Building Services, Road Construction

BUILDING SERVICES, ROAD CONSTRUCTION
BTEC HND In Quantity surveying
Construction technology-B
TASK 01 Application of steel in a factory building
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying CASE STUDY
The Y Company is a recently formed consultant firm and two recent projects are assigned for their consultation. The description of two projects is given below. PROJECT A: A five storey residential building and a work shop building. A single storey factory building has to be constructed for the Z Company for their production works. This factory building needs large span without restrictions for their production work and approximately 20 vertical clearance. The construction work should be completed with short time period. Your company has decided to use steel frame work for this building. In a part of this building a mezzanine floor has to be constructed for storing facilities. For the floor of mezzanine structure, pre-stressed hollow core slabs will be used. TASK 01 Application of pre-cast concrete in construction of building. Methods of construction of pre-stressed beams. Application of steel frame work in building with justification of selection of steel frame work for the factory building The standard steel section that you propose for each element of factory building with proper sketches. The method of connection of the members providing suitable sketches for the connection of each member. Fire protection methods available and fire protection method that you recommend for the framework with proper justification of selected method.
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TASK 01.a
APPLICATION OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING Pre-cast concrete products are cast in molds in a factory setting. These products benefit from superior quality control achievable at a production plant. Cost savings are realized when shapes are duplicated. Precast products range from concrete bricks and paving stones to bridge girders, structural components, and panels for cladding. In 1950, the completion of the walnut lane memorial bridge in Philadelphia signaled the begging of the precast concrete industry in North America. Today, precast concrete structures, including building, parking garages, and bridges, are commonplace. 01. A.1 Pre-cast concrete is widely used for: Multi-family housing (low, mid-rise) Hotels and Motels Retirement Homes Security facilities Schools Office Buildings Warehouses Manufacturing Facilities Storage Facilities Big Box Stores Shopping malls Hospitals Libraries
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01. A.2 Why mostly use pre-cast concrete? Provides predictable quality and structural characteristics because of factory controlled conditions.
Timeliness:
Mass production as well as off-site production shortens project timeline, allowing earlier occupancy. For example, the walls of a building can be manufactured while on-site foundations are being built.
Strength:
Precast concrete is capable of higher strength which allows for long clear spans making it especially applicable to structures requiring large open spaces such as parking garages. Safety: The concrete provides superior fire resistance and sound control for individual building elements and reduces fire insurance rates, especially useful in multi-family housing. Durable: Secure: Sustainability Provides long service for high use applications. Acts as a strong barrier for locations where security is an issue. Pre-cast concrete has many environmental benefits during construction and for the life of the structure. See associated sustainability solutions and technical briefs (right) for more detail.
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. A.3 During construction Waste Minimization:
Less material is required because precise mixture proportions and tighter tolerances are achievable. Less concrete waste is created due to tight control of quantities of constituent materials. Waste materials are more readily recycled because concrete production is in one location. Sand and acids for finishing surfaces are reused. Steel forms and other materials are reused. Recycled Content: Recycled materials such as fly ash, slag cement, silica fume, and recycled aggregates can be incorporated into concrete, thereby diverting materials from the landfill and reducing use of virgin materials. Hardened concrete is recycled (about 5% to 20% of aggregate in pre-cast concrete can be recycled concrete). Gray water is often recycled into future mixtures.
Less Community Disturbance:
Less dust and waste is created at construction site because only needed precast concrete elements are delivered; there is no debris from formwork and associated fasteners. Fewer trucks and less time are required for construction because concrete is made offsite; particularly beneficial in urban areas where minimal traffic disruption is critical. Pre-cast concrete units are normally large components, so greater portions of the building are completed with each activity, creating less disruption overall. Less noise at construction sites because concrete is made offsite.
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01. A.4 During the life of the structure Energy Performance: Energy savings are achieved in buildings by combining the thermal mass of concrete with the optimal amount of insulation in pre-cast concrete walls. Pre-cast concrete acts as an air barrier, reducing air infiltration, and saving more energy.
Disaster Resistant: Pre-cast concrete structures are resistant to fires, wind, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, wind-driven rain, and moisture damage. Cool: Light- or natural-colored concrete reduces heat islands, thereby reducing outdoor temperatures, saving energy, and reducing smog. Indoor Air Quality: Pre-cast concrete has low VOC remittance and does not degrade indoor air quality. Recyclable: Pre-cast concrete structures in urban areas can be recycled into fill and road base material at the end of their useful life
01. A.5 Summery Standard pre-cast products such as beams, decks, and railroad ties are shaped in one type of form that is used repeatedly. Specialty pre-cast products are designed for the particular building, bridge, or other structure. Most pre-cast companies have their own carpentry shops where skilled workers create forms for the specialty products. Architectural concrete is often cast specially for each new project. During the production process, forms for concrete are well lubricated. Concrete is placed in the forms and allowed to cure. After curing, the product is carefully lifted from the form and taken to a yard for further curing before it is shipped to the project site. The form is cleaned and prepared for the next batch of concrete. Many precasters can reuse their forms every one to two days. Exterior finishes for architectural pre-cast concrete can incorporate a full range of colors and textures. Textures are achieved by acid-etching, retarders, or sandblasting.
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TASK 01.b
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF PRE-STRESSED BEAM Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension: its tensile strength varies from 8-14% of its compressive strength. Due to such a low tensile capacity, flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading. In order to reduce or prevent such cracks from developing, a longitudinal force is imposed on the structural element. This longitudinal force is called a prestressing force. This compressive force pre-stresses the section along the span of the structural element prior to the application of other loads. This imposed force prevents cracks development at critical sections of the element by reducing the tensile stresses thereby raising the bending, shear, and torsional capacities of the sections. The sections are then able to behave elastically, and almost the full capacity of the concrete in compression can be efficiently utilized across the entire depth of the concrete sections when all loads act on the structure. 01. B.1 Methods of pre-stressing Basically there are two methods of pre-stressing. Pre-tensioning Post tensioning
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01. B.1.1 In pretension, the steel is stretched before the concrete is placed. High-strength steel tendons are placed between two abutments and stretched to 70-80% of their ultimate strength. Concrete is poured into molds around the tendons and allowed to cure. Once the concrete reaches the required strength, the stretching forces are released. As the steel reacts to regain its original length, the tensile stresses are translated into a compressive stress in the concrete. Typical products for pretension concrete are roof, slab, piles, poles, bridge girders, wall panels, and railroad ties. 01. B.1.2 In post-tensioning, the steel is stretched after the concrete hardens. Concrete is cast around, but not in contact with outstretched steel. In many cases, ducts are formed in the concrete unit using thin walled steel forms. Once the concrete has hardened to the required strength, the steel tendons are inserted and stretched against the ends of the unit and anchored off externally, placing the concrete into compression. Posttensioned concrete is used for cast-in-place concrete and for bridges large girders, floor slabs, shells, roofs, and pavements.
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01. B.2 Construction methods of pre-tensioning beam
Fig-01 Steel is tensioned between abutments.
Fig-02 The concrete is placed in moulds around it.
Fig-03 When the concrete has achieved sufficient compressive strength; the steel is released from the abutments.
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Fig-04 stages of pre-tensioning
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. B.2.1 Long line method
The most effective method is long line production; where by a number of similar units are produced at the same time. The steel tendons are tensioned between anchor plates at opposite ends of a long stressing bed. These anchor plates are supported by large steel sections concrete surface. Fig-05 long line method The base slab mat act as a strut between these blocks of concrete but, with long stressing beds, each block is made massive enough to remain stable; it will not slip or rotate. At one end, the anchor plate bears directly into the supporting joists is referred to as the fixed abutment. At the other end, the jacking end, temporary steel struts are introduced between the anchor plate and the supporting joists. The anchor plates are usually thick steel plates with holes through which the wires or stands can be passed and anchored. The ends of each unit will have a stop end, which will be drilled to the lay out of the tendons required and for the size of wire or strand being used. When the concrete has attained embedded in a blocks of at each end of a casting
sufficient strength, the temporary struts are replaced by jacks who can be slowly released. Fig-05 long line method As the tensioned steel tries to return to its original length, the bond between the concrete and steel prevents this and so concrete is put in to
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compression. Provided the units are free to slide along the bed, the tension in the steel between the units is released, thus enabling the steel to be cut quit safely at the ends of the units.
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. B.2.2 Stress bench method
The frame that is generally adopted in a pre-tensioning system is called a stress bench. The concrete mould is placed within the frame and the tendons are stretched and anchored on the booms of the frame. The following figures show the components of a stress bench. Fig-06 stress bench method
Fig-07 The free body diagram by replacing the jacks with the applied forces.
Fig-08 The stress bench after casting of the concrete.
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01. B.3 Construction methods of post-tensioning beam 1. Compressive forces are induced in a concrete structure by tensioning steel tendons of strands or bars placed in ducts embedded in the concrete. 2. The tendons are installed after the concrete has been placed and sufficiently cured to a prescribed initial compressive strength. 3. A hydraulic jack is attached to one or both ends of the tendon and pressurized to a predetermined value while bearing against the end of the concrete beam. 4. This induces a predetermined force in the tendon and the tendon elongates elastically under this force. 5. After jacking to the full, required force, the force in the tendon is transferred from the jack to the end anchorage. 6. Tendons made up of strands are secured by steel wedges that grip each strand and seat firmly in a wedge plate. 7. The wedge plate itself carries all the strands and bears on a steel anchorage. The anchorage may be a simple steel bearing plate or may be a special casting with two or three concentric bearing surfaces that transfer the tendon force to the concrete. 8. Bar tendons are usually threaded and anchor by means of spherical nuts that bear against a square or rectangular bearing plate cast into the concrete. For an explanation of post-tensioning terminology and acronyms, see Appendix A. 9. After stressing, protruding strands or bars of permanent tendons are cut off using an abrasive disc saw. 10. Flame cutting should not be used as it negatively affects the characteristics of the pre-stressing steel. 11. Approximately 20mm ( in) of strand is left to protrude from wedges or a certain minimum bar length is left beyond the nut of a bar anchor.
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 12.
Tendons are then grouted using a cementitious based grout. This
grout is pumped through a grout inlet into the duct by means of a grout pump. 13. Grouting is done carefully under controlled conditions using grout outlets to ensure that the duct anchorage and grout caps are completely filled. 14. For final protection, after grouting, an anchorage may be covered by a cap of high quality grout contained in a permanent nonmetallic and/or concrete pour-back with a durable seal-coat
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Fig-09 procedure in post-tensioning construction
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01. B.3.1 Equipment for pre-stressed beam construction
Fig-10 jack using for stressing
01. B.3.2 Grip assembly for pre-tensioning SLA (Spring Loaded Anchor) Threaded grips should normally be used at the non-stressing end of a bed, but if prestressing is carried out using a jack without power lock-off, spring loaded anchors should also be used at the stressing end of the bed. The threaded cap type anchor incorporates the same type of wedge as the open grip, but has a longer barrel, a spring and a threaded cap. Two threaded cap type anchors may be used with a centre plug to form a double-ended joint. Used at the Dead End (NonStressing) of the bed. Available is sizes; 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 7mm 8mm 9.6mm 11mm 13mm 15mm 18mm The Open Grip is the most popular multiple use grip in use throughout the world. It comprises a barrel and a wedge. The wedge is in two segments for wire and three segments for strand. The wedge segments are held together with a '0' ring the grips are highly economical with few components and may be inspected during use. They also provide ease of detensioning and cleaning.Usedat the live end (Stressing) of the bed. Available is sizes; 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 7mm 8mm 9.6mm 11mm 13mm 15mm 18mm
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==Conclusion==
End of the task 01.b I gain the knowledge about, what is the 2 type of prestressed construction, what is the definition of pre-tension, post-tension construction, , how to do the pre-tensioning, post tensioning construction, what type of materials used to the construction. As well company decided to include a mezzanine floor structure to build it by pre-stressed hollow core slabs to use for storing facilities. Therefore it's the quick, easy, cost effective way of installing a mezzanine floor and gaining the advantage of additional room for extra storage.
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TASK 01.c
APPLICATION OF STEEL FRAME WORKS IN BUILDINGS WITH JUSTIFICATION OF SELECTION OF STEEL FRAME WORK FOR THE FACTORY BUILDING Today the cheapest proven construction method is steel. Many builders have begun pre fabricating reusable the parts, buildings, and fire which has further Another decreased significant construction costs with steel buildings. Further benefits include fast construction, resistance. advantage is steel's resistance to aging. Steel buildings can also be constructed into a variety of buildings types, allowing for many uses. Typically people imagine steel building being used for warehouses and manufacturing. Steel have made great strides in their function ability and style and are now often used for office buildings and even homes.
01. C.1 Benefits of steel The physical properties of steel, such as its durability, flexibility and strength offer significant advantages in the material efficiency of a product application. Steel is one of the most sustainable building materials with unique characteristics that favour its use in the construction industry. 1. Steel for sustainable development Steel has many significant advantages with regard to the demands of sustainable development. In the construction sector, in which regulation on environmental matters is becoming increasingly strict, it is vital to communicate and demonstrate the advantages of steel to builders, specifies, the authorities (regulatory bodies, in particular) and educators.
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 2. Steel for long lasting homes
The benefits of steel use and technologies in the homebuilding industry is gaining momentum and creating additional customer value. The strength to weight ratio of steel is the highest of any residential building material and it can be easily formed and joined. Because steel is strong and lightweight, it is beneficial for builders to work with and can be engineered to better withstand hurricanes and earthquakes. Steel is unique in that it is dimensionally stable. Unlike other materials that shrink, expand, warp and twist with age to cause settlement cracks or floor squeaks that require builders to make costly repairs. 3. Steel for architecture Steel offers new solutions and opportunities, allowing architects to expand their artistic expression and actually create some of the most challenging buildings they have designed in their minds. Today it provides not only strength to buildings, but also beauty and drama - enhancements that are difficult or too costly to produce with other materials. Curving and bending is now possible in ways that were never thought possible before. Curves using steel beams bent to a certain radius or segmented curves or combinations of both can create members that follow the outlines of irregular facades, arches or domes.
4. Steel to build faster

The speed and accuracy of construction is critical to the creation of building and stakeholder value. Earlier occupancy means an office owner can begin renting space sooner, a factory owner can start producing products faster and the store operator can bring in sales pounds quicker. Fast construction also lowers financing costs and overhead expenses for construction management services.
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Because structural steel is lighter than other framing materials, it needs a smaller and simpler foundation. This reduces both cost and the time spent on construction.
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5. Steel for earthquake safety Earthquakes are unpredictable in terms of magnitude, frequency, duration, and location. Consequently, the ideal structure to withstand earthquake forces will behave in a consistent and predictable non brittle manner. Light gauge steel framing is capable of meeting this standard due to its ductility and the strict process used to manufacture steel studs, the inherent properties of steel, and typical construction methods used in steel framing. Building with steel should be considered at the top of the list to protect the house against house damage and related consequences in case of earthquake. 6. Steel to optimize space Reducing storey heights will cut the costs for steel and other building materials. From an energy-efficiency standpoint, minimising floor-to-floor heights also helps curb heating and cooling costs. Running mechanical systems through web openings is one solution for minimising building height. Another way is integrating floor beams into interior walls or partitions. In some cases, it is possible to limit the depth of beams by choosing a member size that is shallower, though heavier, yet still offers the same required strength. 'Slimflor' and the new Asymmetric Beam provide exciting new alternatives. These both provide the opportunity to limit the depth of the floor to the depth of the beam and the thickness of the concrete cover over the decking. Steel's high strength-to-weight ratio enables it to span large distances gracefully and economically - more so than any other building material. In single storey buildings rolled beams can provide clear spans of over 50 metres, while using trussed or lattice construction can stretch this to more than 150 metres.
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The long spanning capability of steel also enables the creation of large areas of unobstructed space in multi-storey buildings. While short to medium span steel systems typically provide the lowest structural frame construction costs, many clients are now demanding increased flexibility which only steel can provide with column grid spacing of 15 metres and more. Steel transfer girders may bridge two points to create column-free spaces by eliminating columns. The Vierendeel truss, in particular, does not use any diagonal members, which can inhibit sight lines and traffic flow. Fewer columns make it easier to subdivide and customize living space for current and future tenants. Open space also is more attractive to speculative buyers and commands a premium price in a competitive market 7. Steel for flexibility Building owners often are faced with the challenge of modifying an existing space to meet changing needs - perhaps adding a new staircase, elevator or column-free space, or even raising or lowering a ceiling. Changes may also be necessary to comply with legislation such as the need to provide access for the disabled. Steel is the only material that allows the strength of a structure to be increased economically once it is built. This is critical when a tenant would like to increase floor loads by adding such things as file storage, computer systems, mechanical units or hospital diagnostic equipment. Non-composite steel beams can be made composite with the existing floor slab or cover plates may be added to the beams for increased strength. Additional steel may also be bolted or welded to the existing steel framework.
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Beams and girders can be easily reinforced, supplemented with additional framing or even relocated to support changed loads.
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Steel frame usually refers to a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. Single- storey lattice roof buildings Single-storey rigid portal Medium rise braced multi storey building
By using these three types structure steel frame buildings such as factories, warehouses, flats, schools and transmission towers (etc). The building frame is made up of separate elements the beams, columns, trusses, and bracing. These must be joined together and building is attached to the foundations. Structural steel elements, steel buildings are composed of distinct elements.
Beams and girders members carrying lateral loads in bending and shear. Ties members carrying axial loads in tension Columns, struts members carrying axial loads in compression these members are often subjected to bending of struts and ties.
Trusses and lattice girders - framed members carrying lateral loads. These are composed of struts and ties. Purling - beam members carrying roof sheeting. Sheeting rails - beam members supporting wall cladding. Bracing - diagonal struts and ties that, with columns and roof trusses from vertical and horizontal trusses to resist wind loads and stabilize the building.
Joints connect members together such as the joints in trusses, joints between floor beams and columns or other floor beams. Bases transmit the loads from the columns to the foundations.
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Symmetrical pitch lattice steel roof on columns
structural steel Skelton frame
Common type of building
Application of steel for the propose factory building
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Justification of selection of steel frame work for the factory building In a building steel member can be used as a substitute material for the construction of structural elements like column, beam, roof, etc In the particular factory building the construction should be completed quicker and the height of the roof fairly high when compare to standard structural level. In this case, as the steel having good strength characteristics and readily available at any length or can be easily fabricated any length or position. Also this has different verity of sections for multiple purposes. The steel frame work could be the better option rather than going with conventional reinforced concrete structures, as this would consume more time and need some sort of complicated arrangement for high roof buildings.
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TASK 01.d
THE STANDARD STEEL SECTIONS THAT YOU PROPOSE FOR EACH ELEMENT OF FACTORY BUILDING WITH PROPER SKETCH 01. D.1 Standard rolled steel sections The steel sections most used in structural steel work are standard hot rolled steel, universal beams and columns together with a range of tees, channels
and angles illustrated. Fig-11 standard rolled steel section
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01. D.2 Hot rolled structural steel sections Universal beams: These are very efficient sections for resisting bending moment about the major axis. Universal column: These are sections produced primarily to resist axial load. Channels: These are used for beams, bracing members, truss members and in compound members. Equal and unequal angles: These are used for bracing members, truss members and for purlins, side and sheeting rails. Structural tees: The sections are produced by cutting a universal beam or column into two parts. Tess are used for truss members, ties and light beams. 01. D.3 Steel tubes and hollow sections A range of seamless and welded seam steel tubes is manufactured for use as columns, struts and ties. The use of these tubes round sections as columns is limited These used by the difficulty of making beam connection to a section are column. extensively round in the
fabrication of lattice girders, frames, roof decks and trusses. Hollow square and rectangular sections are much used as the members of lattice roof trusses and lightly loaded framed structures with the square sections for columns and the rectangular sections as beams. Fig-12 steel tube and hollow section
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01. D.4 Cold roll formed steel sections Cold roll-formed structural steel sections are made from hot rolled steel strips which are passed through a series of rollers. As the strip is cold formed it has to be passed through a series of rollers to avoid the thin materials being torn or sheared in the forming process which produces sections with slightly rounded angles to this end.
Fig-13cold roll formed steel section 01. D.5 Compound
sections Compound formed means Strengthening a rolled section such as a universal beam by welding on cover plates. Combining two separate rolled sections Connecting two members together to form strong combined members. Fig-14 compound section by sections the are
following
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Justification for the selection of certain steel sections for main members Column: - Basically this member carries four side buckling possibilities, so its important to resist those buckling moments. In the available steel section the H iron so called universal column section would be a best choice for the steel column, which has wider flange and web. The size of the section will vary with loading and height of the column.
Beam: - Its slightly differs from the columns, mostly it has two dimensional bending possibilities such as sagging and hogging. So in this case there is no need for wider flange section but it should have sufficient web size to resist those loads. The I iron section so called universal beam sections could be the suitable one for this type of loading conditions
Roof: - This is assembled with collective of different steel section. Basically in the roof truss unequal L iron section will be used. At the same time members like purline could be I section or box channel section.
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TASK 01.e
THE METHOD OF CONNECTION OF THE MEMBERS PROVIDING SUITABLE SKETCHES FOR THE CONNECTION OF EACH MEMBER . There are three types of connection in structural steel work Blots Rivets Welding 01. E.1 Bolts There are three types of bolts 01. E.1.1 Black bolts This type of bolts used end connections of secondary beams. The term of black bolts does not indicate the colour. That is indicating the comparatively wide tolerance to which these products are usually made. Black bolts and nuts diameter range is 5-to 68mm. 01. E.1.2 Bright bolts Bright bolts are sometimes called turned and fitted bolts. These types bolt greater dimensional accuracy, fitting in to a hole with a small clearance allowance. 01. E.1.3 High strength friction bolts These bolts made by high-tensile steel and used in conjunction with hightensile nuts and tempered washers. This bolts are provide will transfer the loads in the connecting members by fraction between the parts and not by shear in, or bearing on, the bolts.
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. E.2 Rivets
Rivets made by mild steel. Rivets are available as either cold or hot forged with a variety of head shapes (semi-circular or snap head, universal or flat head). Today, rivets fasteners are rarely used and bolts are used as fasteners for site connections with welding for some shop connections. Site bolting required less site labor than riveting, requires less skill, is quieter and eliminates fire risk. Fig-15 rivets 01. E.3 Welding There are two types of welding methods available fillet or butt welds. The methods of welding are oxy-acetylene and electric Fillet welds are used on the edges and ends of members and form a triangular fillet of welding material. Butt welds are used on chamfered end-to-end connections
Fig-16 Manual metalarc welding
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Fig-17 Metal inert gas welding and submerged arc welding
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01. E.4 Structural steel connections
These are either shop or site connections according to where the fabrication takes place. Most site connections are bolted whereas shop connections are very often carried out by welding. The design of structural steel work members and their connections the province of the structural engineer who selects the type and number of bolts or the size and length of weld to be used according to the connection strength to be achieved.
01. E.4 1. Beam to column connection
These connections are made by means of protruding studs or TS welded to the columns and bolted to the beams. Studs welded to column section larger section are section cleat bolted and is beams to ties, to welded small and tee to beams
columns, as illustrated. The T section cleat is required for larger beams to spread the bearing area over a sufficient area of thin column wall to resist bucking. Fig-18 beam to column connection Advantages 1. Frames are produced under factory controlled conditions resulting in a uniform product of both quality and accuracy. 2. Repetitive casting lowers the cost of individual members. 3. Off site production releases site space for other activities. 4. Frames can be assembled in cold weather and generally by semiskilled labor.
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying Disadvantages 1. Although a wide choice
of
frames
is
available
from
various
manufacturers these systems lack the design flexibility of cast in-situ purpose made frames. 2. Site planning can be limited by manufacturers delivery and unloading programmers and requirements. 3. Lifting plant of a type and size not normally required by traditional construction methods may be needed.
01. E.4 2. Column to column connection
Pre-cast columns are usually cast in one length and can be up to four stores in height. They are either reinforced with bar reinforcement or they are pre-stressed according to the loading conditions. If column to column are required they are usually above made the at floor to levels beam
column connections and can range from a simple dowel connection connection involving in-situ concrete. Fig-19 column to column connection justification Justification for selection of joints: In this construction, the mixture of bolt and welding methods have adopted for joints. As this is a short period of to a complex
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construction welding could be the best choice to work quickly, but some cases still to be stick with bolt joints.
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TASK 01.f
FIRE PROTECTION METHODS AVAILABLE AND FIRE PROTECTION METHOD THAT YOU RECOMMEND FOR THE FRAMEWORK WITH PROPER JUSTIFICATION OF SELECTED METHOD .
Building regulations are mainly concerned with controlling the spread of fire to ensure the safety of those in the building and their safe escape in a notional period of time that varies from a half hour to six hours, depending on the use of the building, its construction and size. Regulations also impose conditions to contain fires inside compartments to limit the spread of flame. One aspect of fire regulations is to specify notional periods of fire resistance for the load bearing elements of a building so that they will maintain their strength and stability for a stated period during fires in buildings for the safety of those in the building. The larger the section of a structural steel member, the less it will be affected by heat from by absorbing heat before it loses strength. The traditional method of protecting structural steelwork from damage by fire is to cast concrete around beams and columns or to build brick or block work around columns with concrete casing to beams. These heavy, bulky and comparatively expensive casings have by and large been replaced by lightweight systems of fire protection employing sprays, boards, preformed casing and insitu-mescent coatings. The materials used for fire protection of structural steel work may be grouped as; Spray coatings Board casings Preformed casings Plaster and lath Concrete, brick or block casings
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BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. F.1 Spray coating
A wide range of products is available for application by spraying on the surface of structural steel sections to provide fire protection. The materials are sprayed on to the surface of the steel sections so that the finished result is a lightweight coating that takes the profile of the coated steel, as illustrated. Fig-20 spray coating This is one of the cheapest methods of providing a fire protection coating or casing to steel for protection of up to four hours, depending on the thickness of the coating. The finished surface of these materials is generally coarse textured and, because of the lightweight nature of the materials, these coatings are easily damaged by knocks and abrasions.
1. Mineral fibre coating
2. Vermiculite / cement coatings 3. Intumescent coatings 01. F.1.1 Mineral fibre coating Mineral fibre coatings consist of mineral fibres that are mixed with inorganic binders, the wet mix being sprayed directly on to the clean, dry surface of the steel. The material dries to form a permanent, homogenous insulation that can be applied to any steel profile. 01. F.1 .2 Vermiculite / cement coatings Vermiculite / cement coatings consist of mixes of vermiculite or aerated magnesium oxychloride with cement gypsum plaster. The materials are
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premixed and water is added on site for spray application directly to the clean, dry surface of steel. These materials are somewhat more robust than mineral spray coatings but will not withstand knocks.
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01. F.1 .3 Intumescent coatings These coatings include mastics and paints which swell when heated to form an insulating protective coat which acts as a heat shield. The materials are applied by spray or trowel to form a thin coating over the profile of the steel section. They provide a hard finish which can be left textured from spraying smooth, and two hours. Fig-21 intumenscent coating 01. F.2 Board casings There is a wide choice of systems based on the use of various preformed boards that are cut to size and fixed around steel sections as a hollow, insulating fire protection. Board casings may be grouped in relation to the materials that are used in the manufacture of the boards that are used as 1. Mineral libre boards or batts 2. Vermiculite / gypstum boards 3. Plasterboard Fig-22 board casing or trowelled provide protection of up to
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Fig-23 performed mineral fire protection
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01. F.3 Preformed casing These casings are made L or U shapes ready for fixing around the range of standard column or beam sections, respectively. The boards are made of vermiculite and gypsum, or with a sheet finish on a fire resisting lining, as illustrated. The vermiculite and gypsum boards are screwed to steel straps fixed around the steel sections and the sheet metal faced casing by interlocking joints and screws. 01. F.4 Plaster and lath Plaster on metal lath casing is one of the traditional methods of fire protection for structural steelwork. The lath is covered with vermiculite gypsum plaster to provide an insulating fire protective casing that is trowelled smooth ready for decoration. This rigid casing can suffer abrasion and knocks. 01. F.5 Concrete, brick or block casing In situ cast concrete casing is the traditional method of providing fire protection to structural steel work and protection against corrosion. This solid casing is highly resistant to damage by knocks. This disadvantage is its mass, which considerably increases the dead weight of the frame, and the cost of onsite labour and materials in formwork. Justification for fire protection method. The mineral fiber coating has selected for the fire protection method for the particular factory building as this a quick construction and possibility for knocking as this a factory or workshop. So the selection of the fire protection method should satisfy these both requirements.
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Fig-24 mineral fibre coating
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CONCLUSION
I made some visits to several construction sites and found some important details which the area a Quantity surveyor must have some knowledge. I went to the site with the aim of having some kind of knowledge in building services
I got most important details about steel structure and their connection methods water supply, stack system, electrical work, sanitary appliances which replaced for it I came to know about some different services and their behaviors, their advantages and disadvantages. And it gives the great experience to talk with senior Engineers and share their knowledge. I found alternative materials instead of normally used materials and also the origin of them for the road construction I learned how to read the BOQ for road construction I got to know how to select the sub base, base, type of surface for the road I realized the what are the types and components in bridge and their functions
This is the Assignment which gave me the practical site experience and some knowledge in construction industry.
Page 48
CONCLUSION
Lecture notes Galwatta, B.S.L.K (2009) Building services. Colombo: British college of applied studies.31-pages handout, circulated 4th November 2009 in learning outcome 2.
Referred books
Abeles, P. W. (1964). An introduction to prestressed concrete. London: Concrete Publications> Andrew, R. P. and P. Witt (Eds.) (1951). Prestressed Concrete Statically Indeterminate Structures. Cement and Concrete Association.> Bazant, Z. P. and F. H. Wittmann (1982). Creep and shrinkage in concrete structures. John Wiley.> Burgoyne, C. J. (1988). Cable design for continuous prestressed concrete bridges. Proc. Inst. Civ. Engrs 85, 161{184.> Cusack, P. (1984). Francois Hennebique: the specialist organisation and the success of ferroconcrete: 1892-1909. Trans. Newcomen Soc. 56, 71{86.>
Web sites
[Cited 05 Jan2009]. Available from <www.brettmartin.com/.../roddingaccess.aspx> [cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from http://nett21.gec.jp/GESAP/themes/themes5_3.html [cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from <www.slotcosteel.com/mmrf.htm> [cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from <www.vhxn.com/.../> [cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from <www.cpci.ca/?sc=potm&pn=monthly102005> [cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from <http://www.whelansgroup.com/precast-piles-beams-wheelstocks.php> [cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from <http://www.ebawe.de/en/anwendungen/massiv-waende/? navid=36> [cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from <http://www.acp-concrete.co.uk/Precast%20Concrete %20Bunker%20Walls.html>
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[cited 05 Jan 2009]. Available from <www.dbw.ca.gov/projectblog/blogs.aspx?ID=112>
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BUILDING SERVICES, ROAD CONSTRUCTION

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

TASK 01 Application of steel in a factory building

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying CASE STUDY

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

Less Community Disturbance:

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

01. B.2 Construction methods of pre-tensioning beam

Fig-01 Steel is tensioned between abutments.

Fig-02 The concrete is placed in moulds around it.

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

Fig-04 stages of pre-tensioning

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. B.2.1 Long line method

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. B.2.2 Stress bench method

Fig-08 The stress bench after casting of the concrete.

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 12.

Tendons are then grouted using a cementitious based grout. This

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

Fig-09 procedure in post-tensioning construction

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

01. B.3.1 Equipment for pre-stressed beam construction

Fig-10 jack using for stressing

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 2. Steel for long lasting homes

4. Steel to build faster

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

Symmetrical pitch lattice steel roof on columns

structural steel Skelton frame

Common type of building

Application of steel for the propose factory building

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

and angles illustrated. Fig-11 standard rolled steel section

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

Fig-13cold roll formed steel section 01. D.5 Compound

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. E.2 Rivets

Fig-16 Manual metalarc welding

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

Fig-17 Metal inert gas welding and submerged arc welding

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

01. E.4 Structural steel connections

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying Disadvantages 1. Although a wide choice

01. E.4 2. Column to column connection

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying

BTEC HND In Quantity surveying 01. F.1 Spray coating