The Schoolmaster - Roger Ascham (1515-1568) Roger Ascham Tutor and Latin secretary to Queen Elizabeth I Classics not

t just for aesthetic purposes - for guidance in moral values and political activity Corresponded in Latin with many humanists Toxophilus, describes archery with the traditional English longbow. The Schoolmaster Published 2 years after his death Corporal punishment - ineffective as a motivating tool Should instill a love of learning, not fear of pain Double Translation Method more effective than rote learning of grammar and rules emphasises a sense of style Ultimate goal not mimicking, but ethical and aesthetical fashioning of the self Education should teach a person to conjoin values and language to achieve decorum Book of Youth the three concords noun/adj; verb/noun & relative/antecedent read selections of Ciceros De oratore translate it and read it to eliminate any doubts regarding content Must analyse it grammatically translate it into English; and then back into Latin without use of the original Instead of criticising the mistakes and bad work (unless cheating is involved) the master should point out how Tully does it in a gentle way Should foster master-student relations and allow the student to ask questions to clear up any uncertainties Lady Jane Grey An example of a student who has a love of learning Reading Plato in Greek instead of gallivanting around the countryside 1

Praise for her master, who instils her with such a passion for learning (?) Englishman Italianated Diatribe against papists in Italy - influence the Englishmen who go there Believe that the Englishmen do not try to maintain their decorum (sense of decency) but hurl to the court of Circe (enchantress from the Odyssey that turns men into swine and other animals) You remain men in shape and fashion but become devils in life and condition The Roman Catholic Church to blame books, such as romances, translated to corrupt good Englishmen (read: Protestants)

Utopia - Sir Thomas More Research Paper Marriage customs and divorce in Utopia. Internet source: www.luminarium.org/renlit/tmore.htm All sources must be acknowledged (MLA)!! Due: 31/12/2011 (Final date!) Length: 800 words (2.5 3 pages) Standard essay form Header in top left-hand corner: Name, Dr.sc. Boris Beric, Survey of English Literature I, date Essay title CAPITAL LETTERS, CENTRED Paragraphs: Font: Times New Roman 12 Double-spaced and justified Page numbers on bottom of page

Historical Background Columbuss first voyage to New World, 1492 chief explorers: Vasco da Gama, John Cabot, Amerigo Vespucci, and Balboa Luthers publication of the Ninety-five Theses (Protestant Reformation) 1517 Henry VIII (1509), still married to first wife, Catherine of Aragon principal literary figures: Erasmus, Ariosto, Machiavelli, and Castiglione Great period in Western art: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian Period Achievements invention of printing, the development of gunpowder, and the improvement of navigational instruments and ship designs Classical Revival Rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman civilisation 3

study and imitation offered key to greatness Literature of ancients well of wisdom and eloquence Challenged dogma, recognised the authority of nature; living a full life in this world opportunity and obligation Sense of the worth of the individual The dignity of man Humanism developed out of these concepts Christian Humanism emerged to accommodate the conflict between pagan classicism and Christian doctrine Characters Thomas More I Peter Giles Raphael Hythloday talker of nonsense In service and servitude More: Counsel a prince! Hythloday: Useless o Other advisers know more o Envy leads to discrediting o Cannot lie and flatter like the others o Will not be enslaved to a prince Utopia nowhere Geographical details sense of realism (literary device used later by all utopian authors) Abraxa connected to mainland King Utopus dug channel used his soldiers and the enslaved people Witness to describe the land and customs More inspired by literature of exploration Aspects of noble savage propertyless and moneyless systems In accordance with Platos Republic Families 40 members + 2 slaves 1 magistrate (phylarch) over 30 families 2-year shifts of families and workers Farm city all occupations tried choose the one that suits you!!! 4

Farming life same in Mores day Utopian & English farmers did not own their land communal or privately owned English farmers worked to feed the rich; any surplus for themselves, then to sell!!! Opportunity to change professions!! Chickens Hatched in incubators Men considered mothers Gold and Silver Mined from the bowels of the earth No practical value (unlike iron) for purposes of vanity and wealth Value: what society places on it Hythloday comment: admiration and reverence for those who have gold, yet no judgment or generosity In Utopia No money - surplus stores sold for gold and silver to be used for wars (paying mercenaries) Gold and silver devalued - chamberpots & chains for slaves Using psychological methods to teach people to despise what others value as wealth Marriage Women 18; men 22 Forbidden: sex before marriage otherwise no one would get married Choosing marriage partner: important Nothing must be hidden: shown naked to one another Parallel: buying a horse!!! Divorce Not permitted Senate rules rarely Adultery or insufferable perverseness Adulterer sentenced to slavery; innocent party free to wed If innocent party doesnt want divorce, must share half the slaves load Permanence of matrimony and family relationships are supported Companionship romantic love not mentioned No marriages of convenience no wealth 5

Humorous choice of mate, but rational More, as Catholic, treats divorce as dangerous, last-resort proposition Only in this century have some of the laws for divorce been enacted, only in some countries Religion No official state religion Freedom of beliefs Majority belief in one omnipotent god, Mithra Superstitions on the wane Must believe in immortality of the soul otherwise, crime and evil would prosper Atheists persona non grata cant hold positions etc. Similarities in matters of ethical teachings and metaphysics, not in those practices which were criticized most frequently as church abuses No utopian liberality in the Roman Catholic world one Church one authoritative doctrine others heretics Hythlodays Conclusion Utopia = only true commonwealth In other countries man tries to acquire wealth for himself; if not, hell starve in Utopia for good of community: no man owns anything, but rich has share in everything anxiety-free Workers who cater to vanities bankers, goldsmiths, noblemen in ease and luxury People who provide necessary sustenance for life live in poverty; even animals better off Governments = conspiracy of rich to keep common people subjected

Money Do away with money! Do away with class differences! Do away with poverty, crime, revenge etc.! PRIDE Christ teaches communal living Utopia would be possible if pride did not exist Pride leads to comparisons and then to satisfaction when found superior to someone else!! 6

Elimination of private property and money is the core basis of Utopian society All other rules stem from these two bases Competition among individuals does not exist; no reason for crime Founded on Christian principles as opposed to Christian countries Mores Conclusion Addressed to the reader Some things absurd Their methods of waging war, their religious ceremonies, and their social customs were some of these, but my chief objection was to the basis of their whole system, that is, their communal living and their moneyless economy.

This one thing alone takes away all the nobility, magnificence, splendor, and majesty which (in the popular view) are considered the true ornaments of any nation.

I cannot agree with everything he said. Yet I confess there are many things in the Commonwealth of Utopia which I wish our own country would imitate, though I dont really expect it will. The Controversy Does More subscribe to the society in Utopia? No its just a fantasy Yes - More is very tongue-in-cheek in his observations to the reader. Utopian society is idealist society although very difficult to implement

Surrey, Sidney & Shakespeare - Selected Poetry

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Belonged to the Catholic aristocracy Royalty on both sides a potential claimant to throne Convicted of treason beheaded - Henry VIIIs last victim English Sonnet Established by Surrey Form: 3 quatrains + 1 couplet Iambic pentameter Rhyme: abab cdcd efef gg Known as: Shakespearean or English Sonnet Also: first poet to publish in blank verse 1537 imprisoned at Windsor Castle for striking a courtier Friend of Henry Fitzroy (illegitimate son of Henry VIII) married Surreys sister before death Prisoned in Windsor, He Recounteth His Pleasure There Passed First stanza: Windsor castle joy in his youth now has become a prison he bemoans the possibility Stanzas 2 10: He reminisces about his youth with Henry Sighing after maidens Describing dance balls Playing palme-play and losing because distracted Jousting, wearing ladies favours Competitions of strength and growing up Boasting about romantic conquests in the groves Hunting Last 4 stanzas: Sonnet In prison and scared to death Asking after Henry (died at 17) who was dearest to him Restrained by the same walls that once gave him immense pleasure (Final couplet) - Finds relief in memories of Henry loss helps him deal with his situation at least hes alive 8

Astrophel and Stella - Sir Philip Sidney (published 1591) Astrophel and Stella First Elizabethan sonnet cycle (sequence) Stargazer and Star (unattainable) Greek and Roman (incompatible) True love (?) or for literary purposes (?) It is believed. Penelope Devereux Married Lord Rich Unrequited love Sidneys obsession Sonnet I Motivation for writing To make his love for her known (return it?) Looking for precedents in poetry Cant find anything inspirational look in thy heart and write Nothing rational emotions from the heart Knows he cant get Stella - still desires her Sonnet II Describes how he fell in love Slowly - from platonic love to falling in love Ends up slave to love helpless like slave-born Muscovite / I call it praise to suffer tyranny (happy tyranny) Justifies and excuses his actions he is not responsible Sonnet V 4 moral axioms presented: o True born to serve reason o True lovers can only blame themselves for their suffering o True virtue is true form of beauty o True life on earth is transitory But: he will be rebel to Nature and foole to Cupids power he has no choice True- and yet true, that I must Stella love. 9

Sonnet VI Call for originality cannot copy others Lists various poetic conventions: o Love as an overpowering force o Some use oxymorons (l.4) o Some use mythology o Some use pastoral tradition (shepherds etc) o Some use conceits (ll. 10-11) Emotion in his voice is just as intense!!! Sonnet X Astrophel mocks Reason Sends Reason away not to bother with him (hopeless case) Reason can reason away as much as it likes But: If he saw Stella, he would also kneel and find reason to love her and worship her! Sonnet LXXXI Stellas kiss Overjoyed with the kiss Praising it to heavens Praise for kiss is inappropriate she wants higher-seated praise Wants to be known for virtue She will only be able to stop his mouth with a kiss!!! Sonnet LXXXVII Stella did care for him devastated by prospect of losing him Forced to leave Stella When the time came, Stella was sad, too He felt sad for her sorrow!! He is not angry, although he should be She can still manipulate him easily!!!

William Shakespeare - Sonnets Shakespeares Sonnets Formally published 1609 1640 pirated edition tried to sanitise Shakespeare (he to she, etc.) 154 sonnets o 1- 126 relationship with a young man o 127- 154 relationship with a woman (Dark Lady) 10

Sonnet I Beautiful people must procreate so that beauty (rose) might never die You need someone to live on to maintain the memory But your love for yourself seems to be sufficient for you You could do so much more (populate the world with beauty) Cruel to yourself in seeking own extinction Its a pity youre so stingy! You will leave the world and not give it its due (be a glutton) Sonnet 18 Comparing young man to summers day Summer day is lacking (too hot, too short, too rough, too dingy) Man perfect summers day like a darling bud of May Theres no chance of him getting old and dying He will be immortalised in these verses. Sonnet 20 As beautiful as a woman: natural, not artificial Gentle womans heart: not inconstant, false Turns to gold everything he looks at His beauty astounds men and women But: when Nature made you, she fell in love By adding a thing to him deprived me of you Since she formed him for womens pleasure I only want your love, give them use of your treasure!! Sonnet 116 Marriage of two minds essential (intellect) Love is not love: o if it changes when changes come o If it lessens when it is removed Love is constant cant be shaken North star Love does not diminish with time even though death may strike If I am wrong, then I have never written a thing, and no one has ever loved. Sonnet 130 The Dark Lady described Anti-Petrarchan sonnet Laura type hair of threads of beaten gold; eyes brightest stars, 11

her cheeks rosy; lips red vermillion dye, skin ivory The Mistress Eyes nothing like sun Coral redder than lips (pale lips) Breasts are brown in comparison to snow Hair black wires (not golden threads) No roses in her cheeks Breath does not smell sweeter than perfume; in fact reeks I love to hear her speak, but music more pleasant She isnt a goddess; walks on the ground Yet And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare, As any she belied with false compare. He loves her just the same Thinks she is just as rare as any woman who has been falsely portrayed by their lovers Perhaps more so because she is real (?)

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