figure 31. Anza IVb. Zoomorphic handle of black burnished vase from Square XVI,
11.

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Figure 33. Anza IVa. Button handles of burnished gray vases. 1) Square XIX, 5. 2) Square X, 27.

>''*
rx X

10

20

Figure32. AnzaIVb.Grayburnished askosfromSquare XIII.

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Figure 35. Anza Ib. I) Greenstone pendant from Square VI, 17. 2-3) Bone rings, Square XV, 8; VII, 219. 4) Stone beads, Square XIII. 0
_t

Av.

Figure 34. Anza IV. Cult vessel with incised decoration characteristic of Early Vinca culture from Square X, 27.

Figure 36. Anza II. White marble toad from a sacrificial pit. Perhaps epiphany of the Goddess in birth-giving aspect.

60 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/G.imbutas Ornaments OtherSmallFinds. and There are 77 items in this categoryincludinga considerable varietyof ornaments,pendants,beads, discs, and braceletsmade of a varietyof materials: shell, bone, clay, and stone. The minisculeobjects,such as tiny annularbeads werefoundthroughflotation. Unique findsof Anza I aretwo fragments musicalinstruments: of pipeswith flattenedbaseandwindholes. Both aremadeof long bones,verywell polished; a groove on one indicates long use. So far, no parallels from Neolithic settlements the sameperiodare known.The instruments of belongto the Anza Ib phase. The preservedlength of one of the pipes (XIII, 63) is 4.63 cm., the cross-section1.63cm. at its widestdiameter,and the diameterof the hole, 0.06 cm. The exquisitequalityof the Anza I stonecarvingtraditionmay be seen in the smooth greenstonependant (FIG. 35:1) and in the tiny annular,tubular,and disc-shaped beads made of various shades of greenstone (FIG. 35:4). For ornaments,as for the smallgreenstoneaxes and chisels,Anza I peopleselected stone of strikingor unusualcolor, light or dark,mottled,or with spotson dark green. Small discs of very rich dark green stone apparentlyservedas decoration for garments.Evidencefor this custom is presenton the figurineswhich displaytiny appliqueddiscs in a row acrossthe shouldersin front, or around the waistor hips. Stone ornaments amuletshaveparallelsin northern or Greece.For instance, the pendantsectionedinto five partsby parallelgroovesis closelyanalogousto one at Nea Nikomedeia.24 Probablyamulets representinga chrysalis,their significancerelatesto the concept of regeneration. Anza I mode of stone The carvingis similarto that of marbleand greenstonebeads,studs, and pendants in Thessalianand MacedonianEarlyPotterylayers.At Anza, however,studs (usuallycalled"earplugs"or 'nose plugs")havenot beendiscovered. The high standardof bone carvingis indicatedby the two fragments penof dants or rings from the Anza Ib deposits (FIG. 35:2,3). The ring illustratedin Figure 35:3 is exquisitelypolished. Ornaments Spondylus of gaederopus shell, a musselnativeto the AegeanSea, known from all phasesof the Anza site, prove that for manycenturiespeople in the Vardar basin were getting this shell in trade with their southern neighbors. Spondylus beadsand a ringcameto lightin Anza Ib deposits. Withthe exceptionof beads,stoneornaments pendantswerenot as popand ularas in Anza I, thoughtwo pendantsof bone anda marblebeaddo belongto Anza II-III. Instead,braceletsof Spondylus clay becamefashionable.The or Spondylus braceletsbelong exclusivelyto the Anza II phase;those of clay to both Anza II and Anza III. Considering long durationof Anza II and III, the ornamentsare ratherlow both in quantity and quality. Standardswere apparently as high as in Anza I. Ceramicdiscs,perforated unperforated, not and mayhave been used as spindlewhorlsor for garmentornamentsas in Anza I. Parallels knownfromalmostall Starcevoand Sesklosettlements. are The Anza IV ornamentsincludea varietyof beads, bone and marblerings, andSpondylusbracelets.A considerable numberof beads made of Spondylus and other shells, includingvery fragiletubularshells of Aegean origin, have close parallelsin the East Balkan area and in the Cyclades.Similartubular shellbeads from the island of Paros are on exhibitionin the AthensNational Museum. Marbleandgreenstone wereused for stonediscs.
24. Rodden,op. cit. (in note7, 1964)pl. 4B.

ct

Figure 37. Anza IV. Terracotta torso fragment from Square VII, 10.

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Figure38. Anza II. Schematic figurine of squatting femalefromSquare VII, 196.

Figure AnzaII. Seatedbeakedfemale 39. from Square 36. I,

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 61 of Vol.

F*

gurlnes.

The total numberof figurinesdiscoveredduringthe two seasonsof excavation is 70. Comprisedin this numberare sculpturefragments,such as legs, heads, torsos, zoomorphicprotomesof cult vessels,and anthromomorphic or ornithomorphic vases. The chronological classification the sculptures Anza I, 5; II-III, 16;IV, of is 49.
Provenance.

The provenanceof the figurinesand cult vessels was in either of two contexts: 1) above the floors of houses or in the debrisof house walls, usuallyin association with fine pottery; 2) in pits, probably sacrificial,together with paintedor carefullyburnished ware,offeringtables,animalbones, teeth,claws or antlers,ceramicdiscs,and otherobjects.25 Withinthe houses, figurinesseem to have been groupedin a single locality such as a dais or altar,since most of them werefound in clusters.Most of the figurinesand ornithomorphic vases and zoomorphicprotomesof cult vessels of the Anza IVb periodwere found in definiteassociationabove the floor of the last Vinca house in SquareX. The strikingnumberof ornithomorphicanthropomorphic vases and bizarrevesselswith hornedanimalprotomesthat accompaniedbeak-facedfigurines shows that this house either included a domesticshrineor was itselfa temple.
Manufacture.

Broken clay figurinesreveal certain details of manufacture.A round or cylindrical solid core was prepared froma lumpof well-tempered clay;thenthe desiredcontourswereaddedonto the core and shapedby fingermodeling(FIG. 37).The variouspartsand limbs buttocks,legs, arms,necks,heads were individuallymodeled, then joined to the central core. On completion, the figurinewas smoothedwith a bone polisher,then eitherburnished rubbing by with a pebble,or slipped(i.e. given a finishcoating)by dippingin a solutionof finely-grained clay to which color had been added. Eyes, ornaments,dress, hair,or symbolicdecorationswereindicatedby excisionsencrusted with white paste made of crushedshell, or by overpaintingin red. Red and white is the usual color combination throughout the whole sequence of the Anza settlement.
Function.

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3 cn

Figure 40. Anza II. Bird-woman from Square I, 9.

Despitethe varyingdegreeof schematization prevailsin the art of Anza that and in neolithic art in general (FIG. 38), some parts of the human body, buttocks,thighs, bellies, breasts,were occasionallyrenderedrealistically with masterfulskill.Howeverthe primaryfunction of sculpturewas not representational, but presentational: aim was a plastic manifestation an item in its of the symbolic and shared lexicon. A divinity is a corporate image of an amalgamatedmetaphysicalconcept; and a hybrid creature such as birdwoman, snake-woman,or other compoundwas by its form immediatelyintelligible in terms of the symbolic "language"of neolithic peoples. Thus an anthropomorphic figure may have, instead of a human mouth and nose, a beak; instead of arms, arm-stumpsor other appendagesneither arms nor wings,but somethingsuggestive both. of
25. E.g., in figure 1, the contentsof the pit in Unit 213, SquareVII, whichcomprised marble a FIgurine an anthropomorphized (fig. 36), a zoomorphic(deer) figurine,a bear claw, a of toad ceramic disc,a grinding stone,andbrown-on-red paintedvasesherdsof AnzaII.

62 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas Typology Interpretation. and In spite of the fragmentary natureof some of the Elgurines, following the classification be offered. can
1) Beaked,Elgurines or withoutarm-stumps. with Thesehaveincisedeyes or no eyes; no mouth;andthe headis usuallycrowned. 2) Anthropomorphic-ornithomorphic with a bird beak and human eyes, in vases reliefor incised,on the cylindrical neck. 3) SeatedElgurines whichonly the buttocksare preserved. of They are too fragmentary for the deElnition type represented, some of these were probablyin a of but squatting position. 4) Legsof standingor enthroned Elgurines. 5) Phallicstands,somewithanimalheads,and figurines withno femaleattributes. 6) Animals. 7) Zoomorphicprotomesof cult vases and animalfiguresshown in relief on large vases.
TheBirdGoddess.

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The beakedtype of Elgurine dominant.More than 20 examplescame to is light, includingcult vessel protomesand cylindricalnecks of vases on which beak and eyes areportrayed. Thereis no questionbut that the type represents a divinitywhichassumesa bird'sshape,herusualimagebeinga half woman-half bird. She has a bird'sbeak and neck, arm stumpsfor wings, femalebuttocks, and one or two conical legs. Her head is crowned.The type appearsin all phasesof occupationat the Anza site and has parallelsin many settlements of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic.It is one of the stereotypesin the pantheonof gods of Old Europe.26 Two almostfullypreserved smallsculptures a BirdGoddessdate fromthe of Anza II period. The Elrstis in the seated position and wears a hip-belt and crown (FIG. 39). The second hybrid has a fused conical leg and protrusions indicatingwings, a beaked face, and flattenedcrown (FIG. 40). The fusion of human and bird featuresand the combinationof abstractionand naturalism are impressive. gracilityof a birdand the projecting perfectlymodeled The but female buttocks are molded into a single form. Although miniaturein size (both are little over 3 cm. high),they conveythe mysteryappropriate an imto portantdivinity.Theirstatusis shown by the indicationof a crown:two semiglobularprojectionson the flattenedtop of the head and a slightlyprojecting edge. The seatedgoddessis paintedred. Aroundthe buttocksshe wearsa hipbelt, an excisedline encrustedwith white paste;the eyes and the lines around the semi-globular projections the crownare also encrusted of with whitepaste. The standingfigurineis burnishedorange-buffand the hip-beltis shown in a red-painted line. Unquestionablepredominance the Bird Goddess image obtains also in of the Anza IV period.The small beakedand crownedladieswith armstumps(if preserved),are stylisticallysimilarto those of earlierperiods, but are almost devoidof naturalistic details.Manyare rigidlystylized;even eyes arerare(FIG. 41), but the symboliccrownis almost alwaysindicated.A badlydamagedvase protome in the shape of a head with two semi-globes (FIG. 42) iS highly reminiscent the famous"Hydevase"fromthe Vinta site.27 of In addition to small Elgurines and small cult vessels with Bird Goddess
26. M. Gimbutas,The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, 7000-3500 B.C.: Myths, Legends, and Cult Images (London 1974) 112-142. 27. Ibid.,pls. 116,117.

Figure 41. Anza IV. Terracotta figurine fragments from Square IX, 57. Upper: proposed reconstruction. Lower: front view and section showing perforation through crown.

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 63 of Vol. protomes,thereare largevases with cylindrical neck on which are represented two carefullymodeled eyes. Their eyebrowsin relief or incised meet in the center to suggest a "beak form." The large, plastically renderedeyes are human,but the beakis that of a bird(FIG. 43). The most magniElcent of Anza is a largepithos,92 cm. high and 60 cm. vase wide throughthe shoulders.Its cylindricalneck (D. 24 cm.) bears a pointed beak in relief,incisedlozenge-shaped eyes, red-painted bandsover the cheeks, and a plastically renderednecklace below. The body is painted with red diagonal bands which meet in the front to form a multiple V or chevron pattern.The spacejust below the neck is paintedsolid red. The two bottom bandsbelow the shouldersare connectedby verticalstripesgivingthe impression of a belt, perhapsrepresenting elaboratehip-belt(FIG. 44). This is the an largestpithos so far knownin the Vinta culturearea,and at the sametime the most monumental portrayal the BirdGoddess.The Vs, chevrons,or extendof ed and connectedVs formingzigzags,meanders,interconnected as well as Vs, two or three parallel lines sometimes connected by a vertical line, are ideogramsthat appearon schematicsculpturesof the Bird Goddess and on cult vessels which apparentlyserved in the ceremoniesconnected with her worship(cf. FIG. 34). Severalfragmentsof sacrificialvesselswere incisedwith morecomplicated signsin lines,28 knownin the corpusof Vinta signs.29
The Snake Goddess.

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The Anza II bone Elgurine long cylindrical with neckendingin a snakehead and a perforation throughthe chest may verywell be an amuletin the likeness of the SnakeGoddess(FIG. 45). A snake-likehead (discovered Bloc F, Level in 12), also of the Anza II period with humaneyes, a bump-nose,and six holes representinga mouth may be attributedto a large figurine of the Snake Goddess. Some totally schematic versions of seated goddesses may be "shorthand" symbolsof this image(FIG. 38).
The Male God and Phallic Stands.

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Figure 42. Anza IV. Bird Goddess protome from Square XXIII, at depth of 1.3-1.4 m. Upper: profile and front view. Lower: proposed reconstruction.

The existence of a male god cult at Anza during the neolithic and chalcolithicperiodscannot be establishedon the basis of the existingfigurine sample.A torso wearinga disc-shaped medallionin frontand in back,fromthe Anza II period(FIG. 46) maybe male,sincebreastsarenot indicated; analogous male Elgures wearingsuch medallionsare knownfromLateVinta sites such as Valat at KosovskaMitrovica.30 Phallus-shaped stands are numerous.Some have projectionsin the middle, possibly an indication of male genitalia. Others, topped by schematicized animalheads, are a frequentrepresentation the Anza II (Startevo)period. of Still anothertype is a standwith a roundflat basedecorated withpits.
Animals.

All periods of the site have yielded animal Elgurines. more articulate The sculpturescan be identifiedas those of dogs, rams, ibexes and he-goats,and
28. Paula Korosec and Josip Korosec, Predistoriska naselba Barutnica kaj Amzibegovo vo AIakedonija. Izvestaj za iskopuvanjeto vo 1960 (Dissertationes et AIonographiae 15 [1973]) pl. XIII:S, 10. 29. Milton McChesney Winn, "The Signs of the Vinca Culture: An International Analysis; Their Role, Chronology and Independence from Mesopotamia" (PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1973). 30. Gimbutas, op. cit. (in note 26) pl. 16. In re to male gods, see discussion on the Year God, pp. 2 16-234.
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Figure 43. Anza IV. Bird Goddess face (reconstructed) from Square VII, 24.

64 Anza, Cultural a Yardstick/Gimbutas

Figure 44. Pithos with face of Bird Goddess on the neck.

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toads (FIGS. 38, 47-48). Only a single fragmentedsculpture is construed as representing bull; anotherbadlydamagedanimalhead, foundwith the mara ble figurineof a toad, is possiblythat of a deer. Of the total number,ten are discretesculptures, othersare headsdecorating vasesor shownin relief the cult on large vases. A stylizedhead of a he-goat or ibex with brokenhorns from PeriodIa has a verticalperforation mayhavebeena pendant(FIG. 47 ). and The zoomorphicsculptures, the anthropomorphic, abstract,stylized, like are and symbolic.That they are sculpturesof mythicalanimalscan be concluded from the types representedin the Anza corpus, from their stylization and appearance protomesof elaboratecult vases, fromthe peculiarassociations as with humanfigurines otherfinds,as well as fromparallelsin othersites. and Conclusion. The figurinesand ceremonialvases are witnessto religiouspractices,to the worshipof variousgods, and to a richmythicaliconography. The corpus of Anza Elgurines from variousperiodsof occupationincludes

Figure 45. Anza II-III. Snake-headed bone figurine perforated through chest from Square XIX, at depth of 1.55-1.65 m.

Journal FieldArchaeology/ I, 1974 65 of Vol. severaltypes of the femaledeitiesworshipped thereand of theirmanifestations in animal forms. All the images have close parallels at other sites of the Starcevoand Vinca periods in Yugoslavia.The Bird and Snake Goddess is variously represented.The morphologicalattributesmay refer to a single aspect,eitherBirdor Snake;or, in combinedform,to her dual aspectas both Bird and Snake. She is the dominantdeity at Anza as she seems to be in the case of othersettlements the Vincaperiod. of Becauseof theirnumberand associationthe Anza figurines providethe most importantsource so far availablefrom southernYugoslaviafor the study of the religionand artof the Starcevoand EarlyVincacultures. Recapitulation: Anzaas a Cultural Yardstick. AnzaI, EarlyNeolithic. Despite affinitieswith the Aegean-Anatolian world in ceramicart, stone and bone carvingtraditions,and mud-brick architecture, local personality" is obvious in the earlystages of Anza. The climatewas wetterthan at present,and the area, now bare, was forested.The oak and other genera(Quercus, Pinus, Juniperus,and Ulmus),well representedin Anza I, but decreasinglyso in followingphases,attestto probableencroachment agricultural pastoral of and activitieson forestedland. Emmerwheat, einkorn,and hulledsix-rowbarley, accompanied peas and lentils,werefoundat this earlystage.Hexaploidclub by wheatwas limitedto Anza Ia. At this time, Ia is the only site in Yugoslaviaand the whole Danubianbasinthat can be shownto havehad undercultivationthe completerangeof neolithiccrops. Sheep,goats, cattle, and pig werebredand used for food;caprovines werethe most frequent species.The numerical scarcity of wild animalbones shows that the dependence huntingwas small and on demonstrates emphasisof the local economyon animalhusbandry. the Sickle sheenon flakesand bladesis observablein the samplefromthe earliestvillage at Anza. The earliest pottery is advancedin technique, including thin fine wares, maroon-slips,burnishing, painteddecorationof white on red. In addition and to the coarse everyday ware, graceful jars and bowls were produced for ceremonial use. Polished pendants, beads, and amulets, as well as small delicateaxes and chisels,werecarvedof local greenstoneand marble.Bone artifacts includewell polishedspatulae,awls, perforatedneedles,pendants,and pipeswithwindholes (musicalinstruments). AnzaII-III,MiddleNeolithic. This is a long period of organic local development,gradually more individualizedand more homogeneouslycontinental,while at the same time preserving manyelementsof earlierAegeanflavor.Local trendsbecomemore pronounced.Housesare now builtof timberuprights. Ceramicart and figurine style are typicallyBalkan-Starcevo. Trade relationswith the south are abundantlycontinuingevidencedby Aegeanshell ornamentsof Spondylus. Anza II coincideswith climaticconditionsslightlymorehumidthan those of Anza I. A gradual decline of available moisture ensued during Anza II. Caprovines decreased, while cattle and pigs increased; agricultural but activities,indicated by cultivatedplantsandstone tools, do not show markedchanges. AnzaIV. No clear hiatus separatesPeriod IV (Early Vinca) from Period III (Late Starcevo).The distinctionis perceptibleas a varietyof culturalmodiElcations.
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Figure 46. Anza II. Terracotta torso wearing disc from Square VII, 155.

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Figure 47. Anza Ia. Terracotta horned animal head from Square V, 118.

66 Anza,a Cultural Yardstick/Gimbutas Changesare seen in plant cultivationand husbandry. Along with the increase of einkorn wheat and lentils, cattle, and pigs, there was an increasein the numberandvarietyof stonetools, accompanied a wideexploitationof lithic by materials includingredjasper.Copperappeared this time. at Innovationsin that sensitivearchaeological indicator,ceramicart, reflectinfluences from the eastern Balkans. The innovations, black-toppedfinish, handles, spouts, organicallyincorporatedzoomorphicforms, all are specific items of the KaranovoIII styles of centralBulgaria.The assimilationof the new elementsis demonstrated enrichment ramification by and visiblein the indigenousproduct.The long-standingquestionas to the origin of the civilization called Vinca is resolvedat last by Anza. Local development the course in of Period IV clearly shows both embryonic form and its consequent florescence, whilethe figurinesarewitnessto the continuityof the pantheonof gods and religioustraditions. At the height of its development,the site of Anza was abandoned.Since thereis no evidenceof destruction attrition,the reasoncannot definitelybe or stated. Although Anza IV coincideswith a warmingand dryingperiod, the climatic change was a gradualprocess. The archaeologicalrecorddoes not, however,reflectthis fact as a necessarilynegativefactor. Thereis no sign of economic deteriorationor decline. Why it was abandonedis still a matterof conjecture.

Figure 48. Anza IV. Terracotta ram's O 4 X 3 head figure, possibly from a cult vase, from Square X, 45.

Affarija Gimbutas, Professor European rchaeology Curator Old World of A and of Archaeology the University California,Los Angeles,has excavated at of Neolithicstratifiedsites at Obrein Bosnia,at Sitagroiin Affacedonia at and Achillefon Thessaly additionto Anza. Her most recentbook is, The Gods in in and Goddessesof Old Europe,7000-3500 B.C.: Myths,Legends and Cult Images(London.Thames Hudson,BerkeleyandLos Angeles:University and of CaliforniaPress 1974).