The Light Field

Electromagnetic waves and power spectrum

1 2 10 Power 4 10 Heat 6 10 8 10 Radio 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 InfraRed 6 10 4 10 Ultra- X-Rays Gamma Violet Rays 2 10 1 Cosmic Rays

16 14 12 10 8 10 10 10 10 10

-2 -4 -6 -8 10 10 10 10 Wavelength (NM)

IR 700

R 600

G 500

UV 400

Ignore polarization Ignore photons Spatial distribution

From London and Upton
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Topics
Radiometry and photometry Light sources Radiant intensity Irradiance Inverse square law and cosine law Radiance Exposure proportional to radiance Radiance constant along a ray

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Radiometry and Photometry

Radiant Energy and Power

Power: Watts vs. Lumens

Energy efficiency Spectral efficacy

Energy: Joules vs. Talbot Exposure

Film response Skin - sunburn

Luminance

Y = V ( ) L ( )d
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Radiometry vs. Photometry

Radiometry [Units = Watts] Physical measurement of electromagnetic energy Photometry and Colorimetry [Lumen] Relative perceptual measurement Sensation as a function of wavelength Brightness [Brils]

B =Y

1 3

Absolute perceptual measurement Sensation at different intensities

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Blackbody

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Tungsten

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Fluorescent

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Sunlight

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Light Source Properties

Power spectrum Directional distribution (goniometric diagram) Spatial distribution (area sources)

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Intensity

Radiant and Luminous Intensity

Definition: The radiant (luminous) intensity is the power per unit solid angle from a point.

I ()

d d

W lm sr sr = cd = candela
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Angles and Solid Angles

Angle =
l r

circle has 2 radians Solid angle =

A R2

sphere has 4 steradians

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Differential Solid Angles

r sin
d

dA = (r d )(r sin d )

= r 2 sin d d
d

d =

dA = sin d d r2

S = sin d d = 4
0 0

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Isotropic Point Source

S2

I d

= 4 I
4

I=
CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Light Source Goniometric Diagrams

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Warns Spotlight

I ( ) = coss = (S A)s

I ( ) d cos d = 2 cos d cos = s + 1

s 0 0

I ( ) =
CS348B Lecture 4

s +1 s cos 2

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

PIXAR Standard Light Source

UberLight( ) { Clip to near/far planes Clip to shape boundary foreach superelliptical blocker atten *= foreach cookie texture atten *= foreach slide texture color *= foreach noise texture atten, color *= foreach shadow map atten, color *= Calculate intensity fall-off Calculate beam distribution }
Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Shadows

Shadow Matte

Projected Slide Texture

CS348B Lecture 4

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Irradiance

The Invention of Photometry

Bouguers classic experiment Compare a light source and a candle Intensity is proportional to ratio of distances squared Definition of a standard candle Originally a standard candle Currently 550 nm laser w/ 1/683 W/sr 1 of 6 fundamental SI units
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Irradiance and Illuminance

Definition: The irradiance (illuminance) is the power per unit area incident on a surface.

E( x)
W m2

d dA

lm m2 = lux

Sometimes referred to as the radiant (luminous) incidence.

CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Lamberts Cosine Law

A / cos

E=
CS348B Lecture 4

= cos A / cos A
Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Illumination: Isotropic Point Source

I ( ) =

d = I d = E dA
cos dA = E dA 2 4 r cos cos cos3 E= 4 r 2 4 h 2 4 r 2
I d =
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Radiance

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Radiance
Definition 1: The surface radiance (luminance) is the intensity per unit area leaving a surface

L ( x, )

L ( x, )

dI ( x, ) dA d ( x, ) = d dA

dA
CS348B Lecture 4

W cd = nit sr m 2 m 2
Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Typical Values of Luminance [cd/m2]

Surface of the sun Sunlight clouds Clear day Overcast day Moon 2,000,000,000. 30,000. 3,000. 300. 0.03

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Typical Values of Illuminance [lm/m2]

Sunlight plus skylight Sunlight plus skylight (overcast) Interior near window (daylight) Artificial light (minimum) Moonlight (full) Starlight 100,000 lm/m2 10,000 1,000. 100. 0.02 0.0003

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Properties of Radiance
1. Radiance invariant along a ray.

Radiance is associated with rays in ray tracer

2. Response of a sensor proportional to radiance.

Image is a 2D set or rays

3. Fundamental field quantity that characterizes the distribution of light in an environment.

All other quantities are derived from it.

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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1st Law: Conversation of Radiance

The radiance in the direction of a light ray remains constant as the ray propagates from one surface to another surface

dA1 L1

dA2 L2 d1

d1 = L1d1dA1 = L2 d 2 dA2 = d 2
d1 = dA2 r 2 dw2 = dA1 r 2 dA dA d1dA1 = 1 2 2 = d 2 dA2 r

d2

L1 = L2
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Quiz
Does radiance increase under a magnifying glass?

No!!
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Radiance: 2nd Law

The response of a sensor is proportional to the radiance of the surface visible to the sensor.

Aperture

Sensor

R = Ld dA = LT T = d dA
A A

L is what should be computed and displayed.

CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Quiz
Does the brightness that a wall appears to the eye depend on the distance of the viewer to the wall?

No!!
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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Radiometric and Photometric Terms

Physics Energy Flux (Power) Flux Density Radiometry Radiant Energy Radiant Power Irradiance Radiosity Angular Flux Density Intensity Radiance Radiant Intensity Photometry Luminous Energy Luminous Power Illuminance Luminosity Luminance Luminous Intensity

CS348B Lecture 4

Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

Photometric Units
Photometry MKS Luminous Energy Luminous Power Illuminance Luminosity Luminance Nit Stilb Footlambert Talbot Lumen Lux Phot Footcandle Units CGS British

Apostilb, Blondel Lambert

Luminous Intensity Candela (Candle, Candlepower, Carcel, Hefner)

Thus one nit is one lux per steradian is one candela per square meter is one lumen per square meter per steradian. Got it?, James Kajiya
CS348B Lecture 4 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2002

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