CHAPTER-1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

[1]

1.1 Introduction:

The core of Energy Policy of a country is to ensure energy security. There is also a relationship between the rate of growth of the economy and energy consumption. Our GDP is growing today at above seven percent and is perceived to sustain this for a long time. Indias energy basket is considerably dependent upon petroleum products and is necessarily required for transport, agriculture, industry, domestic and other sectors. It is possible to switch over to electric energy for industry and domestic sectors as has already been done in some countries, where virtually no petroleum energy is used. However, transportation is a different story altogether. Our commercial vehicles and personal transportation is almost entirely dependent upon petroleum and are likely to remain so for a long time. Indias transportation fuel requirements are unique in the world. We consume almost six to seven times more diesel fuel than gasoline, whereas in the rest of the world, almost all the other countries use more gasoline than diesel fuel. Thus, our search for alternatives in India has to have a different emphasis. This is where biodiesel is comparatively much more important for us than for others. It would appear that biofuels, more particularly biodiesel, would stand out for both short and medium term interests, possibly for about next 25 years. Although it attracts the most attention because it is renewable, it can be used either pure or in blends with diesel fuel in unmodified diesel engines, and it reduces some exhaust pollutants. It is also attractive because it can be produced easily from common feed stocks. However, the relative simplicity of biodiesel production can disguise the importance of maintaining high quality standards for any fuel supplied to a modern diesel engine. It is essential to the growth of the biodiesel industry that all fuel produced and sold to meet these quality standards. In a developing country like India major concentration has been focused on non-edible vegetable oils because it is used as well as fuel and power generation alternative to diesel as edible vegetable oils have their use in our day-to-day life. In most of the rural and remote areas where grid power is not available, vegetable oils can be substitute of diesel to play a vital role in decentralized power generation for irrigation and electrification. Some non-edible oils like Karanja, Neem, Jatropha and Mahua etc. are being under research for partial or complete replacement of diesel to run tractors, pumps and small engines for power generation/irrigation in remote agricultural areas. India is one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world. The oilseeds area and output is concentrated in Central and southern parts of India, mainly in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The nine major oilseeds cultivated in India are groundnut, mustard/rapeseed, sesame, safflower, linseed, Niger seed, castor-seed, soybean and sunflower. Coconut is the most important source of edible oil amongst plantation crops, while in non-conventional oils, rice bran oil and cottonseed oil are the most important.

[2]

1.2 What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel, a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from raw or recycled vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D 6751. [1] In simple terms, biodiesel is the product obtained when a vegetable oil or animal fat is chemically reacted with an alcohol to produce fatty acid alkyl esters. A catalyst such as sodium or potassium hydroxide is required. Glycerol is produced as a co-product. The approximate proportions of the reaction are; 100 lbs of oil + 10 lbs of methanol 100 lbs of biodiesel + 10 lbs of glycerol Biodiesel Blend, a blend (or mix) of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel, designated Bxx, where xx represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend. [1]

1.3 Advantages of biodiesel over petro diesel: [2] Derivation from a renewable domestic resource, thus reducing dependence on and preserving petroleum Biodegradability Reduction of most exhausts emissions ( with the exception of nitrogen oxides, NOx ) Higher flash point Leading to safer handling and storage Excellent lubricity, a fact that is steadily gaining importance with the advent of low-sulfur petro diesel fuels, which have greatly reduced lubricity. Adding biodiesel at low levels (12%) restores the lubricity Reduction of soot emissions by 40-60%, also carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon emissions by 10 - 50% Reduction of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

[3]

Comparisons of emissions of different fuels are as follows. Fuel Green house gases +35 +20 +20 0 0 -15 -45 -70 Particulates Nitrous Oxides -55 -45 -60 -55 0 0 -95 +5 Volatile Organic compounds +170 -30 0 +130 0 -10 -100 -55 Carbon Monoxide +415 +190 +210 +120 0 -15 -100 -45

Gasoline CNG LPG Ethanol 85% Diesel Biodiesel 20% Electric Biodiesel 100%

-70 -80 -80 -75 0 -20 -80 -55

(Table 1: Comparisons of emissions of different fuels per Mile) [3]

1.4 Types and selection of seeds for biodiesel production: Biodiesel can be produced from different sources. The various edible vegetable oils like sun ower oil, cotton seed oil and palm oil have been tested successfully in the diesel engine. But as India still imports huge quantities of edible oils, the use of edible oils for diesel engine fuel is not feasible. However, non-edible vegetable oil species such as honge (Pongamia pinnata), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Mahua (Madhuca indica) and Polanga (Calophyllum inophyluum) etc., could be used as alternative fuel for diesel engine. India contributes about 20 percent of non-edible oil of total countrys oilseeds production. Some different non edible oils are follows. [4] 1.4.1 Karanja oil Pongamia pinnata, commonly called karanja in the north and eastern states of India, northern Australia, Fiji and in some regions of eastern Asia. It grows fast and matures after 47 years yielding fruits which are flat, elliptic and 7.5 cm long. Each fruit contains 1 to 2 kidney shaped brownish red kernels. A thick yellow orange to brown oil is extracted from kernel. The oil content of the kernel is 3040%. A single tree is said to yield 990 kg seed per tree, 25% of which might be rendered as oil. In general, Indian mills extract 24 27.5% oil, and the village crushers extract 1822% oil.
[4]

(Fig. 1 Karanja Seed)

The oil can be used as a substitute of Diesel but the greatest difference between Pongamia pinnata oil and diesel oil is viscosity. The high viscosity of Pongamia pinnata oil may contribute to the formation of carbon deposits in the engines, incomplete combustion and results in reducing the life of engine. [5] 1.4.2 Coconut Oil Coconut has an oil content of about 70%, and has a yield of about 2500 liters per hectare. The Cetane Number (60) and Iodine Value (10) of coconut oil are within acceptable limits for use in diesel engines. Its viscosity after trans-esterification is also in the acceptable range. It thus appears to be a good candidate for biodiesel. [6] (Fig. 2 Coconut) 1.4.3 Jatropha oil Jatropha plant grows on rocks in mountainous regions. The production of Jatropha seeds is about 0.8 kg per square meter per year. The oil content of Jatropha seed ranges from 30-40% by weight and the kernel itself ranges from 45-60%. Fresh Jatropha oil is slow-drying, odorless and colorless oil, but it turns yellow after aging. The only limitation of this crop is that the seeds are toxic and the press cake cannot be used as animal fodder. The press cake can only be used as organic manure.

(Fig. 3 Jatropha Seed)

[5]

The caloric value and cetane number of Jatropha oil are comparable to diesel but the density is higher. Carbon residue of Jatropha oil is very high which can lead to high smoke levels and injector coking. Coking of the injector leads to poor fuel atomization. The ash point of Jatropha oil is higher than diesel; hence it is safe to use it in the engine.
[4]

1.4.4 Polanga oil (Calophyllum Inophyllum) Polanga is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree 820 m (2565 ft) in height. One large brown seed 24 cm (0.81.6 in) in diameter is found in each fruit. The density of Polanga oil is higher than that of diesel fuel. The kinematic viscosity of Polanga oil is 10.4 times more than that of diesel fuel determined at 40 0C. The acid value of Polanga oil was found to be 4.76 mg KOH/g and therefore its FFA content is 2.38%. The ash point of Polanga oil is better than diesel fuel for the engine application. [7] (Fig. 4 Polanga Seed) 1.4.5 Rice Bran Rice (Oryza sativa) bran is a byproduct, obtained from the outer layers of the brown (husked) rice kernel during milling to produce polished rice. Rice bran oil is an important derivative of rice. Depending on variety of rice and degree of milling, the bran contains 15-23 wt% of oil. About 60-70% of the oil produced from this bran is nonedible oil, due to the problems attributed to the stability and storage of the rice bran and the dispersed nature of rice milling. Rice bran oil (RBO) is considered to be one of the most nutritious oils due its favorable fatty acid composition and unique combination of naturally occurring biologically active and antioxidant compounds. RBO has been difficult to refine because of its high content of free fatty acid (FFA), unsaponifiable matter and dark color. Due to the presence of an active lipase in the bran, FFA content in CRBO is higher compared to the other edible oil. Because of this reason, RBO is not considered as edible oil. Almost all the bran produced is used as boiler fuel and as poultry and cattle feed. Thus, this valuable by-product of rice is underutilized. [8] RBO is not a common source of edible oil (Fig. 5 Rice border diagram)
[6]

compared to other traditional cereal or seed sources such as corn, cotton, sunflower and soybean. The estimated potential yield of crude RBO is about 8 million metric tons if all rice bran produced in the world were to be harnessed for oil extraction. Full realization of this potential will help in reducing the cost of BD. Until recently, rice bran was used mostly as animal feed and most of the oil produced is used for industrial applications. One of the best ways for the potential utilization of RBO is the production of BD. Among the non-conventional oils, RBO is one of the most important in terms of availability. [9] Among all, rice bran oil (RBO) oers signicant potential as an alternative lowcost feedstock for BD production. For example, soybean is a more expensive feedstock for BD than canola, sunflower, rapeseed oils and animal fat because of its low oil content. However, the by-product meal cake of soybean has the highest monetary credit, such that its total cost of BD production is lower than the others.

In India the rate of production of non-edible oil are follows

Plant Species

Oil Content (%)

Production (million tonnes)/Yr) 0.20 0.06 0.20 0.10 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.60

Oil Prod. (tonnes/ha/yr) 2.0-3.0 2.0-4.0 1.0-4.0 2.0-3.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 1.5-3.0

Jatropha Karanja Mohua Neem Castor Linseed Sal Rice Bran

30-40 30-40 35-40 20-30 45-50 35-45 10-12 15-23

(Table 2: Rate of production of non-edible oil in India) [10] 1.5 Different methods for production of Biodiesel: Different methodologies used for production of biodiesel are; 1.5.1 Direct use / blending 1.5.2 Micro-emulsion, 1.5.3 Pyrolysis 1.5.4 Transesterification

[7]

1.5.1 Direct use / blending Vegetable oil can be directly used as diesel fuel without any changes to engine. The primary concern with vegetable oil as fuel is its high viscosity which leads to problems in the long run. Advantages of vegetable oil as diesel fuel are; Liquid nature and portability High heat content ( 80 per cent of diesel fuel ) Ready availability Renewability

The problems appear only after long period. Some of common problems are; Coking formation on the injectors to such an extent that fuel atomization becomes difficult Carbon deposits Oil ring sticking Thickening and gelling

1.5.2 Micro-emulsion Micro emulsion is defined as dispersion of fluid microstructures (1-150 nm) in solvent forming two immiscible phases. The common solvents used are methanol and ethanol. Micro- emulsions is the probable solution to high viscosity of vegetable oil. Their atomization is relatively easy because of lower viscosity. 1.5.3 Pyrolysis Pyrolysis means conversion of one substance to another by application of heat. Catalysts are used to speed up the process. Different products can be obtained from the same material depending on different path of reaction and this makes pyrolytic chemistry difficult. Pyrolysis of vegetable oil gives different lower hydrocarbons that can be used as fuel. [11] 1.5.4 Transesterification Transesterication is the chemical reaction between triglycerides and short-chain alcohol in the presence of catalyst to produce mono-ester and glycerin. The long- and branched-chain triglyceride molecules are transformed to mono-esters and glycerin. Commonly-used short-chain alcohols are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol. Methanol is used commercially because of its low price. The overall transesterication reaction can be shown by the following reaction equation in Fig. 6. [12]
[8]

A typical transesterification procedure follows, a weighed amount of oil is charged into a biodiesel reactor. The catalyst is dissolved in alcohol in a small reactor by vigorous stirring and then added to the oil. Vigorous stirring of the solution is continued for two hours. A successful reaction produces two liquid phases, the ester found at the upper layer and the crude glycerol found in the lower layer. Phase separation can be observed within 10 minutes after the stirring stopped and is completed after 2-8 hours. After complete settling the glycerol is drained. The catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) goes with the glycerol. The ester layer is washed with water at the rate of 28 percent by volume of the oil with gentle agitation several times until the washing is neutral to pH paper or the washing becomes clear. After gentle agitation the solution is allowed to settle. After settling, the aqueous solution is drained. For the final washing, water alone is added at 28 percent by volume of oil. Gentle agitation followed and then the solution is allowed to settle before draining the aqueous layer completely.
STEP I CH2-OOC-R1 | CH2-OOC-R2 | CH2-OOC-R3 HO-CH2 | R2-COO-CH | R3-COO-CH2

CH3OH

R1-COO-CH3

STEP II CH2-OH | CH-OOC-R2 | CH2-OOC-R3 HO-CH2 | HO-CH | R3-COO-CH2 STEP III CH2-OH | CH-OH | CH2-OOC-R3 HO-CH2 | HO-CH | HO-CH2 R1-COO-CH3 R2-COO-CH3 R3-COO-CH3 R1-COO-CH3 R2-COO-CH3

CH3OH

CH3OH

Glycerol

Esters

(Fig. 6: Transesterification Reaction of a triglyceride) [11]

[9]

1.6 Types of Transesterification Process: 1.6.1 Acid-Catalyzed Process Transesterification is catalyzed by Bronsted acids. These catalysts give very high yields in alkyl esters, but the rate of reaction is slow, requiring, typically temperatures above 100 C and more than 3h to reach complete conversion. H2SO4 is a commonly used acid catalyst. Figure 7 gives the mechanism of an acid catalyzed process.

(Figure 7: Mechanism of acid catalyzed process) 1.6.2 Base-Catalysed Process The base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils proceeds faster than the acid-catalyzed reaction. Because of above reason, together with fact that the bases are less corrosive than acidic catalyst, industrial processes usually use base catalysts such as, alkaline metal alkoxides and hydroxides as well as sodium or potassium carbonates. The mechanism of the base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils is shown in Figure 8. Alkaline metal alkoxides (for the trans-esterfication) are the most active catalysts, since they give very high yields in short reaction times even if they are applied at low molar concentrations. However, they require absence of water, which makes them inappropriate for typical industrial processes. Alkaline metal hydroxides (KOH and NaOH) are cheaper than metal alkoxides, but less active.

[10]

(Figure 8: Mechanism of base catalyzed process) [11]

1.7 Biodiesel: Registration and Regulation: ASTM International is a consensus based standards group, comprised of engine and fuel injection equipment companies, fuel producers, and fuel users whose standards are recognized by most government entities, including states with the responsibility of insuring fuel quality. The specification for biodiesel (B100) is ASTM D6751. This specification is intended to insure the quality of biodiesel to be used as a blend stock at 20% and lower blend levels. Biodiesel is a legally registered fuel and fuel additive with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA registration includes all biodiesel meeting the ASTM International biodiesel specification, ASTM D 6751, and is not dependent upon the oil or fat used to produce the biodiesel or the specific process employed. [13]

[11]

Property Flash point, closed cup Water and sediment Kinematic viscosity, 40 C Sulfated ash Total Sulfur Copper strip corrosion Cetane number Cloud point Carbon residue Acid number Free glycerin Total glycerin Phosphorus Vacuum distillation end point

Method D 93 D 2709 D 445 D 874 D 5453 D 130 D 613 D 2500 D 4530 D 664 D 6584 D 6584 D 4951 D 1160

Limits 130 min 0.050 max 1.9 6.0 0.020 max 0.05 max No. 3 max 47 min Report to customer 0.050 max 0.80 max 0.020 0.240 0.0010 360 C max, at T-90

Units C % volume mm2/s wt. % wt. %

C wt. % mg KOH/g wt. % wt. % wt. % % distilled

(Table 3: Specification for Biodiesel (B100) ASTM D6751) [14]

[12]

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

[13]

LITERATURE RIVIEW In 1853, scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, conducted transesterification of vegetable oil and the first diesel engine became functional. Rudolf Diesel's prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time in Augsburg, Germany on August 10, 1893. In remembrance of this event, August 10 has been declared International biodiesel Day. Diesel later demonstrated his engine at the World Fair in Paris, France in 1898. This engine stood as an example of Diesel's vision because it was powered by peanut oil, a Biofuel, though not strictly biodiesel, since it was not transesterified. He believed that the utilization of a biomass fuel was the real future of his engine. [15] Belgian patent granted on Aug. 31, 1937 to G. Chavanne (University of Brussels, Belgium) constitutes the first report on what is today known as biodiesel? It describes the use of ethyl esters of palm oil (although other oils and methyl esters are mentioned) as diesel fuel. These esters were obtained by acid-catalyzed transesterification of the oil (base catalysis is now more common). Of particular interest is a related extensive report published in 1942 on the production and use of palm oil ethyl ester as fuel. [9] In the 1990s, France launched the local production of biodiesel fuel (known locally as diester) obtained by the transesterification of rapeseed oil. It is mixed to the proportion of 5% into regular diesel fuel, and to the proportion of 30% into the diesel fuel used by some captive fleets (public transportation). Renault, Peugeot and other manufacturers have certified truck engines to use this partial biodiesel. [16] From 1978 to 1996, the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory experimented with using algae as a biodiesel source in the "Aquatic Species Program". A recent paper from Michael Briggs at the UNH biodiesel Group, offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all vehicular fuel with biodiesel by utilizing algae that has greater than 50% natural oil content.

[14]

David Edward et al (2007) used tall oil fatty acids, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry as a biodiesel feedstock. In this process an empirical study of the acidcatalyzed esterification of tall oil fatty acids into biodiesel was carried out. Under atmospheric conditions, factorial design analysis determined the optimum parameters to be methanol ratio (6:1), sulfuric acid (5%), and temperature (60oC). This reaction was tolerant to water up to 1%. A pseudo-homogeneous second order kinetic model was applied to the reaction at the optimal conditions. The Activation Energy was calculated to be 19.73 kJ/mol with a pre-exponential factor of 23.6. Quality tests were performed under ASTM D 6751-06 to evaluate the final product with tall oil methyl esters having exceptional cold flow properties with a cloud point of 10.7 0C. [17] K.G. Georgogianni et al (2009) studied the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol, in the presence of alkaline catalysts, either homogeneous (NaOH) or heterogeneous (Mg MCM-41, MgAl Hydrotalcite, and K+ impregnated zirconia), using low frequency ultrasonication (24 kHz) and mechanical stirring (600 rpm) for the production of biodiesel fuel. Selection of heterogeneous catalysts was based on a combination of their porosity and surface basicity. Their characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorptiondesorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The activities of the catalysts were related to their basic strength. MgAl hydrotalcite showed particularly the highest activity with conversion reaching 97%). The activity of ZrO2 in the transesterification reaction increased as the catalyst was doped with more potassium cations, becoming thus more basic. Use of ultrasonication significantly accelerated the transesterification reaction compared to the use of mechanical stirring (5 h vs. 24 h). [18] Hui Sun et al (2009) examined the use of ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst prepared by impregnation method in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. It was found that the catalyst with 21 wt% loaded La2O3 and calcined at 600 C showed the optimum activity. The basic property of the catalyst was studied by CO2-TPD, and the results showed that the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was related to their basicity. [19]

[15]

D.C. Baruah et al (2009) investigated the prospect of terminalia oil for biodiesel production with reference to some relevant properties. The fatty acid profile of oil extracted from terminalia is found comparable with similar seed oils attempted for biodiesel production in this region. Terminalia oil contains 32.8% palmitic acid, 31.3% oleic acid, and 28.8% linoleic acid. The calorific value and kinematic viscosity of terminalia oil are 37.50 MJ/kg and 25.60 cSt respectively. The flash point of terminalia (90 C) is relatively lower than the minimum required standard. Overall, the properties of biodiesel obtained from terminalia seed conform to the existing biodiesel standard. In addition to assisting the national biodiesel mission, the extension and regeneration of forest areas through terminalia planting would help us to curb the seemingly irreversible trend of de-forestation. [20] Isayama et al (2009) investigated the conversion of rapeseed oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and triacetin (TA) by processing of supercritical methyl acetate. As a result, it was discovered that the trans-esterification reaction of triglycerides with methyl acetate can proceed without catalyst under supercritical conditions, generating FAME and triacetin. Rao, Kasturi, Venkata, Sesha, Adinarayana et al (2009) presented an improved process for the preparation of biodiesel from crude vegetable oils especially Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnata). In this process the bio-active constituents, fatty acids and polar materials are selectively removed from the crude oils by liquid-liquid extraction with a polar solvent into the solvent phase in a non-destructive manner in specially designed equipment either in a batch mode or continuous mode and the oil left as residue is amenable for direct transesterification. After transesterification, the glycerol phase is separated and the crude biodiesel is neutralized. [21]

[16]

CHAPTER- 3

OBJECTIVES

[17]

OBJECTIVES:
To extract oil from Rice Bran Proper Dehydration of Rice Bran oil To prepare Biodiesel from Rice Bran oil Effective separation of glycerol from biodiesel Study of various factors affecting the separation process

[18]

CHAPTER- 4

EXPERIMENTAL

[19]

EXPERIMENTAL In our experiment, we converted a triglyceride fatty acid ester to a methyl ester by a process called transesterification. The transesterification reaction is given in fig.6.

4.1 Materials used: Rice bran oil Density, kg/l - 0.935 Calorific value (kJ/kg) - 38952 Viscosity, centistokes (c St) - 28.7 Flash point (C) - 200 Cetane number - 30 Methanol Molar mass 32.04 gm/mol. Appearance Colorless liquid Density - .7918 gm/cm3 Melting Point - - 970 Boiling Point 64.70 Viscosity 0.59 mPa.s at 200 c Ethanol Molar mass 46.07 gm/mol. Appearance Colorless liquid Density - .789 gm/cm3 Melting Point - - 114.30 Boiling Point 78.40 Viscosity 1.2 mPa.s at 200 c KOH catalyst Molar mass 56.1056 gm/mol. Appearance White Solid Density - 2.044 gm/cm3 Melting Point - 4200 Boiling Point 13270 Solubility in H2O 110 gm/100 ml (250c)

[20]

NaOH catalyst Molar mass 39.997 gm/mol. Appearance White Solid Density 2.13 gm/cm3 Melting Point - 3180 Boiling Point 13880 Solubility in H2O 111 gm/100 ml (200c) 25-ml graduated cylinder 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask Solid stopper Batch Reactor Separatory funnel 50-ml graduated cylinder Ring stand and ring to hold funnel Heater

4.2 Overall process: Rice bran was collected from different Rice mills. The oil was extracted from rice bran by using an extractor. Specific amount of oil was taken in a beaker, dehydrated and poured to the reactor. Then the dehydrated oil was heated with constant stirring. The selected catalyst was dissolved in methyl alcohol and this was added into the reactor containing the heated rice bran oil and the whole mixture was stirred continuously up to certain hours. Then the reacted mixture was collected in a separatory funnel and allowed the glycerol to settle down. The upper layer of biodiesel was washed with warm distilled water (10% v/v) in order to remove the impurities. The mixture was again allowed to settle under gravity for 10 hr and was filtered to get the final product i.e. biodiesel, analyzed its properties to be used as a fuel.

[21]

RICE BRAN

EXTRACTOR

HEATER (1100C 1200C) METHANOL

REACTOR (650C)

CATALYST

SEPARATORY FUNNEL

BIODIESEL

(Fig. 9 Flow sheet of overall biodiesel production process)

4.2.1 Extraction of oil from Rice Bran Rice Bran was collected from a rice mill near Chatrapur (Odisha). Rice Bran contained 17% oil by weight basics. Rice Bran was first screened and then heated by steam at temperature above 1000c to stop lipase hydrolysis. Then crude Rice Bran oil was extracted by an extractor and oil cake was removed by using a filtering media. After the filtration process, the oil contained was reduced to 12% on weight basics.

[22]

(Fig. 10 Oil extraction process) 4.2.2 Dehydration of Rice Bran oil Presence of water in the oil may lead to the saponification instead of transesterification. So it is desirable to remove the water present in the oil. For dehydration process, 250 ml. of Rice Bran oil was taken in a beaker and weighed. Then it was heated at 1100c for 30 min. Then the oil was allowed to cooling at room temperature. After completion of dehydration process, it was found that 7.58 ml. of water was removed from the Rice Bran oil. Then the dehydrated Rice Bran oil was sent for transesterification process. 4.2.3 Transesterification of Rice bran oil Water was poured in the jacket of reactor and the temperature was set at 60 0c. 242.42 ml. of dehydrated Rice Bran oil was poured in the Erlenmeyer flask of the reactor and left for heating. Then 15 ml. of methanol was taken in a conical flask and 2.5 gm of KOH was added to it. It was stirred until the catalyst dissolved completely. The methanol solution was added to the Rice Bran oil and stirred at 900 rpm. Then the Reactor was left

[23]

for 1.3 hr for the complete conversion. After 1.3 hr the reacted mixture was collected in a separatory funnel.

( Fig. 11 Batch Reactor) 4.2.4 Separation The hot mixture from the reactor was carefully decanted in to a separatory funnel and was decanted to settle under gravity for 24 hrs. The products of transesterification process, i.e. Rice Bran oil methyl ester (biodiesel) and glycerol formed the upper and lower layer respectively. The bottom layer of glycerol was removed, and the upper layer of biodiesel was mixed with warm distilled water (10% v/v) in order to remove the impurities like unreacted methanol, unreacted oil and catalyst. The mixture was again allowed to settle under gravity for 10 hr, and the lower layer of water containing impurities was drained out. ( Fig. 12 Biodiesel formation after water wash)

[24]

CHAPTER-5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

[25]

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Preparation of biodiesel: Biodiesel was prepared by reacting Rice Bran oil with a solution of methanol and KOH catalyst. The effect of different methanol percentage, catalyst content and time period are described below. 5.1.1 Effect of Methanol to Oil ratio on separation of fatty acid Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 RBO 242.42 242.42 242.42 242.42 242.42 Methanol 27.36 31.56 37.56 15 20 Catalyst 2.5 (NaOH) 2.5 (NaOH) 2.5 (NaOH) 2.5 (KOH) 2.5 (KOH) Result Separation not occurred Partial Separation Partial Separation Clear Separation Clear Separation

(Table 4: Effect of Methanol to oil ratio on separation) Studies were conducted to determine the effect of methanol to oil ratio and different catalyst. Five different experiments were conducted by varying methanol to oil ratios where time period, temperature and rpm were kept constant. It is clear from the above table that the separation occurs with the increase in methanol to oil ratio. For NaOH catalyst, initially separation didnt occur, but partial separation occurred with the increase in methanol to oil ratio, whereas for KOH catalyst, we found a clear separation for both readings. 5.1.2 Effect of reaction time Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 RBO (In ml.) 242.42 Methanol (in ml.) 15 Catalyst (in gm.) Time (In min.) Result Partial Separation Partial separation Clear Separation Clear Separation

2.5 45 (KOH) 242.42 15 2.5 75 (KOH) 242.42 15 2.5 90 (KOH) 242.42 15 2.5 120 (KOH) (Table 5: Effect of reaction time on separation)
[26]

The effect of reaction time on separation of biodiesel from glycerol is shown in the table 5. By keeping methanol to oil ratio, amount of catalyst and rpm constant, four readings were taken by increase the reaction time from 45minute to 120minute. From the above table, it is clear that separation of biodiesel occurs with the increase in reaction time. At 45 and 75 min. of reaction time we found partial separation of glycerol, but a clear separation occurred at 90 and 120 min. of reaction time.

[27]

CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION

[28]

CONCLUSION In all the studies of the biodiesel production process, it is found that the oil should be dehydrated at 1100c and properly refined before the transesterification process. Though NaOH and KOH are used as catalyst, if we compare these two catalysts, KOH gives the better result on the economic point of view for production of biodiesel from rice bran oil. From the readings it is clear that the separation of biodiesel from glycerol occurs with the increase in oil to methanol ratio by keeping constant amount of catalyst, reaction time and rpm. Also a clear separation of biodiesel from glycerol was obtained, when the reaction time was gradually increased by keeping constant oil to methanol ratio, amount of catalyst and rpm where the most effective separation is possible at reaction time 120minute. We found a clear separation of glycerol from biodiesel after 24 hrs. 10(v/v) of distilled water was added for removal of impurities. Finally, the water containing impurities was drained out and the pure biodiesel (i.e. B100) was collected in a beaker.

[29]

CHAPTER-7

REFERENCES

[30]

REFERENCE
[1]

Benefits of Biodiesel, Rosendale Green Building and Renewable Energy Expo April 16, 2005
[2] [3]

Biodiesel Fuel, Circle of life, 2003

Emission Characteristics of Methyl Ester of Rice Bran Oil as Fuel in Compression Ignition Engine, Jayant Singh, T. N. Mishra, T. K. Bhattacharya, and M. P. Singh, International Journal of Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 1, Number 2
[4]

Non-Edible Plant Oils as New Sources for Biodiesel Production, Arjun B. Chhetri,

Martin S. Tango, Suzanne M. Budge, K. Chris Watts, M. Rafiqul Islam, International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067, (V-9), page-169-180, 2008
[5]

Performance Investigations of Karanja oil (Methyl Ester) as a fuel in diesel Engine

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