1op 10 kevo|ut|ons Ie|t Around the Wor|d

A revoluLlon (from Lhe LaLln revoluLlo a Lurnaround") ls a fundamenLal change ln power or

organlzaLlonal sLrucLures LhaL Lakes place over a relaLlvely shorL perlod of Llme lL ls mosLly used Lo refer
Lo pollLlcal change 8evoluLlons have occurred LhroughouL human hlsLory and vary wldely ln Lerms of
meLhods duraLlon and moLlvaLlng ldeology 1helr resulLs lnclude ma[or changes ln culLure economy
and soclopollLlcal lnsLlLuLlons Pere are whaL l conslder Lo be Lhe Len mosL lnfluenLlal revoluLlons l may
have mlssed some lmporLanL ones so feel free Lo add yours 1here ls some overlap beLween Lhls llsL and
Lhe llsL of slgnlflcanL coups d'eLaL whlch ls Lo be expecLed neverLheless Lhls llsL adds more lnformaLlon
and a dlfferenL perspecLlve Lo Lhe flrsL
10 1he na|t|an kevo|ut|on
n 22 AugusL 1791 Lhe slaves of SalnL uomlngue rose ln revolL and plunged Lhe colony lnLo clvll war
1he slgnal Lo begln Lhe revolL was glven by uuLLy 8oukman a hlgh prlesL of vodoo and leader of Lhe
Maroon slaves durlng a rellglous ceremony aL 8ols Caiman on Lhe nlghL of AugusL 14Lh WlLhln Lhe nexL
Len days slaves had Laken conLrol of Lhe enLlre norLhern rovlnce ln an unprecedenLed slave revolL
WhlLes kepL conLrol of only a few lsolaLed forLlfled camps 1he slaves soughL revenge on Lhelr masLers
Lhrough plllage rape LorLure muLllaLlon and deaLh" 8ecause Lhe planLaLlon owners had long feared a
revolL llke Lhls Lhey were well armed and prepared Lo defend Lhemselves noneLheless wlLhln weeks
Lhe number of slaves who [olned Lhe revolL reached approxlmaLely 100000 WlLhln Lhe nexL Lwo
monLhs as Lhe vlolence escalaLed Lhe slaves kllled 4000 whlLes and burned or desLroyed 180 sugar
planLaLlons and hundreds of coffee and lndlgo planLaLlons
8y 1792 Lhe slaves conLrolled a Lhlrd of Lhe lsland 1he success of Lhe slave rebelllon caused Lhe newly
elecLed LeglslaLlve Assembly ln lrance Lo reallze lL was faclng an omlnous slLuaLlon 1o proLecL lrance's
economlc lnLeresLs Lhe LeglslaLlve Assembly needed Lo granL clvll and pollLlcal rlghLs Lo free men of
color ln Lhe colonles
ln March of 1792 Lhe LeglslaLlve Assembly dld [usL LhaL CounLrles LhroughouL Lurope as well as Lhe
unlLed SLaLes were shocked by Lhe declslon of Lhe LeglslaLlve Assembly whose members were
deLermlned Lo sLop Lhe revolL AparL from granLlng rlghLs Lo Lhe free people of color Lhey dlspaLched
6000 lrench soldlers Lo Lhe lsland
Meanwhlle ln 1793 lrance declared war on CreaL 8rlLaln 1he whlLe planLers ln SalnL uomlngue made
agreemenLs wlLh CreaL 8rlLaln Lo declare 8rlLlsh soverelgnLy over Lhe lslands Spaln who conLrolled Lhe
resL of Lhe lsland of Plspanlola would also [oln Lhe confllcL and flghL wlLh CreaL 8rlLaln agalnsL lrance
1he Spanlsh forces lnvaded SalnL uomlngue and were [olned by Lhe slave forces 8y AugusL of 1793
Lhere were only 3300 lrench soldlers on Lhe lsland 1o prevenL mlllLary dlsasLer Lhe lrench
commlssloner SonLhonax freed Lhe slaves ln hls [urlsdlcLlon 1he declslon was conflrmed and exLended
by Lhe naLlonal ConvenLlon ln 1794 when Lhey formally abollshed slavery and granLed clvll and pollLlcal
rlghLs Lo all black men ln Lhe colonles lL ls esLlmaLed LhaL Lhe slave rebelllon resulLed ln Lhe deaLhs of
100000 blacks and 24000 whlLes
1he Iran|an kevo|ut|on
1he lslamlc 8evoluLlon refers Lo evenLs lnvolvlng Lhe overLhrow of lran's monarchy (ahlavl dynasLy)
under Shah Mohammad 8eza ahlavl and lLs replacemenL wlLh an lslamlc republlc under AyaLollah
khomelnl Lhe leader of Lhe revoluLlon 1he flrsL ma[or demonsLraLlons agalnsL Lhe Shah began ln
!anuary 1978 8eLween AugusL and uecember of 1978 sLrlkes and demonsLraLlons paralyzed Lhe
counLry 1he Shah lefL lran for exlle ln mld!anuary of 1979 and Lhe resulLlng power vacuum was fllled
Lwo weeks laLer when AyaLollah khomelnl reLurned Lo 1ehran Lo a greeLlng by several mllllon lranlans
1he royal reglme collapsed shorLly afLer LhaL on lebruary 11 when guerrlllas and rebel Lroops Look Lo
armed sLreeL flghLlng and overwhelmed any Lroops sLlll loyal Lo Lhe Shah
lran voLed by naLlonal referendum Lo become an lslamlc 8epubllc on Aprll 1sL 1979 and laLer
approved a new LheocraLlc consLlLuLlon whereby khomelnl became Supreme Leader of Lhe counLry ln
uecember 1979
1he revoluLlon was unusual and lL creaLed a loL of surprlse LhroughouL Lhe world lL lacked many of Lhe
cusLomary causes of revoluLlon (defeaL aL war a flnanclal crlsls peasanL rebelllon or dlsgrunLled
mlllLary) produced profound change aL greaL speed was masslvely popular overLhrew a reglme heavlly
proLecLed by a lavlshly flnanced army and securlLy servlce and replaced a modernlzlng monarchy wlLh a
Lheocracy based on Lhe Cuardlanshlp of Lhe lslamlc !urlsLs lLs ouLcomean lslamlc 8epubllc under Lhe
guldance of an 80yearold exlled rellglous scholar from Com"was as one scholar puL lL clearly an
occurrence LhaL had Lo be explalned"
Cuban kevo|ut|on
n March 10Lh 1932 Ceneral lulgenclo 8aLlsLa overLhrew Lhe presldenL of Cuba Carlos rlo Socarrs
and canceled all elecLlons 1hls angered a young lawyer lldel CasLro and for Lhe nexL seven years he led
aLLempLs Lo overLhrow 8aLlsLa's governmenL n !uly 26Lh 1933 CasLro led an aLLack agalnsL Lhe
mlllLary barracks ln SanLlago buL he was defeaLed and arresLed AlLhough CasLro was senLenced Lo 13
years ln prlson 8aLlsLa released hlm ln 1933 ln a show of supreme power CasLro dld noL back down and
gaLhered a new group of rebels ln Mexlco n uecember 2nd 1936 he was agaln defeaLed by 8aLlsLa's
army and fled Lo Lhe Slerra MaesLra Pe began uslng guerrllla LacLlcs Lo flghL 8aLlsLa's armed forces and
wlLh Lhe ald of oLher rebelllons LhroughouL Cuba he forced 8aLlsLa Lo reslgn and flee Lhe counLry on
!anuary 1sL 1939 CasLro became Lhe rlme MlnlsLer of Cuba ln lebruary and had abouL 330 of 8aLlsLa's
assoclaLes execuLed
Pe soon suspended all elecLlons and named hlmself resldenL for Llfe" [alllng or execuLlng all who
opposed hlm Pe esLabllshed a communlsL governmenL wlLh hlmself as a dlcLaLor and began relaLlons
wlLh Lhe SovleL unlon
1he Cuban revoluLlon was a Lurnlng polnL ln recenL hlsLory WlLh CasLro's reglme ln place Cuba became
an lmporLanL source of supporL for Lhe global power of Lhe SovleL unlon and Lhus affecLed Lhe severlLy
of Lhe Cold War CasLro was lnvolved ln unsuccessful rebelllons ln venezuela CuaLemala and 8ollvla
whlch caused Cuba Lo lsolaLe lLself from Lhe surroundlng world 1he communlsL reglme ln Cuba gave Lhe
uSS8 an ally nelghborlng Lhe unlLed SLaLes durlng Lhe Cold War Lhus brlnglng Lhe LhreaL of nuclear
war Lo an all Llme hlgh
Ch|nese kevo|ut|on(s)
1he Chlnese revoluLlon was a serles of greaL pollLlcal upheavals ln Chlna beLween 1911 and 1949 whlch
evenLually led Lo CommunlsL arLy rule and Lhe esLabllshmenL of Lhe eople's 8epubllc of Chlna ln
1912 a naLlonallsL revolL overLhrew Lhe lmperlal Manchu dynasLy under Lhe leaders Sun ?aLsen and
Chlang kalshek Lhe naLlonallsLs or kuomlnLang were lncreaslngly challenged by Lhe growlng
communlsL movemenL 1he 10000km Long March Lo Lhe norLhwesL underLaken by Lhe communlsLs
from 1934 Lo 1933 Lo escape kuomlnLang harassmenL resulLed ln Lhe emergence of Mao Zedong as a
communlsL leader uurlng World War ll Lhe varlous Chlnese pollLlcal groups pooled mlllLary resources
agalnsL Lhe !apanese lnvaders buL ln 1946 Lhe confllcL relgnlLed lnLo open clvll war Mao's Lroops
formed Lhe basls of Lhe 8ed Army LhaL renewed Lhe clvll war agalnsL Lhe naLlonallsLs and emerged
vlcLorlous afLer defeaLlng Lhem aL PualPal and nan[lng ln 1949 ln 1949 Lhe kuomlnLang were defeaLed
aL nan[lng and forced Lo flee Lo 1alwan CommunlsL rule was esLabllshed ln Lhe eople's 8epubllc of
Chlna under Lhe leadershlp of Mao Zedong
oung 1urk kevo|ut|on (1urkey)
1he ?oung 1urk 8evoluLlon of !uly 1908 reversed Lhe suspenslon of Lhe LLoman parllamenL LhaL had
been enacLed by SulLan Abdul Pamld ll who abdlcaLed ln a move LhaL marked Lhe reLurn Lo
ConsLlLuLlonal governmenL 1he ?oung 1urk movemenL broughL LogeLher varlous lnLellecLuals and
dlssldenLs many of whom were llvlng ln exlle or as offlcers ln Lhe army especlally Lhose based aL Lhe
headquarLers of Lhe 1hlrd Army Corps ln Salonlka AlLhough lL was lnsplred by Lhe naLlonallsL splrlL LhaL
was sweeplng Lhrough Lurope aL Lhe Llme whlch had already had cosL Lhe Lmplre mosL of lLs 8alkan
provlnces Lhe movemenL promoLed a vlslon of a democraLlc mulLlnaLlonal sLaLe Some supporL for Lhe
movemenL came from 8ulgarlans Arabs !ews Armenlans and Creeks
1he 8evoluLlon resLored Lhe parllamenL whlch had been suspended by Lhe SulLan ln 1878 Powever Lhe
process of replaclng exlsLlng lnsLlLuLlons wlLh consLlLuLlonal lnsLlLuLlons proved Lo be much more
dlfflculL Lhan expecLed 8efore long power was vesLed ln a new ellLe group led by Lhe Crand vlzler n
one hand Lhe movemenL wanLed Lo modernlze and democraLlze whlle on Lhe oLher lL wanLed Lo
preserve whaL was lefL of Lhe emplre 1he promlsed pollcy of decenLrallzaLlon was abandoned when Lhe
leaders reallzed LhaL Lhls compromlsed securlLy ln facL Lhe perlphery of Lhe Lmplre conLlnued Lo
spllnLer under pressure from local revoluLlons lndlfference from former allles such as Lhe 8rlLlsh who
along wlLh lrance had amblLlons ln Lhe reglon compelled Lhe ?oung 1urks Lo embrace Cermany as an
ally ln hopes LhaL Lhls would preserve Lhe emplre lnsLead Lhls alllance led Lo Lhe LLoman defeaL ln
World War l and Lo Lhe decllne of Lhelr power afLer Lhe war Powever Lhey lald some of Lhe
groundwork upon whlch Lhe new naLlonsLaLe of 1urkey would be bullL under Lhe leadershlp of MusLafa
kemal ALaLurk hlmself a ?oung 1urk
1he poLenLlal democraLlzaLlon pro[ecL represenLed by Lhe ?oung 1urk 8evoluLlon had no parallel aL Lhe
Llme among oLher lmperlal powers such as Lhe 8rlLlsh and lrench whose leaders were nowhere near
conLemplaLlng granLlng selfdeLermlnaLlon Lo Lhelr Afrlcan and Aslan possesslons
1a|p|ng kevo|ut|on]kebe|||on (Ch|na)
1he 1alplng 8ebelllon was a largescale revolL waged from 1831 unLll 1864 agalnsL Lhe auLhorlLy and
forces of Lhe Clng Lmplre ln Chlna conducLed by boLh an army and clvll admlnlsLraLlon lnsplred by Lhe
Pakka selfproclalmed mysLlcs named Pong xluquan and ?ang xluqlng Pong was an unorLhodox
ChrlsLlan converL who declared hlmself Lhe new Messlah and younger broLher of !esus ChrlsL ?ang
xluqlng was a former salesman of flrewood ln Cuangxl who was frequenLly able Lo acL as a mouLhplece
of Cod Lo dlrecL Lhe people as well as galn hlmself a large amounL of pollLlcal power Pong ?ang and
Lhelr followers esLabllshed Lhe 1alplng Peavenly klngdom (also and offlclally Peavenly klngdom of
CreaL eace) and aLLalned conLrol of slgnlflcanL parLs of souLhern Chlna
MosL rellable sources puL Lhe LoLal deaLhs durlng Lhe flfLeen years of Lhe rebelllon aL abouL 20 mllllon
clvlllans and army personnel alLhough some argue Lhe deaLh Loll was much hlgher (as many as 30
mllllon accordlng Lo one source) Some hlsLorlans esLlmaLe Lhe comblnaLlon of naLural dlsasLers
comblned wlLh Lhe pollLlcal lnsurrecLlons may have cosL as many as 200 mllllon Chlnese llves beLween
1830 and 1863 1haL flgure ls generally LhoughL Lo be an exaggeraLlon as lL ls approxlmaLely half Lhe
esLlmaLed populaLlon of Chlna ln 1831 1he war however quallfles as one of Lhe bloodlesL ever prlor Lo
World War ll lL can be seen as a consequence of Lhe colllslon beLween Lhe lmperlal powers and
LradlLlonal Chlna Lhls lnLroduced new concepLs and ldeals abouL governance and people's rlghLs whlch
clashed wlLh exlsLlng cusLoms
Whlle Lhe rebelllon had popular appeal lLs evenLual fallure may have sLemmed from lLs lnablllLy Lo
lnLegraLe forelgn and Chlnese ldeas whlch arguably Lhe LwenLleLh cenLury Chlnese leader Mao
Zedong achleved wlLh hls brand of Marxlsm as soclallsm wlLh Chlnese characLerlsLlcs"
1he Cctober kevo|ut|on (kuss|a)
Also known as Lhe CreaL cLober SoclallsL 8evoluLlon Lhls was a pollLlcal revoluLlon and parL of Lhe
8usslan 8evoluLlon of 1917 lL Look place wlLh an armed lnsurrecLlon ln eLrograd on 23Lh cLober 1917
(!ullan calendar) whlch corresponds wlLh 7Lh november 1917 (Cregorlan calendar) lL was Lhe second
phase of Lhe 8usslan 8evoluLlon afLer Lhe lebruary 8evoluLlon of Lhe same year 1he cLober
8evoluLlon ln eLrograd overLhrew Lhe 8usslan rovlslonal CovernmenL and gave Lhe power Lo Lhe local
sovleLs domlnaLed by 8olshevlks 1he revoluLlon was noL unlversally recognlzed ouLslde of eLrograd
and furLher sLruggles followed 1hls resulLed ln Lhe 8usslan Clvll War (19171922) and Lhe creaLlon of
Lhe SovleL unlon ln 1922
1he revoluLlon was led by Lhe 8olshevlks who used Lhelr lnfluence ln Lhe eLrograd SovleL Lo organlze
Lhe armed forces 8olshevlk 8ed Cuard forces under Lhe MlllLary 8evoluLlonary CommlLLee began Lo
Lake over governmenL bulldlngs on 24Lh cLober 1917 (!ullan calendar)) 1he followlng day Lhe WlnLer
alace (Lhe seaL of Lhe rovlslonal governmenL locaLed ln eLrograd Lhen caplLal of 8ussla) was
capLured
1he G|or|ous kevo|ut|on (Uk)
1o a large exLenL Lhe 8oman CaLhollc !ames ll (16331701) klng of CreaL 8rlLaln from 1683 unLll he fled
Lo lrance ln 1688 broughL Lhe Clorlous" revoluLlon down upon hlmself When he succeeded hls
broLher Charles ll Lo Lhe Lngllsh Lhrone he proceeded Lo allenaLe vlrLually every pollLlcally and
mlllLarlly slgnlflcanL segmenL of Lngllsh socleLy by commenclng llladvlsed aLLempLs Lo CaLhollclze Lhe
army and Lhe governmenL and Lo pack parllamenL wlLh hls supporLers
Pe employed Lhe ulspenslng ower (Lhe royal prerogaLlve allowlng suspenslon of Lhe operaLlon of
varlous sLaLuLes declared lllegal ln Lhe 8lll of 8lghLs of 1689) Lo evade Lhe AcL of unlformlLy and Lhe 1esL
AcL Pls ueclaraLlon of lndulgence lssued ln 168788 suspended penal leglslaLlon agalnsL rellglous
nonconformlLy allowlng ulssenLers Lo worshlp ln meeLlng houses and CaLhollcs Lo worshlp ln prlvaLe
When he had a son ln !une 1688 fears of Lhe esLabllshmenL of a CaLhollc dynasLy ln Lngland led
promlnenL roLesLanL sLaLesmen Lo lnvlLe Wllllam of range Lo assume Lhe Lhrone Wllllam landed wlLh
an army aL 1orbay ln november 1688 promlsed Lo defend Lhe llberLy of Lngland and Lhe roLesLanL
rellglon and marched unopposed on London !ames fled lgnomlnlously Lo lrance arllamenL Lhen meL
denounced !ames offered Lhe Lhrone Lo Wllllam and hls wlfe Mary as [olnL soverelgns and placed
consLlLuLlonally slgnlflcanL legal and pracLlcal llmlLaLlons on Lhe monarchy A rebelllon of ScoLLlsh
!acoblLes under uundee LhreaLened Lhe rule of Wllllam and Mary buL uundee hlmself was kllled aL Lhe
baLLle of kllllecrankle ln 1689 1he nexL year Lhe lrlsh and lrench !acoblLes under !ames ll were
defeaLed ln lreland aL Lhe 8aLLle of Lhe 8oyne As soon as Wllllam felL secure on Lhe Lhrone afLer Lhe
!acoblLe defeaL he broughL Lngland lnLo Lhe War of Lhe League of Augsberg (versus lrance) whlch
conLlnued unLll 1697
1he Amer|can kevo|ut|on
1he Amerlcan 8evoluLlon was a pollLlcal upheaval durlng Lhe lasL half of Lhe 18Lh cenLury ln whlch
LhlrLeen colonles ln norLh Amerlca [olned LogeLher Lo break free from Lhe 8rlLlsh Lmplre comblnlng Lo
become Lhe unlLed SLaLes of Amerlca 1hey flrsL re[ecLed Lhe auLhorlLy of Lhe arllamenL of CreaL 8rlLaln
Lo govern Lhem from overseas wlLhouL represenLaLlon and Lhen expelled all royal offlclals
8y 1774 each colony had esLabllshed a rovlnclal Congress or an equlvalenL governmenLal lnsLlLuLlon
Lo form lndlvldual selfgovernlng sLaLes 1he 8rlLlsh responded by sendlng combaL Lroops Lo relmpose
dlrecL rule 1hrough represenLaLlves senL ln 1773 Lo Lhe Second ConLlnenLal Congress Lhe new sLaLes
[olned LogeLher lnlLlally Lo defend Lhelr respecLlve selfgovernance and manage Lhe armed confllcL
agalnsL Lhe 8rlLlsh known as Lhe Amerlcan 8evoluLlonary War ulLlmaLely Lhe sLaLes collecLlvely
deLermlned LhaL Lhe 8rlLlsh monarchy due Lo lLs acLs of Lyranny could no longer leglLlmaLely clalm Lhelr
alleglance 1hey Lhen severed Lles wlLh Lhe 8rlLlsh Lmplre ln !uly 1776 when Lhe Congress lssued Lhe
ueclaraLlon of lndependence re[ecLlng Lhe monarchy on behalf of Lhe new naLlon 1he war ended wlLh
effecLlve Amerlcan vlcLory ln cLober 1781 followed by formal 8rlLlsh abandonmenL of any clalms Lo
Lhe unlLed SLaLes wlLh Lhe 1reaLy of arls ln 1783
1he Amerlcan 8evoluLlon lnlLlaLed a serles of soclal pollLlcal and lnLellecLual LransformaLlons ln early
Amerlcan socleLy and governmenL Amerlcans re[ecLed Lhe ollgarchles common ln arlsLocraLlc Lurope aL
Lhe Llme champlonlng lnsLead Lhe developmenL of republlcanlsm based on Lhe LnllghLenmenL
undersLandlng of llberallsm Among Lhe slgnlflcanL resulLs of Lhe revoluLlon was Lhe creaLlon of a
represenLaLlve governmenL responslble Lo Lhe wlll of Lhe people Powever sharp pollLlcal debaLes
erupLed over Lhe approprlaLe level of democracy deslrable ln Lhe new governmenL wlLh a number of
lounders fearlng mob rule Many fundamenLal lssues of naLlonal governance were seLLled wlLh Lhe
raLlflcaLlon of Lhe ConsLlLuLlon of Lhe unlLed SLaLes ln 1788
1 1he Irench kevo|ut|on
1he lrench 8evoluLlon (17891799) was a perlod of radlcal soclal and pollLlcal upheaval ln boLh lrench
and Luropean hlsLory 1he absoluLe monarchy LhaL had ruled lrance for cenLurles collapsed wlLhln Lhree
years
lrench socleLy underwenL an eplc LransformaLlon as feudal arlsLocraLlc and rellglous prlvlleges
evaporaLed under a susLalned assaulL from llberal pollLlcal groups and Lhe masses on Lhe sLreeLs ld
ldeas abouL hlerarchy and LradlLlon succumbed Lo new LnllghLenmenL prlnclples of clLlzenshlp and
lnallenable rlghLs 1he lrench 8evoluLlon began ln 1789 wlLh Lhe convocaLlon of Lhe LsLaLesCeneral ln
May 1he flrsL year of Lhe 8evoluLlon wlLnessed members of Lhe 1hlrd LsLaLe proclalmlng Lhe 1ennls
CourL aLh ln !une Lhe assaulL on Lhe 8asLllle ln !uly Lhe passage of Lhe ueclaraLlon of Lhe 8lghLs of
Man and of Lhe ClLlzen ln AugusL and an eplc march on versallles LhaL forced Lhe royal courL back Lo
arls ln cLober 1he nexL few years were domlnaLed by Lenslons beLween Lhe varlous llberal assemblles
and a conservaLlve monarchy lnLenL on LhwarLlng ma[or reforms A republlc was proclalmed ln
SepLember 1792 and klng Louls xvl was execuLed Lhe nexL year LxLernal LhreaLs also played a
domlnanL role ln Lhe developmenL of Lhe 8evoluLlon 1he lrench 8evoluLlonary Wars sLarLed ln 1792
and ulLlmaLely feaLured specLacular lrench vlcLorles LhaL faclllLaLed Lhe conquesL of Lhe lLallan
penlnsula Lhe Low CounLrles and mosL LerrlLorles wesL of Lhe 8hlneachlevemenLs LhaL had defled
prevlous lrench governmenLs for cenLurles lnLernally popular senLlmenLs slgnlflcanLly radlcallzed Lhe
8evoluLlon culmlnaLlng ln Lhe 8elgn of 1error from 1793 unLll 1794 when beLween 16000 and 40000
people were kllled AfLer Lhe fall of 8obesplerre and Lhe !acoblns Lhe ulrecLory assumed conLrol of Lhe
lrench sLaLe ln 1793 and held power unLll 1799 when lL was replaced by Lhe ConsulaLe under napoleon
8onaparLe
1he modern era has unfolded ln Lhe shadow of Lhe lrench 8evoluLlon 1he growLh of republlcs and
llberal democracles Lhe spread of secularlsm Lhe developmenL of modern ldeologles and Lhe lnvenLlon
of LoLal war all mark Lhelr blrLh wlLh Lhe 8evoluLlon
SubsequenL evenLs whose rooLs can be Lraced back Lo Lhe 8evoluLlon lnclude Lhe napoleonlc Wars Lwo
separaLe resLoraLlons of Lhe monarchy and Lwo addlLlonal revoluLlons as modern lrance Look shape
uurlng Lhe followlng cenLury lrance would be governed aL one polnL or anoLher as a republlc as a
consLlLuLlonal monarchy and as Lwo dlfferenL emplres

Source hLLp//llsLversecom/2010/10/04/Lop10revoluLlonsfelLaroundLheworld/