LING550 : CLMS Project on Polish

Thibaut Labarre 12/11/2011 Univeristy of Washington

Chosen Language

Polish ISO 639-3: pol

Why this language ?

I chose this language because it is spoken by my grandfather and some relatives.

Brief description of the language

Polish belongs to the Lechitic Subgroup of the West Slavic languages which are Indo-European languages. Polish is the ofcial language of Poland. It is also spoken in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States. The total number of polish speakers in all countries is 43 millions of which 38 millions are native speakers (2000 to 2008 estimates).

The phonology of Polish

The Polish phonology has a complex phonemic inventory that consists of 36 contrastive consonnants and 6 contrastive oral vowels. Polish also has 2 nasal vowels.

4.1

Polish vowels

Polish has 6 contrastive oral vowals and 2 nasal vowels. The oral vowel inventory consists of the monophtong forms of the high front unrounded vowel /i/, the high central unrounded vowel /1/, the mid front unrounded vowel /E/, the low front unrounded vowel //, the mid back rounded vowel /O/ and the high back rounded vowel /u/. The length of vowels is not phonemic in Polish. Two of these have allophones only in the presence of palatalized consonants (Cavar, 2005). In this case /E/ is pronounced as a higher variant [e] and // as a fronted variant []. 1

Polish also has two open-mid nasal vowels, the nasalized back rounded vowel // and the nasalized O front unrounded vowel // Jassem (2003:105). Gussman, (2007:2) describes these two vowels as E in fact the open-mid vowels [E] and [O] followed by a nasalized labio-velar glide [w ] or sometimes by a nasalized palatal glide [j ].

4.2

Polish consonnants

Polish is very rich in terms of consonants since it has 36 contrastive consonnant phonemes. Palatalization plays an important role in Polish. For the purpose of my study, I will only distinguish bilabial palaticized consonnants since according to Gussmann 2007, palatalized non-labials appear primarily in loan words. Among the sonorants we nd 5 nasal stops, 2 liquids and 2 approximants. They tend to be devoiced after a voiceless obstruent. The 4 non palatalized nasal stops distinguish between places of articulation and palatalization for the bilabial nasal stop : a bilabial /m/, a dental /n/, a palatal // and a velar /N/. Before a fricative or at the end of a word, the dental nasal will be pronounced as a nasal glide [ j]. The 2 liquids are distinguished by their manner of articulation : a lateral alveolar consonant /l/ and an alveolar trill /r/. The 2 approximants are distinguished by their place of articulation : a labiovelar /w/ and a palatal /j/. Among the obstruents, each unvoiced consonant has its voiced counterpart except for the fricative velar /x/. The 8 stops are differentiated by voicing and their place of articulation : a bilabial unvoiced /p/ and voiced /b/, a dental unvoiced /t/ and voiced /d/, a palatal unvoiced /c/ and voiced //, a velar unvoiced /k/ and voiced /g/. The 9 fricatives are differentiated by voicing and their place of articulation : a labiodental unvoiced /f/ and voiced /v/, an alveolar unvoiced /s/ and voiced /z/, a postalveolar unvoiced /S/ and voiced /Z/, a alveolopalatal unvoiced /C/ and voiced // and nally a velar /x/ that has no voiced counterpart. When /x/ is followed by a voiced obstruent, it has a voiced allophone [G]. The 6 affricates are differentiated by voicing and their place of articulation : an alveolar unvoiced / / and voiced /dz/, a postalveolar unvoiced // and voiced //, an alveolopalatal unvoiced /tC/ and voiced /d/. We have to add to this set the palatalized consonant variants that are described by Gussmann 2007 : the bilabial stops that can be unvoiced /pj / or voiced /bj /, the labiodental fricative that can 2

either be unvoiced /fj / or voiced /vj / and the nasal stop /mj /.

4.3
4.3.1

Other aspects of the phonology of Polish

Prosody

In Polish the main stress is on the next to nal syllable. There can also appear secondary stress on words of 4 syllables or more. Secondary stress will then be on the even syllables counting from the last syllable : the second syllable will have primary stress, the fourth, the sixth, the eighth will have secondary stress. Some loan words are exceptions to this rule as are some verbs with conditional endings. 4.3.2 Phonotactics

Polish allows for complex consonant clusters. In some cases it leads to allophonic devoicing or voicing of obstruents. In Sobolewski 2007, it is stated that obstruents are always devoiced when nal in a word. This rule doesnt apply when the word is followed by a word starting with a voiced consonnant. There are phonotactic constraints where a certain consonnant selects for a vowel. For example a postalveolar unvoiced fricative /S/ can be followed by a high central unrounded vowel /1/ and an alveolopalatal unvoiced fricative /C/ by a high front unrounded vowel /i/ whereas the opposite is not possible as noted by Cavar 2005.

4.4

Examples of allophonic changes

The fricative velar /x/ is turned into the voiced allophone /G/ before a voiced obstruent. The examples, from Grzegorz 2008 show the word for bread where this does not happen as opposed to the phrase a roof of a house where the allophone is used. chleb /xlEp/ bread [xlEp] dach domu /daxdOmu/ a roof of a house [daGdOmu] A voiced obstruent in Polish can be devoiced when nal. This example from Sobolewski 2007 shows the voiced bilabial stop /b/ turned into its devoiced counterpart /p/ in the nal position of the word for do. r b /rub/ do (imperative) [rup] o

4.5
4.5.1

IPA Charts
Vowels

This chart of the Polish vowels is largely inspired by Cavar 2005 with the addition of the 2 nasal vowels (on the right when they exist). Front High i Mid E E Low 4.5.2 consonnants Central Back 1 u O O

This chart of the Polish consonnants is largely inspired by Jassem 2003 with the addition of the bilabial palatalized consonnants as shown in Cavar 2005 and as described in Gussmann 2007. Bilabial Palatal. Labial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Alveolopalatal Palatal Velar Stop pb pj bj td c kg j j Fricative f v fv sz SZ C x Affricate dz tC d Nasal m mj n N Lateral l Trill r Front Back Approximant j w

Phonological comparison and error prediction

In this section, we will study the differences between Polish and American English Phonology. We will try to predict which perception errors will arise when an American English trained voice recognition system treats Polish input.

5.1
5.1.1

Differences in phoneme inventory

Vowels

There are 15 vowels in American English (Lagefoged 2006) and 8 in Polish. In American English, contrary to Polish, vowel length is contrastive and diphtongs exist. English has no nasalized vowels. So the Polish nasalized front unrounded vowel // and back E rounded vowel // will most certainly cause transcription errors and map respectively to a mid O front unrounded to close-low front unrounded diphtong [E] and to the perception of a bilabial nasal stop after the back rounded vowel [Om]. 4

Apart from nasal vowels, Polish vowels can be mapped to American English ones except for the high central unrounded vowel /1/, that might be perceived as a mid front unrounded [e] or a long close-high close-front unrounded [I:]. Summary Polish English /1/ [I:] nasalized vowels [E] E [Om] O 5.1.2 Consonnants

Polish has 13 more consonnants than the 23 American English consonnants (Lagefoged 2006). Polish also has a consonnant length contrast that does not exist in English. We can predict a certain number of phonological error and contrastive consonnants that collapse into one single American English category. The palatal unvoiced /c/ and voiced // stops have no equivalent in American English. A possible error would be that these stops would be mapped to their velar equivalents [k] and [g] with the adjunction of the high front unrounded vowel [i]. For fricatives, the alveolopalatal unvoiced /C/ would collapse into the postalveolar [S] and the voiced counterpart // into the postalveolar [Z]. The velar /x/ would be mapped to the unvoiced glottal [h]. There are no affricates in American English. So the 6 Polish affricates might be decomposed by the voice recognition system into a corresponding stop and fricative in that order. The alveolar unvoiced / / would thus be decomposed into the unvoiced dental succession of a stop followed by a fricative [ts]. When it comes to nasal stops, the palatal // does not have any equivalent in American English. It might be mapped to the alveolar equivalent [n] with the adjunction of the high front unrounded vowel [i]. The same will happen for all the Palatalized consonnants since English American does not have palatalization as a contrastive feature. The bilabial stops that can be unvoiced /pj / or voiced /bj /, the labiodental fricative that can either be unvoiced /fj / or voiced /vj / and the nasal stop /mj / will be mapped to the same unpalatalized consonnant followed by the high front unrounded vowel [i]. It is also worth noting two slight differences that might not lead to phonological errors but may be useful for phonotactic considerations. The Polish alveolar trill liquid /r/ is different from the American English one which is closer to a tap. The other difference is that the Polish bilabial /p/, 5

dental /t/ and velar /k/ unvoiced stops do not mark aspiration as American English ones do in initial or nal positions. Summary Polish English fricatives /C/ [S] // [Z] /x/ [h] Stops /c/ [ki] // [gi] Affricates / / [ts] /dz/ [dz] // [tS] // [dZ] /tC/ [tS] /d/ [dZ] Nasals // [ni] Palatalized /pj / [pi] /bj / [bi] /fj / [] /vj / [vi] /mj / [mi]

5.2
5.2.1

Differences in allophones
Vowels

In American English, vowels are nasalized before nasal consonnants (Lagefoged 2006). As we have discussed in the previous section, this can lead to the addition of ghost nasals when transcribing Polish nasal vowels. The Polish allophones in the presence of palatalized consonants /E/, pronounced as a higher variant [e], and //, as a fronted variant [] will cause the American English transcriber to differentiate the two phonemes. The Polish labiovelar approximant /w/, when placed after a vowel, might be identied to the American English allophonic change of quality of a vowel before an /l/ and lead to the addition of an /l/ in the transcription. 6

5.2.2

Consonnants

The allophonic variation of the fricative velar /x/ is turned into the voiced allophone /G/ before a voiced obstruent could cause the American English transcriber to map it to a velar voiced stop [g]. Polish voiced consonnants are devoiced in word-nal position whereas voiced consonnants can occur in such positions in American English. It could cause overdifferentiation errors.

5.3
5.3.1

Differences in other aspects of phonology

Prosody

Both American English and Polish stress are mainly marked by the increase of fundamental frequency (Jassem 2003). It is possible that American English also relies on vowel length to mark stress. The rules of stress marking in American English are more complex than in Polish. American English (Lagefoged 2006) is a stress-timed language whereas Polish is a syllable-timed language. 5.3.2 Phonotactics

The main phonotactic feature of Polish that can cause transcription error is the possibility to have consonnant clusters that are not accounted for in American English. It seems probable that the voice recognition system will add ghost mid central vowels [@] between these consonnants. It is also worth noting that voicing assimilation occurs left to right in American English when it happens right to left in Polish.

6
6.1

Analysis of regognizer output

Vowels
Notes expected recognizer error

Elglish translation My transcription Recognizers output 01-beaten bit1 bitI 02-bedding-coll bEt1 bEtI 03-entities b1t1 bItI 04-whips bt1 bAtI 05-shoes but1 butI 06-womens-high-boots-augm bOt1 boUtI

unexpected mappingof to A unexpected conversion of o to u recognized as a diphtongue

6.2

Consonants
Notes

Elglish translation My transcription Recognizers output 01a-ball-dance bl bAl 01b-a-post pl pAl 02a-volume tOm toUm 02b-house dOm doUm 03a-fang kj Eu dZEw j 03b-stock-exchange g Eud jEwdA 04a-hen kur kuA 04b-mountain gur guA 05a-carts-gen-pl fur fu 05b-a-sack vur vu 06a-scythe kOs koUsA 06b-goat kOz koUzA 07a-mufer Sl SAl 07b-regret-n Zl ZAl 08a-livid Sin SinA 08b-winter Zim ZimA 09a-a-trowel kj Elnj dZElnA 09b-waiter kElnEr kElnE 10a-dear-nom-pl drOgjE doUjE 10b-way-acc-sing drOgE doUgE 10c-way-acc-sing drOg E doUgEw 11a-cash-register ks kAsA 11b-groats kS kASA 11c-Cate kSj kASA 12a-letter-z zEt zEt 12b-letter-z-with-overdot ZEt ZEt 12c-letter-z-with-accent Zj Et ZEt 13a-sphere kul kulA 13b-he-revels xul hulA 14a-hangovers kE kAtsE j 14b-of-ducks-adj-pl k E kAtSE 14c-hangman-voc kj E kAtSE 15a-agarics riE IdzE 15b-games-of-bridge briE bIdZE 15c-he-goes iE idZE

unexpedted mapping unexpected disapearance expected error

unexpected disapearance

somewhat predictable

unexpected disapearance

unexpected disapearance expected error expected somewhat expected expected

Elglish translation My transcription Recognizers output 16a-Irene-dim irEnk iEnkA 16b-wee-fem mlEnk mAlEnkA 16c-hand rENk ENkA j 17a-dishes dn dAnA 17b-Denmark dnj dAnjA 18a-pain bul bul 18b-forest bur bu 19a-May-gen mj mAjA 19b-small-fem mw mAwA 20a-horse-s-gen kjski O koUjsdZi 20b-morsels kski O koUwsdZi

Notes

reconsidered transcription reconsidered transcription

somewhat expected

6.3

Consonant clusters
Notes enexpected error unexpectedly accurate unexpectedly accurate

Elglish translation My transcription Recognizers output 01-with-the-trout spstrkj Em O spstoUNjEm 02-respect-n vzglnt O vzgloUnt 03-rainy 1st1 dZdZIstI

6.4
6.4.1

Analysis
Vowels

As was expected, the Polish high central unrounded vowel /1/ was perceived as a close-high closefront unrounded [I] by the recognizer. We had also somewhat expected the nasalized vowels to cause errors but had not predicted the right outcome. There was no example of the nasalized front unrounded vowel //, but the nasalized back rounded vowel was parsed as a diphtongue of the E O close-mid back rounded vowel followed by the close-mid back unrounded vowel [oU] in American English. The other vowel errors were unexpected. The Polish low front unrounded vowel // is perceived as closer to the American English low back unrounded vowel [A]. The Polish mid back rounded vowel /O/, just like its nasalized counterpart, is recognized consistently as a diphtongue of the close-mid back rounded vowel followed by the close-mid back unrounded vowel [oU]. The recognizer maps two contrastive Polish phonemes to that same diphtongue which would cause problems in understanding. It is interesting to note that the Polish high back rounded vowel /u/ is recognized as a labiovelar approximant [w] in American English in word nal positions or before a voiced stop d. There are not enough examples to posit a generalization though.

6.4.2

Consonants

As was exepected, the palatalized consonants cause the recognizer to fail. But the results are not at all close to what we had hypothesized. For example the palatalized velar unvoiced stop /kj / is mapped to a dental voiced stop followed by a postalveolar voiced fricative [dZ] and the palatalization of the velar voiced stop /g/ simply makes it fade into a palatal approximant [j] through the recognizer. When it comes to the palatalized dental nasal /nj / or alveolar unvoiced /Sj / and voiced /Zj / fricatives , they are simply mapped to their unpalatalized counterparts [n], [S] and [Z]. As was expected, the Polish alveolar trill liquid /r/ isnt recognized properly. It is consistently mapped to the alveolar approximant []. As was expected, the velar /x/ is mapped to the unvoiced glottal [h]. As was expected, the 6 Polish affricates are decomposed by the voice recognition system into a corresponding stop and fricative in that order. The alveolar unvoiced // is thus decomposed into the unvoiced dental succession of a stop followed by a fricative [ts]. Contrary to what we thought, the consonant clusters do not lead to any additional error in recognition.

7
7.1

Checked resources
Books

Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Press Jassem, Wiktor (2003), Polish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 Encyclopedia of language linguistics 2nd edition International encyclopedia of linguistics 2nd edition

7.2

Articles

Hodne, B. (1985), YET ANOTHER LOOK AT INTERLANGUAGE PHONOLOGY: THE MODIFICATION OF ENGLISH SYLLABLE STRUCTURE BY NATIVE SPEAKERS OF POLISH. Language Learning, 35: 405417. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1985.tb01084.x Marzena Zygis [Rochon] and Silke Hamann 2003), Perceptual and acoustic cues of Polish coronal fricatives Grant McGuire (2007), English listeners perception of Polish alveopalatal and retroex voiceless sibilants: A pilot study 1

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7.3

Online

ethnologue report for language code: Pol. ethnologue, languages of the world., October 2011. http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=pol indo-european composite. multitree: A digital library of language relationships., October 2011. http://multitree.org/trees/Indo-European%3A%20Composite. polish - wolfram alpha. wolfram alpha: Computational knowledge engine., October 2011. http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=polish.

Chosen resources

Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Press Jassem, Wiktor (2003), Polish Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 Malgorzata E. Cavar (2005) ATR in Polish. Indiana University Linguistics Club Working Papers Vol. 5. Nawrock, Grzegorz (2008) Laryngeal articulations of /x/ in Southern Polish, ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49 Sobolewski, Dorota (2007) De la prononciation du Franais Langue trangre par une locutrice sudoise et une locutrice polonaise Peter Lagefoged (2006), A course in Phonetics, 6th Edition Grant McGuire (2007) English listeners perception of Polish alveopalatal and retroex voiceless sibilants: A pilot study1, UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report Sebastian Kobia (2010) Phonological error mapping: an English Polish contrastive study, University of Central Lancashire Grzegorz Krynicki (2006) Contrasting selected aspects of Polish and English Phonetics, Online ressource (11/04/2011)

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Source Code

% Demo and documentation for qtree.sty, the front end to the % Qobitree tree-drawing package % (LaTeX) \documentclass[12pt,letterhead]{article} % You can safely comment this out if you dont have hyperref \usepackage[bookmarks]{hyperref} \usepackage{times} % We stick with the text width set by ltxdoc.cls % Fairly-balanced A4 margins: \topmargin=0in \textheight=9in \oddsidemargin=0in \evensidemargin=0in \textwidth=6.5in \parskip=4pt \parindent=0pt \raggedbottom

\usepackage{qtree} \usepackage{avm} \usepackage{rtrees} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{chngpage} \usepackage{calc} \usepackage{hyperref} \usepackage{verbatim} \usepackage[tone]{tipa}

\def\tbs{{\ttfamily\char134}} \def\tlb{{\ttfamily\char173}} \def\tml{{\ttfamily\char174}} \def\trb{{\ttfamily\char175}}

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\begin{document} \begin{center} \Large {\bf LING550 : CLMS Project on Polish} \large \\[8pt] Thibaut Labarre\\12/11/2011 \\ Univeristy of Washington \\[8pt] \Large % For the paragraph spacing \end{center} \section{Chosen Language} Polish \\ ISO 639-3: pol \section{Why this language ?}

I chose this language because it is spoken by my grandfather and some relati \section{Brief description of the language}

Polish belongs to the Lechitic Subgroup of the West Slavic languages which a

Polish is the official language of Poland. It is also spoken in Australia, A

The total number of polish speakers in all countries is 43 millions of which

\section{The phonology of Polish}

The Polish phonology has a complex phonemic inventory that consists of 36 co \subsection{Polish vowels}

Polish has 6 contrastive oral vowals and 2 nasal vowels. The oral vowel inve \\ \\ Polish also has two open-mid nasal vowels, the nasalized back rounded vowel \subsection{Polish consonnants}

Polish is very rich in terms of consonants since it has 36 contrastive conso 13

\\ \\ Among the sonorants we find 5 nasal stops, 2 liquids and 2 approximants. The \\ \\ The 4 non palatalized nasal stops distinguish between places of articulation \\ \\ The 2 liquids are distinguished by their manner of articulation : a lateral \\ \\ The 2 approximants are distinguished by their place of articulation : a lab \\ \\ Among the obstruents, each unvoiced consonant has its voiced counterpart exc \\ \\ The 8 stops are differentiated by voicing and their place of articulation : \\ \\ The 9 fricatives are differentiated by voicing and their place of articulati \\ \\ The 6 affricates are differentiated by voicing and their place of articulati \\ \\ We have to add to this set the palatalized consonant variants that are descr

\subsection{Other aspects of the phonology of Polish} \subsubsection{Prosody}

In Polish the main stress is on the next to final syllable. There can also a \subsubsection{Phonotactics}

Polish allows for complex consonant clusters. In some cases it leads to allo \\ \\ In Sobolewski 2007, it is stated that obstruents are always devoiced when fi \\ \\ There are phonotactic constraints where a certain consonnant selects for a v

14

\subsection{Examples of allophonic changes}

The fricative velar /x/ is turned into the voiced allophone /\textipa{\textg \\ \\ chleb /xl\textipa{E}p/ bread $\rightarrow$ \textipa{[xlEp]} \\ dach domu /daxd\textipa{\textopeno}mu/ a roof of a house $\rightarrow$ \te \\ \\ A voiced obstruent in Polish can be devoiced when final. This example from S \\ \\ r\ob /rub/ do (imperative) $\rightarrow$ [rup] \subsection{IPA Charts} \subsubsection{Vowels}

This chart of the Polish vowels is largely inspired by Cavar 2005 with the a \begin{center}

\begin{tabular}{ | l | c | c | c | } \hline & {\itshape Front} & {\itshape Central} & {\itshape Back}\\ \hline {\itshape High} & i & \textipa{\textbari} & u\\ \hline {\itshape Mid} & \textipa{E} \textipa{\E} & & \textipa{\textopeno} \textipa \hline {\itshape Low} & \textipa{\ae} & &\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \subsubsection{consonnants}

This chart of the Polish consonnants is largely inspired by Jassem 2003 with

\begin{adjustwidth}{-0.5in}{-0.5in}

15

\begin{tabular}{ | l | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | } \hline & {\itshape Bilabial} & {\itshape Palatal. Labial} & {\itshape Labiodental \hline {\itshape Stop} & p b & p\super j b\super j && t d &&& c \textipa{\textbardo \hline {\itshape Fricative} && f\super j v\super j & f v & s z & \textipa{S} \texti \hline {\itshape Affricate} &&&& \textipa{\texttslig} \textipa{\textdzlig} & \texti \hline {\itshape Nasal} & m & m\super j && n && \textipa{\textltailn} && \textipa{ \hline {\itshape Lateral} &&&& l &&&& \\ \hline {\itshape Trill} &&&&& r &&& \\ \hline & \multicolumn{4}{| c |}{\itshape Front} & \multicolumn{4}{c |}{\itshape Ba \hline {\itshape Approximant} & \multicolumn{4}{| c |} j & \multicolumn{4}{c |} w \hline \end{tabular} \end{adjustwidth}

\section{Phonological comparison and error prediction}

In this section, we will study the differences between Polish and American E \subsection{Differences in phoneme inventory} \subsubsection{Vowels}

There are 15 vowels in American English (Lagefoged 2006) and 8 in Polish. In \\ \\ English has no nasalized vowels. So the Polish nasalized front unrounded vow \\ \\ Apart from nasal vowels, Polish vowels can be mapped to American English one \\ \\ {\bf Summary} \\ {\it Polish} $\rightarrow$ {\it English} 16

\\ /\textipa{\textbari}/ $\rightarrow$ \textipa{[I:]} \\ nasalized vowels \\ \textipa{\E} $\rightarrow$ \textipa{[E\ae]} \\ \textipa{\\textopeno} $\rightarrow$ \textipa{[\textopeno m]} \subsubsection{Consonnants}

Polish has 13 more consonnants than the 23 American English consonnants (Lag \\ \\ The palatal unvoiced /c/ and voiced /\textipa{\textbardotlessj}/ stops have \\ \\ For fricatives, the alveolopalatal unvoiced /\textipa{C}/ would collapse int \\ \\ There are no affricates in American English. So the 6 Polish affricates migh \\ \\ When it comes to nasal stops, the palatal /\textipa{\textltailn}/ does not h \\ \\ The same will happen for all the Palatalized consonnants since English Ameri \\ \\ It is also worth noting two slight differences that might not lead to phonol \\ \\ {\bf Summary} \\ {\it Polish} $\rightarrow$ {\it English} \\ fricatives \\ /\textipa{C}/ $\rightarrow$ \textipa{[S]} \\ /\textipa{\textctz}/ $\rightarrow$ \textipa{[Z]} \\ /x/ $\rightarrow$ [h] \\ Stops 17

\\ /c/ $\rightarrow$ [ki] \\ /\textipa{\textbardotlessj}/ $\rightarrow$ [gi] \\ Affricates \\ /\textipa{\texttslig}/ $\rightarrow$ [ts] \\ /\textipa{\textdzlig}/ $\rightarrow$ [dz] \\ /\textipa{\textteshlig}/ $\rightarrow$ [t\textipa{S}] \\ /\textipa{\textdyoghlig}/ $\rightarrow$ [d\textipa{Z}] \\ /\textipa{\texttctclig}/ $\rightarrow$ [t\textipa{S}] \\ /\textipa{\textdctzlig}/ $\rightarrow$ [d\textipa{Z}] \\ Nasals \\ /\textipa{\textltailn}/ $\rightarrow$ [ni] \\ Palatalized \\ /p\super j/ $\rightarrow$ [pi] \\ /b\super j/ $\rightarrow$ [bi] \\ /f\super j/ $\rightarrow$ [fi] \\ /v\super j/ $\rightarrow$ [vi] \\ /m\super j/ $\rightarrow$ [mi] \\ \subsection{Differences in allophones} \subsubsection{Vowels}

In American English, vowels are nasalized before nasal consonnants (Lagefoge \\ \\ The Polish allophones in the presence of palatalized consonants /\textipa{E} \\ 18

\\ The Polish labiovelar approximant /w/, when placed after a vowel, might be i \subsubsection{Consonnants}

The allophonic variation of the fricative velar /x/ is turned into the voice \\ \\ Polish voiced consonnants are devoiced in word-final position whereas voiced \subsection{Differences in other aspects of phonology} \subsubsection{Prosody}

Both American English and Polish stress are mainly marked by the increase of \\ \\ The rules of stress marking in American English are more complex than in Pol \subsubsection{Phonotactics}

The main phonotactic feature of Polish that can cause transcription error is \\ \\ It is also worth noting that voicing assimilation occurs left to right in Am \section{Analysis of regognizer output} \subsection{Vowels}

\begin{tabular}{ | l | c | c | l |} \hline Elglish translation & My transcription & Recognizers output & Notes \\ \hline 01-beaten & bit\textipa{1} & bit\textipa{I} & expected recognizer error\\ 02-bedding-coll & b\textipa{E}t\textipa{1} & b\textipa{E}t\textipa{I} & \\ 03-entities & b\textipa{1}t\textipa{1} & b\textipa{I}t\textipa{I} & \\ 04-whips & b\textipa{\ae}t\textipa{1} & b\textipa{A}t\textipa{I} & unexpecte 05-shoes & but\textipa{1} & but\textipa{I} & unexpected conversion of o to u 06-womens-high-boots-augm & b\textipa{\textopeno}t\textipa{1} & bo\textipa{U \hline \end{tabular} \subsection{Consonants}

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\begin{tabular}{ | l | c | c | l |} \hline Elglish translation & My transcription & Recognizers output & Notes \\ \hline 01a-ball-dance & b\textipa{\ae}l & b\textipa{A}l & \\ 01b-a-post & p\textipa{\ae}l & p\textipa{A}l & \\ 02a-volume & t\textipa{\textopeno}m & to\textipa{U}m & \\ 02b-house & d\textipa{\textopeno}m & do\textipa{U}m & \\ 03a-fang & k\textipa{\super j}\textipa{E}u & d\textipa{Z}\textipa{E}w & unex 03b-stock-exchange & g\textipa{\super j}\textipa{E}ud\textipa{\ae} & j\texti 04a-hen & kur\textipa{\ae} & ku\textipa{\*r}\textipa{A} & expected error\\ 04b-mountain & gur\textipa{\ae} & gu\textipa{\*r}\textipa{A} & \\ 05a-carts-gen-pl & fur & fu\textipa{\*r} & \\ 05b-a-sack & vur & vu\textipa{\*r} & \\ 06a-scythe & k\textipa{\textopeno}s\textipa{\ae} & ko\textipa{U}s\textipa{A} 06b-goat & k\textipa{\textopeno}z\textipa{\ae} & ko\textipa{U}z\textipa{A} & 07a-muffler & \textipa{S}\textipa{\ae}l & \textipa{S}\textipa{A}l & \\ 07b-regret-n & \textipa{Z}\textipa{\ae}l & \textipa{Z}\textipa{A}l & \\ 08a-livid & \textipa{S}in\textipa{\ae} & \textipa{S}in\textipa{A} & \\ 08b-winter & \textipa{Z}im\textipa{\ae} & \textipa{Z}im\textipa{A} & \\ 09a-a-trowel & k\textipa{\super j}\textipa{E}ln\textipa{\super j}\textipa{\a 09b-waiter & k\textipa{E}ln\textipa{E}r & k\textipa{E}ln\textipa{E}\textipa{ 10a-dear-nom-pl & dr\textipa{\textopeno}gj\textipa{E} & d\textipa{\*r}o\text 10b-way-acc-sing & dr\textipa{\textopeno}g\textipa{E} & d\textipa{\*r}o\text 10c-way-acc-sing & dr\textipa{\textopeno}g\textipa{\E} & d\textipa{\*r}o\te 11a-cash-register & k\textipa{\ae}s\textipa{\ae} & k\textipa{A}s\textipa{A} 11b-groats & k\textipa{\ae}\textipa{S}\textipa{\ae} & k\textipa{A}\textipa{S 11c-Cate & k\textipa{\ae}\textipa{S}j\textipa{\ae} & k\textipa{A}\textipa{S} 12a-letter-z & z\textipa{E}t & z\textipa{E}t & \\ 12b-letter-z-with-overdot & \textipa{Z}\textipa{E}t & \textipa{Z}\textipa{E} 12c-letter-z-with-accent & \textipa{Z}\textipa{\super j}\textipa{E}t & \text 13a-sphere & kul\textipa{\ae} & kul\textipa{A} & \\ 13b-he-revels & xul\textipa{\ae} & hul\textipa{A} & expected error\\ 14a-hangovers & k\textipa{\ae}\textipa{\textteshlig}\textipa{E} & k\textipa{ 14b-of-ducks-adj-pl & k\textipa{\ae}\textipa{\textteshlig}\textipa{\super j} 14c-hangman-voc & k\textipa{\ae}\textipa{\textteshlig}\textipa{\super j}\tex 15a-agarics & ri\textipa{\textdyoghlig}\textipa{E} & \textipa{\*r}\textipa{I 15b-games-of-bridge & bri\textipa{\textdyoghlig}\textipa{E} & b\textipa{\*r} 15c-he-goes & i\textipa{\textdyoghlig}\textipa{E} & id\textipa{Z}\textipa{E} \hline \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{ | l | c | c | l |} \hline Elglish translation & My transcription & Recognizers output & Notes \\ 20

\hline 16a-Irene-dim & ir\textipa{E}nk\textipa{\ae} & i\textipa{\*r}\textipa{E}nk\t 16b-wee-fem & m\textipa{\ae}l\textipa{E}nk\textipa{\ae} & m\textipa{A}l\text 16c-hand & r\textipa{E}\textipa{N}k\textipa{\ae} & \textipa{\*r}\textipa{E}\ 17a-dishes & d\textipa{\ae}n\textipa{\super j}\textipa{\ae} & d\textipa{A}n\ 17b-Denmark & d\textipa{\ae}nj\textipa{\ae} & d\textipa{A}nj\textipa{A} & re 18a-pain & bul & bul & \\ 18b-forest & bur & bu\textipa{\*r} & \\ 19a-May-gen & m\textipa{\ae}j\textipa{\ae} & m\textipa{A}j\textipa{A} & \\ 19b-small-fem & m\textipa{\ae}w\textipa{\ae} & m\textipa{A}w\textipa{A} & \\ 20a-horse-s-gen & k\textipa{\\textopeno}jski & ko\textipa{U}jsd\textipa{Z}i 20b-morsels & k\textipa{\\textopeno}ski & ko\textipa{U}wsd\textipa{Z}i & so \hline \end{tabular} \subsection{Consonant clusters}

\begin{tabular}{ | l | c | c | l |} \hline Elglish translation & My transcription & Recognizers output & Notes \\ \hline 01-with-the-trout & spstr\textipa{\O}k\textipa{\super j}\textipa{E}m & spst 02-respect-n & vzgl\textipa{\O}nt & vzglo\textipa{U}nt & unexpectedly accur 03-rainy & \textipa{\textdyoghlig}\textipa{\textdyoghlig}\textipa{1}st\texti \hline \end{tabular} \subsection{Analysis} \subsubsection{Vowels}

As was expected, the Polish high central unrounded vowel /\textipa{\textbari \\ \\ The other vowel errors were unexpected. The Polish low front unrounded vowel \\ \\ It is interesting to note that the Polish high back rounded vowel /u/ is rec \\ \subsubsection{Consonants}

As was exepected, the palatalized consonants cause the recognizer to fail. B \\ \\ 21

As was expected, \\ \\ As was expected, \\ \\ As was expected, \\ \\ Contrary to what

the Polish alveolar trill liquid /r/ isnt recognized prope

the velar /x/ is mapped to the unvoiced glottal [h].

the 6 Polish affricates are decomposed by the voice recogni

we thought, the consonant clusters do not lead to any addit

\section{Checked resources} \subsection{Books}

\begin{description} \item Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Pre \item Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish" Journal of the International Phonetic \item Encyclopedia of language & linguistics 2nd edition \item International encyclopedia of linguistics 2nd edition \end{description} \subsection{Articles}

\begin{description} \item Hodne, B. (1985), YET ANOTHER LOOK AT INTERLANGUAGE PHONOLOGY: THE MOD \item Marzena Zygis [Rochon] and Silke Hamann 2003), Perceptual and acoustic \item Grant McGuire (2007), English listeners perception of Polish alveopal \end{description} \subsection{Online}

\begin{description} \item "ethnologue report for language code: Pol." ethnologue, languages of t \item "indo-european composite." multitree: A digital library of language re \item "polish - wolfram alpha." wolfram alpha: Computational knowledge engin \end{description} \section{Chosen resources}

\begin{description} \item Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Pre \item Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish" Journal of the International Phonetic \item Malgorzata E. Cavar (2005) ATR in Polish. Indiana University Linguisti \item Nawrock, Grzegorz (2008) Laryngeal articulations of /x/ in Southern Po 22

\item Sobolewski, Dorota (2007) De la prononciation du Franais Langue trangr \item Peter Lagefoged (2006), A course in Phonetics, 6th Edition \item Grant McGuire (2007) English listeners perception of Polish alveopala \item Sebastian Kobia (2010) Phonological error mapping: an English Polish \item Grzegorz Krynicki (2006) Contrasting selected aspects of Polish and En \end{description} \newpage \section{Source Code} \verbatiminput{ main.tex } \end{document}

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